DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING IN TEACHERS

DELIVERED BY:
RODEHLIA L. MACASPAC, Ed.D.
• OBJECTIVES:
– 1. Analyze the process
of critical thinking
based on learning
development theory:
• Vygotsky’s Socio-
Cultural Development
– 2. Evaluate concepts
of how critical
thinking can be
developed:
• Ladder of Inference
• Socratic Questioning
• 6 Thinking Hats
 DEFINITION: CRITICAL THINKING

• The word ’’critical’’

derives etymologically Etymologically, then,
from two Greek roots: the word implies the
• "kriticos" (meaning development of
discerning judgment), "discerning judgment
and
based on standards."
• "kriterion" (meaning
standards).
 The “Unexamined Life”

• As Consumers • As Friends

• As Parents • As Partners

• As Citizens • As Patients

• As Teachers
NEED FOR CRITICAL THINKING
CONSUMER PARENT
NEED FOR CRITICAL THINKING
CITIZENS FRIENDS
NEED FOR CRITICAL THINKING
PARTNERS PATIENTS
NEED FOR CRITICAL THINKING
TEACHER
SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY:
LEV VYGOTSKY
SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY:
LEV VYGOTSKY
 LADDER
OF
INFERENCE
by:
CHRIS ARGYRIS
(popularized by
Peter Senge)
 LADDER
OF
INFERENCE
Sample
Application
LADDER OF INFERENCE

VIDEO 1
CONTINUATION VIDEO 1
WHAT IT IS NOT:

1.must not use the traditional

method of teaching

2.must not act like an opponent

3. does not possess all knowledge

4. must not seek deference to his

authority
WHAT IT IS:
1. a classroom environment which is a
shared dialogue ;

2. promotes open ended inquiry;

3. examines values, principles and

beliefs of each student;

4. focused on moral education ;

5. aims for productive discomfort ;

6. demonstrates the difficulty and

complexity of the world .
CLASSROOM TIPS FOR A 1. SET CONVERSATIONAL GUIDELINES;
SOCRATIC PROFESSOR
2. BE COMFORTABLE WITH SILENCE AFTER A
QUESTION;

3. HANDLE PRODUCTIVE DISCOMFORT;

4. FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS;

5. BE OPEN TO LEARN SOMETHING NEW;

6. WELCOME CRAZY IDEAS AND
DISCOURAGE IRRELEVANT ONES;

7. EMPHASIZE BREVITY AND SHORT

INTERVENTIONS;

8. AVOID DEFERENCE TO ONE’S AUTHORITY.

DR. EDWARD DE BONO
WHITE HAT
YELLOW HAT
BLACK HAT
RED HAT
GREEN HAT
BLUE HAT
 REFERENCES
• 1. Elder, L. (2007). Our Concept and Definition of Critical Thinking. The
Foundation for Critical Thinking.
• 2. Mathew, K.S. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats. Rajagiri School of
Engineering and Technology (RSET).
• 3. Mindtools Content Team. Six Thinking Hats. Mind Tools.
• 4. McLeod, S. (2018). The Zone of Proximal Development and
Scaffolding. Simply Psychology.
• 5. Reich, R. (2013). The Socratic Method: What is It and How to Use It
in the Classroom. CTLStandford.
• 6. Richardson, J. (2014). How to Think not What to Think. TedxTalks.
• 7. Tompkins, T.C. and Rhodes, K. (2012). Groupthink and the Ladder of
Inference: Increasing Effective Decision Making. The Journal of Human
Resource and Adult Learning. Vol.8, Num.2, Dec. 2012.
• 8. Wass, R.T. (2012). Developing Critical Thinking in Higher Education: A
Vygotskian Perspective. University of Otago, New Zealand.