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Product
⎛ a ⎞ an ⎛ y ⎞ y3
n 3
Power to a Power of a Multiply exponents
Quotient ⎜ ⎟ = n ⎜ ⎟ = 3
⎝b⎠ b ⎝x⎠ x
Zero Exponent a 0 = 1, a ≠ 0 5 0 = 1, (2 x 3 y 2 ) = 1
0
−n
⎛a⎞ ⎛b⎞
n −3
⎛x⎞ ⎛ y ⎞ y3
3
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 3
⎝b⎠ ⎝a⎠ ⎝y⎠ ⎝x⎠ x
1. (3x )(4 x )
3 5
2.
x5 y3 3. (x y )
3 2 4
x2 y
4. (2 x 3 y 2 ) ⎛ 2x 3 ⎞ 6. (5x 0 y 3 )
4 3 2
5. ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 3y ⎠
7.
x −5 y 4 ⎛ 3x 2 ⎞
8. ⎜ 3 ⎟
−3
9. (x )(3x )(4x )
5 2 7
w −3 ⎝ y ⎠
n
In a , n is the index.
n
Properties of a , where n is a positive integer.
(2) n
a n = a if a ≥ 0 5 2 =5 3
23 = 2
a n = a if a < 0 and n is odd (−2) = − 2 (−2) = −2
n 3 5
(3) 3 5
Additional Examples
Simplify each radical. Assume all variables represent positive real numbers.
3
Example 2a: Using Perfect Cubes 320
3
320 = 3 64 ⋅ 5 = 3 64 ⋅ 3 5 = 4 3 5
3
Example 2b: Using Prime Factorization 320
3
320 = 3 2 6 ⋅ 5 = 3 2 6 ⋅ 3 5 = 4 3 5
Example 3: 3x 2 y 3 ⋅ 6 x 5 y
3x 2 y 3 ⋅ 6 x 5 y = 18 x 7 y 4 = 3x 3 y 2 2 x
Honors Algebra 3-4 Summer Algebra Review Page 3 of 8
Simplify, remove radicals if at all possible. Assume all variables represent positive real numbers.
1. 98 3 27
2. 3.
4 36
7. 5 −64 8. 4
81x 5 y 8 9. 3 16xy 2 ⋅ 3 3x 2 y 2
In problems 10-15 determine the exponent needed to remove the radical symbol
10. 5 ⋅ 5? = 5 11. 7
4 2 ⋅ 7 4? = 4 12. 5
32 ⋅ 5 3? = 3
13. 8
x 3 ⋅ 8 x? = x 14. 3
y ⋅ 3 y? = y 15. 5
z 4 ⋅ 5 z? = z
Honors Algebra 3-4 Summer Algebra Review Page 4 of 8
Multiplication of Polynomials
Formula Example
(x + y)(x − y) = x 2 − y2 (x + 5)(x − 5) = x 2 − 25
or or
(x − y)(x + y) = x − y 2 2 (x − 5 )(x + 5) = x 2 − 25
(x + y) = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 (2x + 3) = (2x ) + 2 (2x )(3) + (3) = 4x 2 +12x + 9
2 2 2 2
= 8x 3 + 36x 2 + 54x + 27
(x − y) = x 3 − 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 − y 3 (2x − 3) = (2x ) − 3 (2x ) (3) + 3 (2x )(3) − (3)
3 3 3 2 2 3
= 8x 3 − 36x 2 + 54x − 27
1. 3x (2x 2 + 5x − 3) 2. (x + 5)(x + 7)
3. (3x + 4 )(2x − 7) 4. (x − 3)
2
(x + 5) (3x − 2)
2 2
5. 6.
(x + 3) 8. (2x + 5 )
3 3
7.
(x − 4 ) (3x −1)
3 3
9. 10.
Honors Algebra 3-4 Summer Algebra Review Page 5 of 8
Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Formulas
of Two
Squares
Difference x 3 − y 3 = (x − y )(x 2 + xy + y 2 ) 8x 3 − 27 = (2x ) − (3) = (2x − 3)⎡⎣(2x ) + (2x )(3) + (3) ⎤⎦
3 3 2 2
of Two
Cubes = (2 x − 3)(4 x 2 + 6 x + 9 )
Sum x 3 + y 3 = (x + y )(x 2 − xy + y 2 ) 8x 3 + 27 = (2x ) + (3) = (2x + 3)⎡⎣(2x ) − (2x )(3) + (3) ⎤⎦
3 3 2 2
of Two
Cubes = (2 x + 3)(4 x 2 − 6 x + 9 )
Honors Algebra 3-4 Summer Algebra Review Page 6 of 8
Problems for Factoring Polynomials
1. 21x + 14 2. x 2 +12 x + 35
3. x 2 −10 x + 24 4. x 2 − 4 x − 21
5. x 2 − 3x − 40 6. x 2 +13x + 30
7. x 2 −1 8. 25 x 2 − 49 y 2
9. 2 x 2 − 98 10. 6 x 2 +13x + 5
Fractional Expressions
Honors Algebra 3-4 Summer Algebra Review Page 7 of 8
A fractional expression is a quotient of two algebraic expressions. As in any fraction, the denominator
may not equal zero, division by zero is not permitted. A special case of fractional expressions is the
quotient of two polynomials, which is referred to as a rational expression.
Follow these three steps in simplifying fractional expressions and rational expressions.
Example 1: Simplify the fractional expression and determine any restricted values.
x 2 + 3x − 10
x 2 − 25
x 2 + 3x −10 (x + 5 )(x − 2 )
Step 1 Factor =
x 2 − 25 (x + 5)(x − 5)
Step 2 Determine Restricted Values x ≠ ±5
x 2 + 3x −10 (x + 5 )(x − 2 ) (x − 2 )
Step 3 Remove Factors of One = =
x 2 − 25 (x + 5)(x − 5) (x − 5)
Example 2: Simplify the fractional expression and determine any restricted values.
3x 2 − 5 x − 2
x 2 + 3x − 10
3x 2 − 5 x − 2 (3x +1)(x − 2 )
Step 1 Factor =
x 2 + 3x −10 (x + 5 )(x − 2 )
1.
(x + 2)(x − 4 ) 2.
5x + 20
(x + 2)(x + 5) x + 10x + 24
2
x 2 + 13x + 30 x 2 + 12 x + 35
3. 4.
x2 − 9 x 2 − 3x − 40
x 2 − 49 x 3 −125
5. 6.
x 2 + 14x + 49 x 2 − 25