A MATLAB Script For Earth-to-Mars Interplanetary TCM Optimization

A MATLAB Script for Earth-to-Mars Interplanetary TCM Optimization
This document is the user’s manual for a MATLAB script called e2m_tcm which can be used to solve
the classic one impulse, Earth-to-Mars interplanetary trajectory correction maneuver (TCM)
optimization problem. The software implements a simple shooting method that attempts to minimize
the TCM delta-v while numerically integrating the n-body heliocentric equations of motion and solving
for user-defined final orbit conditions at Mars. With the implementation of proper coordinate
transformations, the software can be used for other planets.
The important features of this scientific simulation are as follows:
 heliocentric, inertial cartesian equations of motion with point-mass planetary perturbations

 elliptical, non-coplanar planetary orbits
 JPL DE421 planetary ephemeris model
 SNOPT non-linear programming algorithm
The final conditions at Mars can be determined using one of the following user-defined options;
 radius and orbital inclination

 user-defined B-plane coordinates
 grazing flyby; user-defined B-plane angle
Typical Input File
The e2m_tcm computer program is “data-driven” by a simple user-created text file. The following is a
typical input or “simulation definition” file used by the software. This example is an Earth-to-Mars
trajectory that begins at the Earth’s sphere-of-influence (SOI) and ends at hyperbolic encounter with
Mars. It can be found as e2m_tcm_ei.in in the software distribution.
In the following discussion the actual input file contents are in courier font and all explanations are in
times italic font. Each data item within an input file is preceded by one or more lines of annotation text.
Do not delete any of these annotation lines or increase or decrease the number of lines reserved for each
comment. However, you may change them to reflect your own explanation. The annotation line also
includes the correct units and when appropriate, the valid range of the input. ASCII text input is not
case sensitive but must be spelled correctly.
The first five lines of any input file are reserved for user comments. These lines are ignored by the
software. However the input file must begin with five and only five initial text lines.
************************************
* interplanetary TCM optimization
* script e2m_tcm.m December 4, 2014
* data file ==> e2m_tcm_ei.in
************************************
The first program input is the Julian date, on the TDB time scale, at which to perform the TCM.
TDB julian date of TCM
2452799.264399034436792
page 1
The next six inputs are the components of the heliocentric orbital elements prior to the actual trajectory
correction maneuver. These coordinates are defined relative to the Earth mean equator and equinox of
J2000 system (EME2000) at the time specified in the previous input. Please note the proper units for
each item.
**************************************************
heliocentric EME2000 orbital elements prior to TCM
**************************************************
semimajor axis (kilometers)

190725765.750
orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)

0.204056802425
orbital inclination (degrees)

23.4926769446
argument of perihelion (degrees)

253.488459798
right ascension of the ascending node (degrees)

0.463121032996
true anomaly (degrees)

3.94861259377
The next three inputs are the user’s initial guess for the components of the TCM delta-v vector. These
values should be provided in the units of meters per second. If an initial guess is not available, the user
should input 0 for each component.
************************************************************
initial guess and bounds for heliocentric TCM delta-v vector
************************************************************
x-component of TCM velocity vector (meters/second)

0.0
y-component of TCM velocity vector (meters/second)

0.0
z-component of TCM velocity vector (meters/second)

0.0
Lower and upper bounds for each component of the TCM delta-v vector are defined by the next two user
inputs. The units for these two numbers are also meters per second.
lower bound for TCM delta-v components (meters/second)
-100.0
upper bound for TCM delta-v components (meters/second)

+100.0
The next integer input allows the user to specify the type of final orbit targeting at Mars.
*****************************
final orbit targeting options
*****************************
1 = user-defined flight path angle, radius and orbital inclination
2 = user-defined B-plane coordinates
3 = grazing flyby; user-defined b-plane angle
----------------------------------------------
1
page 2
The next set of inputs defines the desired characteristics of the encounter hyperbola at Mars. The
orbital inclination and B-plane coordinates are defined with respect to the Mars mean equator and IAU
(International Astronomical Union) node of epoch coordinate system.
***************************
final Mars-centered targets
***************************
flight path angle (degrees)

0.0
periapsis radius (kilometers)

4000.0

60.0
user-defined b dot r target (kilometers)

-7889.908599155647607
user-defined b dot t target (kilometers)

4607.242716469171683
user-defined b-plane angle (degrees)

-60.0
Running the script
When the e2m_tcm script is started, the software will display the following screen which allows the user
to select a data file for processing.
The file type defaults to names with a *.in filename extension. However, you can select any e2m_tcm
compatible ASCII data file.
Optimal solution
The following is the program output created by the e2m_tcm simulation for this example. Please see
Appendix A for additional details about this information. The software will also provide the heliocentric
coordinates of Mars at the time of the entry interface. These coordinates are provided relative to both
the Earth equator and ecliptic.
page 3
e2m_tcm - Earth-to-Mars interplanetary TCM optimization
-------------------------------------------------------
user-defined flight path angle, radius and inclination
Major Minors Step nCon Feasible Optimal MeritFunction nS Penalty
0 2 1 4.3E+01 1.9E+00 0.0000000E+00 1 r

1 1 6.6E-02 2 2.0E+01 1.2E+00 3.0525569E+02 1 3.5E-01 n rl
2 1 7.4E-02 3 1.2E+01 1.3E-02 2.7148050E+02 1 3.5E-01 s l
3 1 4.5E-01 4 2.3E+00 5.5E-02 9.8251902E+01 1 3.5E-01 l
4 1 1.0E+00 5 8.0E-03 2.4E-02 2.0313070E+01 1 3.5E-01
5 1 1.0E+00 6 6.2E-04 1.4E-02 2.0298525E+01 1 3.5E-01
6 1 1.0E+00 7 9.6E-04 4.2E-03 2.0289304E+01 1 3.5E-01
7 1 1.0E+00 8 5.0E-04 5.9E-03 2.0289230E+01 1 3.5E-01
8 1 1.0E+00 9 2.0E-04 3.9E-03 2.0288998E+01 1 3.5E-01
Itn 10 -- Central differences invoked. Small step length.
8 2 9 2.0E-04 5.2E-04 2.0288998E+01 1 3.5E-01 c
9 1 1.0E+00 10 1.8E-06 2.0E-04 2.0288983E+01 1 3.5E-01
10 1 1.0E+00 11 (5.9E-08) 3.5E-03 2.0288981E+01 1 3.5E-01

11 1 6.0E-02 12 (5.5E-07) 3.3E-03 2.0288981E+01 1 3.5E-01
12 1 2.4E-01 13 (4.2E-07) 3.6E-03 2.0288981E+01 1 3.5E-01
13 1 1.0E+00 14 (5.9E-07) 2.8E-03 2.0288981E+01 1 3.5E-01
14 1 1.0E+00 15 (4.5E-08) 5.4E-03 2.0288981E+01 1 3.5E-01
14 2 15 (4.5E-08) 2.5E-05 2.0288981E+01 1 3.5E-01 c
15 1 1.7E-05 16 (4.5E-08) 2.3E-05 2.0288981E+01 1 7.5E+02 n c
Itn 19: LU partial pivoting tols 1.01 1.01
15 2 16 (4.5E-08) 2.0E-05 2.0288981E+01 1 n r c
SNOPTA EXIT 0 -- finished successfully

SNOPTA INFO 3 -- requested accuracy could not be achieved
Problem name matlabMx
No. of iterations 20 Objective value 2.0288980820E+01

No. of major iterations 15 Linear objective 0.0000000000E+00
Penalty parameter 7.290E+02 Nonlinear objective 2.0288980820E+01
No. of calls to funobj 130 No. of calls to funcon 130
Calls with modes 1,2 (known g) 16 Calls with modes 1,2 (known g) 16
Calls for forward differencing 42 Calls for forward differencing 42
Calls for central differencing 24 Calls for central differencing 24
No. of superbasics 1 No. of basic nonlinears 2
No. of degenerate steps 0 Percentage 0.00
Max x 2 2.0E+01 Max pi 3 1.0E+00
Max Primal infeas 0 0.0E+00 Max Dual infeas 3 4.0E-05
Nonlinear constraint violn 7.1E-07
time and heliocentric conditions prior to TCM

(Earth mean equator and equinox of J2000)
-----------------------------------------
calendar date 08-Jun-2003
TDB time 18:20:44.077
sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

+1.90725765750000e+08 +2.04056802425001e-01 +2.34926769446000e+01 +2.53488459798000e+02
raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (days)

+4.63121032996000e-01 +3.94861259376998e+00 +2.57437072391770e+02 +5.25804573941707e+02
rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

-2.13459973877777e-01 -9.10492078624396e-01 -3.94991977567543e-01 +1.01517468842973e+00
page 4
vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)
+1.82655783921089e-02 -3.78462114795775e-03 -1.70914398371347e-03 +1.87316813017120e-02
TCM heliocentric delta-v vector and magnitude

-----------------------------------------
x-component of delta-v 2.919736 meters/second

y-component of delta-v 19.896562 meters/second
z-component of delta-v -2.691602 meters/second
delta-v magnitude 20.288981 meters/second
time and heliocentric conditions after TCM

-----------------------------------------
TDB time 18:20:44.077

+1.90709392769555e+08 +2.03959800050785e-01 +2.34966762253591e+01 +2.53627382989685e+02

+5.08060986106649e-01 +3.76847510021390e+00 +2.57395858089899e+02 +5.25736868328811e+02

-2.13459973877777e-01 -9.10492078624396e-01 -3.94991977567543e-01 +1.01517468842973e+00

+1.82672646806060e-02 -3.77312992205818e-03 -1.71069851386391e-03 +1.87311493968037e-02
time and conditions at entry interface

(areocentric mean equator and IAU node of epoch)
------------------------------------------------
calendar date 24-Dec-2003
TDB time 02:22:11.999
TDB julian date 2452997.59874999

-5.84713451611335e+03 +1.68409603539495e+00 +6.00000106223296e+01 +1.17791328849069e+02
raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg)

+1.05656528684871e+02 +1.06140104209065e-05 +1.17791339463080e+02

-1.20034537208031e+03 -2.27329618925543e+03 +3.06452406595178e+03 +4.00000154089414e+03

+2.48324560940166e+00 -4.22926188920242e+00 -2.16464610031589e+00 +5.36086351474139e+00
b-plane coordinates of incoming hyperbola

------------------------------------------------
b-magnitude 7923.200520 kilometers

b dot r -6841.997989
b dot t 3995.518738
page 5
b-plane angle 300.283629 degrees
v-infinity 2706.414190 meters/second
r-periapsis 4000.001541 kilometers
decl-asymptote 7.471109 degrees
rasc-asymptote 281.314314 degrees
flight path angle 6.6596025886e-06 degrees
Mars heliocentric coordinates at entry interface

-----------------------------------------

+2.27939348350517e+08 +9.35420801686365e-02 +2.46772248966483e+01 +3.32979293483383e+02

+3.37165819981896e+00 +7.04533102884719e+01 +4.34326037718551e+01 +6.86972357752346e+02

+1.50773249849733e+08 +1.45987522074032e+08 +6.28860957437332e+07 +2.19088088470040e+08

-1.66534925495467e+01 +1.68771619384437e+01 +8.19109612804510e+00 +2.50852838328199e+01

(Earth mean ecliptic and equinox of J2000)
-----------------------------------------

+2.27939348350706e+08 +9.35420801690739e-02 +1.84937157957719e+00 +2.86517489190111e+02

+4.95409238016471e+01 +7.04533102881209e+01 +3.56970799478232e+02 +6.86972357753200e+02

+1.50773179780686e+08 +1.58955651566455e+08 -3.73635341407524e+05 +2.19088088470057e+08

-1.66535006500106e+01 +1.87427167741887e+01 +8.01841004289424e-01 +2.50852838328276e+01
Technical discussion
This section provides additional details about the numerical algorithms used in this MATLAB script.
The numerical methods discussed here include; propagating the heliocentric trajectory, B-plane
coordinates and the Mars-centered coordinate transformation. The software implements a simple
shooting method that attempts to minimize the magnitude of the heliocentric TCM while numerically
integrating the n-body heliocentric equations of motion and targeting to user-defined conditions at Mars
encounter. The fundamental coordinate system used in this simulation is Earth mean equator and
equinox of J2000 (EME2000) and the fundamental time system is Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB).
All units are metric.
The objective function or performance index J for this simulation is the scalar magnitude of the TCM
delta-v vector. For this classic trajectory optimization problem, this index is simply
J  V
page 6
The time and flight conditions at the Martian entry interface are determined during the numerical
integration of the heliocentric equations of motion by finding the time at which the Mars-centered flight
path angle matches the user-defined value. This mission constraint is computed as follows
r v
  sin 1  
r v
where r and v are the Mars-centered position and velocity vectors, respectively. The numerical method
implemented in this script uses the MATLAB ode45 function to determine the time at which the Mars-
centered flight path angle is within a small tolerance of zero.
Heliocentric equations of motion
The general, second-order vector equation of motion subject to point-mass perturbations such as the
Moon or planets is given by
n
d s 
r     j  3j  3j 
j 1 d j sj 
In this equation, s j is the vector from the primary body to the secondary body j,  j is the gravitational
constant of the secondary body and d j  r  s j , where r is the position vector of the relative to the
primary body.
To avoid numerical problems, use is made of Professor Richard Battin’s F  q  function given by
 3  3qk  qk2 
F  qk   qk  3

1  1  qk  
where
r T  r  2sk 
qk 
sTk sk
The third-body acceleration can now be expressed as
n
k
r   r  F  qk  sk 
k 1 d k3 
The first-order system of equations required by this computer program can be created from the second-
order system by the method of order reduction. With the following definitions,
y1  rx y2  ry y3  rz
y4  v x y5  v y y6  v z
where vx , v y , vz are the velocity vector components, the first-order system of differential equations is
given by
page 7
y1  v x y2  v y y3  v z
rx
y4    s  ax
r3
ry
y5    s  ay
r3
rz
y6    s  az
r3
In these equations,  s is the gravitational constant of the sun, and ax , a y and az are the x, y and z
gravitational contributions of the planets.
In this computer program the heliocentric coordinates of the planets are based on the JPL Development
Ephemeris DE421. These coordinates are provided in the Earth mean equator and equinox of J2000
coordinate system (EME2000).
The B-plane
The derivation of B-plane coordinates is described in the classic JPL reports, “A Method of Describing
Miss Distances for Lunar and Interplanetary Trajectories” and “Some Orbital Elements Useful in Space
Trajectory Calculations”, both by William Kizner. The following diagram illustrates the fundamental
geometry of the B-plane coordinate system.
The arrival asymptote unit vector Ŝ is given by
page 8
cos   cos   
 
Sˆ   cos   sin   
 sin  
  
where   and   are the declination and right ascension of the asymptote of the incoming hyperbola.
The following computational steps summarize the calculation of the predicted B-plane vector from a
planet-centered position vector r and velocity vector v at closest approach.
angular momentum vectors

h
h rv hˆ 
h
radius rate
r r v r
semiparameter
p  h2 
semimajor axis
r
a
 r v2 
 
 
2

orbital eccentricity
e  1 p a
true anomaly
pr rh
cos   sin      tan 1  sin  ,cos 
er e
B-plane magnitude
B pa
fundamental vectors
r v  rr
zˆ 
h
pˆ  cos rˆ  sin  zˆ qˆ  sin  rˆ  cos zˆ
S vector
a b
S pˆ  qˆ
a b
2 2
a  b2
2
page 9
B vector
b2 ab
B pˆ  qˆ
a b
2 2
a  b2
2
T vector
 S ,  S ,0
2 2 T
T
y x
S x2  S y2
R vector
R  S  T    SzTy , SzTx , S xTy  S yTx 
T
Targeting to a Mars-centered periapsis radius and orbital inclination
For this targeting option, the following series of equations can be used to determine the required B-plane
target vector:
B T  bt cos 
B R  bt sin 
where
2  rei
bt  cos  ei  rei2
v2
In these equations,  ei is the user-defined flight path angle at the entry interface, and rei is the user-
defined Mars-centered radius at the entry interface.
Also,
cos i
cos  
cos  
sin    1  cos2 
sin    sˆ  zˆ  sx2  s 2y
zˆ  0 0 1
T
The arrival asymptote unit vector Ŝ is given by
cos   cos   
ˆS   
 cos   sin   
 sin  
  
page 10
where   and   are the declination and right ascension of the asymptote of the incoming hyperbola.
Targeting to a Mars-centered grazing flyby
The general expression for the periapsis radius of an encounter hyperbola at Mars is given by
rp 
1
v2
 1  b v  1
2 4
 
where the normalized quantities are
rp  normalized periapsis radius  rp rm

b  normalized b-plane magnitude  b rm
v  normalized v-infinity speed  v vlc
vlc  local circular speed at Mars  m rm
rm  radius of Mars
m  gravitational constant of Mars
For a grazing flyby, rp  1 and the normalized B-plane distance is equal to
2
b  1 
v2
The required B-plane equality constraints are computed from
B T  b cos 
B R  b sin 
where  is the user-defined B-plane angle of the grazing trajectory. Please note that the B-plane angle
is measured positive clockwise from the T axis of the B-plane coordinate system. The two equality
constraints for this program option are simply the difference between the predicted and required B T
and B R components.
Targeting to user-defined B-plane coordinates
For this program option, the two equality constraints are simply the difference between the predicted and
the user-defined B T and B R components. The B-plane constraints for this and the previous option
are scaled by dividing by the equatorial radius of Mars.
Geocentric-to-areocentric coordinate transformation
This section describes the transformation of coordinates between the Earth mean equator and equinox of
J2000 and areocentric mean equator and IAU node of epoch coordinate systems. This transformation is
used to compute the B-plane coordinates at encounter.
page 11
A unit vector in the direction of the pole of Mars can be determined from
cos  p cos  p 
 
pˆ Mars   sin  p cos  p 
 sin  p 
The IAU 2000 right ascension and declination of the pole of Mars in the EME2000 coordinate system
are given by the following expressions
 p  317.68143  0.1061T
 p  52.88650  0.0609 T
where T is the time in Julian centuries given by T   JD  2451545.0 / 36525 and JD is the TDB Julian
Date.
The unit vector in the direction of the IAU-defined x-axis is computed from
xˆ  pˆ J 2000  pˆ Mars
where pˆ J 2000  0 0 1 is unit vector in the direction of the pole of the J2000 coordinate system.
T
The unit vector in the y-axis direction of this coordinate system is
yˆ  pˆ Mars  xˆ
Finally, the components of the matrix that transforms coordinates from the EME2000 system to the
Mars-centered mean equator and IAU node of epoch system are as follows:
 xˆ 
M   yˆ 
 
 pˆ Mars 
page 12
Algorithm Resources
“Update to Mars Coordinate Frame Definitions”, R. A. Mase, JPL IOM 312.B/015-99, 15 July 1999.
“JPL Planetary Ephemeris DE410”, E. M. Standish, JPL IOM 312.N-03-009, 24 April 2003.
“Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the
Planets and Satellites: 2000”, Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, 82: 83-110, 2002.
“IERS Conventions (2003)”, IERS Technical Note 32, November 2003.
“Planetary Constants and Models”, R. Vaughan, JPL D-12947, December 1995.
“Preliminary Mars Planetary Constants and Models for Mars Sample Return”, D. Lyons, JPL IOM
312/99.DTL-1, 20 January 1999.
“Interplanetary Mission Design Handbook, Volume 1, Part 2”, JPL Publication 82-43, September 15,
1983.
“Interplanetary Mission Analysis and Design”, Stephen Kemble, Praxis Publishing, 2006.
“User’s Guide for SNOPT Version 6, A Fortran Package for Large-Scale Nonlinear Programming”,
Philip E. Gill, Walter Murray and Michael A. Saunders, December 2002.
page 13
APPENDIX A
Contents of the Simulation Summary
This appendix is a brief summary of the information contained in the simulation summary screen
displays produced by the e2m_tcm software.
The simulation summary screen display contains the following information:
calendar date = calendar date of trajectory event
TDB time = TDB time of trajectory event
TDB Julian date = julian date of trajectory event on TDB time scale
sma (au) = semimajor axis in astronomical unit
eccentricity = orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)
inclination (deg) = orbital inclination in degrees
argper (deg) = argument of periapsis in degrees
raan (deg) = right ascension of the ascending node in degrees
true anomaly (deg) = true anomaly in degrees
arglat (deg) = argument of latitude in degrees. The argument of latitude is the sum of
true anomaly and argument of perigee.
period (days) = orbital period in days
rx (km) = x-component of the position vector in kilometers
ry (km) = y-component of the position vector in kilometers
rz (km) = z-component of the position vector in kilometers
rmag (km) = scalar magnitude of the position vector in kilometers
vx (kps) = x-component of the velocity vector in kilometers per second
vy (kps) = y-component of the velocity vector in kilometers per second
vz (ksp) = z-component of the velocity vector in kilometers per second
vmag (kps) = scalar magnitude of the velocity vector in kilometers per second
deltav-x = x-component of the impulsive TCM velocity vector in meters/second
deltav-y = y-component of the impulsive TCM velocity vector in meters/second
deltav-z = z-component of the impulsive TCM velocity vector in meters/second
delta-v = scalar magnitude of the impulsive TCM delta-v in meters/seconds
b-magnitude = magnitude of the b-plane vector
b dot r = dot product of the b-vector and r-vector
b dot t = dot product of the b-vector and t-vector
theta = orientation of the b-plane vector in degrees
page 14
v-infinity = magnitude of incoming v-infinity vector in kilometers/second
r-periapsis = periapsis radius of incoming hyperbola in kilometers
decl-asy = declination of incoming v-infinity vector in degrees
rasc-asy = right ascension of incoming v-infinity vector in degrees
fpa = flight path angle in degrees
The heliocentric coordinates are with respect to the Earth mean equator and equinox of J2000 coordinate
system. The areocentric coordinates are with respect to the Mars-centered mean equator and IAU node
of epoch coordinate system.
page 15
APPENDIX B
Entry Interface Example
This appendix summarizes the trajectory characteristics of a typical grazing flyby simulation. The
following illustrates the changes (in bold font) to the input data file given earlier for this example.
*****************************
final orbit targeting options
*****************************
1 = user-defined flight path angle, radius and orbital inclination
2 = user-defined B-plane coordinates
3 = grazing flyby; user-defined b-plane angle
----------------------------------------------
3
***************************
final Mars-centered targets
***************************
flight path angle (degrees)

0.0
periapsis radius (kilometers)

4000.0

60.0
user-defined b dot r target (kilometers)

-7889.908599155647607
user-defined b dot t target (kilometers)

4607.242716469171683
user-defined b-plane angle (degrees)

-60.0
The following is the optimal solution for this example.
e2m_tcm - Earth-to-Mars interplanetary TCM optimization

-------------------------------------------------------
grazing flyby; user-defined B-plane angle
0 2 1 4.3E+01 1.9E+00 0.0000000E+00 1 r

1 1 6.6E-02 2 2.0E+01 1.3E+00 3.0913555E+02 1 3.5E-01 n rl
2 1 7.4E-02 3 1.2E+01 1.1E-02 2.7409272E+02 1 3.5E-01 s
3 1 4.4E-01 4 2.4E+00 5.8E-02 1.0411365E+02 1 3.5E-01 l
4 1 1.0E+00 5 3.3E-02 3.3E-02 2.0464058E+01 1 3.5E-01
5 1 1.0E+00 6 1.4E-03 1.8E-02 2.0441307E+01 1 3.5E-01
6 1 1.0E+00 7 9.0E-04 5.7E-03 2.0421988E+01 1 3.5E-01
7 1 1.0E+00 8 7.8E-04 5.9E-04 2.0419639E+01 1 3.5E-01
8 1 1.0E+00 9 4.0E-05 1.5E-03 2.0419514E+01 1 3.5E-01
8 2 9 4.0E-05 1.2E-03 2.0419514E+01 1 3.5E-01 c
9 1 1.0E+00 10 (6.5E-07) 9.3E-04 2.0419479E+01 1 3.5E-01
10 1 1.0E+00 11 5.7E-06 4.0E-04 2.0419448E+01 1 3.5E-01
page 16
11 1 1.0E+00 12 1.3E-05 3.6E-03 2.0419447E+01 1 3.5E-01
12 1 5.0E-01 14 1.0E-05 2.0E-01 2.0419446E+01 1 3.5E-01 m
13 1 9.4E-04 15 1.0E-05 3.8E-03 2.0419446E+01 1 3.5E-01
13 2 15 1.0E-05 6.7E-05 2.0419446E+01 1 3.5E-01 c
14 1 1.0E+00 17 (8.6E-10) 8.3E-05 2.0419446E+01 1 2.5E+00 M c
15 1 1.0E+00 18 (3.9E-09)(3.1E-07) 2.0419446E+01 1 2.5E+00 c
SNOPTA EXIT 0 -- finished successfully

SNOPTA INFO 1 -- optimality conditions satisfied
Problem name matlabMx
No. of iterations 19 Objective value 2.0419446351E+01

No. of major iterations 15 Linear objective 0.0000000000E+00
Penalty parameter 2.481E+00 Nonlinear objective 2.0419446351E+01
No. of calls to funobj 142 No. of calls to funcon 142
Calls with modes 1,2 (known g) 18 Calls with modes 1,2 (known g) 18
Calls for forward differencing 42 Calls for forward differencing 42
Calls for central differencing 36 Calls for central differencing 36
No. of superbasics 1 No. of basic nonlinears 2
No. of degenerate steps 0 Percentage 0.00
Max x 2 2.0E+01 Max pi 3 1.0E+00
Max Primal infeas 0 0.0E+00 Max Dual infeas 3 6.1E-07
Nonlinear constraint violn 6.2E-08
time and heliocentric conditions prior to TCM

-----------------------------------------
TDB time 18:20:44.077

+1.90725765750000e+08 +2.04056802425001e-01 +2.34926769446000e+01 +2.53488459798000e+02

+4.63121032996000e-01 +3.94861259376998e+00 +2.57437072391770e+02 +5.25804573941707e+02

-2.13459973877777e-01 -9.10492078624396e-01 -3.94991977567543e-01 +1.01517468842973e+00

+1.82655783921089e-02 -3.78462114795775e-03 -1.70914398371347e-03 +1.87316813017120e-02
TCM heliocentric delta-v vector and magnitude

-----------------------------------------
x-component of delta-v 2.956680 meters/second

y-component of delta-v 20.021515 meters/second
z-component of delta-v -2.711229 meters/second
delta-v magnitude 20.419446 meters/second
time and heliocentric conditions after TCM

-----------------------------------------
TDB time 18:20:44.077
page 17
+1.90709617666734e+08 +2.03960556400272e-01 +2.34967023202513e+01 +2.53628299163271e+02

+5.08353692583588e-01 +3.76729049046101e+00 +2.57395589653732e+02 +5.25737798304822e+02

-2.13459973877777e-01 -9.10492078624396e-01 -3.94991977567543e-01 +1.01517468842973e+00

+1.82672860174957e-02 -3.77305775531110e-03 -1.71070984938130e-03 +1.87311567037029e-02
time and conditions at entry interface

------------------------------------------------
calendar date 24-Dec-2003
TDB time 02:30:29.909
TDB julian date 2452997.60451284

-5.84732340075652e+03 +1.58081105004393e+00 +6.02804315659348e+01 +1.20630580043732e+02
raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg)

+1.05604826472612e+02 +8.87251187762281e-06 +1.20630588916244e+02

-9.29885465843648e+02 -2.05629717151233e+03 +2.53792469945749e+03 +3.39619004433988e+03

+2.70836982067707e+00 -4.34032575285245e+00 -2.52431602886797e+00 +5.70489843380479e+00
b-plane coordinates of incoming hyperbola

------------------------------------------------
b-magnitude 7159.004809 kilometers

b dot r -6199.880168
b dot t 3579.502166
b-plane angle 299.999998 degrees
v-infinity 2706.370478 meters/second
r-periapsis 3396.190044 kilometers
decl-asymptote 7.471053 degrees
rasc-asymptote 281.311678 degrees
flight path angle 5.4346344977e-06 degrees

-----------------------------------------

+2.27939347914576e+08 +9.35420781520776e-02 +2.46772248972598e+01 +3.32979292893747e+02

+3.37165820120568e+00 +7.04565654286724e+01 +4.34358583224198e+01 +6.86972355781559e+02

+1.50764957667489e+08 +1.45995925159340e+08 +6.28901740769343e+07 +2.19089152216714e+08

-1.66544399222610e+01 +1.68762445594335e+01 +8.19070095290669e+00 +2.50851665661991e+01
page 18
(Earth mean ecliptic and equinox of J2000)
-----------------------------------------

+2.27939347914765e+08 +9.35420781525150e-02 +1.84937158041812e+00 +2.86517488603113e+02

+4.95409238002689e+01 +7.04565654283215e+01 +3.56974054031434e+02 +6.86972355782414e+02

+1.50764887594409e+08 +1.58964983510546e+08 -3.73236095884170e+05 +2.19089152216732e+08

-1.66544480222846e+01 +1.87417179033425e+01 +8.01843350594638e-01 +2.50851665662068e+01
page 19

A MATLAB Script For Earth-to-Mars Interplanetary TCM Optimization

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A MATLAB Script For Earth-to-Mars Interplanetary TCM Optimization

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A MATLAB Script for Earth-to-Mars Interplanetary TCM Optimization

The important features of this scientific simulation are as follows:

 heliocentric, inertial cartesian equations of motion with point-mass planetary perturbations

 radius and orbital inclination

Typical Input File

semimajor axis (kilometers)

orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)

orbital inclination (degrees)

argument of perihelion (degrees)

right ascension of the ascending node (degrees)

true anomaly (degrees)

x-component of TCM velocity vector (meters/second)

y-component of TCM velocity vector (meters/second)

z-component of TCM velocity vector (meters/second)

upper bound for TCM delta-v components (meters/second)

flight path angle (degrees)

periapsis radius (kilometers)

orbital inclination (degrees)

user-defined b dot r target (kilometers)

user-defined b dot t target (kilometers)

user-defined b-plane angle (degrees)

Running the script

user-defined flight path angle, radius and inclination

Major Minors Step nCon Feasible Optimal MeritFunction nS Penalty

0 2 1 4.3E+01 1.9E+00 0.0000000E+00 1 r

10 1 1.0E+00 11 (5.9E-08) 3.5E-03 2.0288981E+01 1 3.5E-01

SNOPTA EXIT 0 -- finished successfully

No. of iterations 20 Objective value 2.0288980820E+01

time and heliocentric conditions prior to TCM

calendar date 08-Jun-2003

TDB time 18:20:44.077

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (days)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

TCM heliocentric delta-v vector and magnitude

x-component of delta-v 2.919736 meters/second

delta-v magnitude 20.288981 meters/second

time and heliocentric conditions after TCM

calendar date 08-Jun-2003

TDB time 18:20:44.077

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (days)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

time and conditions at entry interface

calendar date 24-Dec-2003

TDB time 02:22:11.999

TDB julian date 2452997.59874999

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

b-plane coordinates of incoming hyperbola

b-magnitude 7923.200520 kilometers

flight path angle 6.6596025886e-06 degrees

Mars heliocentric coordinates at entry interface

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (days)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

Mars heliocentric coordinates at entry interface

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (days)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

Heliocentric equations of motion