Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Nam Pan
Visiting Scholar, Policy Research Institute
Ministry of Finance, Japan
US $ million
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Calendar Year
Source: Japan’s Official Development Assistance White Paper
Recent trend of Japanese ODA
The ratio of Japan’s ODA disbursement by sector (2011)
Program assistance
Emergency aid 9%
5%
Social
Industry and other
infrastructure
production sectors
24%
17%
Economic
Agricultural infrastructure
infrastructure 41%
4%
Assiatance
encompassing multiple
regions
11%
Oceania Asia
1% Europe
Latin America and the 1%
Caribbean Middle East and North
3% Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
13% Asia Latin America and the
56%
Middle East and Caribbean
North Africa Oceania
15%
Europe
Assiatance encompassing
multiple regions
Source: Japan’s Official Development Assistance White Paper
Asia as a priority region
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012
2007 Japan 113.56 U.S.A 87.22 Germany 37.62 Korea 35.28 France 35.00 452.73
2008 Japan 114.77 U.S.A 69.78 Australia 39.03 France 35.16 Korea 34.66 459.90
2009 Japan 127.49 U.S.A 68.56 Australia 48.50 Germany 37.90 U.K 32.31 476.53
2010 Japan 147.46 U.S.A 84.70 Australia 53.91 Germany 41.26 Korea 37.33 517.72
2011 Japan 130.93 U.S.A 73.78 Australia 71.55 Korea 62.23 Sweden 28.53 491.88
Source: www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/Cambodia.pdf
2007 Japan 81.46 France 35.51 Germany 23.76 Australia 20.33 Sweden 19.79 239.68
2008 Japan 66.29 Germany 28.83 Australia 28.10 France 25.39 Sweden 20.79 225.28
2009 Japan 92.36 Australia 29.61 Germany 27.36 Korea 25.14 France 19.09 260.01
2010 Japan 121.45 Australia 32.68 Korea 27.76 Germany 24.80 Switzerland 16.37 285.96
2011 Australia 53.93 Japan 48.51 Korea 33.48 Switzerland 24.58 Germany 24.32 264.28
Source: www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/Laos.pdf
Source: www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/Laos.pdf
Myanmar
Faced with civil war for 50 years and caused political instability
and retorted the growth of economy
Cut off loan aid since 1988, continued to provide funds for
humanitarian purposes
Myanmar
Amount of DAC Countries ODA Disbursement to Myanmar ( US$ million )
Year 1 2 3 4 5 Total
2007 Japan 30.52 U.K 17.97 U.S.A 15.35 Australia 12.94 Sweden 11.38 130.25
2008 U.K 82.35 U.S.A 71.59 Australia 47.14 Japan 42.48 Norway 29.64 423.17
2009 U.K 53.14 Japan 48.28 U.S.A 35.22 Norway 18.88 Australia 17.89 234.99
2010 Japan 46.83 Australia 44.40 U.K 44.17 U.S.A 31.28 Norway 21.71 249.57
2011 U.K 62.20 Australia 44.43 Japan 42.50 U.S.A 29.04 Norway 19.90 273.18
Source: www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/Myanmar.pdf
Source: www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/Myanmar.pdf
Vietnam
Political and economic reform launched in 1986
2007 Japan 640.04 France 154.46 Germany 97.64 U.K 97.15 Denmark 82.54 1516.82
2008 Japan 619.04 France 165.59 U.K 125.88 Germany 114.99 Denmark 80.34 1654.21
2009 Japan 1191.36 France 142.91 Germany 112.48 U.K 93.79 U.S.A 78.14 2080.48
2010 Japan 807.81 France 242.42 Australia 119.83 Germany 96.38 Korea 96.04 1831.38
2011 Japan 1013.05 France 220.45 Korea 139.49 Australia 137.26 Germany 123.86 2061.25
Source: www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/Vietnam.pdf
GDP growth (annual % ) 6.0 8.5 5.1 6.4 GDP growth (annual % ) 7.1 8.0 5.3 6.2
Per Capita GDP (current US$) 783 1123 742 1334 Per Capita GDP (current US$) 878 1266 831 1543
Foreign direct investment Foreign direct investment
762 278 901 7100 872 300 1000 6480
(current millions US$) (current millions US$)
Foreign direct investment ((% Foreign direct investment ((%
7 3.9 2.0 6.9 7 3.6 1.9 5.5
of GDP) of GDP)
Foreign exchange reserves Foreign exchange reserves
3.8 1.1 6.0 12.5 4.1 1.2 7.4 13.5
(billions US$) (billions US$)
Source: www.mofa.go.jp Source: www.mofa.go.jp
1800
2012
CAMBODIA LAOS MYANMAR VETNAM 1600
GDP growth (annual % ) 7.3 8.2 5.9 5.2
1400
Per Capita GDP (current US$) 946 1412 855 1755
1200
Foreign direct investment
1526 294 2243 7168
(current millions US$) 1000
Foreign direct investment ((%
11.1 3.1 4.1 5.4 800
of GDP)
600
Foreign exchange reserves
4.9 1.3 7.4 25.8
(billions US$) 400
Source: www.mofa.go.jp 200
0
2010 2011 2012
Cambodia Lao PDR Myanmar Vietnam
Source: www.mofa.go.jp
March 2011 – The new administration was formed
Recent reforms
First wave of reform
- National Reconciliation
- focusing on political system to restore peace and
achieve national unity
- Good Governance and Clean Government
- Rule of law
Second wave of reform
- Economic and Social well-being
- formed National Economic and Social Advisory Council (NESC)
- drafted Framework for Economic and Social Reforms(FESR) &
20-years National Comprehensive Development Plan (NCDP)
- successful transition to market-based economy
- development of agriculture sector
- attracting private domestic and foreign investment and expertise
- Provision of new yen loan projects for infrastructure development for the first time
in 26 years
Infrastructure Development
New Yen Loan (¥20 billion) Project in Thilawa Area
Phase 1
Myanmar’s External Arrears by Creditors (2012) (in million US$)
4000
3500
3000
after sanction imposed on Myanmar by OECD
2500 before sanction imposed on
Myanmar by OECD
2000
1500
1000
500
The World Bank: “Assessing Aid”( A World Bank Policy Research Report in
1998) conclude;
- sound management will lead to rapid development
- aid has a large effect when countries have sound management
- poor countries with good policies should get more aid than
ones with mediocre policies
World donor community came to the conclusion that “good governance”
was necessary to bring good economic performance
The World Bank: “Assessing Aid”( A World Bank Policy Research Report in
1998) conclude;
- sound management will lead to rapid development
- aid has a large effect when countries have sound management
- poor countries with good policies should get more aid than
ones with mediocre policies
Asia Society
“the condition necessary for development in Myanmar will require
fundamental reforms”
- “good governance” become a focal issues
Reengagement of development aid and international financial markets
- Earnest efforts
- ambitious reforms (main strength of economic potential)
- Coordination with donors
- IMF staff-monitored program—monitoring the implementation
of Monetary and Financial Sector reforms
- the WB – drafting of the new Financial Institutions Law
- with the assistance of the Government of Japan;-
- JICA—automation of payment and clearing system by 2015
- Japan Exchange Group and Daiwa Securities Group Inc.– Yangon
Stock exchange by 2015
- - Good Governance
- - “Strategic Decision”,
Action to be taken by - - “which decisions are implemented or not”
Myanmar (Recipient) - - Capacity Building
- - training for staffs at local and abroad in such fields for
- all sectors is substantial
Good Governance Process for Myanmar (to attract more aid by using aid effectively and efficiently)
Recheck
- Good Governance
- Capacity Building Good Governance
Ambitious Reforms
with Recheck
- Consistent Policy Actions
- Sound Management Good Governance
- Effective Implementation
- Effective Monitoring Activities
Outcome
Reasonable Outcome ( if no )
( if yes )
- Poverty Reduction
- Economic Development
Mutual relationship between Aid, Good Governance and Human Resources
Aid
4 2
3 1
Human 6 Good
Resources Governance
5
1. Good Governance
2. Aid
3. Aid (Capacity Building)
4. Accepting and Asking more advanced technology
5. Motivation
6. Contributing to Country’s Development