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EXERCISE l(C)

Let the equation ofthe plane containing the line x - y - z - 4 = 0 = x + y + 2z - 4 and is parallel to the
line of intersection of the planes 2x + 3y + z = 1 and x + 3y + 2z = 2 be x + Ay + Bz + C = O.
IA+B+CI
Compute the value of 11 .. [Ans. 1]

[Sol. A plane containing the line ofintersection ofthe given planes is

x-y-z-4 + A.(x + y + 2z-4) = 0

i.e. (A. + l)x + (A. - l)y + (2A. -1)z - 4(A. + 1) = 0

vector normal to it

v = (A.+l)1+(A.-l)J+(2A.-l)k .....(1)
Now the vector along the line of intersection of the planes
+
2x + 3y z - 1 = 0 and x + 3y + 2z - 2 = 0 is given by
~ ~ ~

i k j
n== 2 3 1 = (6-3)1-(4-1)J+(6-3)k = 3(l-J+k)
132

o As ii is parallel to the plane (1)

Hence n'V =0
. (A. + 1) - (A. - 1) + (2A. - 1) = 0
-1
2 + 2A. - 1 = 0 => A. = 2
Hence the required plane is

~ - 3y _ 2z - 2 == 0
2 2
x - 3y - 4z - 4 = 0
Hence I A + B + C 1= 11

2 Given f2(X) + g2(X) + h 2(x):::; 9 and U(x) = 3 f(x) + 4 g (x) + 10 h(x). Ifmaximum value of U(x) is
N
.IN, then find 1125'. [Ans. 1]

[Sol. Let VI =31+4J+IOk and V2 ==f(x)l+g(x)J+h(x)k

U (x) = VI' V2 =1 VIII V2 Icos e

s IVIII V21

= ../9+16+100~f2 +g2 +h 2 = 3../125 =15..)5·­

3 If (x I ­ Xz)Z + (YI - Y2)Z = a 2

(Xz ­ x3)2 + (Y2 - Y3)2 = b2
and (x, ­ XI)2 + (Y3 - YI)Z = c 2

12
Xl YI
then A. x 2 Y2 1 = (a + b + cXb + c - a)(c + a - b)(a + b - c). Find the value ofA..
x3 Y3 1
[Ans.4]
 [Sol. First 3 equations are suggestive that
(x., YI) (~, Y2) and (x3, Y3) and the vertices of all BCA

1 xI YI 1
Now A == -I x 2 Y2 1 1
2
x3 Y3 1 b
2
XI YI 1
4A 2 == x 2 Y2 1 (xl,yl)B a

x 3 Y3 1
4A 2 == 4s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)
16A2 == 2s(2s - 2a)(2s - 2b)(2s - 2c) = RHS

and

o =>A=4

4 Let Ii == -3i + J+k, c== 2i +2J. If VI is the volume ofparalle1opiped whose three
b == 4i +2J+4k and
coterminous edges are the vectors Ii + b, b+ c, C+ Ii and V2 is the volume of tetrahedron whose three
__ (Vj + V2 )
coterminous edges are the vectors Ii x b, b x c,cx Ii , then find the value of 72 . [Ans.4]

-3 1 1
[Sol. We have [a be] == 4 2 4 = 36
2 2 °
Now VI =2[a b c] =72 and V2 == "6If-La -b .,c]2 == 216
Hence VI + V2 == 288

5 If VI==i+J+k; V2==ai+bJ+ck where ab.c s {-2,-1,0, 1,2},thenthenumberofnonzero

vectors V2 which are perpendicular to VI., is [Ans.1]

18
[Sol. V-V
I 2 ==a+b+c==O
but a, b, c E {-2, - 1,0, 1, 2}
now (i) if a == 1, b == -1, c == 0, number == 3! == 6
(ii) if a == 2, b == - 2, c == 0, number = 3! == 6
.' 3'
(iii) if a == 1 b == 1 c == - 2 number == 3
= ----=.
, " 2!

(iv) if a == - I b == - 1 c == 2 number == -3! == 3

1
, " 2! -
Total == 18
 _ 2n _
6 Let two non-collinear vectors a and b inclined at an angle 3
be such that I a 1= 3 and I b 1= 4 .

A point P moves so that at any time t the position vector op (where 0 is the origin) is given as

op = (e' + e') a + (e t - e­ t) b. If the least distance of P from origin is .J2 ~.,J;;. ­ b

where a, bEN then find the value of (a + b)/72. [Ans. I]

[Sol. Wehave (OP) = (e' + e-ti (af + (et-e-tp (b)+2 (et+ e-t)(et-e-t) (a'b)
((a)2 =l a 12= 9, (b) =1 b 12= 16 and a 'b=1 a lib [cos 2;)

~ Iop12 = 9(et + e-tp + 16(et - e-tp + 2(e2t ­ e- 2t) . 3 ·4· (-~) = 13e2t + 5e-2t - 14

Now -d
dt
'-1
op
2
= 0 ~ 26e 2t - 10e-2t = 0 => e4t = -5 so e2t =
13 '
J5
r;;:;
,,13

.. lopl:," ~ 13(~)+5[ '5I)-14 ~ IO{m =2./65-14

o- => loplmin =.J2~.J65-7=.J2~.,J;;.-b, so a=65,b=7
Hence (a + b) == 72. ]

7 If a, band C are unit vectors, then find the maximum value of

12a-3b12 +\2b-3c!2 +12c- 3a I2 [Ans. 1]

57
2
Let y = 2a-3b~ 1 + I 2b-3c
~
2
[Sol.
I
1 +12c-3a I2
~ y = 3(4 + 9) -12(a'b+ b'c+c'a)
=>y=39-12(a'b+b'c+c'a) .... (1)

~ Ymax = 39 + (12)(%) = 39 + 18 = 57
3
(\ Now y will be maximum if value of La' b is minimum i.e. equal to -"2 ]

8 The plane denoted by ill :4x+7y+4z+81 ==0 is rotated through a right angle about its line of

intersection with the plane n 2 : 5x + 3y + 10z = 25 . Ifthe plane in its new position be denoted by n, find
k
the distance ofthe plane from the origin is Jk where kEN. Find 53'. [Ans.4]
[Sol. Equation of the plane P is
4x + 7y + 4z + 81 + A.(5x + 3y + 10z - 25) = 0

(SA. + 4)x + (3A. + 7)y + (10A. + 4)z + (81 ~25A;) = 4x + 7y + 4z + 81 = 0

Now 4(5A. + 4) + 7(3A. + 7) + (10A. + 4)4 = 0 TI

(20+21 +40)A.=-(16+49+ 16) ~

81A.=-81 ~ A.=-1 II
equation of the plane TIl 25x+3Y+10z-2S=O
- x + 4y - 6z + 106 == 0
4x+7y+4z+81=O
 106 (53)(2) II I
I
p = "'1+16+36 = .J53 = "'212 k= 212

9 In a regular tetrahedron, the centres of the four faces are the vertices of a smaller tetrahedron. The ratio
m
of the volume of the smaller tetrahedron to that of the larger is - , where m and n are relatively prime
n

.., F' d h I
positive Integers. In t eva ue 0
+ n)
f (m14' [Ans.2]

[Hint: V = -1 [-a -b -]
c 1 1 - -b -]
. V = -'-[a c
I 6 ' S 6 27

Vs 1 m
n m
Hence '1= 27 = -
n
or
-=-=k
27 1
GI~

G b + C~G ii+b
I
.. m and n are relatively prime =? k = 1, (m + n) = 28

further hint for 2---Y- 4---y­

-+ ­
Y
o .. G3

10 Let a, b ,and c be three non zero non coplanar vectors and 15, q and r be three vectors defined as

p=a+b-2c; q=3a-2b+c and r=a-4b+2c

If the volume of the parallelopiped determined by a, b and c is VI and that of the parallelopiped
K
determined by 15, q and r is Vz then Vz = KV I implies that 15 is equal to [Ans. 1]

[Sol. Given [a b c] = VI

1 1 -2

[p q r] = 3 -2 +1
[a b c] = [1(-4+4)-1 (6-1)-2(-12+2)]V I
1 -4 2
Vz=(-5+20)V I=15VI
=? K=15

11 Let a j , I.
= 1, 2, 3, ......, n denote the integers in the domain of function f (x) = log 1 (4X-25J
- x-21
2

2x-a l y+a l z-a 3

where a j < a i+1 ViE N. Ifthe line L: = - - meets the xy, yz and zx planes atA,
4 az as
Band C respectively, and if volume of the tetrahedron OABD is V, where '0' is origin and D is the

.
Image . then fi10 d the value of 35""'
0 f'C!In the x-axis, 90V [Ans.8]

[Sol. For domain of f (x) we must have log 1 (4X - 25

- x-21
J;: : 0
2

4x-25

0< x-21 ::;;1

 X E [~, 2:J
Integers in the domain are 2, 3 , ....., 6.
a l = 2, ~ = 3, ...., as = 6
x-I y+2 z-4

.. L: -2- = -3- = -6- = r (let)

-2
At xy plane, put z = 0 => 6r + 4 = 0 r=­
3

.. A(2r+l,3r-2,0) = (-l,-4,0}
-1
At yz plane, put x = 0 => 2r + 1 = 0 r=­
2
7,IJ

.. B(0,3r-2,6r+4)=(0, -2

0(0)
2
At zx plane, put y = 0 => 3r - 2 = 0 => r= "3
.. C(2r+l,0, 6r+4)= (~,0,8) =>C' (~,0,-8J
O)~--;~---7 C' (t, O,-~)
o .)- - .
Volume of the tetrahedron OABC' = V = -[a b c]
6
1 _ A(:.1_
3'
4
,
7
B(O'-2,1)

V= 2.,-1/3
0 .
-4
-7/2
0
_1 =-2
I I
6 7/3 0 8 98

Hence 90V = 280

120MB If the coordinates of the point where the line x - 2y + z - 1 = 0 = x + 2y - 2z - 5

intersects the plane x + y - 2z = 7 is (a, ~, y), then find the value of ( I a I +1 ~ I + I y I).
[Ans.7]
[Sol. The required point is the point of intersection of the three planes.
x + y - 2z = 7 (1)
x - 2y + z = 1 (2)
x + 2y - 2z = 5 ....(3)
:. From (3) - (1) => y =-2
c From 2 x (2) + (1)
So, from (1) , z =- 4
=> 3x - 3y = 9 => x= 1

Hence the point is (1, - 2, - 4) = (a, ~, y)

Hence I a I +\ ~ I + I y I = 11 1+ 1-21 + 1- 41 = 7 ADS.]

13 Let

If the vector BxC can be expressed as a linear combination BxC -

xA+yB+zC
- -
(100x + lOy + 8z)
where x, y, z are scalars, then find the value of 101 .. [Ans.1]

[Sol. We have BxC= xA+yB+zC ....(1)

Dot with BxC gives (BxC}(BxC)= x[A B C] => x = (BxcL c

B2 2 -(B 'C)2
[A B e] [A B c]
 (13 xC)·(Cx A)
lilly Dot with Cx A gives y= [A 13 c]
(BxC)·(AxB)
and dot with Ax 13 gives z=
[A 13 c]
1 -2 3
Now [A B c] = 2 1 -1 =1(1+1)-2(-2-3)=12
o 1 1

We have 13 2 C2 -(13 ·C)2 = (6) (2) - (0) = 12

12
x= - = 1
12

y=
Ig:g g:11 I~
12 =
-1
12
3

=
1
0-(-6)
It
1
2" and
o F

I ~·~
z= C·A C·B
12
~'~I 1-3 61
+1 0 = 0-(6)=2
12 12 2
.
Hence 100x + lOy + 8z = 100 + 5 - 4 = 101

14 Let ABCD is any quadrilateral and P and Q are the midpoints of its diagonal.
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
If AB + BC + CD + DA - AC - BD = APQ ' then find the value of A. [Ans.4]
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
[Sol. We have AB +BC +CD +DA -AC -BD =APQ

(b-a) +(c-b) +(d-c) +(a-d) -(c-a)2-(d-b) =A(PQ)

on simplifying gives
= a 2 +b 2 +c 2 -2a·b-2b·c+2a·c

(a + c- b) .....(1)
C':
0'

- a+c - b
again P=-2- ; Q=2";

(PQ) = (a+c-b) .....(2)

4
from (1) and (2)
1.,=4
 x-7 y-7 z-3 x-I y+l z+1
15 Consider two lines L I : -3- = -2- = - - and Lz : -2- = -4- = -3-' If a line L whose direction

AB
ratios are < 2, 2, 1 > intersect the lines LI and Lz at A and B, then find the distance 9 . [Ans. 2]
(2,2, 1)
3A- 2f..L+6 = 2A-4f..L+8 = A-3f..L+4
[Sol.
2 2 1
On solving we get f..L = 0 and A= 2
Hence A(13, 11,5); B(1, -1, - 1)
AB = .J144+144+36 = .J324 = 18

16 System of equations x + 2y + z = 0, 2x + 3y - z = 0, (tan e) x + y - 3z = 0

has non trivial solution then number of values ofB in .[-1t, 21t] is [Ans.3]
1 2 1
Sol. For non - trivial 2 3 -1 = 0
tane 1 -3

=
tans 6/5
o number of solutions in [-1t, 21t] is 3

17 Let a, b ,e be the three vectors such that

a.(b+e)= b.(e+a) = e.(a+b)=Oand lal= 1, Ib'I=4, lei =8, then la+b+el is
[Ans.9]
Sol a.(b+c)= i).(c+a) = c.(a+b)=O
~a.b=b.c
= G·a = 0
I a+ b+ GI = ~I a 12 + Ib12 + I G12 + 2 (a .b+ b. G+ C . a)
= .Jl+16+64+2.0 =9

18 ABCD is a tetrahedron with pv's of its angular points as A(-5, 22, 5); B(1, 2, 3); C(4, 3, 2) and
D(-I, 2, - 3). Ifthe areaofthetriangleAEF where the quadrilateralsABDE andABCF are parallelograms
. S
IS .JS then find the value of 55' [Ans.2]
A(-S,22,S)
~
a+d ~ ~
[Sol. pvofM= -2- = -3i+12j+k

a+c 1 ~ 25,: 7 ~
lilly pv ofN = - - =
2
--I
2
+-J+-k
2 2

Now the .ilAEF is as shown

I j k
S=.l2 0 6

2
5 1 5
 2 i +OJ + 6

Is! =1- 31+IOJ+ k1= Ji10 E F

.. S = 110 (-7,22,-1) (-2,23,4)

19 Let ii be a vector on rectangular coordinate system with sloping angle 60°. Suppose that Iii-iI is
geometric mean of Iii I and I u- 21 1 where 1 is the unit vector along x-axis then Iii I has the value equal

(a+b)3 +(a-br
to .Ja -.Jb where a, bEN, find the value ~---"._-'-----".­ [Ans. 2]
14
r;:;
[Sol. Let
~

ii =xi + v'3xj;
~

Iii I = 2x, x > 0

2

now Iii I I u- 21 1 = I ii - 11

21 x 1 ~(x-2)2 +3x 2 = [(x-If + 3x2]

21xl J4x 2-4x+4 =4x2-2x+I

'·.· , 4IxIJx2-x+I =4x2~2x+I
0.
. ;;

square I6x2(x2 - x + 1) = I6x 4 + 4x2 + 1 -I6x3 - 4x + 8x2

I6x2 = I2x2 + 1 - 4 X

4x2 + 4x-I = 0

x=
-4±4..Ji -I±..Ji -(I+..Ji)
-4±~I6+I6
882 or 2

..Ji - l o r - ( ..Ji + 1)
2x = ~ rejected
hence IuI = Ji -1 = Ji -.Ji => a = 2; b = 1

(a+b)3+(a-b)3=27+1 =28

20 Given three points on the xy plane on 0(0, 0), A(1, 0) and B(-I, 0). Point P is moving on the plane
satisfying the condition (I> A .P B) + 3 (0 A· 0 B) = 0
I I
If the maximum and minimum values of PAil PB are M and m respectively then find the value of

(.
[Ans.2]
17

[Sol. Let P be (x, y)

PA = (l-x)1-yJ; PB = (-I-x)1-YJ

.. (I> A . PH) = (c x -1) 1+ YJ) . (c x + 1)1+ YJ) = (x2 - 1) + y2 Y

P(x,Y)
also 3(OA'OB) = 31·(-1) =-3

hence (I> A .P B) + 3 (0 A .0 B) = 0

x2
- 1 + y2- 3 = 0 = 0
x2 + y2 = 4 ....(1)
which gives the locus ofP i.e. P move on a circle with centre (0,0) and radius 2.
2 2
now Ip Ip
AI = (x - 1f + y2; BI = (x + 1f + y2
 Ip AI pBI == (X 2 + y2 -
2 2
1 2x + 1)(x2 + y2 + 2x + 1)
== (5 - 2x)(5 + 2x) [using x2 + y2 == 4]
2 2
Ip AI PIi 1 l == 25 - 4x2 subject to x2 + y2 == 4

2 2
Ip AI PIi 1 l 1 .
mm.
== 25 - 16 == 9; (when x == 2 or - 2)

2
p 2
and Ip AI 1BI \max. == 25 - 0 == 25 (when x == 0)

3 S; Ip AIIPIiI S; 5
hence M == 5 and m == 3 :::} M2 + m2 == 34
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f l:Jt J .y I -Z-)
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j
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il
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rt­
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? 'At\H J'-+-?, L 1

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 I

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~ ~ ~ f~ y,.J'~ ~ 1~~i k.""

, ~~~
b~ ~~ ~ ~ P-N- '
bJ, ~~ ~ $(~,

b{~ t:- ~J'-- r-)

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o ~~~~
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.r

(~i~~l

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?l H +- l.- 'L::- '2- 'S r:

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~, '2- ::.-2-.Jl + ~ t VL

~ £~~~ .

.
,
, . ) l f-'j
'l L
+
,
(
2-Jl + JL
1.-y + VL -=- 13)
'X "-.f'.J'L + +:t 'L t <{:-\.J 'L
.J +-r tt +~ 7Ji I ,. A •.
 . I

~~ 6'.- ~~ ~e.- ~ ~ CA-f\ ~ ~

l.0k~lS ~ ~ kt~ M~
Of ~ {).4~ ~kA~ (>VI ~ 1Jj jWM....

ttJll1' ~+ ~:~ =-Q'LD1 .f 1 X- -T 41l~

~J-- ~ +-1'-=-0' 0:l t 4:-7l + L.4:- 2.D '
". C~ ~ l-~) C

~ 'Z -;, L-A + LJj +-VL

= -- ~(6 _ lG
l'
f
-r
11.­
 « ., 't, /{\ L
•
6'1'

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dis ~'1r 1 ~ ~
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JLkj+ z <)

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­
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-~~ ~$~
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. L
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-::::=.
 EXERCISE 3

ABC is a triangle . AD , BE are cevians such that A

1.
,,
I BD I 2 ICE I _ 1 . . IBP I
IDC I= 1 and EAI 1-"3 . I
AD , BE meet at P. Fmd PE I'
,
\ !'__ E
........... ,
,
d = b+ 2C e = a +3c B D
c
Sol
3' 4
Eliminate c we get
3d-b 4e-a
--=-­
4 3
2a+9a = 3b+8e (Dividing by 11)
2+9 2+9
2a+9a 3b+8e _
11 = 11 =p

o BP
-=­
PE
8
3

2. ABCD is a parallelogram . P , Q are the mid-points of

BC , CD respectively . Show that AP , AQ trisect BD .
Sol Let M be a point which divides BD in the ratio 1 : 2
Now, we wil have to show that: M lies on AP
We how
_ 2b+d
m=-­
3
b+(b+a)
=
3

.. diagonals risect each other in a 11th gm

b+d a+c
--=-­
c· 2 2

= 3
a+(b+c)
3
a+2p (b+c) _
=p
3 2
This shows that M lies on AP and divides AP in the ratio 2 : 1
Let N be a point which divides BD in the 2 : 1
Now, we will how to show that N lies on AQ
we how
A = 2b +2d = b+d+d

3 3

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 a+c+d
3
a+2q (c+d) _
=-3­ 2 =q
This shows N lies on AQ. p
A \B
3. In a 0 ABCD , AB II DC. P and Q are the mid-points
of AB and DC respectively .AC , BD meet at O.
Show that P , 0 , Q are collinear. D
j
L///
"><0
."~~c
Q
AP k

Sol Let PC ="1

.. MPB - LillPC
AP BP k
-=-=­
PC PO 1

We have

p-----­
a+kc b+kd
/h
.,
~U l+k l+k
By the principle of equal ratoos
_ a+kc+ b+kd

p= 2(1+k)

a+ b+k(c +d)

2(1+k)

2 iii. + 2n
=
2(1+k]
iii. + kn

p = l+k

Hence p lies on MN and divides MN in the ratio k : 1

4. A , B , ... , F are points on a circle. Consider pairs of

c: triangles which do not have a common vertex, e.g. f! ACE and

f! BDF. ( There are ten pairs ). Take the centroid of one triangle,
and the orthocentre of the other, in every pair. Join them to
get twenty lines in all. Show that these are concurrent.

Sol
G p(j)) H D
• • •

Now': 0(0) origin is the concurrent

h=a+c+d
_ 3g+1h a+b+c+d+e+f
p=
4 4

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 (p) expression is symmetric for a, ..,.. ,1
We can say all to 20 lines are concurrent at p A

5. ABCD is a tetrahedron. Prove that the principal medians

(four in all ) and the lateral medians ( three in all ) are concurrent.
Sol (b+ C+d) A Ii)
3
_ la+3g 3
g=
3
a+b+c+d G
=
4
symmetric in a, b, c, d

This shows that the four principle medians pass through (g)G.

0/'

p+q
=
2
This shows that (g)G lies on PQ

A.
P 3

Lateral medians

GA

, 3
6. a<a , ~ ,y < 21t and a -I'­ ~ + y = 1t • Prove that L cos a ~ - '2'

3
Deduce that, in any !'1 ABC, L cos A s '2 .
Sol 0 < a,l3,y < 1t
a+ l3+y = 21t

3
cos a + cos 13 + cosy ~-2"

We have (~1 +~2 + ~3 )

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 taking its self scalar product
(~I + ~2 + ~3 ). (~I + ~2 + ~3 )~ 0

3 + 2 (~2 . ~3 + ~3 . ~I + ~I • ~2 ) ~ 0

3 + 2( cos a + cos ~ + cos y) ~ 0

3
..· cos a + cosf + cosy ~-­
2
Hence proved
2n
Equality only when a= ~ = y = 3

3
S.T LcosA:S;"2

Proof: put a=(n-A)

~=(n-B)

0./
y =(n-C)
·. a + p+ Y = 2n and 0 < a, P, y < n
Hence,
cos ( n - A) + cos ( n -P) + cos( n -C) ~-3
3
·. (cos A + cos B + cos C) ~ -"2

3
.. cosA+cosB+cosC:S;"2
chelrycheff's inequality
Let a l,a2,a3 •.... a n
b., b 2 , b 3 · · .. .b,
be sequence of real nos having the same monotonocity i.e. if one of them is increasing so is
then other same for decreasing.

~L
c then L ajbn i aj
n
L bn
i

C = only when all the a i are equal b,

or
If the montonicity are in opposite sense thendirection of inequality is rarrsed.
If A+B+C=n, then
.A
LcosA = 4nsln"2+ 1
Let ABC be a triangle (NR type)
A: acos As- bcosB + ccosC:s; S
. A 1
B: nSln- <­
2-8

we have, LcosA:S;"2

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 A 3
1 + 4 1tsm-~­
0

2 2
A 1
0

4 1tsm-~­
2 2
A 1
o

1tsm-~­
2 8

Now,

o 0 Without loss of generality are an take a ;::: b ;::: c

• 0 it is cyclic expression
o' A;::: B;::: C
.0 COS A ~ cosB s cosC

By cheby cheff's inequalety we have

acosA + bcosB+ccosC < a+ b (COSA+COSB+COSC) <~ ~~x!

3 - - 3 3 -2
_ 3 2
3

o
. true an d 0: cos A + cos B + cos C
0 ,.I Even A IS ~
3.IS use d f'or 1its proof an d 1it IS equiva Ien t
-2 0 •

Ci /
to the statment R.

A & R true and R is correct explan of A

70 In a ~ ABC, the median CM .1. the angle bisector AL

(of L BAC ).1£ ICMI = IALI, find cos A.

Sol Let A be the origin

~I == II (ACP == APM)

Rt angle at P gives similarity and one side is common so Ralio of sides is 1

lAC! = IAMI = ~IABI

i.e Icl=~lbl
BL AB
-=- (Apollonius priciple)
LC AC
C~ =2
g = b+2C
3
[ Note: AS - 1=Ial + '-b1 - 2a.b ]
2
2
2
-

'
IALI=ICMI
2 2
IALI = ICMI
gog =(m-c).(m-c)

i(b +2c) .(b +2c) = ~ (b- 2c)(b- 2c)

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 2
4(lb 1 +4!Cj2 + 4b· c) = 9(lb12 +4IC!2 -4b· c)

52b· c = 51bl2 + 20lc12

= 5 X 41bl2 + 20lc12

52"5· c = 40lc12

52Ibl'lcl' cos A = 40 Icl2

52 X 2lcl'lclcosA = 40lc12

. A_~_20

cos - 2 x 52 - 52

8. ABC and PQR are triangles. The perpendiculars from A , B , C to QR , RP , PQ ,are concurrent.
Prove that the perpendicular from P , Q , R to Be , CA , AB are also concurrent.
Sol Let the ..1 from Q to CA and from to AB meet at N.
(taking mas origin) cyclic expression
C
·~
.·
j
(b- c) '(15 -h)+ (c -a) .(q - h)+ (a- "5).(r -h)

=[("5- c). 15+ (c -a).q +(a - "5). rJ -[("5- c). fi+(c -a)· fi+(a - ~). fiJ this is 0

=[("5-c).p+(c-a).q+{a-"5).rJ

= "5(15- r)+ c(q -p)+a(r -15) rach = 0

Hence proved ("5 - c). (15 - 11) = 0 A

10. ABCD is a regular tetrahedron. MN is the lateral median, as shown.

Show that AB , MN and DC are mutually orthogonal .If an edge of the

solid has length 1, find the shortest distance between AB and DC.

B
c
PQ=Q-P
c =ol+oJ+2k

CD=D-C

= -2i+ 2J+Ok

AB·PQ=O

--
PQ·CD=O

--
AB· CD = -4 + 4 = 0

Hence proved
Note: The shortest distance between AB and CD is length PQ
.: it is ..1 both
IpQI = 2 (edge is IABI = 212)

In a regular tetrahedron the smallest distence between the two skew edges = side
.J2
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 12. ABCD is any quadrilateral. AC , BD meet at O. P, Q are the A..------ ------"B
orthocentres ~ OAB and ~ OCD, respectively. R,S are the centroids
of ~ OBC and ~ ODA, respectively. Show that PQ 1- RS .
s ,. ········R

Sol Let 0 be origin Q

PQ.RS = (q- 15) {s - r) D I L - -_ _-----" c

=("+ ~+ 0_C+;+O}<s_r) =("+ ii;c -d)-Cs_r)

~Cc +d -a- b)'(5 - r)

=~((c -a)+(a- b))(5- r)

= ~[(c - a)· 5 + (d ­ b). 5 - (c ­ a). r - (d - b). rJ

.. S is the orthocentre BS is 1.. AC .r'

.. (c-a)(5-b)=O
.. (c - a) .5 = (c - a). b
CS is 1.. BD
(b ­ d) .(c- 5) = 0
-(b-d). 5 = (b-d). c
lll" all and the replacing in 1

= ~ ((c - a).5 + (d - b) .5 - (c- a).r- (d - b) .r)

-J­ -J­ -J­ -J­
(c - a).b+(d - b). c - (c - a).d -(d - b). a

C··:·
. ."
13. A" i = 1 ,2 , ... , n, are arbitrary points on the surface
of a unit sphere . Prove that
2 2
L L I A, Aj 1 :5: n •

1:5: i <j:5: n
2 2
Sol IAiA j 1= i + laj 1- la 12 zs, .a j

=2-2aj · aj (-:la l = l )
i

The required expression

= n 2 -(al +al +a 2 +a 2 + an+an+2IIa2 +aj )

2
= n - (al +.... +an) .(al + +an)al .al =1

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 Z
.. L.H.S s n
Equality only when a 1 + ...a n = a
This can happen for insland if the n points are ratices of a regular points.

14. Al B1C1 in an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle 0)1 ' and PI is any point of
0)1 ; Az B, Cz
is an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle 0)2 concentric with 0)1
and Pz is any point of 0)2' Show that

IP 1Az l2 + IPIB212 + \PIC212 = IPzA112 + 1P2B112 + \P2CIIZ

Sol The L.H.S.

s,
= I15J + lal- 2151' +I15J + Ibzl - 2151 . b z +I15l + Icl-
2151, Cz

= 3R~ +3R~ -2151 .(az + b 2 + Cz)

=3Ri +3R~
lilY R.H.S = 3Ri + 3R~

o 15. For any two vectors a and b , prove that

(1 - a . b )2 + I a + b + a x b 12 = ( 1 + 0 2 ) (1 + b2 )

Sol L.H.S=1-2a.b+(a.bt +la(+lblz +Iaxblz +2a.b+2a.(a xb)+2b(axb)

z z
= 1 + lal + Iblz + lal + Iblz
z
= (1 + \al ) (1 + Ibn = R.H.S
16. In any tetrahedron, show that the vector sum of the areas of the faces, taken along the outward
normals, is zero.
A(a)
Sol Vector area of

1. face ABC is ~(axb+ bxc + cxa)

2. face ACD is ~(axc+cxd+(Ixa) l3(b) ------------­ ------------ [)(d)

c
"".
3. face BDC is ~(b x d + d x c + C x b)
1 C~
4. face ADB is 2"(axd+dxb+ bxa)
(Note: Each of the face to hav the area in the outword normal dicection we will be to it
for all of them that they are taken in anticlockwise sense)
It is dear that the vector sum is zero.
A
17. ABCD is" a convex quadrilateral. Join the corresponding trisection

points of pairs of opposite sides. Prove that the area of the central

1
quadrilateral, so formed, is 9" area ( [J ABCD ) D--":-"_\
c
Sol M(m)=2a+b Neil) = 2d+c
3 3
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 The position vector of the point dividing MN in the ratio 1 : 2 is

2m+ii= 2(20;b)+_2d_ =2[¥H¥)

3+_C
3 3 3
2x+y
=
3
This shows that p divides MN in the ratio in 1 : 2
The position vector P (15)

_ 4a+2b+c+2d
p=
9

illY

_ a+2b+4c+2d
r=-----­
9

RP=p·r

o = a-c=.!.CA
3 3
IllY

SQ=~DB
- - 1- ~
RPxSQ=-CAxDB
9

~IRPxSQI =~x~ICAXDBI
1
Area of PQRS = 9" Area of ABCD.
B

18. PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM IN 3-DIMENSIONS .

ABeD is a tetrahedron . All the face angles at A are 90 0 •
SB is the area of the face CAD. Sc ' SD and SA are similarly
defined. Prove that SA2 = SB2 + Sc2 + SD2
c
Sol Area of face
ABD=Sl
ABC =S2
B
ACD=S3

BCD=S

T.P.T: S2 = S~ +S~ +S~

Consider the vector area 5 1,52,5 3,5 all along the outword normals

We have, 51 + 52 +5 3 =-5

This implies

(51 + 52 + 53)' (51 + 52 + 53) = (-5). (-5)

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 -- -- -- 2
S; + S~ + S~ + 2S1 • S2 + 2S2 .S3 + 2S3 .Sl = S
-l- -l- -l­
o 0 0

1
22. a, b are unit vectors. A vector c is such that c + ('c x a ) == b. Show that Ia x b . c I : :; '2'
When does equality hold?

Sol [ ex a- b J=(_e)2
Ie x al 2
+ 1- -2 [cab] = c

=> c2a2 sin2 e+ l-c2 = 2[cab] _c2 (1-sin2 e) + 1 = 2[cab]

2[cab] = l-c2 cos" e ~1-

1
[cab] ~2

Equality holds when e = 900

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 1.

2.'

 CGk c)) X ~7 tft I (C}X O! )X;J) (j:'K ~) I.. C! L\-,-~ c...~-D.;f/

.-
A...
t.- <' __ "'­
Ju-k P~ CL 1 ?~ -- (}...J J "'( ~ClJ\

10..: ---, f:\ (\ '"

~ A- z: 0( I +- ~ J +~ f\

~etA..e ~ eX) ~} ~ •

l~'1 ::-l ~) l c> I

lc 1/1--.
tiJx (o:.)x~)) ~.)::. 0

().-). x C~1
.lA KC~l) :: ---s-)

~~ ~~~4

t.:rxC i 1X t') l 1,'1

) ~~~.(} l ~!

1 S-V1 ()\ ~ 1
L
~ &-~ 1(' 7tr

G I £;

 ..-) f':"
b x: \j/
b )K ;..] +- 3. b) x c) ':. 0

-=-) h]x (:J - .1 5.»)( r!

:s 1.1
tJ\7Y...Jo"1 +- b 7X cJ ~-/ 0/ _ ')<
"

o~tc)

" -=-
e )L) '"
~ hj j
1\
le-I -=- \ --) 7l 'L J-'i L -=- )

~4-)" ­
i: C~+j)

V5e­
." X-~ ~I
~ -=--1 ,- 1<-­
l
:L--1l.--x,+-rr +-?L L ?t
x :. . 0) l
y::- ' ) 0
" , ~
.... e . ',J
A. ,{\ ~ I')
e~ Ll+-Jf-1.'; ~ 1.
~~ Lci~cJ

\I ~ I~ o, I,· I ~ .I/l g
<;.
.1Jr ..... ) ~
lo =- X-I
" "
+~ j +71<
-1 ~) _)
0.. - k7 ~ ___

~ )L:+4+-'Z2J.

tJ..}.u;1 =­ ~ Sc
X­ ~ L

l l I

~ f/\
~ J-k
/
-:::) ~"::;- 7­ '0"

z.-x. ~ I
~ -'1 ::. -\

'L + 2. "Z.. :::=- I

:s 7- -=- 7.­
Z-~~
.3
~~
10 -:.

.=:p,

_L..
3
- L
-
{{i-'
~ '. ~) ~ to+~' +t1) ~
~ ~ t6.-' I ~) -­ LG)l O!
~ ~I

~ '. Ot/ ~

• r
6. 4 ~~ it
z,
v1 lq" I
c .

(.
......, ......
~. ().. b ~

-J

--=? ~ 1- )?

~pJ )'i C' z., \)

r--J r-) _) 4
; .. 0.. x: '0 ::- k-t 1­

~)CQ)~ (} ~ ~
k l~' I L -::- ~

l@\~ b) ) ~ l::- t"'-Ilb'

tk\ \ L\ :-- 4­
.'. \ L \ =- L­
k -=- 1-..
-) ~
o: K~) ~ "2-- G
-~--~----.----~--( EHrfil~: ~)(C~ cr 5f' ~ I
' --)

r--) r-) .

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