PHYSICS units.

British units are now officially defined in terms of SI

A natural science that involves the study of matter and its units, as follows:
motion and behavior through space and time, along with ➢ Length: 1 inch= 2.54 cm
related concepts such as energy and force. ➢ Force: 1 pound= 4.44 N
Etymology: physius means “nature”
FORCE
STANDARDS AND UNITS Force is an interaction between two bodies or between a body
1. Time – seconds and its environment.
2. Length – meter A push or a pull
3. Mass – kilogram
4. Luminous Intensity – candela
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
5. Amount of substance – mole where: a = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
6. Thermodynamic temperature – Kelvin ➢ 1 Newton= 1 kg m/s2
7. Electric current – Ampere ➢ 1 dyne = 1 g cm/s2 = 10-5 N
➢ 1 lb-ft = 1 slug ft/s2 = 4.44N
METRIC SYSTEM ➢ 1 slug = 14.5939 kg
Based on International System, or SI (the abbreviation for its
French name, Système International) TYPES OF FORCES
1. Time. One second is defined as the time required for 1. Contact Force – direct contact between two bodies.
9,192,631,770 cycles of this microwave radiation. a. Normal Force - is exerted on an object by any surface with
➢ 1 year= 525, 600 min which it is in contact. The adjective normal means that the
➢ 1 nanosecond = 1 ns = 10-19 s force always acts perpendicular to the surface of contact, no
(time for light travel 0.3m) matter what the angle of that surface.
➢ 1 microsecond = 1 𝜇s = 10-6 s b. Friction Force - exerted on an object by a surface acts
(time for space station to move 8mm) parallel to the surface, in the direction that opposes sliding.
➢ 1 millisecond = 1 ms = 10-3 s
(time for sound travel 0.35m)
𝑭 = 𝝁𝑵
2. Length. The meter is the distance that light travels in
vacuum in 1/ 299,792,458 second using the wavelength of the 2 Types of Friction
orange-red light emitted by atoms of krypton (Kr) in a glow 1. Static Friction- acting between surface at rest.
discharge tube. 2. Kinetic Friction- acting between surfaces that are relatively
➢ 1 nanometer = 1 nm = 10-9 m in motion.
(a few times the size of the largest atom) note: 𝜇𝑠 = 𝜇𝑘
➢ 1 micrometer = 1 𝜇m = 10-6 m
(size of some bacteria and living cells) c. Tension Force - The pulling force exerted by a stretched rope
➢ 1 millimeter = 1 mm = 10-3 m or cord on an object to which it’s attached.
(diameter of the point of a ballpoint pen) 2. Non-contact Force
➢ 1 centimeter = 1 cm = 10-2 m a. Weight Force - the gravitational force that the earth exerts
(diameter of your little finger) on your body
➢ 1 kilometer = 1 km = 103 m
(a 10-minute walk) PROBLEM
3. Mass. The kilogram is defined to be the mass of a particular This refers to the amount of matter accelerated at 1 ft/s2
cylinder of platinum–iridium alloy kept at the International when acted upon by a force of 1 lb.
Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres, near Paris. A. Kilogram B. Newton C. slug D. dyne
➢ 1 microgram = 1 𝜇g = 10-6 g = 10-9 kg
(mass of a very small dust particle) KNOWLEDGE CHECK
➢ 1 milligram = 1 mg = 10-3 g = 10-6 kg Find the normal force acting on the block in each of the
(mass of a grain salt) equilibrium situations.
➢ 1 gram = 1 g = 10-3 kg
(mass of a paper clip)

BRITISH SYSTEM
These units are used only in the United States and a few other
countries, and in most of these they are being replaced by SI NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
- Sir Isaac Newton formulated the 3 Laws of Motion.
First Law of Motion (The Law of Inertia) SPRING POTENTIAL ENERGY
An object at rest remains at rest. An object in motion remains
𝟏 𝟐
in motion unless there is an outside net force applied on it.
𝑷𝑬 = 𝒌𝒙
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎 𝒂 = 𝟎, 𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝟐
KINETIC ENERGY:
Second Law of Motion (The Law of Acceleration)
TRANSLATIONAL
If a net external force acts on a body, the body accelerates. The
direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of the net 𝟏
force. The mass of the body times the acceleration of the body 𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
equals the net force vector. 𝟐
ROTATIONAL
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂 𝟏 𝟐
Third Law of Motion (Law of Reaction) 𝑲𝑬 = 𝑰𝝎
If body A exerts a force on body B (an “action”), then body B 𝟐
exerts a force on body A (a “reaction”). These two forces have WORK
the same magnitude but are opposite in direction. These two
forces act on different bodies. 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝐽
FRICTION:
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = −𝑭𝟐𝟏 FLAT SURFACE

LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION 𝒇 = 𝝁𝒎𝒈

Gravity is the reason why everything falls back to the ground. INCLINED SURFACE
Gravity is a force of attraction between two bodies and this is
very much dependent on mass.
𝒇 = 𝝁𝒎𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
POWER
𝑮𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝑾 𝐽
𝑭= 𝑷= 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑊
𝒓𝟐 𝒕 𝑠
10−11𝑁𝑚2
where: 𝐺 = 6.67 𝑥 ; CONST 39
𝑘𝑔2
𝐺 is derived by Henry Cavendish PROBLEM
What is the kinetic energy of a 4000 lb automobile which is
➢ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 5.98 𝑥 1024 𝑘𝑔
moving at 44 fps?
A. 1.21 x 105 ft-lb C. 1.8 x 105 ft-lb
PROBLEM
B. 1 x 105 ft-lb D. 1.12 x 105 ft-lb
Calculate the gravitational force between two lead spheres of
radius 10cm in contact with one another. Given that the
PROBLEM
density of lead is 11,300kg/m3
The horsepower required to raise a 150 kg drum to a height of
A. 3.74x10-6 N C. 7.34x10-6 N
25 m over a period of one minute is
B. 9.85x10-6 N D. 43.7x10-6 N
A. 0.41 hp C. 0.82 hp
B. 0.66 hp D. 1.12 hp
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
What will happen to the weight of a person standing on the
PROBLEM
Earth’s surface if he is moved to a distance above the Earth’s
A 40 kg box rest on a plank at an inclination of 20 degrees with
surface thrice the Earth’s radius?
the horizontal. The coefficient of friction is 0.20. What force
A. Increase by a factor of 4
must be applied on the box parallel to the plank to start it
B. Increase by a factor of 9
moving upward?
C. Decrease by a factor of 1/9
A. 355.45N C. 207.96N
D. Decrease by a factor of 1/16
B. 207.96KN D. 355.45KN

WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It can only be
A 500kg block is resting on a 30° inclined plane with µ=0.80.
transformed from one form or another.
Find the required force P acting horizontally that will start the
𝑷𝑬𝟏 + 𝑲𝑬𝟏 + 𝑾 = 𝑷𝑬𝟐 𝑲𝑬𝟐 block up the plane.
POTENTIAL ENERGY A. 4200 N C. 2570N
B. 6780 N D. 5200N
𝑷𝑬 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM Transverse wave - displacements of the medium are
If there is no external force that is applied to a system, then perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave along the
the total linear momentum of that system remains constant in medium
time. Longitudinal wave - motions of the particles of the medium
If two objects will collide, the total momentum of the two are back and forth along the same direction(parallel) that the
objects before and after collision should not change. wave travels
MOMENTUM
PROBLEM
𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗 The inverse of wavelength is referred to as:
unit: 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 A. Wave Number B. Frequency C. Velocity D. Momentum
IMPULSE
SOUND
𝑰 = 𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝒑 Compression and rarefractions of waves in a material medium
such as air, water and steel. ▪ Audible frequency: 20- 20kHz
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISION DOPPLER EFFECT
Types of Collision KE e Shift in the frequency of a wave that occurs when the wave
Elastic 1 source, or the detector of the wave is moving.
Inelastic 0<e<1
Perfectly - 0 𝑽 ± 𝑽𝑳
𝒇𝑳 = ( )𝒇
𝑽 ± 𝑽𝑺 𝑺
Inelastic/Plastic

𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗′𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗′𝟐 ➢ 𝑣𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 340 𝑚/𝑠

where:
COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION FL = frequency of listener
- Quantifies quality of collision fS = frequency of source
V = speed of wave relative to medium
−𝒅𝒗𝒇 𝒉𝟐 VS = speed of source
𝒆= 𝒆=√ VL = speed of listener
𝒅𝒗𝒊 𝒉𝟏 (+) toward the source
(-) away from source

PROBLEM PROBLEM
The coefficient of restitution of a perfectly plastic impact is Sound of frequency below 20 Hz is called
A. 0 B. 2 C. 1 D. Infinity A. audio sounds C. ultrasonic
B. infrasonic D. supersonics
PROBLEM
A 20 Mg railroad car moving at a speed of 0.5m/s to the right PROBLEM
collides with a 35-Mg car which is at rest. If after the collision A train blowing its whistle at 750 Hz approaches a station atp
the 35-Mg car is observed to move to the right at a speed of the rate of 35 mph. What frequency is heard by a man standing
0.3 m/s, determine the coefficient of restitution between the at the station considering the velocity of sound in air 1100 ft/s?
two cars. A. 739.7 Hz C. 716.4 Hz
B. 857.4 Hz D. 786.7 Hz
PROBLEM
A ball is dropped from a height of 20m upon a stationary slab. GEOMETRIC OPTICS: PLANE MIRROR
If the coefficient of restitution is 0.40, how high will the ball CHARACTERISTICS:
rebound? A. 3.2m B. 4.6m C. 5.2m D. 8.0m S – ame Size/Distance
E – rect/Upright
WAVES R - eversed
A wave is defined as a repeating and periodic disturbance that V – irtual
travels through a medium. LAW OF REFLECTION
TYPES OF WAVE
1.Electromagnetic Wave- capable of transporting energy in
𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑟
LINEAR MAGNIFICATION
free space. Example: RMIVUXG
2.Mechanical wave - is a disturbance that travels through 𝑚 = +1
some material or substance called the medium for the wave.
Example: Sound wave, water wave
 PROBLEM
If Suzie stands 3 feet in front of a plane mirror, how far from
the person will her image be located? Ans: 6 feet
PROBLEM
If a toddler crawls towards a mirror at a rate of 0.25 m/s, then
at what speed will the toddler and the toddler's image
approach each other? Ans: 0.50 m/s
PROBLEM: Concave Mirror
A concave mirror forms an image, on a wall 3.00 m in front of
the mirror, of a headlamp filament 10.00 cm in front of the
mirror.
A. What are the radius of curvature and focal length of the
mirror?
B. What is the lateral magnification? What is the image height
if the object height is 5.00 mm?

GEOMETRIC OPTICS: SPHERICAL MIRRORS

Ans: R = 19.4 cm f = 9.7 cm

m = -30 hi = 150mm, inverted

PROBLEM: Convex Mirror

Santa checks himself for soot, using his reflection in a silvered
Christmas tree ornament 0.750m away. The diameter of the
ornament is 7.20 cm. Standard reference texts state that he is
a “right jolly old elf”, so we estimate his height to be 1.6m.
Where and how tall is the image of Santa formed by the
ornament. Is it erect or inverted?

THIN LENS EQUATION

𝑹 = 𝟐𝒇
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 Ans: di = -1.76cm hi = 3.8cm
LINEAR MAGNIFICATION 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙, 𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑.

𝒉𝒊 −𝒅𝒊 THIN LENS

𝑴= = A lens is an optical system with two refracting surfaces. The
𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒐 simplest lens has two spherical surfaces close enough together
where: that we can neglect the distance between them (the thickness
f = focal length of the lens); we call this a thin lens.
= (+) concave mirror
= (-) convex mirror
do = distance of object, (+) front
di = distance of image, (+) front
M =magnification
Location Orien Size Type
tation
Concave 1. Beyond C Between Inverted Reduce Real
Mirror C and F d
2. At C At C Inverted Same Real Power of a Lens (D) - amount by which the lens can change the
3. Between Beyond C Inverted Increase Real curvature of a wave.
C and F d
4. At F - - - - 𝟏
5. In front of Behind of Upright Increase Virtual 𝑫=
Convex
F mirror
Behind of Upright
d
Reduce Virtual
𝒇
Mirror mirror d where: D = power of lens, in diopters, f = focal length
LENS MAKER EQUATION WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY OF LIGHT
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 In some situations, light behaves like a wave, while in others,
= (𝒏 − 𝟏) + it behaves like particles. The particles of light are called
𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 photons, and they can be thought of as both waves and
particles.
where:
f = focal length 𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐
n = index of refraction where:
R = (+) convex m = rest mass
R = (-) concave c = speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s

CHROMATIC ABERRATION 𝑬 = 𝒉𝒇
This occurs because the index of refraction of the glass in a lens where:
is different for different wavelengths. h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 x 10-34 m2 kg/s
CONST 06 Shift 7-1-1
PROBLEM: Thin Lens F = frequency
A lens has a convex surface of radius 20cm and a concave DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH
surface of radius 40cm and is made of glass of refractive index
𝒉
1.54. Compute the focal length of the lens, and state whether
𝝀=
it is a converging lens or a diverging lens.
Ans: 𝑓 = +74.07 𝑐𝑚,
𝒎𝒗
where: m= mass v=velocity
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 𝑖𝑠+, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔.
PROBLEM
PROBLEM: Thin Lens Find the value of rest energy of electron equivalent to its rest
A double convex lens has faces of radii 18 and 20 cm. When an mass.
object is 24 cm from the lens, a real image is formed 32cm
from the lens. Determine the focal length of the lens and the PROBLEM
refractive index of the lens material. Find the frequency of a photon having an energy of 3 eV.
Ans: 𝑓 = +13.79 𝑐𝑚 𝑛 = 1.69
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
PROBLEM Find the de Broglie wavelength of a 1500 kg car when its speed
An object is placed 8cm from the lens with a focal length of 10 is 30 m/s.
cm. Where is the image located from the lens? A. -30cm B. -35
cm C. -40cm D. -45 cm

SNELL’S LAW
LAW OF REFLECTION

𝜽𝟏 = 𝜽𝟐
LAW OF REFRACTION

𝒏𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐
where:
n= index of refraction
𝜃1= angle of incidence
𝜃1= angle of refraction

PROBLEM
Material A is a water and material B is a glass with index of
refraction 1.52. If the incident ray makes an angle of 60° with
the normal, find the direction of the reflected ray.
A. 49.3° C. 60°
B. 91.3° D. 34.7°