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Length, area
and volume
4
syllabus ref
efer
erence
ence
Strand:
Applied geometry
Core topic:
Elements of applied geometry
In this cha
chapter
pter
4A Changing units and
calculating perimeters
4B Calculating areas
4C Total surface area
4D Volume and capacity
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 106 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
106 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
Introduction
Peta is an expert in the craft of origami (the Japanese art of paper folding). She deftly
folds and creases paper, the end product being a crane, an elegant swan, a gift box . . .
the list is endless. In fact, many two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects can be
folded from a single piece of paper without any cutting. In creating these works of art,
it is necessary to have an understanding of the spatial relationships of geometry. It is
essential to fold the paper at the correct angles and to have the side lengths in the
correct proportions.
c d
e f
108 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
t i gat
es Paper folding 1
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in
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t i gat
es Constructing a 3-D package from a 2-D shape
Resources: Cardboard, scissors, protractor, ruler.
For our first investigation, let’s look at the relative positions, shapes and sizes of
the resulting faces when a 2-D piece of cardboard is folded into a 3-D shape to
form an unusual postage box.
X
w2 w2
Z a Y
w1 w1
1 Trace the above shape onto a piece of thin cardboard. Basically, it consists of
two rectangles.
2 Cut along all the blue lines.
3 The lines marked – – – – represent ‘valley’ folds. Crease firmly along these
lines with the fold pointing down like a valley.
4 The line XY marked – – • – – • represents a ‘mountain’ fold. Crease firmly
along this line, with the fold pointing upwards like a mountain.
5 Rotate the top rectangle through 90º at the point Y, along the crease line XY,
in an anticlockwise direction, until it lies on top of the lower rectangle.
6 Fold the top and bottom flaps in along the crease lines in a 3-D manner. Fold
in the side flaps along the crease lines in a 3-D manner.
7 This container, on a larger scale, would be a suitable package for posting
rectangular objects through the mail.
8 Open the package and
a measure angle ZXY
b measure angle a.
9 Would it be possible to vary these angles and still form a rectangular
container? Investigate the consequences.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 109 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
Two-dimensional objects
As mentioned previously, the shape of 2-D objects can be specified by two measure-
ments. These objects lie in one plane. Among other properties, they possess a perimeter
and an area.
Perimeter
The perimeter represents the distance around the boundary of a figure. (We are
assuming that all the figures we are dealing with are closed; that is, they begin and end
at the same point.) Any line inside the boundary is ignored when calculating the perim-
eter. The units used to measure perimeter are those of linear measure: millimetre (mm),
centimetre (cm), metre (m) and kilometre (km).
We’ll first discuss converting measurements from one unit to another. You are fami-
liar with the following conversions.
10 millimetres = 1 centimetre
100 centimetres = 1 metre
1000 metres = 1 kilometre
Using these conversion factors, we can now construct a ‘conversion ladder’.
eBook plus
The smallest unit (mm) is at the narrow top of the ladder; working down the rungs
we approach the largest unit (km) which is at the wide base of the ladder. The con-
version factors are placed on the rungs in between the units. In changing measurements
from a smaller unit to a larger unit, we divide by the relevant conversion factor(s)
because we know that our answer must be a lesser amount. When converting from a
larger to a smaller unit, we multiply by the relevant conversion factor(s) since we know
that we require a greater amount as the result.
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110 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
We shall now review familiar formulas used to determine the perimeter of common
eBook plus
shapes.
Digital docs:
SkillSHEET 4.3
Multiplying decimal
Shape Perimeter
numbers by 100
Square P = 4S
SkillSHEET 4.4
Dividing by 100
Rectangle P = 2(L + W)
L
Circle C = 2π r or
C = πD
r D
WORKED Example 3
Find the perimeter of this shape.
10 cm
20 cm X
THINK WRITE
1 Start at X and travel in a clockwise P = Side 1 + Side 2 + Side 3
direction until reaching X again. + 1--- circumference of circle
2
Identify the sides as 3 straight lines and
one semicircle.
2 Write the formulas. P = S1 + S2 + S3 + 1--- π D
2
3 Identify the values of the variables. S1 = 20, S2 = 10, S3 = 20, D = 10
4 Substitute the values of the variables in P = 20 + 10 + 20 + ( 1--- × π × 10)
2
the formula.
P = 50 + 15.7
5 Calculate the answer, not forgetting P = 65.7 cm
units.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 112 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
112 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
remember
remember
1. Recall unit conversions for length.
2. Multiply when changing to a smaller unit and divide when changing to a larger
unit.
3. The perimeter is the distance around a closed, 2-dimensional figure.
4. When finding the perimeter of a composite figure, start at any place on the
perimeter and continue in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction until reaching
the starting point. Ignore any lines inside the perimeter.
5. Don’t forget to include units in the answer.
15.4 cm
5m
.8
4m
17
7m
27.5 cm
d e f
5m 7.5 m
4m
210 m
120 m
13.5 mm
11.5 m
90
m
WORKED
4 Find the perimeters of the following figures.
Example a 10 m b c
3
14 m
12 m
eBook plus
17 m
3.5 m
Digital doc:
25 m
SkillSHEET 4.6
Perimeter
of composite shapes
2m
20 m 12 m
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 113 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
8 cm
24 mm
m
11 m
10
13
125 mm
cm
44 m
10 cm
34 m
12
21 cm
7m
20 m
5 multiple choice
The perimeter of the figure shown in centimetres is: 7 cm
A 34 2 cm
B 24 + 5π
3 cm
C 24 + 2.5π
D 29 + 5π
12 cm
E 29 + 2.5π
6 multiple choice
The perimeter of the enclosed figure shown is 20.5 m
156.6 metres. The unknown length, x, is closest to: x
35.2 m
A 20.5 m
B 35.2 m
C 40.2 m
D 80.4 m
E Cannot be determined
t i gat
es Paper folding 2
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t i gat
es
Resources: A4 paper, scissors.
Having looked at some 2-D shapes, let’s investigate a ‘Geometry jigsaw’.
1 Cut a square from a sheet of unlined A4 paper. Scribble a pattern on one side
of the paper, so that you can distinguish the ‘top’ of the jigsaw from the
‘underneath’.
2 Fold the square sheet in half along its diagonal. Unfold it, and cut it along the
crease. You should now have two triangles.
3 Take one of these triangles, fold it in half and cut it along the crease line.
4 Take your second triangle from above and lightly crease it to find the midpoint
of the longest side. Fold it so that the vertex of the right angle touches that
midpoint and cut it along the crease. This forms a trapezium and a small
triangle.
5 Take the trapezium, fold it in half and cut along the crease line. You should
now have two smaller trapeziums.
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114 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
6 Fold the acute base angle of one of the trapeziums to the adjacent right base
angle and cut along the crease. This should result in a square and a small
triangle.
7 Take your other trapezium and fold its right base angle to the opposite obtuse
angle. Cut along the crease. This should result in a parallelogram and a small
triangle.
8 You should now have 7 shapes: 5 triangles,
1 square and 1 parallelogram.
9 See if you can now assemble this Geometry jigsaw
to form the original square from which it was cut.
10 See how many different shapes you can form using
some or all of the 7 shapes.
This investigation should enhance your understanding
of geometric shapes.
Task 1
Take your 7 shapes. Use the smallest triangle as the basic unit of area. Arrange
your pieces in order of increasing area. Give the area of each piece in terms of
‘small triangular units’. Some shapes may have the same area. Copy and complete
the following table:
Task 2
Your pieces can be fitted together in different combinations to form squares of vari-
ous sizes. Experiment with your pieces to see whether you can form a square using
the following number of pieces. Copy and complete the table below.
t i gat
es Square measure
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es
t i gat Resources: Paper, pencil, ruler.
How is it possible to determine unit conversions for square measure knowing the
relevant conversion for linear measure?
1 Draw a square of side 1 cm.
2 You are aware that each centimetre can be divided into 10 millimetres. Mark
these millimetre divisions on each side of the square, then join opposite side
markings.
3 This creates a grid of smaller squares. How many of these smaller squares are
there? Each smaller square is 1 mm2 while the large square is 1 cm2. So how
many mm2 are there in 1 cm2?
4 Use the reasoning applied above (it is not really practicable to draw a square of
side length 1 metre) to determine the number of cm2 in 1 m2.
Converting units in square measure is simply a matter of applying the above
technique.
mm2
10 × 10 = 100
× ÷
cm2
100 × 100 = 10 000
m2
1000 × 1000 = 1 000 000
km2
116 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
WORKED Example 4
Complete each of the following:
a 250 mm2 = _____ cm2 b 5 km2 = _____ ha.
THINK WRITE
2 2
a Change mm to cm , so divide by 100. a 250 mm2 = (250 ÷ 100) cm2
250 mm2 = 2.5 cm2
We’ll now review familiar formulas used to find the areas of common shapes.
Shape Area
Square A = S2
eBook plus
S
Digital docs:
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Area of a square
EXCEL Spreadsheet Rectangle L A=L×W
Area of a rectangle
Parallelogram A=b×h
where the height measurement must be at a right
h angle to the base measurement.
b
Triangle A = 1--- bh
eBook plus 2
where the height measurement must be at a right
h angle to the base measurement.
Digital doc: h
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Area of a triangle
b
b
b
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 117 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
Digital doc:
EXCEL Spreadsheet
r
D
Area of a circle
Sector
θ°
A = ----------- × π r 2
θ° 360°
r
WORKED Example 5
Find the area of the triangle at right.
9.4 cm
THINK WRITE
WORKED Example 6
Find the area of each of the following shapes.
a b 5.9 cm
9m
7.2 cm
14 m
11.4 cm
THINK WRITE
118 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
WORKED Example 7
Find the area of this shape.
7m 8m
THINK WRITE
1 Identify the shape (in this case it is a A= s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) 10 m
triangle with no height measurement)
and write down the appropriate formula where s = 1--- (a + b + c)
2
for the area (Heron’s formula).
2 Identify the values of the pronumerals. a = 7, b = 8, c = 10
3 To find s, substitute a, b and c values s= 1
--- (7 + 8 + 10)
into the formula and simplify. 2
= 1
--- × 25
2
= 12.5
4 Substitute the values of a, b, c, and s A = 12.5 ( 12.5 – 7 ) ( 12.5 – 8 ) ( 12.5 – 10 )
into the formula for the area.
5 Simplify.
(a) Evaluate the brackets first. A = 12.5 × 5.5 × 4.5 × 2.5
(b) Multiply the values together. = 773.4375
(c) Take the square root. = 27.810 744 33
(Round off the answer to 1 decimal A = 27.8 cm2
place and include the units.)
WORKED Example 8 12 1
2
eBook plus
THINK WRITE
θ°
1 Write down the formula for the area of Area of sector = ----------- × π r 2
360°
the sector.
2 Identify the value of the radius. r = 10 cm
3 Calculate the angle of the sector:
The angle between the numbers on a
clock = 360° ÷ 12
= 30°.
From 12 to 4 there are 4 intervals θ ° = 30° × 4
between the numbers. So to find the = 120°
angle of a sector, multiply 30° by 4.
4 Substitute the values of r and θ into the --------- × π × 10
Area of sector = 120 2
360
formula and evaluate. = 104.719 755 1 cm2
5 Write an answer sentence with the The minute hand as it rotates through an angle
number rounded off appropriately and of 120° sweeps an area of 104.7 cm2.
units given.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 119 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
WORKED Example 9
A clock has a minute hand that is 6 cm long and an hour
hand that is 3 cm long. In one full revolution of each hand,
the minute hand would sweep out a larger circle than the R
6 cm r
hour hand. What is the difference in the area they cover
3 cm
(to the nearest square centimetre)?
THINK WRITE
4 Write an answer sentence with the The difference in area covered by the two hands
value rounded to the nearest is approximately 85 cm2.
square centimetre.
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120 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
remember
remember
1. The area is the space enclosed by the boundaries of a two-dimensional shape.
2. Area is measured in square units. To change from one unit to another, square
the appropriate linear measure conversion factor. Multiply by the conversion
factor when changing to a smaller unit and divide when converting to a larger
unit.
3. Remember these area formulas:
Square A = S2
Rectangle A=L×W
Parallelogram A = b × h
Trapezium A = 1--- (a + b)h
2
Triangle A = 1--- bh (if perpendicular height is known).
2
If three sides are known, use Heron’s formula
A = s ( s – a ) ( s – b ) ( s – c ) where s = 1--- (a + b + c)
2
Circle A = πr2
θ°
Sector A = ----------- × π r 2
360°
4. For composite figures, identify shapes of parts of the figure. After calculating
these individual areas, add or subtract them to give the total area.
5. Remember to provide units in the answer.
4B Calculating areas
WORKED 1 Copy and complete each of the following.
Example
4 a 70 mm2 = _____ cm2 b 6000 cm2 = _____ m2
c 3 m = _____ cm
2 2
d 2.5 km2 = _____ m2
e 4.5 ha = _____ m 2
f 3 km2 = _____ ha
2 Find the area of each of the figures below.
a b c
8 cm 3.6 km
29 mm
d e f
3m 27 mm 47 cm
9m
38 mm 62 cm
WORKED g h 6.3 km i
Example
3.7 m
5 4.2 m 8.4 km
9.7 m
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 121 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
16.9 km
WORKED m 1m n 2.8 m o 3.6 cm
Example
6b
3.65 m 5.4 cm
12 m 9.5 cm
9m 0.4 m
WORKED p 27 cm q 7 mm
r 58 m 16 m
Example 15 cm 8 mm
7 65 m
38 cm 12 mm
WORKED s t u
Example 120° 2m
6 cm
8
45° 300°
5m
m
16 m
c d
3m 8m
8m 12 m
8m
5m
9m
10 m 12 m
5 multiple choice
The area of the triangle at right is: 15 cm
A 36 cm2 B 54 cm2 12 cm
C 90 cm2 D 108 cm2
2
E 1620 cm 9 cm
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 122 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
122 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
6 multiple choice
Which of the options is correct
19 cm 19 cm
for the two shapes at right?
Statement 1. The rectangle and parallelogram
38 cm 38 cm
have equal areas.
Statement 2. The rectangle and parallelogram have equal perimeters.
Statement 3. The rectangle and the parallelogram are both quadrilaterals.
A Statement 1 only B Statement 2 only C Statement 3 only
D All three statements E Two of the statements
7 multiple choice
The area of the figure at right is: 17 m
A 54 m2
B 136 m2 15 m
C 165 m2 7m
D 225 m2
E 255 m2 15 m
8 Len is having his lounge room carpeted. Carpet costs $27.80/m2. The lounge is
rectangular with a length of 7.2 m and a width of 4.8 m.
a Calculate the area of the lounge room.
b Calculate the cost of carpeting the room.
10 multiple choice
32 cm
Examine the diagram at right.
a The circles cover an area of approximately:
A 402 cm2 B 201 cm2 C 804 cm2 D 805 cm2 E 603 cm2
b The shaded area is approximately:
A 219 cm2 B 421 cm2 C 622 cm2 D 823 cm2 E 220 cm2
11 A family-size pizza is cut into 8 equal slices. If the diameter of the pizza is 33 cm,
find (to the nearest square centimetre) the area of the top part of each slice.
WORKED 12 The collectable plate shown at right is 22 cm in diameter
Example
9
and has a golden ring that is 0.5 cm wide. 1 cm
Find (to 1 decimal place) the area of the golden ring if its
0.5 cm
outer edge is 1 cm from the edge of the plate.
22 cm
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 123 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
1
Calculate the area (or shaded area) of each of the figures drawn below.
Where necessary, give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
1 2 3
m
12 cm 8 c30°
6.3 m
4 5 10 cm
91 mm
62 mm 25 cm
4 cm
24 cm
6 7 8
12 cm
30 cm 20 m
20 cm
40 m
25 cm 40 cm
9 10
12
6 cm
cm
76 mm
15
m
m
cm
32
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 124 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
124 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
t i gat
es Maximising an area of land
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es n inv Farmer Brown needs to build a paddock
for her sheep to graze. She has 1000 m
of fencing with which to build this
eBook plus
paddock.
Digital doc: 1 If farmer Brown builds the paddock
EXCEL Spreadsheet 100 m long and 400 m wide, the
Maximising area of land
area will be 40 000 m2. If she builds
it 200 m long and 300 m wide, the
area will be 60 000 m2. What
dimensions should farmer Brown
choose for her paddock so it has the
maximum possible area?
a Set up a spreadsheet with the
headings:
LENGTH WIDTH AREA
b Enter an initial value of 50 m for the length of the paddock, then provide a
formula and copy it down to generate length measurements in increments of
50 m; for example:
50
100
150
•
•
•
450
c Since the length of the fencing is 1000 m,
length + width = 500 m
Provide a formula in the width column incorporating the values in the length
column, then copy this formula down the column.
d Enter a formula under the AREA heading to calculate the area of the figure.
Copy this formula down the column.
e What length and width provide the greatest area? What shape is the paddock?
2 If one side of the paddock is a river, only three sides need to be fenced. If
farmer Brown still uses 1000 m of fencing, what dimensions should she now
choose for her paddock to maximise its area?
a Set up a spreadsheet similar to the one above. In this case:
width + length + width = 1000 m
Provide formulas in the columns, then copy them down.
b What length and width provide the greatest area in this case? Is the result the
same as for the previous case?
3 Write a paragraph outlining recommendations for farmer Brown. Justify your
conclusions with mathematical evidence.
4 Investigate further to see whether you could write your conclusions in a general
form for any given length of fencing.
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126 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
Pyramids
In pyramids, the cross-section parallel to
the base reduces in size as the cross-section
progresses from the base to the apex.
Common examples of pyramids are shown
at right. Square-based Triangle-based Cone
pyramid pyramid
Spheres
A sphere has no flat faces. When spheres are sliced, the flat
surface exposed is always circular. Common examples are
shown at right.
Two properties which three-dimensional figures possess
are surface area and volume.
Sphere Hemisphere
Surface area
The surface area of a 3-D object represents the total area of all its exposed faces. To
find the surface area, we must calculate the area of each face of the object, as identified
by its net, then add all of these areas to find the total. The units used for total surface
area (TSA) are the same as those used for area.
1 3 4 5
S 6 S
h b
Minor
sector
Circumference of
base = arc length
of sector
Hemisphere TSA = 2π r 2
Open Not shown
r
128 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
WORKED Example 10
Find the total surface area of the object shown.
THINK WRITE 17 cm
1 Identify the shape. Shape: rectangular prism 9 cm
19 cm
2 Write down the formula for the TSA of TSA = area 6 rectangles
a rectangular prism. TSA = 2(WH + LW + LH)
3 Allocate a value to the pronumerals. W = 9, H = 17, L = 19
4 Substitute the values of the TSA = 2(9 × 17 + 19 × 9 + 19 × 17)
pronumerals into the formula.
5 Evaluate (brackets first, then multiply = 2(153 + 171 + 323)
by 2). = 2 × 647
= 1294
6 Write the answer, including units. TSA = 1294 cm2
WORKED Example 11
Find the surface area of an open cylindrical can that is 12 cm high and
8 cm in diameter (to 1 decimal place).
12 cm
THINK WRITE
1 Form a net of the open cylinder, 2π r 8 cm
transferring all the dimensions to each
of the surfaces.
12 cm
A1
(Note that the cylinder has no top
surface.)
A2
4 cm
THINK WRITE 4 cm 6 cm
1 Calculate the area of the square base. A=S 2
= 62
= 36 cm2
WORKED Example 13
Find the total surface area of a size 7 basketball with
a diameter of 25 cm. Give your answer to the nearest 10 cm2.
THINK WRITE
1 Use the formula for the total Diameter = 25 cm
surface area of a sphere. Use Radius = 12.5 cm
the diameter to find the radius TSA of sphere = 4π r 2
of the basketball and = 4 × π × 12.52
substitute into the formula. = 1963.495
2 Write your answer. Total surface area of the ball is approximately 1960 cm2.
WORKED Example 14
A die used in a board game has a total surface area of 1350 mm2.
Find the linear dimensions of the die (to the nearest millimetre).
THINK WRITE
1 A die is a cube. We can TSA = 6 × S2
substitute into the total TSA = 1350 mm2
surface area of a cube to 1350 = 6 × S2
determine the dimension of
the cube. Divide both sides S2 = 1350
------------
6
by 6. = 225
2 Take the square root of both S = 225
sides to find S. = 15 mm
3 Write your answer. The dimensions of the die are:
15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm.
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130 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
WORKED Example 15
The diagram shows the proposed shape for a new container for takeaway
Chinese food. The shape will be used if the TSA of the container is less 10
than 750 cm2. If the TSA is greater than or equal to 750 cm2 then cm
production and manufacturing costs are too expensive and the takeaway
shop will have to stay with the old cylindrical container. Next time I order
my Chinese takeaway, could it come in the new design?
THINK WRITE 10 cm
1 Identify the distinct shapes that make up TSA = square pyramid (no base)
the total object: these are a square-based + 5 faces of a cube
pyramid and a cube. The base of the
pyramid and one face of the cube are not
on the surface and therefore their area
should not be included.
2 Calculate the TSA of a square-based TSA of square-based pyramid:
pyramid with no base.
(a) Alter the general square-based A = 4 × 1--- × b × h
2
pyramid formula so as not to include
the square base. b = 10, h = 10
(b) Allocate a value to the pronumerals. A = 4 × 1--- × 10 × 10
(c) Substitute the values into the formula 2
remember
remember
1. The TSA is the sum of the areas of the outside surfaces of a 3-dimensional object.
2. Formulas for all types of objects are not possible. For those objects without a
formula you will need to follow these steps.
(a) Draw the net of the object.
(b) Work out the different shapes that make up the net.
(c) Calculate their individual areas.
(d) Add all the individual parts together.
3. Do not include in the TSA the surfaces of contact of the distinct shapes that
make up a composite figure.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 131 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
i ii iii
3 Identify the solids from the nets below. Draw the solid for each.
a b c
5 cm
9 cm
32 cm
WORKED d e f
Example
4 cm
10
4.1 cm 20 cm 42 mm
3.9 cm
13 cm
14 cm 7 mm
7 mm
5 Oliver is making a box in the shape of a rectangular prism. The box is to be 2.5 m long,
1.2 m wide and 0.8 m high. Calculate the surface area of the box.
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132 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
250 mm
Radius = 410 mm
Length = 1.5 m
90 cm
250 mm
(Answer to nearest cm2)
28 cm
WORKED 9 Calculate the surface area of the square pyramid
Example
at right. 13 cm
12
10 cm
4 cm
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 133 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
2 cm
3 cm
13 Calculate the surface area of the following cones.
a b 40 cm c
2.9 cm 18 cm
10 cm
32 cm
2.4 cm
WORKED 14 Find the total surface area of the following spheres and hemispheres.
Example
13 a b Open c Closed
6.3 mm
43 mm (Answer to
5m nearest mm2.)
(Answer in cm2.)
WORKED 15 A cube has a total surface area of 24 cm2. What is the length of each side?
Example
14
16 Another cube has a total surface area twice that of the one in question 15. Is the side
length of this cube twice that of the one in the previous question? Explain.
WORKED 17 Calculate the surface area
Example
15
of this prism. 3.2 m
1m
2m
4m
6m
134 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
19 What is the total area of canvas needed for the tent 2.5
1.0 m
m
(including the base) shown in the diagram at right?
Give the answer to the nearest m2.
1.5 m
6.5 m
20 multiple choice 4.5 m
A ball used in a game of pool has the
diameter shown. The total surface
area of the ball is closest to:
A 1810 mm2
B 2300 mm2
C 7240 mm2 48 mm
D 28 950 mm2
E 115 800 mm2
21 multiple choice
The total surface area of a golf ball of radius 21 mm is closest to:
A 550 mm2 B 55 cm2 C 55 000 mm2 D 0.055 m2 E 5.5 cm2
22 multiple choice
The formula for the total surface area for the object shown is:
a
b
A 1
--- abh B 2 × 1--- bh + ab + 2 × ah
2 2
C 3( 1--- bh + ab) D 1
--- bh + 3ab
2 2
E bh + 3ab
23 multiple choice
The total surface area of a poster tube that is
115 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is closest to:
A 3000 cm2 B 2900 cm2 C 1500 mm2
2 2
D 6200 m E 23 000 cm
24 A baker is investigating the best shape for a loaf
of bread. The shape with the smallest surface area
stays freshest. The baker has come up with two
shapes: a rectangular prism with a 12-cm-square
base, and a cylinder with flat, round ends that have
a 14-cm diameter.
a Which shape stays fresher if they have the
same overall length of 32 cm?
b What is the difference between the total sur-
face areas of the two loaves of bread?
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 135 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
2
1 Calculate the area of a rectangle with a length of 0.4 m and a width of 1.1 m.
2 Calculate the area of a triangle with a base of 12.3 m and a height of 4.8 m.
96 m
56 m
Name the solids below.
4 5 6
10 cm 8 cm
20 cm
6 cm
6 cm
8 cm
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 136 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
136 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
mm3
10 × 10 × 10 = 1000
× ÷
cm3
100 × 100 × 100 = 1 000 000
m3
To obtain the conversion factors for cubic measure, the linear measure conversion
factors are cubed. The same procedure applies as before: multiply when converting to a
smaller unit and divide when converting to a larger unit.
The capacity of a 3-D object refers to the quantity of solid, liquid or gas it could
eBook plus
hold. The units used to measure capacity are millilitres (mL), litres (L) and kilolitres
Digital doc: (kL). The conversion ladder for capacity units is as follows:
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Capacity
mL
1000
× ÷
L
1000
kL
WORKED Example 16
Convert 1.12 cm3 to mm3.
THINK WRITE
1 The conversion from centimetres to
millimetres is 1 cm = 10 mm.
2 The conversion factor for cm3 to mm3 1.12 cm3 = (1.12 × 1000) mm3
is to multiply by 103 or 1000; that is, = 1120 mm3
1 cm3 = 1000 mm3.
3 Write the answer in correct units.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 137 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
In our calculations of volume, we shall consider only three classes of 3-D figures:
prisms, pyramids and spheres.
Volume of prisms
The volume of a prism is given by the following formula:
eBook plus
Volume of a prism = cross-sectional area × height of the prism
Digital doc:
EXCEL Spreadsheet The height is the dimension perpendicular to the cross-sectional area.
Volume
Shape Cross-sectional shape Volume
Cylinder V = area of a circle
r × height
H = πr 2 × H
r
Area = π r 2
Triangular V = area of a triangle
prism h × height
h b = --1- bh × H
H 2
Area = 1--- bh Note: Lower-case h
b 2
represents the height of
the triangle.
Rectangular W V = area of a rectangle
prism H × height
L
L W
Area = L × W =L×W×H
138 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
WORKED Example 18
Find the volume of the shape shown, correct to 1 decimal place. 2.6 m
2.3 m
THINK WRITE
3.2 m
1 Identify the shape. Triangular prism
2 Write down the appropriate formula for the V = 1--- bh × H
volume. 2
Volume of pyramids
As we have seen previously, a pyramid has a flat base at one end, and tapers to a point
at the other. Some examples of pyramids are shown below. A cone is really a circle-
based pyramid.
t i gat
es Comparing volumes of
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es pyramids and prisms
Resources: Set of 3-D volumetric shapes of pyramids and prisms with same base
area and height; water (or rice).
For the following investigation, the volumes of pairs of open 3-D containers are
compared by considering the amount of water (or rice) each can hold. Each 3-D
pair should have the same base area and the same perpendicular height.
Consider the following pairs of containers:
square-based pyramid and cube
rectangle-based pyramid and rectangular prism
triangle-based pyramid and triangular prism
cone and cylinder
1 Fill the first container with the water (or rice), then pour the contents into the
second container. Continue refilling the first container and pouring the contents
into the second until the second container is full. How many times was it
necessary to do this?
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 139 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
A pyramid does not have a uniform cross-section. The cross-sectional area becomes
smaller as it nears the apex (point). The internal capacity or volume of a tapered object
is a fraction of the volume of a prism. Mathematicians found this fraction to be a third
( 1--- ). They defined the base of a pyramid to be the flat end opposite the apex. To calcu-
3
late the volume of a pyramid we find the area of the flat end, multiply this by the height
of the pyramid (which must be perpendicular to the base) and then multiply by 1--- (or
3
divide by 3).
Volume of a pyramid = 1
--- × area of base × height of object
3
The following table shows the formulas for the volume of some common pyramids.
Square V= 1
--- × area of a square
pyramid 3
H
× height
V= 1 2
--- S ×H
S 3
S
Rectangular W V= 1
--- × area of a
pyramid 3
H
L rectangle × height
= 1--- L × W × H
3
W
L
Triangular V= 1
--- × area of a triangle
pyramid 3
h × height
H
V= 1 1
--- ( --- bh) ×H
b 3 2
h
b Note: Lower-case h
represents the height of the
triangle.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 140 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
140 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
WORKED Example 19
Find the volume of the
Height of
pyramid at right pyramid
(to the nearest m3). = 40 m
30 m 30 m
THINK WRITE
1 Write the equation. V= 1
--- × area of base × height
3
2 The pyramid has a square base. It is a Area of base = S 2
square pyramid. The area of the base is
given by S 2.
3 Calculate the volume. Volume = 1--- × S2 × H
3
Volume = 1--- × 302 × 40
3
Volume = 12 000 m3
4 Write your answer. The volume of the square pyramid is 12 000 m3.
WORKED Example 20
Find the volume of the cone at right, correct to 2 decimal places. 8.5 cm
Volume of spheres
The volume of a sphere of radius r is given by the following formula:
= --- π r
2 3
3
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 141 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
Note that the volume and capacity of a 3-D object do not depend on whether the object
is open or closed. An open rainwater tank could hold the same quantity of water as a closed
one. The surface area, however, varies depending on whether the object is open or closed.
t i gat
es Cross-sections of solid 3-D shapes
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Resources: Plasticine (or play dough), thread.
In this activity, we investigate the surfaces exposed when solid 3-D shapes are cut
in different directions.
1 Using plasticine, mould 3-D solids in the shape of a:
a cube b rectangular prism c triangular prism
d cylinder e sphere.
2 Investigate slicing these solids in various directions with a piece of thread to
see whether it is possible to obtain sections with faces in the shape of a:
a square b rectangle c triangle
d ellipse e circle.
3 Copy and complete the following table, showing the direction of the sectional cut
required for each particular face to be exposed. Not all face shapes are possible.
Solid
Section Rectangular Triangular
face Cube prism prism Cylinder Sphere
Square
Rectangle
Triangle
Ellipse
Circle
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 142 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
142 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
WORKED Example 22
Find the capacity of the object shown at right (to the nearest litre). 12 cm
20 cm
THINK WRITE 18 cm 25 cm
1 The object is a composite of a cylinder r = 6 cm
H = 20 cm
18
cm
18 cm
The volume of the composite object is Vcomposite = volume of cylinder
the sum of volumes of the cylinder plus + volume of square prism
the prism. = (π r 2 × Hc) + (S2 × Hs)
= (π × 62 × 20) + (182 × 25)
= 2261.946 711 + 8100
= 10 361.946 711 cm3
2 Convert to litres using the conversion of 10 362 cm3 ≡ 10.362 litres
1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL
1000 mL = 1 L
3 Write your answer. The capacity of the object is 10 litres.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 143 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
k 20 L = mL ≡ cm3 l 5.3 kL ≡ m3
3 Calculate the volume and capacity of each of the prisms below.
a b c
5 cm
2.4 m
13 m
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 144 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
144 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
d e f 20.5 m
16.5 m
50 mm 12.5 m
3.2 m
4.2 m
9 mm
9 mm
g h i 27 cm
6 cm
12 m 13 cm
12 cm
3m
6 cm
8 cm
12 cm
8 cm
3 cm 5 cm
c d
3.4 m
12.5 m
3.2 m
2.7 m 1.5 m 7.8 m
5 multiple choice
The shape at right could be described as:
A a cube B a square prism
C a rectangular prism D both B and C
E none of the above
6 multiple choice
The area of the base of a prism is 34.67 cm2, and the height is 3.6 cm. The volume of
the prism is:
A 38.27 cm2 B 38.27 cm3 C 41.604 cm2 D 124.12 cm2 E 124.812 cm3
7 multiple choice
The dimensions of a rectangular prism are all doubled. The volume of the prism will
increase by a factor of:
A2 B 4 C6 D8 E 12
8 A refrigerator is in the shape of a rectangular prism. The internal dimensions of the
prism are 60 cm by 60 cm by 140 cm.
a Find the volume of the refrigerator in cm3.
b The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in litres. If 1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL, find the
capacity of the refrigerator in litres.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 145 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
WORKED 13 For each of the following pyramids, calculate the volume by first calculating the area
Example
19
of the base shape.
a b
8 cm
6 cm
15 cm 8 cm
14 cm
c d
8 cm
12 m
6 cm
5 cm
6m
10 m 12 cm
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 146 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
146 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
WORKED 14 Find the volume of each of the following cones, correct to the nearest whole number.
Example
a b
20
10 cm
12 cm
12 cm
5 cm
c d 42 cm
33 mm
42 cm
8 mm
15 A cone has a base with a diameter of 9 cm and a height of 12 cm. Calculate the
volume of that cone, correct to 1 decimal place.
WORKED 16 Calculate the volume of each of the following spheres, correct to 1 decimal place.
Example
21 a b c d
3.2 m
6 cm 8 cm 12.5 m
17 Calculate the volume of a sphere with a diameter of 2.3 cm. Answer correct to 2 decimal
places.
18 multiple choice
Which of the following solids could not be described as a pyramid?
A B C D E
19 multiple choice
A triangular pyramid, a square pyramid and a cone each have a base area of 20 cm2
and a height of 15 cm. Which of the following statements is correct?
A The triangular pyramid has the greatest volume.
B The square pyramid has the greatest volume.
C The cone has the greatest volume.
D They all have the same volume.
E They each have a different volume.
20 multiple choice
A spherical balloon has a volume of 500 cm3. It is then inflated so that the diameter of
the balloon is doubled. The volume of the balloon will now be:
A 1000 cm3 B 2000 cm3 C 3000 cm3 D 4000 cm3 E 5000 cm3
Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 147
21 In each of the following, the prism’s front face is made up of a composite figure. For
each:
i calculate the area of the front face ii find the volume of the prism.
a 4 cm b
4m
20 cm 10 cm
8m
10 cm 9m
16 cm
c d 12 m
8 cm 3m
15 cm
12 cm 6m
6 cm 12 m
20 cm 18 m
148 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
t i gat
es The optimum swimming pool
io
ion v
in
For the purpose of this investigation, you are to consider six factors:
1. A major cost in the construction of the pool lies in tiling the interior surface. For
this reason, you wish your pool to have a minimum surface area.
2. Your back yard allows you only a 10-metre by 5-metre area of land.
3. The depth of the pool must lie within the range 1.5 metres and 2 metres.
4. The pool must (subject to the above restrictions) have a maximum water capacity.
5. Because water is regarded as a scarce resource, some councils no longer allow
swimming pools to be filled with reticulated tap water; instead, pools may be filled
with tank water, or water may be purchased from a water supplier. Investigate the
restrictions on water usage in your area, and include these in your considerations.
6. Water evaporates from the surface of swimming pools. During the hot summer
months, evaporation can reduce the level of water by 0.5 cm per day. For this
reason, many councils require that pools be covered. Investigate the requirements
in your area and build this factor into your considerations.
It is obviously not possible to satisfy all these requirements with one particular
shape and size of pool. There must be compromises. Your task is to investigate
differently shaped pools and decide on a shape and size which best satisfies the
above requirements.
1 Aim: Begin by summarising the above information to define the aim of your
investigation.
2 Procedure: Explain how you intend to collect data that would enable you to
make a decision in light of the above restrictions.
3 Results: In order to approach this in a methodical manner, draw up a table with
the following headings.
4 Conclusions: Study the two right-hand columns of your table. Decide on a shape
that offers the best compromise between surface area and volume. Write your
recommendations. (You may consider that there are two shapes which would be
just as suitable.) Write a paragraph outlining the water restrictions that apply in
your area in regard to the filling and maintenance of your pool.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 149 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
n inv
t i gat
es Log into www.jacplus.com.au, locate the weblinks for this chapter and download
the spreadsheet ‘Volume’. Click on the ‘Cylinder’ tab. Investigate the change in
volume and surface area as you change the radius and depth of the cylinder.
eBook plus
Task 1
Digital doc:
EXCEL Spreadsheet A cylindrical drink container is to have a capacity of 1 litre (volume = 1000 cm3).
Volume We are going to calculate the most cost-efficient dimensions to make the container.
To do this, we want to make the container with as little material as possible; in
other words, we want to minimise the surface area of the cylinder.
Set up a spreadsheet with the headings as shown below.
Task 2
Use one of the other worksheets to find the most efficient dimensions to make a
rectangular prism of volume 1000 cm3 and a cone of volume 200 cm3.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 150 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
150 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
t i gat
es Upkeep of above-ground circular pools
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Resources: Computer spreadsheet.
Above-ground pools are a popular alternative to in-ground pools. They can be
eBook plus dismantled when the children outgrow them and the lawn can be re-established.
The cost of maintaining a pool depends on the volume of water it contains (and
Digital doc: also on its use). The chemicals added to the water help to kill germs and to
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Upkeep circular pools
maintain a healthy environment.
In this investigation, we shall ignore the contribution of frequency of use and
consider only the effects of the diameter and depth of a circular pool on the upkeep
cost. As the diameter (and radius) of a circular pool increases, the volume of water
it contains also increases. If the radius doubles, does the volume also double (for a
given depth)? This is the basis of our investigation. Let us consider two situations:
1. circular swimming pools of varying radii and the same depth
2. circular swimming pools of varying depths and the same radius.
Part 1
1 Set up a spreadsheet with the following headings:
Radius Depth Surface area Volume
2 Enter values for the radius from 5 m to 15 m in steps of 1 m.
3 Under the heading ‘Depth’, enter a figure of 2 m down the entire column.
4 Enter the formula for surface area (area of a circle) in column 3 and copy it
down the column.
5 In column 4, enter the formula for volume (of a cylinder) then copy it down the
column.
6 Enter the graphing section of the spreadsheet and plot Radius on the x-axis and
Volume on the y-axis. Add suitable headings and print out a copy.
7 What are your conclusions about the variation of volume with radius for a
given depth?
Part 2
1 Amend your spreadsheet, keeping the following headings:
Radius Depth Surface area Volume
2 Enter a value of 10 m for the radius down the entire length of column 1.
3 Under the heading ‘Depth’, enter a figure of 1 m to 2 m in steps of 0.1 m.
Your spreadsheet should automatically recalculate the surface area and volume
for these new figures.
4 Enter the graphing section of the spreadsheet and plot Depth on the x-axis and
Volume on the y-axis. Add suitable headings and print a copy.
5 What are your conclusions about the variation of volume with depth for a given
radius?
Part 3
The cost of upkeep for a pool depends largely on the volume of water it contains.
Write a report to outline your findings on pool maintenance costs for circular
pools.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 151 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
n inv
t i gat
es a rainwater tank
Resources: Spreadsheet.
eBook plus It is becoming more common these days to have a rainwater tank in the back yard
of a suburban residential property. Because space is limited in these situations,
Digital doc:
certain restrictions must be placed on size.
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Rainwater tank Kirsten and Daniel have recently purchased their first home. They wish to install
a cylindrical rainwater tank. Their constraints are as follows:
1. the base diameter plus the height of the tank must not exceed 5 metres
2. within the above restrictions, the volume of the tank must be as large as possible.
1 Set up a spreadsheet with the following headings:
t i gat
es Mulch for garden beds
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Resources: Pen, paper, calculator.
Len owns a landscaping business. At the moment
he has four small jobs on his books. Each one
eBook plus
requires mulch. They are all jobs where the
Digital doc: owners have removed sporting facilities and now
EXCEL Spreadsheet want to establish a garden.
Mulch for garden beds
Job 1 A tennis court has been dismantled and
the area requiring mulch is 14 m by 6 m.
Job 2 A 10-m diameter circular pool has been
removed.
Job 3 A children’s sand pit 10 m square is no
longer required.
Job 4 A triangular play area 12 m by 16 m by
20 m is to be turned into a garden area.
Without thinking too much about the jobs, Len
quoted to supply 4 m3 of mulch for each job.
(continued)
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 152 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
152 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
Volume of Depth of
Job Diagram Area mulch mulch
1 4 m3
2 4 m3
3 4 m3
4 4 m3
Which job receives the greatest depth of mulch? Justify your answer with
mathematical evidence.
t i gat
es Developing islands and canals
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Resources: Pen, paper, calculator.
A tourist enterprise is considering developing land by creating artificial islands
surrounded by canals. It is envisaged that pleasure cruises and water sports would
take place on the canals, while tourist accommodation would be established on the
islands. The land in question has an area of 2 km square.
The constraints for the project are:
1. The canal must go completely around the perimeter of the land.
2. The islands created must be circular and each must be no smaller than 5000 m2.
3. There must be at least 4 islands in the development.
4. In order that the pleasure cruisers can navigate the islands, each canal must
have a minimum width of 50 metres and a depth of 10 metres across its entire
width.
1 Draw a sketch of the area of land and investigate options within the above
constraints. Organise your investigations in the form of a table.
Volume of water
Sketch Total area of islands in canals
Draw at least 4 sketches Calculate the total area Find the volume of soil
showing proposals for of the exposed land on that would be removed
the positions and shapes the islands. to form the canals. This
of the islands. approximates the
volume of water that
would fill the canals.
The developer has to bear in mind that the islands provide accommodation for
guests, while the canals provide entertainment.
2 Consider the results from your table above. Recommend a development which
you consider would provide an estate with the optimum balance between land
and water. Provide a plan (with measurements indicated) and justify your
decision with sound mathematical reasoning.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 153 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
summary
Units of measurement
• Measurements of length
10 mm = 1 cm
100 cm = 1 m
1000 m = 1 km
• Measurements of area
100 mm2 = 1 cm2
10 000 cm2 = 1 m2
1 000 000 m2 = 1 km2
10 000 m2 = 1 ha
• Measurements of volume
1000 mm3 = 1 cm3
1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
• Measurements of capacity
1000 mL = 1 L
1000 L = 1 kL
• Conversion of volume to capacity
1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL
1 m3 ≡ 1 kL
Perimeter
• Perimeter is the distance around an enclosed figure.
1. Perimeter formulas for common shapes encountered are
Square P = 4S
Rectangle P = 2(L + W)
Circle C = 2π r or π D
θ°
Sector C = ----------- × 2π r + 2r
360°
Other figures P = sum of lengths of all sides.
2. Perimeter is measured in linear measure.
Area
• Area is the amount of space within the boundary of a closed figure.
• Area formulas for common shapes encountered are:
Square A = S2
Rectangle A=L×W
Parallelogram A = base × perpendicular height
Trapezium A = 1--- (a + b) × h
2
Triangle A = 1--- bh
2
154 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
Circle A = π r2
θ°
Sector A = ----------- × π r 2
360°
Composite figures A = sum or difference of areas of individual shapes
• Area is measured in square measure.
Volume
• Volume represents the amount of space contained in, or occupied by, an object.
• Volume formulas for common shapes encountered are:
Prisms V = area of base × height
Pyramids V = --1- × area of base × height
3
Spheres V= 4
---
3
πr3
Hemispheres V= 2
---
3
πr3
Composite figures V = sum or difference of volumes of individual shapes
• While volume is represented in cubic measure, capacity is represented in mL, L or
kL.
• The volume of an object does not depend on whether it is open or closed.
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 155 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
CHAPTER
review
1 Copy and complete each of the following.
a 190 mm = _____ cm b 190 mm2 = _____ cm2 c 190 mm3 = _____ cm3 4A
d 500 mL = _____ L e 500 mL = _____ kL 50 m3 ≡ _____ L
g 0.2 m3 = _____ cm3 h 0.2 m2 = _____ cm2
f
i 0.2 m = _____ cm
4B
j 120 cm3 ≡ _____ mL k 120 cm3 ≡ _____ L l 0.3 kL ≡ _____ cm3 4D
2 Find: i the area and ii the perimeter of the following shapes.
a b c
4A
14 mm
13 cm 4B
12 cm
°
20
20 mm 7 cm
3.2 m
d e 5 cm 9 cm
cm
cm
24 16 cm 5.5 m 1.5 m
.3
21
4 cm
18 cm
2.5 m
3 Calculate i the area and ii the perimeter of the following shapes. Give your answers correct
to 1 decimal place. 4A
a 10 cm b c 4B
15 cm
25 cm 10 m
13 cm
30 cm 6 cm
4 multiple choice
16 cm 4B
Examine the diagram at right.
a The circles cover an area of approximately:
A 50 cm2 B 101 cm2 C 201 cm2 D 402 cm2 E 804 cm2
b The shaded area is approximately:
A 55 cm2 B 146 cm2 C 155 cm2 D 206 cm2 E 548 cm2
5 Draw the net of each of the following solids.
a b c
4C
156 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
0.8 m 0.9 m
3.9 m
4.2 cm 1.8 m
8 Calculate the surface area of each of the figures below, by calculating the area of each face
4C separately and adding them.
a b 6 cm c 5m
5m 5 cm
4m 4 cm 10 cm
15 m
12 cm 2m
3m 3.5 m
3m
12 m
42 mm
8.4 m
20 cm
11 Find the total exterior surface area of the following objects (to the nearest whole number).
4C
a b c 10 m
9 mm
Closed
Open
12 cm
8 cm
3 cm
15 A prism has a base area of 45 cm2 and a height of 13 cm. Calculate the volume.
4D
16 Use the formula V = 1
× A × H to calculate the volume and capacity of each of the pyramids
below.
---
3 4D
a b 19 mm c
9 cm 2.3 m
17 Calculate the volume of each of the pyramids, cones and spheres below.
a b c 4D
2.6 m
25 m 3.2 m
36 m 7.9 m
52 mm
19 mm
d 19.5 mm e f
23 mm 70 cm
23.5 mm
18 Find the volume and capacity of each of the following shapes, correct to 1 decimal place.
a 60 cm b c 10 cm
4D
113 cm
25 cm 15
cm
1.4 m
1.8 m 22 cm
2m 64 cm
5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 158 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
158 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
19 The diagram at right shows 3 tennis balls packed in a cylindrical container. Find: 7 cm
a the volume of each ball
b the volume of the cylinder
H
c the volume of space that remains free. C
20 Calculate the area of a circle with a diameter of 8.6 cm,
correct to 1 decimal place.
9 cm
21 Calculate the area of the annulus (ring) shown at right,
correct to 2 decimal places. 3 cm
9 cm
24 Calculate the shaded 28 cm
area in the figure
drawn at right, correct 4.6 cm
to 2 decimal places.
9.7 cm
4 cm
9.1 cm
eBook plus
13.7 cm
8 cm
Digital doc: 29 Calculate the volume of the solid at right, correct to the nearest
Test Yourself
Chapter 4 whole number.