A H M 531 Sluice gate & Force on it & Hydraulic jump By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

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A H M 531 Sluice gate & Force on it & Hydraulic jump By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

A) The Flow under Sluice Gate

Object:

To determine the coefficient of discharge of a vertical sluice gate.

Theory:
Energy equation between sections (1) and (2):
V2 V2
d1 + 1 = d 2 + 2
2g 2g
but
Q Q
V1 = , V2 =
bd1 bd 2
Q2 Q2
d1 + = d2 +
2 gb 2 d12 2 gb 2 d 22
Q2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟⎟ = (d 2 − d1 )
2 gb 2 ⎝ d1 d 2 ⎠
Q 2 ⎛ d 22 − d12 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = (d 2 − d 1 )
2 gb 2 ⎜⎝ d12 * d 22 ⎟⎠
Q2 d 12 * d 22 * (d 2 − d1 ) d 12 * d 22
= =
2 gb 2 (d 2 − d1 ) * (d 2 + d 1 ) (d 2 + d1 )

Divide by d1/d2

bd 2 2 gd1
Q2 =
⎛ d2 ⎞
⎜⎜ + 1⎟⎟
⎝ d1 ⎠
bd 2 2 gd1
Qtheo. =
⎛d2 ⎞ +1
⎜ d ⎟
⎝ 1⎠

The small reduction in flow due to viscous resistance between sections (1) and (2)
may be allowed for by a coefficient CV, thus actual flow rate is:
C * b * d 2 * 2 gd1
Qact . = V
⎛d2 ⎞ +1
⎜ d ⎟
⎝ 1⎠

So
Q
CV = act .
Qtheo.

Coefficient of contraction = CC

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A H M 531 Sluice gate & Force on it & Hydraulic jump By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

d2
d 2 = CC * d g ⇒ CC =
dg

CV * C C * b * d g * 2 gd1
⇒ Qact . =
CC * d g
+1
d1
This equation could be written some times as:
Qact . = C d * b * d g * 2 gd 1
C d = C C * CV
Where:
Cd: Coefficient of discharge

Apparatus:
The glass sided tilted flume is 3m long, a00mm wide and 310mm deep.
The flume is fed through a stilling tank designed to produce near uniform flow
conditions. After passing through the flume, water passes by way of an
adjustable overshot weir, to discharge tank. From this water is drawn by a
circulating pump and delivered through a flow regulating valve and a propeller
flow meter to the inlet stilling tank and is re-circulated. The propeller flow meter
is supplied with electronic pick-up and direct indicating read-out instrument.
The accuracy of the meter is ±2% of full scale deflection from 1 to 10L/s. A pair
of guide rails is positioned above the channel and carries the measuring
instruments allowing the level at any cross section of the channel to be
determined within 0.10mm. A movable sharp edged sluice gate is clamped to the
guide rails and the opening under the gate may be controlled accurately.

Procedure:
1. Adjust the tilting flume by means of the screw type jack and the
slope indicator to obtain a horizontal bed.
2. Clamp the movable sluice gate to the guide rails about 1m from
inlet end and adjust its opening to give 20mm
3. Lower the downstream weir to the bottom of its travel and switch
on the pump.
4. Adjust the regulating valve to give an upstream depth of 230mm.
5. When steady flow is judged to exist, measure the flow rate Q, the
depth of flow upstream d1 and downstream d2 of the sluice gate
using the depth gauge.
6. Repeat the previous steps for another gate opening (from 20 to
40mm) maintaining the flow rate Q at initial value.

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A H M 531 Sluice gate & Force on it & Hydraulic jump By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Calculations & Results:

Q = 65L/min = 1.083x10-3m3/s
b = 0.40m

dg d1 d2 Qtheo.
CV CC Cd dg/d2
(mm) (mm) (mm) (m3/s)

20 15 95 2.708 0.05583 0.0194 4.75 0.09215 0.21053

25 16 85 2.512 0.04786 0.02263 3.4 0.07693 0.29412
30 18 69 2.198 0.03606 0.03003 2.3 0.06908 0.43478
35 25 65 1.897 0.03455 0.03135 1.85714 0.05821 0.53846
40 30 48 1.612 0.02375 0.0456 1.2 0.05472 0.83333
CC

Coefficient of Contraction vs. dg/d2

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 dg/d2

Coefficient of Velocity vs. dg/d2

CV

0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 dg/d2

Discussion & Conclusion:

™ We can notice that the depth of flow upstream the sluice gate is
less than that downstream the gate.
™ The depth d2 is taken at a distance from the gate, not just
behind the gate because the contraction of the flow makes the
depth less than the actual d2.

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A H M 531 Sluice gate & Force on it & Hydraulic jump By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

B) The Force on the Sluice Gate

Object:
To estimate the force on the sluice gate using the data obtained in the previous
experiment.

Theory:
The force acting on the fluid within the control volume shown in figure is
the resultant pressure forces at sections (1) and (2), the viscous shear force on the
bed and the thrust of the gate. Over a short length of smooth bed the
contribution of the shearing force may be neglected.

The resultant force applied to the fluid with the control volume in a
horizontal downstream direction is:
Fx = 1 ρgd12 b − 1 ρgd 22 b − Fg Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ (1)
2 2
The effect of this force on the fluid within the control volume is to
increase its momentum flow rate in the down stream direction. Hence:
Fx = ρQV2 − ρQV1
Substituting for Fx in equation and gathering terms:
ρQ 2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
(
Fg = 1 2 ρgb d12 − d 22 − ) ⎜ − ⎟ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ (2)
b ⎜⎝ d 2 d1 ⎟⎠
The pressure distribution on the gate cannot be hydrostatic for the
pressure must be atmospheric at both the upstream water level and at the point
where jet springs clear of the gate. Note that the gate thrust for a hydrostatic
pressure distribution, FH, is given by:
FH = 1 2 ρg (d1 − d g ) * b For hydrostatic pressure distribution on the gate.
2

Apparatus:
We use the same apparatus used in the flow under sluice gate test.

Procedure:
Following the same procedure in the previous experiment we get the same
data and use it in our calculations in the following section.

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A H M 531 Sluice gate & Force on it & Hydraulic jump By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Calculations & Results:

Q = 65L/min = 1.083x10-3m3/s
b = 0.40m
⎛ 1 1 ⎞

(d )
⎜⎜ − ⎟
dg d1 d2 d 1 ⎟⎠ Fg FH
1
2
−d 2
2
⎝ d2
Fg/FH dg/d2
⎛ 1 ⎞
(m) (m) (m) 2 ⎜ ⎟ (N) (N)
(m ) ⎝ m ⎠

- -
0.020 0.015 0.095 -0.0088 -56.14035 0.04905 1.33333
17.101 348.64
- -
0.025 0.016 0.085 -0.007 -50.73529 0.15892 1.5625
13.524 85.101
-
0.030 0.018 0.069 -0.0044 -41.0628 -8.585 0.28253 1.66667
30.386
-
0.035 0.025 0.065 -0.0036 -24.61538 -6.991 0.1962 1.4
35.632
-
0.040 0.030 0.048 -0.0014 -12.5 -2.718 0.1962 1.33333
13.853

Fg/FH Fg/FH vs. dg/d1

0
-50 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
dg/d1

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A H M 531 Sluice gate & Force on it & Hydraulic jump By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

C) The Hydraulic Jump

Object:
To study the force and energy conditions in a hydraulic jump.

Theory:
At any point in the flow, the specific energy, E, and momentum, M, will be given
by:
q2
E=d+
2 gd 2
Per unit width
q2 d 2
M = +
gd 2
d1, d2 are conjugating depths of H.J
1 1
Fx = ρgbd 12 − ρgbd 22 Λ Λ Λ Λ (1)
2 2
Or rate of change of momentum with the control volume
Fx = ρQV2 − ρQV1
ρQ 2 ρQ 2
⇒ Fx = − Λ Λ Λ Λ (2)
bd 2 bd1
Eq. (1) = eq. (2)

Forces through section (1) and (2) per unit width are:
1 ρq 2 1 ρq 2
ρgd12 + = ρgd 22 + (N/m)
2 d1 2 d2
1 ρq 2
F1' = ρgd12 + (N/m)
2 d1
1 ρq 2
F2' = ρgd 22 + (N/m)
2 d2

Relation between d1 & d2:

d2 1 ⎡ V2 ⎤
= ⎢ 1 + 8 1 − 1⎥
d1 2 ⎢⎣ gd1 ⎥⎦

Energy dissipated in the jump is:

ΔEexp . = E1 − E 2

ΔEtheo. =
(d 2 − d1 )3 , E1 = d1 +
q2
4d 1 d 2 2 gd12
q2
E2 = d 2 +
2 gd 22

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A H M 531 Sluice gate & Force on it & Hydraulic jump By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

q2
dc = 3
g

Apparatus & Procedure:

The same apparatus and procedure are followed and the same data is collected
in addition to some data which is used for this experiment.

Calculations & Results:

Q = 65L/min = 1.083x10-3m3/s
b = 0.40m
q = 2.7075 x10-3m3/sec
dg d0 d1 d2 F'1 F'2 V1
V12/gd1 d2/d1
(m) (m) (m) (m) (N/m) (N/m) (m/s)
0.020 0.263 0.015 0.095 1.59233 44.34479 0.1805 0.22141 6.3333
0.025 0.180 0.016 0.085 1.71384 35.52487 0.1692 0.18243 5.3125
0.030 0.128 0.018 0.069 1.99647 23.45895 0.1504 0.12813 3.8333
0.035 0.111 0.025 0.065 3.35885 20.83640 0.1083 0.04782 2.6000
0.040 0.090 0.030 0.048 4.65885 11.45384 0.0903 0.02768 1.6000

E1 E2 ΔEtheo.
d1/dc d2/dc F'1/dc2ρg
(m) (m) (m)
0.262 0.112 0.08982 1.65298 10.46890 1.97114
0.177 0.103 0.06039 1.76318 9.36691 2.12156
0.131 0.090 0.02670 1.98358 7.60373 2.47144
0.115 0.085 0.00985 2.75497 7.16293 4.15792
0.096 0.078 0.00101 3.30597 5.28955 5.76719

Discussion & Conclusion:

• We notice that as the opening of the sluice gate increases, the force
upstream of the gate increases and the force downstream the gate
decreases.
• The energy upstream and downstream the gate decreases with the
increasing of the opening.

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