CHRISTIAN COLLEGE OF NURSING, NEYYOOR

TEACHING AID
ON
GRAPHICAL AIDS – CHARTS,
GRAPHS, MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.

PRESENTED BY GUIDED BY
J. Asir Dhayani, Mrs. Malchijah,
MSc Nursing I st Year, Reader,
Medical Surgical Nursing, Paediatric Nursing. (Dept)
Christian College of Nursing, Christian College of Nursing,
Neyyoor. Neyyoor.

PRESENTED ON
31-07-2012
 GRAPHICAL AIDS

INTRODUCTION
“A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS”
A graphical presentation is a visual art based on the use of visual symbolic and
visual-abstract forms. It is somewhat less abstract than words, numbers and
formulae, more abstract than pictorial materials. Graphical presentation enables
one to give form and structure to ideas and numbers. The visual pattern is based
on a differentiation of shape, color, separation and composition and on how these
patterns are arranged in line, shape, and color. For example: A map is more
concrete and less abstract than line drawing.

Forms of graphical Aids.

The forms of graphical aids are
 Graphs
 Charts
 Maps
 Diagrams
 Cartoons
 Comics
 Flashcards
 Photo graphs
 Pictures
 Posters
 Printed material
 Objectives
At the end of the Seminar, the Students will able to

 define chart.
 enlist the purpose of the chart.
 learn the types of chart.
 describe the preparation of charts.
 learn the effective use of charts.
 identify the advantages and disadvantages of charts.
 define graphs.
 list the purpose of the graph.
 explain the types, guidelines, advantages and disadvantages of graphs.
 explain the diagram, its purpose, principle, advantages and disadvantages.
 enumerate the map, its purpose, types, principle advantage and
disadvantage.

Terminology

Revelation : In strip tease chart, marking off some information when it is no more
requirement such attention when it is no more required such attention catch the
attention of the students.

Overlay Effect : A part of the chart may be overlaid by another chart or by a

cellophane paper chart. The former is useful for filling in details and the latter for
shading the desired area of a diagram or for labeling the components.

Magical Effect : A teaching may prepare the outlines of a complicated diagram in

advance by using monochromatic harmony. He can then trace the diagram quickly
with bright colours during the class.
 CHARTS
Introduction
“Makes Things as simple as possible, but not simpler” Chart is the
graphic teaching material including diagrams, posters, maps and graphic
which presents a clear visual summary. Charts are visual symbols used for
summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing other services in explaining
subject matter.

Definition
Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key
information in systematic way to summarize, compare.
For Example: Anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc.
Charts are the graphical aids depicting information in the form of tables,
pictures graphic and diagram.
- Kinder
Purpose
Charts serve the following
 To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words
 To highlight important points
 To provide outline for materials covered in presentation
 To show continuity in process
 For creating problems and stimulate critical thinking
 For showing development of structure
 For presenting material symbolically
 For summarizing information
 For presenting abstract ideas in visual form
 For encouraging the utilization of other media of communication
 For motivating the students
Types of Charts
Narrative Chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the process
or development of a significant issue to its point of resolution of we can show
an improvement over a period of years.
For Example.
Technological improvement over a period of years such as innovations in
cardiac monitoring.
The events in the development of a significant issue to its point of resolution
or to present status

Patient’s Chart
Shift Nurse’s Shift Nurse’s
Signature Signature
NT NT

D = Data A = Area R = Action

Focus Dar Focus Notes
Narrating change in patient’s condition,
patient’s response to treatment or
medication, lack of improvement in the
patient’s condition, patient’s or family’s
response to teaching.

Cause and Effect Chart

 Left to right top to bottom arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing
the rights and responsibilities or between complex of conditions and change
or conflict.
For Example.
Relationship between life style and predisposing factors of various diseases.
Relationship between pathology and clinical features.

LESS SUN MORE

LESS VITAMIN D DISEASES

Air conditioning Breast cancer

TV and Internet and videogames Diabetes
Live and cities Rickets
Little Walking Pregnancy Problems
Less work outdoors Influenza
Fear of skin cancer and wrinkles Osteoporosis cognitive decline

Chain Chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transition or cycles in the
form of circles or semicircles.

For Example.
Transitions such as transition from raw materials to finished products.
Cycles such as citric acid cycle.
 EMERGENCY

ACT INITIATE

IDENTIFY THE PLAN

FAILURES QUALITY

CONTROL
CONTINUOUS CYCLE IMPLEMENT
ASSESSMENT PLAN

EVALUATION
MONITORING

Evolution Chart
Facts and Ideas for expressing changes in specific items from beginning
data and its projections into future.

For Example

Origin of mental health nursing and its subsequent development and future
trends.
EVOLUTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE NURSING DATA.

Strip Tease Chart

It enables the speaker to present the information step by step. It has

great suspense value, which aids in holding attention and building interest. It
helps the audience to remember key ideas and maintains interest to the very end
of the presentation.
 It increases the interest and imagination of the audience.

The information on the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it
has been applied either by wax, tape or sticky substance or pins, tags can also be
used.

As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with works or symbols,

he removes the appropriate strip or paper. It aids considerable interest to
the presentation by removing the paper.

It increases learning and aids recall.

For Example :

TYPES OF AV AIDS
 CHARTS

Pull Charts
 It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick
paper. The messages can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling
out the concealing strip.

For Example :
CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLTUS

Causes of Type 1
Diabetes

Mellitus
TYPE II Diabetes
TYPE I Diabetes

Gestation Diabetes

Flow Chart

Diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative of

functional relationships boxes connected with lines show levels of lines of
authority.

It is chart, lines, rectangles, circles or other graphical representations

are connected by lines showing the directional flow.
 It is a graphical aid of system requiring presentation in the form of connected
lower divisions of the system in boxes and line to show their relative positions
with respect to the higher position in the system. Eg. Organizational chart.

For Example
ORGANIZATION CHART FOR COLLEGE OF NURSING

TRUST

MANAGING TRUSTEE

TRUSTEES

PRINCIPAL

VICE - PRINCIPAL

HOD’S VARIOUS DEPARTMENT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

PROFESSOR
SENIOR CLERK WARDEN

SR. LIBRARIAN ASSISTANT JUNIOR CLERK HOUSE KEEPER

PROFESSOR
JR. LIBRARIAN STENOGRAPHER COOK
LECTURER
ATTENDAR OFFICE ASSISTANT ASSIST COOK
TUTOR/CLINICAL HELPER
INSTRUCTOR SECURITY

LAB ATTENDAR

Tabulation Chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing numerical data for making
comparisons.
For Example
List of antenatal mothers, under five or other specific groups in a selected area.
TABULATION IN RESEARCH STUDY

Characteristics of the study participants

n %
Age Category 35 35.7
 15 < 25 24 24.5
 25 < 35 17 17.3

 35 < 45 12 12.3

 45 < 55 10 10.2

 55
Sex
46 46.9
Women
52 53.1
Men
Smoking Habits
51 52.0
Non-smoked
29 20.4
Ex-smoker
27 27.6
Smoker
Alcoholic Beverages
37 37.8
Non-drinker
61 62.2
Drinker
Malaria
72 74.2
No
25 25.8
Yes
Gold mining region
78 80.4
Never
19 19.6
Yes
  It is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinctions and
contrasts between two or more things.

 While making table charts, the following points must be kept in mind.

 The chart should be 50x75 cm or more in size.

 The chart should be captioned in bold letters.

 The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than complete
sentences.

 Write different contrasting features with different colour felt pens or marked
pens.

Time or Table Chart

To show the schedule of an activity or of an individual. It provides

a chronological framework within which events and developments may be
recorded. They develop time sense among the pupil help them to comprehend
and visualize time and its relationships.

For Example.

Tour chart, Time table of a class.

 DAILY NURSES RECORD
NAME OF THE HOSPITAL
Patient ……………………………….

MEDICATION &
DATE TIME NOTES
TREATMENT

Genealogy Chart

To represent the historical facts or growth and development of the family.

Taking an analogy from the tree, the origin is shown in a single line, rectangle,
circle or other representation of the trunk and the various changes or
developments are shown.

For Example
Legend

: Client

: Female

: Male

: Death

: Sickness

: Couple
 Tree Chart

A chart made in form of branches from the trunk of a tree such that
representing the main idea while the branches represent various development
relationship of subparts of the main idea.

For Example
FAMILY TREE
 Pie Chart

A circle will be drawn and the divisions will be made into different sections
each section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of
the chart as a legend. The circumference is divided into suitable sections. It is
relevant for showing the component parts of the total.

For Example

NURSING SATISFACTION SURVEY

 Flip Chart
A set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and
hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related
materials of messages in sequence. The salient point of specific topic will be
presented.

For Example
 Job Chart
Job responsibilities of specific categories will be listed out and circulated
among members.
Specialized role
For Example
Develops comparison

Resource Facilitator

CLINICAL NURSE Professional co-

SPECIALIST ordination

Develops seminars

NURSING EDUCATOR Performs Research

Resource to others

Preceptor
ADVANCED CLINICIAN Common participation

Evidence base practice

Develops practice
CLINICAL NURSE Required clinical
certifications

Evidenced base
Orientation practice
ASSOCIATE NURSE
Perception ship Trained to percept
In-services
Early leadership
Comprehensive
Interacts classes
Evidenced base
practice
Data collection

supervisor
 Overlay Chart

It consists of illustrated sheets which can be placed one over the other
conveniently and in succession. The drawing or illustration on each sheet forms a
part of the whole picture. It enables the viewers to see not only the different
parts but also to see them against total perspective when one is place over the
other. When the final overlay chart is placed the ultimate product is exposed to
view.
For Example

10 sets of cards Ultimate Diagram

arranged in succession
 Stream Charts

A stream chart is the graphical aid showing the main thought, idea, concept
in the form of main river and its subparts in the form of tributaries coming out of
it.

For Example:

Wall chart
A wall chart is a large chart on which words or a text are written in letters
large enough for a group read. The chart usually hangs on a wall.
Window chart
In the flaps cover the messages and when the message is to be shown,
the presented open the flaps like windows. It creates suspense in the audience.
Preparation of Charts
Materials Required

 Sheets of thick white or light coloured paper.

 Fiber tipped round – point and chisel point color markers.
 Graphic materials
 Scissors
 Drawing Aids
 Adhesives
Preparation
 Before making a chart, one should plan the content in terms of the
objectives and decide the lay out.
 The size of the chart, the size of the letters and the contrast of the display
material should be such that it is readable by farthest viewer.
 The lay out should be balanced should use the space effectively.
 Standard chart paper in sizes 90×60 cm and 70×55cm is suitable for most
purposes.
 Light coloured chart paper e.g. Yellow, light green and white are better
suited for dark coloured pens, e.g. black, blue, red and orange.

 The size of letters for the captions, labels and keywords written on a
chart should be between 2 and 3 cm for a classroom of depth 6 m. The
thickness of the lines should be between 2 and 3 mm size of letters 1 inch
for 32 feet and 2 inch for 64 inch.

 Flat pictures and other material from books should be enlarged sufficiently
before placing on charts.

 Simple hand-drawn charts with non-decorative lettering are more effective

than elaborately drawn or machine – made charts.

 One chart should convey just one idea or one principle. Charts crowed with
information are less effective.

 Numerical data should be presented in the form of tables. Relationships

between two or more variables are better demonstrated by drawing graphs.

 Classifications, organizations and process are better represented by means

of flow diagrams.

 Colors should be used meaningfully i.e. to stimulate red colors, to highlight

some items, etc.
Effective use of charts

 Single sheet charts must be shown when necessary.

 Single sheet charts can be displayed one by one and so on arranged on

the beard to make a pattern, a flow diagram or the sequence of steps. For
this the charts should be show in quick succession.

 Charts should not be displayed before it is needed for teaching. It has

an impact on presentation if it is shown while explaining about its content.

 Flip charts are mounted on a wooden or metallic easel at the convenient

height. The top edge should be provided with one or other device, eg. ring
ellipse, long wooden strips or flat clips in order to secure the charts on the
easel and to enable flipping over easily.

 The teacher prepares the outlines of a complicated diagram in advance

by using monochromatic harmony. He can then trace the diagram quickly
with bright colors during the class. It is very effective to show some
movement on a chart.

 The teacher should make sure that there is a provision for hanging the chart
at a vantage point.

 Teacher should use a pointer to point our specific facts in the chart.

 Charts should be carefully stored and preserved for use in future.

 Advantages

 It can create visual effects revelation, over lay effect, flow effect and
magical effect.
 Pie charts are essential for presenting statistical information.
 Quick way for the audience to visualize what you are saying – numbers,
trends, by down.
 Forceful – emphasizes main point hear. Convincing – proves a point, see
and compact way to convey information.
 More interesting than just talk or print.

Disadvantages

 Time consuming to make – decision must be made in advance for lay out,
color, materials etc.
 Technical in nature – audience knowledge to interpret, or understand.
 Costly – depending on the medium used.

Conclusion:
Knowledge regarding preparing and use of charts is necessary for a teacher to
teach effectively which enhances learning of a student / learner.
 GRAPHS

INTRODUCTION
Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical
information and contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes, graphs
make presentation of quantitative data easily interpretative and readily
understood. A huge data and long list of figure is always boring but the same
represented by a graph captures and makes students think. A good graph can give
a lot of information just by shooting a glance at it. Extract stratifications depict
specifically quantitative data for analysis, comparison and interpretation.

DEFINITION.
It depicts numerical or quantitative relationship or statistical data are
presented in the form of visual symbols.
 A graph is a image that represents data symbolically. A graph is used to
present complex information and numerical data in a single, compact
format.
 A diagram (as a series of one or more points lines, line segments, curves or
areas) that represents the variation of a variable in comparison with that of
one or more other variables.
 A diagram representing a system of connections or interrelations among
two or more things by a number of distinctive dots, lines, bars etc
 Two dimensional drawing showing a relationship by means of a line, curve,
a series of bars, or other symbols.
PURPOSES
o To visually display information.
o To interpret and analyze data.
o To be able to see it clearly.
 o To improve or change something what you know to use.
o It shows the past, current and possibly the future. (predication)
o To interpret graphs and determine which graph is best suited for the
data.
TYPES OF GRAPH
The types of Graph are

TYPES

GRAPHS HAVING 2 SCALES

GRAPHS HAVING 1 SCALE

PIE GRAPH PICTORAL GRAPH BAR GRPH

SIMPLE COMPOUD HISTOGRAM

BAR BAR

COLUMN CURVE OR SURFACE

GRAPH LINE GRAPH
GRAPH

PIE GRAPH

The alternative names for pie graph or distribution graph, pie diagram and circle
diagram.

The graph is usually shown as a disc (resembling a pie) or circle divided into
sectors of different angles to represent the fractions or percentages of the divisions of a
distributive attribute.
 It is excellent for showing the component part of the total.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

 The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degree

 The total frequencies or value is equated to 360 degree and then the angles
corresponding to component parts are calculated.

 Draw the circle on a chart paper of full size using a big compass carrying
a sketch or marker pen.
  Divide the circle into appropriate sections using the protractor.

 Color each section and write the corresponding percentage it represents.

 Caption the pie graph with a descriptive title.

BAR GRAPH

Bar graph is a graphical presentation which extends the scale horizontally

along the length of the bars. The vertical dimension does not have a scale but merely
provides space for a series of items and for a bar to measure each.

Each bar must be of the same width, height of the bar over a period represents
the corresponding time of the variable.

Forms

Graphs are available in two forms.

 Vertical

 Horizontal

Types

Simple bar graph

A simple bar graph helps to visualize comparative relationships and

understand them better. Simple bar graph is used to represent data involving only one
variable classified on spatial quantitative or temporal bases.
Compound bar graph (or) multiple bar graph.

Splitting the column into sections to show the break down of data. A
compound bar graph is a bar graph that compares two or more quantities
simultaneously. A compound bar graph is useful to express two or more quantities on
one graph
Extended or sub divided bar diagram

A graph which can be obtained from given graph by breaking up each

edge up each edge into one or more segments by inserting intermediate verticals
between its two ends.

For example

Preparation of bar graph.

 Make a rough sketch before making bar graph.

 Use the chart paper of 50×72cm size.

 Use two different color shades for the two contrasting groups.

 The bars should be equi-spaced.

  Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart
papers.

 Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top of the bars.

Histogram (or) column diagram.

A histogram is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights. It is a

summary graph showing a count of the data points falling in various ranges.
Pictorial Graph.

It is an outstanding method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the

expression of ideas, they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures will
be used to create rapid association with the graphic message, each visual symbol may
be used to indicate quantity.

A pictorial graph consists of pictures of the same type but of different sizes,
proportionate to the magnitude of the attributes being represented. It may be made with
the pictures of same size but different in number to represent different magnitudes.

For Example
Column Graph

Column graph looks like a bar graph turned on end, it has two scales. One
measured across the graph (usually time) and one measuring up or down (usually
quantity). This means that every point on such a graph is measured from both scales.

For Example
Surface Graph

Surface graph are presented with perspective and shading. The surface graph
connects each plotted point to the next, like column graphs, they join each point to the
base. This is done with continuous shaded bands or “surface” instead of separated
uprights as is done in the column graph.

For Example
Line graph or curve graph

Line graph are often used to plot changes in data over time. It is form of graph in
which the plotted points are connected to one another instead of to the base, thus
producing the curve. The line graph is widely used in charting data bout patients. (ie)
temperature graph.

For Example

s
Cumulative frequency graph.

A line graph drawn by plotting upper limits of the class interval on the X-
axis and the respective cumulative frequencies on Y-axis.

For Example
Frequency polygon

A line graph for the graphical presentation of the frequency distribution.

For Example

O-Give

To determine quickly and accurately the statistical data like percentile, median,
quartile deviation can be used.

For Example
GUIDELINES FOR FORMATTING GRAPHS AND CHARTS.

Keep it simple and avoid flashy special effects.

Present only essential information. Avoid three- dimensional bars that confuse
the leader. If the graph or chart is too complex, it will not clearly communicate the
important points.

Title the graph or chart clearly to convey the purpose.

The title provides the reader with conveyed overall message.

Specify the units of measurement on the X-axis and Y-axis

Years, number of participants trained and type of health personnel are

examples of labels for units of measurement.

Label each part of the chart or graph

Need a legend if there is too much information to label each part of the chart
or graph. Use different colours or variations in patterns to help the reader distinguish
categories and understand the graph and chart.
Advantages of graph.

 Easy to compare the set of numbers.

 Provides visualization of the data.

 It helps to see the difference between two or more values.

 It displays the rising and falling of values over time.

 It saves time.

 It is easy to read.

 It shows specific values of data.

 They show patterns in data clearly.

 Enable the viewer to make predictions about the results of data.

Disadvantages of graph.

 Less accurate.

 Misinterpretation.

 Time consuming.

 Technical in nature.

 Costly.

Conclusion.

Now, you have learned how to gather data and how to construct graph. Graphs makes
learning interesting.
 DIAGRAMS

Diagrams are a visual description that explains rather than interpret. The teachers
prefer to draw diagrams on the chalkboard deeding the course of lesson itself which
can result in the loss of efficiency in teaching.
Definition

A simplified drawing showing the appearance, structure or workings of

something a schematic representation.

A plan, sketch, drawing or outline designed to demonstrate or explain how

something works or to clarify the relationship between the parts.

A graphic design that explains rather than represents, especially a drawing that
shows arrangement and relation.

Purpose

Diagrams illustrate concepts and ideas by using shapes rather than words.

 To enhance the own credibility.

 To make it relevant.

 To simply teaching.

Principles.

 The following points should be kept in the mind to prepare diagrams.

 Make the diagram large enough to be seen simultaneously by the whole class.

 Make the outline features of diagrams sharp.

 Include only the essential and relevant parts of diagram which pertain to topic.

 Caption and label the diagram boldly.

 Nowadays, teachers keep the diagram traced on acetate sheets or cellophane

papers and produce the same using over head projector.

 Technically correct.

 Neatly drawn in proper proportion.

  Well explained.

 It can be moved and seen from all angles.

Diagrams are a simplified drawing designed to show interrelation primarily by

means of lines and symbols. Diagrams can be done by hand to convey a variety of
ideas, concepts and situations. It can be better used for summary and review.

Example: Stick figures, geometry drawings, facial expression, diagram of nervous

system.

Advantages

 Active

The students are generating knowledge through their participation in learning.

 clear

To make teaching clear.

 Real / purposeful

Connections are made between learning areas. It involves more senses.

 Relevant

It promotes the range of possibilities of the student.

 Empowering

It promotes the attention, interest, desire, inclination and will to learn.

 To demonstrate or explain how something works.

 Clarify the relationships between the parts of a whole.

  Makes understanding better.

Disadvantages.

 Misunderstanding.

 It needs to prepare based on the audience background.

 Time consuming for preparation and presentation.

MAPS

Graphic representation of the earth’s surface or portions of it are termed as

maps. These are flat representations of the earth’s surface which convey the
information by means of lines, symbols, words and colors.

Understanding and interpreting the key of index, lines (eg. Communications,

rivers, contours, meridians and parallels) colors, tints, shadows and symbols.

The top of every map is not north, but the direction of northern pole is north.
Maps are valuable graphic aids if abstract ideas of distances, sizes, directions, of
different places, region and land, world and universe are to be put into concrete reality.
The types of maps are globe, room planetarium and flat map.

Definition of map

A diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical

features, cities, roads etc.

A map is a visual representation of an area a symbolic depiction highlighting

relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions and themes.
 A map is drawing of an area or country showing rivers, roads, cities etc.

Purpose of map

 To provide information of the existence the location and distance between

ground features, such as populated places, routes of travel and communication.

 To identify specific features.

 To understand surroundings.

Principles of Map

The six principles are

1. The scale, pointing to the average, size, in length and width.

2. The direction which is used to pinpoint the position of landforms and

objects in relation to each other.

3. The distance used to define the distance between two points.

4. The relative height of elevation.

5. The rise and fall of a gradient.

6. The conversion between the distance in reality and that in a map.

Types of maps

Political maps

These maps show political divisions of the world, content, a nation etc. in
such maps, the political boundaries are drawn prominently.
For Example

Physical Maps

These maps show the physical contours of a place, area, region, country etc.

For example
Relief Maps

These maps show the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area, region,
country etc

For Example
Road maps

These maps show the roads of a region connecting various parts and points
together.

For Example
Picture maps or Tourist maps

These maps show the historical spots, scenic spots, monumental sites,
sanctuaries and other spots of tourist interest.

For Example
Population Maps

These maps show the distribution of population in various parts of region,

country, etc

For Example
Weather maps

These maps show the mount of rains, temperature, extremes, humidity and other
weather conditions of a place, area, region, country etc.

For Example
Railway maps

These maps show the railway links between various points.

For Example
Sea Route map.

These maps show the sea routes between various sea ports.

For Example
Air Map:

These maps show the air routes between various points.

For Example
Advantage of map

 It is small enough and it is very convenient.

 It is easy to carry.

 Anomalies can easily be identified.

 It can be easily completed by hand or by computer.

 Maps allows teacher to enlarge areas of the world so that students can see the

layout of cities and towns close up.

 Using different kinds of maps together students connect the things on the maps

to the world around them.

 It can fold up and carry around.

Disadvantage of map

 It gives false impression of abrupt change at the boundaries.

 It is impossible to read the exact data figures.

 Variations within each area are hidden, particularly if a wide data range is

used.
Journal Abstract
Rasul, S. Bukhsh, Q. Batool, S. (2011). Conducted a study to analyze the
effectiveness of audio visual aids in teaching learning process at university level.

Audio visual aids are important in education system to encourage teaching

learning process and make it easier and interesting. A study was conducted
among 150 students and 50 teachers of the Islamic University of Bahawalpur,
and questionnaire was administered and analyzed by using standard deviation
and Z test. The findings are the respondents viewed the A.V. aids play important
role in teaching learning process it is effective, motivation, change, provides
knowledge in depth. The recommendations are teachers may be trained for using
A.V. aids, A.V. aids may be according to the level of student. Training may be
provided for students for proper use of A.V. aids.

Kalyani (2011). Modern teaching aids in the Indian class room. Education
says that class room teaching are more being much facilitated by the use of
various teaching aids. And in fact teaching would be incomplete in a class
room with the use of teaching aids.

Dr. Rekha Topkar, Dr. Nasik, T. (2012). The use of Audio – visual Aids
by Trainee Teacher in Practice Teaching. International Educational & Journal
Maharashtra . This study says 86.07 % training teachers used charts, prepared by
themselves and recommended no irrelevant things not connect with the topic will
be written.
Conclusion
Graphical aids are aids, which are used in teaching to make the learning
experience more effective and dynamic graphical aids have made improvements
in learning process through involving the sense of sight. It is suggested that the
use of graphical aids enhance their effectiveness in education.

Bibliography
Textbook

 Basavanthappa, B.T. (2009). Nursing Education (2nd ed.). New Delhi :

Jaypee Medical Pvt. Ltd. Pg. No. 600-606.

 Sankaranaryan, B. Sindhu, B. (2008) Learning and teaching Nursing (2nd

ed.). Calicut : Brainfill publication. Pg. No : 193-195.

 Neeraja, K.P. (2007), Textbook of Nursing Education (1st ed) New Delhi :
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 Heidgerken, L.G.(2006). Teaching and learning in schools of nursing

principles and methods (3rd ed.).New Delhi: konark publication pvt ltd.

Pg. No. 561-563.

Journal
 Dr. Topkar, R. Naik,T.(2012). The use of audio-visual aids by trainee
teacher in practice teaching. International educational E- Journal. 2(1). Pg
No 124-128.
  Rasul, S. Bukhsh. Q. Batool, S. (2011). A study to analyze the effectiveness
of audio visual aids in teaching learning process at university level.
Bahawalpur : 28 (1) Pg. No. 78-81.

Electronic Version

 Pradeep, Y.K. (2011). Preparation and use of Non-projected AV-AIDS.

www.scribd.com Pg. No. 1-5.

 Binsy Cherian (2011). A presentation on Audio-Visual AIDS

www.scribd.com Pg.No. 9-11.