Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
BERHAMPUR
Page | i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that the thesis entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE
CHINDRA, MANAS RANJAN DASH to the Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Berhampur is
a record of bona fide research work under my supervision and we consider it worthy of consideration
SUPERVISED BY :
BERHAMPUR
Page | ii
DECLARATION
I certify that
a) The work contained in the thesis is original and has been done by myself under the
b) The work has not been submitted to any other institute for any degree or diploma.
c) I have followed the guidelines provided by the institute in writing the thesis.
d) I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of
the institute.
e) Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other sources,
I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving details
in the references.
f) Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources, I have put them under
quotation marks and given due credit to the sources by citing them and giving details
in the references.
NAME:
Page | iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to thank many people who have helped me to
complete this thesis.
I am very much thankful to principal, Dr. Ranjan Ku. Swain and Head, Dr. C.R
Mohanty for support, cooperation and extending the laboratory facilities during the study.
The last but not least, I am obligated to my parents, and my brothers and sister for their
encouragement and inspiration during these years, without which the work could not have
completed.
Place: BERHAMPUR
Date: 03/11/2018
Page | iv
CONTENT
TITLE PAGE I
DECLARATION III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV
CONTENTS V
LIST OF TABLE VI
LIST OF FIGURES VII
ABSTRACT IX
CHAPTER PAGE
DESCRIPTION
NUMBER NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Page | v
2.6.1.3.1 PROPERTIES OF LIME 16
2.6.1.3.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 16
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 FLOWCHAT 18
3.2 DESCRIPTION 19
4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
6.1 SUMMARY 27
6.2 FUTURE STUDY 27
7 REFERENCES 28
Page | vi
LIST OF TABLE
Page | vii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
NO.
1 SAWDUST 7
2 LIME 9
5 ATTERBERG’S APPARATUS 14
7 IS SIEVE 15
8 PYCNOMETER 15
10 DENSITY BOTTLE 16
Page | viii
ABSTRACT
The technology of road construction is subjected to changes to cope up with changing vehicular
pattern, construction materials and sub grade condition. Majority of the pavement failures
could be attributed to the presence of poor sub grade conditions and expansive sub grade is one
such problematic situation. Marine soils, because of the specific physio-chemical makeup are
subjected to volume changes with changes in their ambient environment. The losses due to
extensive damage to highways running over expansive sub grade are estimated to be in billions
of dollars all over the world. In many countries like India, these soils are so aerially extensive
that alteration of highways routes to avoid the materials is virtually impossible. Accumulation
of various waste materials is now becoming a major concern to the environmentalists. Saw dust
is one such by-product from Timber industries and Wood cutting factories. Saw dust by itself
has little cementitious value but in the presence of moisture it reacts chemically and forms
cementitious compounds and attributes to the improvement of strength and compressibility
characteristics of soils. So in order to achieve both the need of improving the properties of
marine clays and also to make use of the industrial wastes, the present experimental study has
been taken up. In this paper the effect of Saw Dust and Lime on strength properties of marine
clay has been studied.
Page | ix
CHAPTER #1
INTRODUCTION
Page | 1
consolidated. These usually have low density and low shear strength and expansive in nature.
Expansive soils have the tendency to swell when they come in contact with moisture and to
shrink if moisture is removed from them. These volume changes in swelling soils are the cause
of many problems in structures that come into their contact or constructed out of them. The
expansive soils in India have liquid limit values ranging from 50 to 100 %, plasticity index
ranging from 20 to 65 % and shrinkage limit from 9 to 14 %. A substantial literature has
concluded the severity and extent of damage inflicted by soil deposits of selling nature, to
various structures, throughout the world (Ganapathy, 1977; Jones and Jones, 1995;
Abduljauwad, 1995; Osama and Ahmed, 2002; Zhan, 2007). The loss caused due to damaged
structures proved the need for more reliable investigation, of such soils and necessary methods
to eliminate or reduce the effect of soil volume change.
Stabilized road
Page | 2
CHAPTER #2
LITERATURE REVIEW
GENERAL:
The stabilization of soils has been recognized before the Christian era began and performed for
millennia. Many ancient cultures including the Chinese, Romans and Incas utilized various
techniques to improve soil suitability some of which were so effective that many of the
buildings and roadways they constructed still exist today and some are still in use. Jump
forward a few years to the war in Vietnam, the US military were looking for methods for rapid
stabilization of weak soils for support of its missions worldwide. Over the past 60 years they
had used cement and lime and these being the most effective stabilizers for road and airfield
applications. But efforts were being made to find a stabilizer that could be used quickly without
having to carry out extensive site tests that would increase the strength of the prevalent soft
clay type local soils rapidly to support the landing and take-off of aircraft traffic on their
temporary airfields.
Dr. A.I. Dhahran: In 2015 after reviewing performance of plastic waste mixed soil as a
geotechnical material, It was observed that for construction of flexible pavement to improve
the sub grade soil of pavement using waste plastic bottles chips is an alternative method. In his
paper a series of experiments are done on soil mixed with different percentages of plastic
(0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%) to calculate CBR. On the basis of experiment that he conducted
using plastic waste strips will improve the soil strength and can be used as sub grade. It is
economical and eco-friendly method to dispose waste plastic because there is scarcity of good
quality soil for embankments and fills.
AKSHAT MALHOTRA AND HADI GHASEMAIN: In 2014 studied the effect of HDPE
plastic waste on the UCS of soil. In a proportion of 1.5%, 3%, 4.5% and 6% of the weight of
dry soil. HDPE plastic waste was added. They concluded that the UCS of black Cotton soil
increased on addition of plastic waste.
CHOUDHARY, JHA AND GILL: In 2010 demonstrated the potential of HDPE to Convert
as soil reinforcement by improving engineering properties of sub grade soil. From Waste
plastic HDPE strips are obtained and mixed randomly with the soil and by varying Percentage
of HDPE strips length and proportions a series of CBR tests were carried out on Reinforced
Page | 3
soil. There results of CBR tests proves that inclusion of strips cut from reclaimed HDPE is
useful as soil reinforcement HDPE is useful as soil reinforcement in highway application.
ACHMAD FAUZI: In 2016 calculated the engineering properties by mixing waste Plastic
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and waste crushed glass as reinforcement for sub Grade
improvement. The chemical element was investigated by Integrated Electron Microscope and
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The engineering Properties PI, C, OMC
values were decreased and ф, MDD, CBR values were increased When content of waste HDPE
and Glass were increased.
CHEBET: In 2014 did laboratory investigations to determine the increase in Shear strength
and bearing capacity of locally available sand due to random mixing of strips Of HDPE (high
density polyethylene) material from plastic shopping bags. A visual Inspection of the plastic
material after tests and analysis indicates that the increased Strength for the reinforced soil is
due to tensile stresses mobilized in the reinforcement. The factors identified to have an
influence on the efficiency of Reinforcement material were the plastic properties
(concentration, length, width of the strips) soil properties (gradation, particle size, shape).
HATEM NSAIF: In 2013 concluded by mixing plastic waste pieces with two types Soil
(clayey soil and sandy soil) at different mixing ratios (0,2 ,4,6,8)% by weight There is
significant improvement in the strength of soils because of Increase in internal friction. The
Page | 4
percentage of increase in the angle of internal friction Sandy soil is slightly more than that in
clayey soil, but there is no significant increase in cohesion for the two types of soils. Also, it
was concluded that due to low specific Gravity of plastic pieces there is decreases in MDD and
OMC of the soil.
RAMAJ: A.E. (2012). “A Review on the Soil Stabilization Using Low-Cost Methods”.
Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(4), 2193-2196.The objective of this study is to review
the stabilization of soil using sustainable methods. These methods consist of stabilization with
soil replacement, chemical additives, moisture control, rewetting, surcharge loading,
compaction control and thermal methods. It is concluded that all the methods due to
ineffectiveness and expensiveness. Based on study is concluded that the Portland cement, scrap
tire, lime and polythene and are less expensive and effective to soil stabilization.
ALHASSAN (2008).“Potentials of rice husk ash for soil stabilization”. Assumption University
Journal of Technology, 11(4),246-250. The present study made an attempt to enhance the
geotechnical properties of a soil replaced with industrial wastes having Soil is replaced with
lime in 2%, 4% and 6% to dry weight of soil. It is observed that soil replaced with 4% is the
optimum for the soil used in this study from geotechnical point of view. To know the influence
of fly ash, soil is further replaced with lime A along with 4% poly theneIt is found that results
of soil replacement by both RHA and FA proved to be soil modification and not the
improvement. It concluded that a cost-effective accelerator like lime is used for further
replacing the above soil. The optimum lime content is found to be 8%.
APARNA ROY (2014)1 describes the suitability of the locally available Rice Husk Ash
(RHA) to be used in the local construction industry in a way to minimize the amount of waste
to be disposed to the environment causing environmental pollution. The common soil
stabilization techniques are becoming costly day by day due to the rise of cost of the stabilizing
agents like, cement, lime, etc. The cost of stabilization may be minimized by replacing a good
Page | 5
proportion of stabilizing agent using RHA. It will minimize the environmental hazards also.
Soil sample taken for the study is clay with high plasticity (CH) which truly requires to be
strengthened. The soil is stabilized with different percentages of Rice Husk Ash and a small
amount of cement.
Observations are made for the changes in the properties of the soil such as Maximum dry
density (MDD), Optimum moisture content (OMC), California bearing ratio (CBR) and
Unconfined compressive stress (UCS). The results obtained show that the increase in RHA
content increases the OMC but decreases the MDD. Also, the CBR value and UCS of soil are
considerably improved with the RHA content. From the observation of maximum improvement
in strength, 10% RHA content with 6% cement is recommended as optimum amount for
practical purposes. Observing the tremendous improvement of CBR value of soil, the present
soil stabilization technique may mostly be recommended for construction of pavement.
T.K. ROY, B.C. CHATTOPADHYAY, S.K. ROY (2009)3 explained that Procurement of
conventional materials in huge quantity required for construction of subgrade of road is
becoming very difficult in many locations due to various problems. On the other hand, due to
Page | 6
increasing economic growth and industrialization, a huge quantity of waste materials generated
needs land for disposal and from that generally creates problems for public health and ecology.
So need has arisen for proper disposal of the waste materials. Utilizing these materials in the
area of road construction after improving their characteristics suitably can provide useful
solution of this problem. So keeping this in view, an experimental study was undertaken to
explore the possibility of utilization of the alternative materials like rice husk ash by mixing
with local alluvial soil by adding small percentage of lime for the construction of road subgrade
as cost effective mix.
(2012)4 reported that Emerging trend of using waste material in soil stabilizing or soil
strengthening is being working out all over the world in present days. The main reason behind
this trend is the excessive production of waste like fly ash, plastics, rice husk ash (RHA) which
is not only hazards but also creating deposition problems. Using some of these waste materials
in construction practice will reduce the problem in a great extent. However before using these
materials in practice, systematic analysis of the experimental result is a must so that it should
not create a new problem. RHA has been used with a small amount of lime of different quantity
to stabilize a highly plastic soil. The percentage by weight of virgin soil has been partially
replaced by RHA and lime to improve its strength property as CBR value. Series of laboratory
tests like soaked and un-soaked CBR; compaction has been performed to evaluate the effects
of the foreign materials on virgin soil. Result showed that only use of RHA decreases the
strength whereas in addition of RHA with soil, a very little amount of lime improves the soil
property to a great extent. Subsequently, result shows that for the mix, the optimum moisture
content (OMC) increases and the maximum dry density (MDD) decreases.
B. SUNEEL KUMAR, T.V. PREETHI (MAY 2014)5 carried out a research & found that in
India the soil mostly present is Clay, in which the construction of sub grade is problematic. In
recent times the demands for sub grade materials has increased due to increased constructional
activities in the road sector and due to paucity of available nearby lands to allow excavate fill
materials for making sub grade. In this situation, a means to overcome this problem is to utilize
the different alternative generated waste materials, which cause not only environmental hazards
and also the depositional problems. Keeping this in view stabilization of weak soil in situ may
be done with suitable admixtures to save the construction cost considerably. The present
investigation has therefore been carried out with agricultural waste materials like Rice Husk
Page | 7
Ash (RHA) which was mixed with soil to study improvement of weak sub grade in terms of
compaction and strength characteristics. Silica produced from rice husk ashes have investigated
successfully as a pozzolanic material in soil stabilization. However, rice husk ash cannot be
used solely since the materials lack in calcium element. As a result, rice husk ash shall be mixed
with other cementitious materials such as lime and cement to have a solid chemical reaction in
stabilization process. Lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. It is the name of the natural
mineral (native lime) CaO occurs as a product of coal seam fires and in altered lime stone
xenoliths in volcanic ejection. In this study RHA and Lime is mixed in different percentage
like (RHA as 5%, 10%, and 15%) and (Lime as 3%, 6%, 9%) and laboratory test CBR is done
with a curing period of 4, 7 and 14 days with different percentages of RHA & Lime and Lime+
RHA.
Coefficient of permeability is decreases at different percentage of Lime and fly ash. Plasticity
index of soil is decreases with increase the percentage of RHA, Fly ash and Lime. The optimum
percentage of RHA, fly ash and lime is 8%,20% and 20%. On treated soil reduction in sub-
Page | 8
base layer by 60% and reduction in DBM layer by 40.7% in comparison to pavement design
on Untreated Black Cotton soil. Pavement cost also decreases on treated soil. The objective of
this work is to estimate the effect of RHA, Fly ash and Lime on some geotechnical properties
of black cotton soil, in order to determine the suitability of RHA, Fly ash and Lime for use as
a modifier or stabilizer in the treatment of black cotton soil for roadwork.
OCTOBER 2004)8 carried out an investigation includes the evaluation of such properties of
the soil as compaction, strength, and X-ray diffraction. Test results show that both cement and
rice husk ash reduce the plasticity of soils. In term of compactability, addition of rice husk ash
and cement decreases the maximum dry density and increases the optimum moisture content.
From the viewpoint of plasticity, compaction and strength characteristics, and economy,
addition of 6–8% cement and 10–15% rice husk ash is recommended as an optimum amount.
Page | 9
STABILIZATION
Soil stabilization a general term for any physical, chemical, biological or combined method of
changing a natural soil to meet an engineering purpose.[1] Improvements include increasing
the weight bearing capabilities, tensile strength, and overall performance of in-situ subsoils,
sands, and other waste materials in order to strengthen road surfaces.
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
1.To explore the possibility of using sawdust & lime in road construction programme.
2. To study the effect of lime and sawdust on proctor’s density and OMC of clayey soil.
3.To study the effect of lime and sawdust on the consistency limits of clayey soil.
4.To study the changes in CBR of soil by the addition of lime and sawdust.
5.To study the effect of curing period on the properties of clayey soil
6.To study the effect of lime and sawdust on proctor’s density and OMC of clayey soil.
Page | 10
BENEFIT FROM STABILIZATION
Saves Money - Generally, there is no need for aggregates (and associated hauling).
Savings by Design - Stabilized roads/bases are much stronger than conventional
granular sub base. Thus, you can reduce the asphalt thickness by 50%, and concrete
thickness by 30%. Concrete or blacktop can be laid directly onto stabilized soil.
Example: Chip sealing (instead of traditional 2-inch-thick HMA) is possible as wearing
course.
Saves Time - Stabilization is very fast. Also, time associated with base preparation
(hauling of aggregates) is eliminated. Projects are less susceptible to rain/water/mud
related delays.
Saves Environmental Impact - Imagine removing 50 truck loads of soil and bringing in
50 truck loads of imported material/aggregates. Less costs, less congestion, less carbon
footprint, and less angry motorists.
Saves Maintenance Costs - Stabilized roads do not require as much maintenance as
compared to unstabilized roads. Pot-holes, rutting, mudding are virtually eliminated.
Funds normally earmarked for road maintenance can be utilized elsewhere.
1. MECHANICAL STABILIZATION
2. LIME STABILIZATION
3. FLY ASH STABILIZATION
4. CEMENT STABILIZATION
5. BITUMEN STABILIZATION
6. ELECTRICAL STABILIZATION
7. GEO FIBER
8. CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
Page | 11
STABILISATION OF MARINE CLAYS
Soil stabilization is a procedure where natural or manufactured additives or binders are used to
improve the properties of soils. Chemical additives, such as lime, cement, Saw Dust and other
chemical compounds have been used in marine clays stabilization for many years with various
degrees of success. The clay minerals have the property of absorbing certain anions and cations
and retaining them in an exchangeable state. The exchangeable ions are held around the outside
of the silica-alumina clay mineral structural unit. Compositional variation through ionic or
isomorphism substitution within the clay mineral crystal lattice can leave the structural unit
with a net negative charge. Substitution also reduces the crystal size and alters its shape.
Exposed hydroxyl groups and broken surface bonds can also lead to a net negative charge on
the structural unit. The presence of this net negative charge means that soluble cations can be
attracted or adsorbed on to the surface of the clay mineral structural units without altering the
basic structure of the clay mineral. The ability of clay to hold cations is termed its cation
exchange capacity. The most common soluble cations are Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+, and NH4
+. Cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) has major significance in determining clay mineral
properties, particularly the facility with which they absorb water. Cation exchange capacity
(C.E.C.) measures two of the fundamental properties of clays: 1. The surface area and the
charge on this surface area. 2. The surface of clay can be of two sorts; external and internal.
The external exchange capacity measures nothing more than the average crystalline size. The
surface capacity of adsorption is largely dependent upon broken bonds and surface growth
defects. The internal exchange capacity is much more interesting in that it reflects the overall
charge imbalance on the layer structure and the absorption capacity of the clays. The exchange
capacity is an estimate of both the number of ions adsorbed between the layers of a clay
structure and of those adsorbed on the outer surfaces. C.E.C., measured in terms of milli
equivalent of the atomic weight of solvent/100 gram of the dry solid, varies widely for various
types of clay minerals The exchange capacity is almost always measured as a function of the
number of cations (positively charged) which can be measured on the clay surface once it is
washed free of exchange salt solution. The operation is performed by immersing a quantity of
clay in an aqueous solution containing a salt, usually chloride or ammonium hydroxide. The
soluble ions adsorbed with the water onto the interlayer structure can affect the adsorbed water
arrangement in several ways. Principally, they act as a bond of varying strength holding the
structural layer together and controlling the thickness of adsorbed water. Their effectiveness
will depend on the size and charge. Thus Na+, K+ will tend to be weak and a clay water system
Page | 12
containing these ions will be capable of adsorbing large amounts of water. Ca2+, Mg2+, on the
other hand, will have stronger links and a clay-water system containing them will possess
substantially lower water content. Inclusion of Fe3+ or Al3+ would reduce the water content
and plasticity and this is in fact the basis of the electro-chemical or electro-osmotic method of
clay stabilization. In this study, Saw Dust, Optimum Saw Dust and Lime will be utilized as
cementitious materials while trying to stabilize the marine clay sample.
SAW DUST
Wood cutting factories, generates a by-product known as Saw dust. This surrounds the Forestry
area. During cutting of trees about78% of weight is received from trees. Rest 22% of the weight
of trees is received as dust. This dust is used as fuel in burning of bricks & generates steam for
the parboiling process. As transportation system expand, they are more likely to be supported
by less desirable foundation soils, such as highly compressible deposits. The mass of the
earthwork for such systems can cause unacceptable long –term settlement or even shear failure
of these deposits. Ground improvement techniques may not be effective in stabilizing such
soils. Although not a composite, geo-foam provides a very lightweight manufactured fill for
embankments on such materials. The development of light weight fill has led to engineering of
fills.
Fig -1 sawdust
Page | 13
Consisting of soil-like particulate materials that are lighter than soil, not prohibitively
expensive and environmentally safe. Saw dust and Lime are excellent examples of such
materials.
Silica 86%
Aluminium oxide 2.6%
Ferric oxide 1.8%
Lime 3.6%
Magnesium oxide 0.27%
Loss in ignition (LOI) 4.2%
As a stabilizer
The Saw Dust would appear to be an inert material with the silica in the crystalline form
suggested by the structure of the particles, it is very unlikely that it would react with lime to
form calcium silicates. It is also unlikely that it would be as reactive as fly ash, which is more
finely divided. So saw dust would give great results when it used as a stabilizing material.
Page | 14
In lightweight fill
The ash would appear to be a very suitable light weight fill and should not present great
difficulties in compaction, provided its initial moisture content is kept within reasonable limits
(say less than 50%). The very high angle of internal friction of the material will mean that its
stability will be high. However, its lack of cohesion may lead to problems in construction due
to erosion and shearing under heavy rollers. To overcome these, it will probably be desirable
to place a 3 to 6-inch-thick blanket layer of cohesive material every 2 to 3 ft.
Other uses
On an Industry, wide basis most saw dust is green. Green saw dust has limited uses, for
examples, as fuel at the producing plant or pulping. Green hard wood saw dust is also used in
fairly large amounts for meat smoking. In some localities green soft wood saw dust furnace for
domestic heating. Thus far it has seldom been considered economically feasible to dry saw dust
artificially.
Brief information on various uses of sawdust and shavings is tabulated in tables 1 and 2 of this
report.
under four general classification
2. Fuel used.
4. Chemical uses
LIME
Lime, chemically known as, Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt
lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline crystal solid at room
temperature.
Fig -2 lime
Page | 15
Properties of lime
Chemical Properties
On hydration, quick lime forms slaked lime or lime water. When water is added to lime
it becomes hot and cracks to form a white powder. This is called slaking of lime.
Calcium oxide is a basic oxide. It can react with acids to give calcium salts.
With acidic oxides like silicon dioxide and phosphorus pent oxide, it forms silicates
and phosphates. This property makes lime useful as a flux in metallurgy to remove
impurities.
Lime is routinely used as a soil modification agent to improve the performance of sub grade
soils with the primary goal of reducing volume change. Effective mixing of lime and soil is
critical to ensuring that the expected improvements occur throughout the soil mass.
Lime also decreases the apparent amount of fines in a soil by causing flocculation and
agglomeration of the clay particles (Little 1995). This results in an increase in the percentage
of sand and silt size particles as measured by standard grain size distribution methods (Basma
and Tuncer 1991.Lime also tends to reduce the swell potential of fine grained soils (Kennedy
et al 1987).
Page | 16
Moisture content plays an important role in the swell potential of a lime treated soil; soils with
moisture content below optimum show a much greater swell potential than soils with moisture
content above optimum (Sweeney et al 1988).
It is found that soils with a significant amount of montmorillonite developed almost no increase
in unconfined compressive strength. They concluded that most of the lime was used to break
down the montmorillonite and the montmorillonite also had too great of a surface area for the
cementitious compounds to significantly affect the strength.
MATERIAL USED
Marine Clay
The soil used in this study is Marine Clay soil, obtained from Kakinada Sea Ports Limited,
Collected at a depth of 1.5m from ground level. The Index & Engineering properties of Marine
Clay soil are determined as per IS code of practice and determined & presented in Table 3.
Saw Dust
Locally available Saw Dust was used in the present work. The physical properties are
determined and presented in Table 4.
Lime
Lime stabilization is done by adding lime to a soil. It is useful for stabilization of clayey soils.
When lime reacts with soil there is an exchange of cations in the adsorbed water layer and a
decrease in plasticity of the soil occurs. The resulting material is more friable than the original
clay, and is, therefore more suitable as sub grade. Lime is produced by burning of lime stones
in kilns. The quality of lime obtained depends upon the parent material and the production
process.
Page | 17
CHAPTER #3
3.1 METHODOLOGY
Preparation of
Collection Of
representative
materials
sample
Testing
Mix design
methods
Results and
Analysis
conclusions
Page | 18
3.2 DESCRIPTION
To working out the experiment of “A laboratort study on the stabilization of marine clay
with lime and saw dust” some methods are carried out. In this method we practice to increase
the physical and chemical property of soil sample for better construction woks. The
methodology of the project was described below.
At first, we were collected the soil sample from GOPALPUR SEA BEACH SIDE. We took
20 kg of marine clay for the experimental work & bought 4kg of lime @ Rs30 per kg. We
collected 10 kg of saw dust @ Rs3 per kg. For proceeding our project work we were removed
the impurities like vegetation & stone from the marine clay & large size wood pieces from the
saw dust by using sieve. We took 475µ sieve for the separation process. Then we checked the
properties of soil sample, lime & saw dust. After that we are going to add 10-50% of sawdust
of total sample with marine clay. After adding sawdust, we are checking its dry density & CBR
value. At which proportion the dry density & CBR value is maximum, this proportion will
continue & we adding 2-10% lime of total sample. we checked the property of soil whether
it’s bearing capacity, shear strength has increased or not. Now we got the result and conclusion
of the project work.
Page | 19
CHAPTER #4
LABORATORY STUDIES
The laboratory studies were carried out on the samples of Marine clay, Marine clay+ Saw Dust,
Marine clay, Saw Dust and Lime mixes.
Page | 20
LIQUID & PLASTIC LIMIT
The Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a fine-grained soil: its
shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit.
Depending on its water content, a soil may appear in one of four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic
and liquid. In each state, the consistency and behavior of a soil is different and consequently
so are its engineering properties. Thus, the boundary between each state can be defined based
on a change in the soil's behavior. The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt
and clay, and to distinguish
between different types of silts and
clays.
The plastic limit (PL) is determined by rolling out a thread of the fine portion of a soil on a flat,
non-porous surface. The procedure is define in ASTM Standard D 4318. If the soil is at a
moisture content where its behavior is plastic, this thread will retain its shape down to a very
narrow diameter. The sample can then be remolded and the test repeated. As the moisture
content falls due to evaporation, the thread will begin to break apart at larger diameters.
Liquid limit test was conducted on Marine clay, Marine clay+15% Saw Dust, Marine
clay+15% Saw Dust + 4% lime using Casagrande’s liquid limit apparatus as per the procedures
laid down in IS: 2720 part 4 (1970).
Plastic limit test was conducted on Marine Clay, Marine Clay+15% Saw Dust, Marine
clay+15% Saw Dust+ 4%lime as per the specifications laid down in IS: 2720 part 4 (1970).
Page | 21
PERMEABILITY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Page | 22
UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (USC)
The unconfined compression test is by far the most popular method of soil shear testing because
it is one of the fastest and cheapest methods of measuring shear strength. The method is used
primarily for saturated, cohesive soils recovered from thin-walled sampling tubes.
The unconfined compressive strength tests are conducted on Marine Clay, Marine Clay+ Saw
Dust, Marine clay, Saw Dust, lime mixture as per IS 2720 part 10 (1973). All the samples are
prepared by static compaction using split mould at Optimum moisture content and Maximum
dry density to maintain same initial dry density and water content. The test was conducted
under a constant strain rate of 1.5mm/min. The proving ring reading is noted for 50 divisions,
and loading was continued until 3 (or) more reading are decreasing (or) constant (or) strain
20% has been reach. The samples of Marine Clay –additive mixes were cured4 days, 7days
and 28days curing period and at the end of each curing period the samples were tested. Three
samples for each mix were tested.
DENSITY
Page | 23
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
The California bearing ratio tests are conducted on Marine Clay, Marine Clay+ Saw Dust,
Marine clay, Saw Dust, lime mixtures as per IS 2720 part 16 (1979). The test was conducted
under a constant strain rate of 1.25mm/min. The proving ring reading is noted for 50 divisions,
and loading was continued until 3 (or) more readings are decreasing (or) constant. The test was
conducted at Optimum moisture content. The samples were tested in soaked condition. The
tests were conducted at time interval of curing for 4 days, 7days and 14 days.
Page | 24
CHAPTER #5
RESULT
The following properties were observed from visual classification in dry condition.
PROPERTY OF SOIL
LIQUID LIMIT-
1 72.30
2 75.90 74.50
3 75.30
Table-3 From the experiment the average liquid limit=74.5%
PLASTIC LIMIT-
PLASTICITY INDEX-
=74.5-26.9
=47.6
Page | 25
From the experiment the average plasticity index=74.6%
SPECIFIC GRAVITY-
1.5
Maximum dry density (gm/cc)
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Optimum moisture content (%)
Page | 26
CHAPTER #6
6.1 SUMMARY
During the project work soil sample were collected from “GOPALPUR BEACH SIDE” . After
collecting soil sample above test were conducted in our laboratory and the results are grain size
=clay, liquid limit = 74.5%, plastic limit = 26.5%, plasticity index = 74.6%, specific gravity =
2.35, optimum moisture content =35%, maximum dry density =1.27mg/cc . These test are
nearly equal to the standard value.
After marine soil test we are further calculation of properties of sawdust, properties of lime,
MDD value of marine clay & sawdust and MDD of marine clay, sawdust & lime, OMC &
MDD of design mix, specific gravity also going to calculating of design mix, CBR value are
going to calculated After that we conclude about the stabilization of soil.
Page | 27
CHAPTER #7
LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Agarwala, V.S and Khanna, J.S (1969), Construction techniques for foundations of buildings
on black cotton soils, proceedings of the symposium on characteristics and construction
techniques in black cotton soil, the college of military Engg., Poona, India.
2. Al-Rawas, N.M (2000), Effect of curing and temperature on Rice Husk Ash stabilization,
Proc. Of Second Australian Conf. on Engineering Materials, Sydney, 1981, pp.611-662.
3. Anandarajah. A and Chu. J (1997), Laboratory Determination of shear strength parameters
for marine clay, Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Singapore, Vol.14, No.3, pp 39-46.
4. Arvind Kumar, Baljit Singh Walia and Asheet Bajaj (2007), Influence of Flyash, Polyester
Fibers on Compaction and Strength Properties of Expansive Soil, J.Mat in Civil Engineering,
ASCE, Vol. 19, Issue. 3, 2007, pp. 242-248.
5. Bansal, R.K., Pandey, P.K. and Singh, S.K (1996), Improvement of a Typical Clay for Road
Subgrades, Proc. Of National Conf. on Problematic Subsoil Conditions, Terzaghi-96,
Kakinada, India, 1996, pp. 193-197.
6. D. KoteswaraRao (2004), The performance studies on Geo-grid as reinforcement in the
flexible pavement construction, IGC-2004.
7. G.V.R. PrasadaRaju (2001), Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Performance with
Reinforcement and Chemical Stabilization of Expansive Soil Subgrade, a Ph.D. thesis ,
Kakathiya University, Warangal,(A.P, INDIA).
8. IS: 2720 part- 4 (1975): Grain size analysis.
9. IS: 2720 part- 5 (1970): Determination of Liquid limit and Plastic limit.
10. IS: 2720 part- 6 (1972): Determination of Shrinkage limit.
11. IS: 2720 part- 6 (1974): Determination of Dry density and Optimum moisture content.
Page | 28
12. IS: 2720 Part-10 (1973): Determination of Unconfined compressive strength
13. IS: 2720 Part-16 (1979): Determination of California bearing ratio.
14. IS: 2720 part-40 (1977): Determination of Free Swell Index.
15. KoteswaraRao. D et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
(IJEST)ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.01 January 2012 10
16. Praveen Kumar, Mehndiratta and Siddhartha Rokade, 2005. “ Use of reinforced fly ash in
highway embankments”. Highway Research Bulletin, Vol.No.73.
17. Sharma, R.K., 2005. “ Behaviour of reinforced soil under cyclic loading”. Highway
Research Bulletin, Vol.No.73.
18. Subgrades, Proc. Of IGC-99, Calcutta, 1999, pp 279-282
Page | 29