spisyes 148 BH Page 207 © a © Fa Fig 9.11. Verial oes sect sasch of ne radiative input to the surface fax F*, and resuking heat furs int the ai and getnd For difree searing (n) Daytime ovr a malt vege rated surface (b) Nightime over & moss vegetated surface (€) Daytime ovr a dry desert (2) Oasis effece during the daytime, wah hot dry wind Blowing over mou vegetated surface (See Fg. 9:10 or elanaton of symbol) [Adapted fom Meter for Scents and Enges, A Techoial Cormparion Book to Donald Anrens Meteorology Today, 2 Ed, by Sell . 57 Copyright 2000. Reprnted with permission of Brooks/Cole a dhision of Thomson Leaming: swe thomdonrights.com, Fe800-730-2215 ) the gradient from higher temperature toward lower temperature, itis evident that the downward conduc- lion of heat reduces the warming of the land surface during periods of strong heat input, when the soil tem- perature decreases with depth, while the upward con: duction of heat from below reduces the cooling of the surface during periods of weak insolation (Ocean surfaces exhibit much larger values of Fo, because turbulence in the ocean can quickly mix heat {throughout the top layer of the ocean, called the ocean ‘mixed layer, which ranges in depth from a few meters to hundreds of meters. The specific heat of liquid water is also larger than that of soil. These two effects con- spire to give the ocean a much larger heat capacity 9.2 The Surface Energy Balance 387 in, al hoy alt Ngzmf’ Nw, COW D)J FMAMIJJSAS ts ve Fig. 9.12 Soil emperatures recorded at an exposed ste at lel below the ground, [Adapted from Trans. Amer. Gop nn 37,746 (7958).] than the land surface, enabling it to absorb and store solar energy during the day and release it at night, resulting in nearly constant ocean surface temperatures through the diurnal cycle, and allowing only small tem- perature changes through the annual cyte. 9.2.3 The Bulk Aerodynamic Formulae ‘This subseetion deseribes a method that can be used to estimate the uxes of sensible and latent heat at ‘the Earth's surface. This so-called bulk aerodynamic ‘method enables us to estimate the frictional drag on the surface winds as well Sensible heat ux between the surface and the over lying air is driven by two processes. Within the bottom, {ew millimeters of the atmosphere, very large vertical _radients of temperature form, causing molecular con: duction of heat away from the surface into the air. At the bottom of thie molecular layer (eat the surface ‘of the ground), there is zero turbulent flux because clods of soil do not usually “dance the eddy dance.” But from the top of this molecular layer ot mierolayer to the top of the boundary layer, molecular conduction is negligible while turbulent convection takes over, ‘moving the warm air upward to dittribute sensible beat throughout the boundary layer, Because the micro layer is s0 thin compared to the boundary-layer depth and because the heat flux across the microlayer is nearly constant and equal to the turbulent eddy lux at the top of the microlayer, it i possible to define an effective turbulent flux that is the sum of the molecular and true turbulent components In practice, the word