Mohammed Hama

Honia Ali

Aya Saad

(Impact of a Water Jet)

Nomenclature

Mass Flow Rate = Q ρ

Density of Water = ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Introduction:

Water turbines are widely used for generating power. By allowing fluid under pressure to

strike the vanes of a turbine wheel, mechanical work can be produced rotational motion is then

produced by the force generated as the jet strikes the vanes. In this experiment, the impact forces

generated by water jet on surfaces with different angles will be compared, and also the returned

spray will be noticed here. This process helps us to understand how turbines work under fluid

pressure. As the water comes out of nozzle with pressure and hits a surface, it produces an

impact force. Here the density can be affected by the temperature of the water, and as a result the

impact force of water will be affected as well. Objective of this experiment is to study the jet

forces impacting against stationary deflectors that used in this experiment can be categorized into

three geometries. Plate, hemisphere and slope defectors are used for this experiment. Force and

the percentage of error will be calculated in this experiment and Proportional relation.

Theoretically, the calculated force should be the same as the measured force.
Results

Mass Initial Volume Final Volume Change in Change in Time (s)

(g) (L) (L) Volume (L) Volume (m3)
0 100 3 8 5 0.005 27
0 200 3 8 5 0.005 26
0 300 3 8 5 0.005 20
0 400 3 8 5 0.005 18
0 500 3 8 5 0.005 15
60 100 3 8 5 0.005 34
60 200 3 8 5 0.005 26
60 300 3 8 5 0.005 21
60 400 3 8 5 0.005 19
60 500 3 8 5 0.005 14
90 100 3 8 5 0.005 38
90 200 3 8 5 0.005 23
90 300 3 8 5 0.005 18
90 400 3 8 5 0.005 14
90 500 3 8 5 0.005 12

Force Predicted Mass Volume Flow Mass Flow Velocity1 Velocity2 %error %d
(N) Flow Rate (kg/s) Rate (m3/s) Rate (kg/s) (m/s) (m/s)
0.981 0.554052 0.000185 0.185 3.682 11.543 1.994 2.13
1.962 0.679982 0.000192 0.192 3.822 15.675 1.541 3.10
2.943 0.779554 0.00025 0.25 4.976 16.189 1.118 2.25
3.924 0.838710 0.000278 0.278 5.533 20.434 1.995 2.69
4.905 0.957829 0.000333 0.333 6.628 23.233 1.876 2.74

0.981 0.262564 0.000147 0.147 2.925 10.818 0.786 2.69

1.962 0.412744 0.000192 0.192 3.822 15.078 1.149 2.94
2.943 0.527942 0.000238 0.238 4.737 17.870 1.218 2.87
3.924 0.650912 0.000263 0.263 5.234 20.525 1.474 3.25
4.905 0.786107 0.000357 0.357 7.105 22.802 1.202 3.87

0.981 0.213931 0.000131 0.131 2.607 - 0.633 -

1.962 0.343450 0.000217 0.217 4.319 - 1.231 -
2.943 0.443855 0.000278 0.278 5.533 - 1.434 -
3.924 0.527982 0.000357 0.357 7.105 - 1.978 -
4.905 0.602198 0.000416 0.416 8.280 - 1.675 -

Sample Calculations
ΔV = Volume2 - Volume1

Diameter of the jet = 8 mm

Area = pi*D2/4

Theoretical Force = Mass * Gravity

Volume Flow Rate = Q = ΔV/t

Velocity1 = Mass Flow Rate / (Area * ρ)

Force = Mass Flow Rate * [Velocity1 – Velocity2 * cos (α)]

Mass Flow Rate = ρ * Area2 * Velocity2

Thickness of the Spray = Area2 * Disk Circumference

%Err = (Predicted Mass Flow Rate – Actual Mass Flow Rate) / (Actual Mass Flow Rate)

%Diff = (Velocity2 – Velocity1) / Velocity1

Discussion

During the experiment the time needed for the fluid to rise in the volumetric tube

decreases each time a 100 g of mass was added. This results in a decrease in the flow rate. And it

is because mass has an effect on the flow of water during the tube the needed decreased. The

conducted experiment showed some errors. The water jet itself has some errors because when the

water flows down the cock there was some portion where the water was cut, thus not flowing in

that portion. It was important to balance the water jet each time a 100 g mass was added and the

needle was adjusted on the top level of the plate and this was done accurately during the

experiment.

Conclusion:

At final, conclusion of this lab is that the impact force of the water jet is determined when

the water flow from the nozzle with different angles. Also there are some calculation errors and
measured errors as it is always clear that experiments cannot be hundred percent correct and all

the time there are some errors during measuring and calculation of data. In other side, the

calculated force is correlated with the measured force; both of the forces have directly