Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
This article is about the country. For other uses and ber to the OECD.[15] Colombia has a diversified econ-
spellings, see Colombia (disambiguation). omy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth
Not to be confused with Columbia (disambiguation). prospects in the long run.[16][17]
1
2 2 HISTORY
Muisca raft. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of The nautical science was a key pillar of the Iberian expansion.
El Dorado. The contributions of the Spanish Alonso de Santa Cruz were rel-
evant, one of the leading scientific figures of the Casa de Con-
tratación.
Aboriginal people inhabited the territory that is now
Colombia by 10,500 BCE. Nomadic hunter-gatherer
tribes at the El Abra and Tequendama sites near present- Alonso de Ojeda (who had sailed with Columbus)
day Bogotá traded with one another and with other cul- reached the Guajira Peninsula in 1499.[26][27] Spanish ex-
tures from the Magdalena River Valley.[21] Between 5000 plorers, led by Rodrigo de Bastidas, made the first explo-
and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to ration of the Caribbean littoral in 1500.[28] Christopher
agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in 1502.[29] In
pottery appeared. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, 1508, Vasco Núñez de Balboa accompanied an expedi-
groups of Amerindians including the Muisca, Quimbaya, tion to the territory through the region of Gulf of Urabá
and Tairona developed the political system of cacicazgos and they founded the town of Santa María la Antigua del
with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques. Darién in 1510, the first stable settlement on the conti-
The Muisca inhabited mainly the area of what is now nent. [Note 2][30]
the Departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca high Santa Marta was founded in 1525,[31] and Cartagena in
plateau (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) where they formed 1533.[32] Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Que-
the Muisca Confederation. They farmed maize, potato, sada led an expedition to the interior in April, 1536, and
quinoa and cotton, and traded gold, emeralds, blankets, christened the districts through which he passed "New
ceramic handicrafts, coca and salt with neighboring na- Kingdom of Granada". In August, 1538, he founded pro-
tions. The Taironas inhabited northern Colombia in visionally its capital near the Muisca cacicazgo of Bacatá,
2.2 Spanish rule 3
and named it “Santa Fe”. The name soon acquired a suf- these alliances would be key to defeating other groups
fix and was called Santa Fe de Bogotá.[33][34] Two other of Amerindians.[43] Indigenous peoples in New Granada
notable journeys by early conquistadors to the interior experienced a decline in population due to conquest as
took place in the same period. Sebastián de Belalcázar, well as Eurasian diseases, such as smallpox, to which they
conqueror of Quito, traveled north and founded Cali, had no immunity.[44][45] With the risk that the land was
in 1536, and Popayán, in 1537;[35] from 1536 to 1539, deserted, the Spanish Crown sold properties to the gov-
German conquistador Nikolaus Federmann crossed the ernors, conquerors and their descendants creating large
Llanos Orientales and went over the Cordillera Oriental farms and possession of mines.[46]
in a search for El Dorado, the “city of gold”.[36][37] The
In the 16th century, Europeans began to bring slaves
legend and the gold would play a pivotal role in luring the from Africa. The Spanish empire didn't engage in the
Spanish and other Europeans to New Granada during the
slave trade directly, but instead the Spanish empire re-
16th and 17th centuries.[38] lied on the asiento system, awarding merchants (mostly
In 1542, the region of New Granada, along with all other from Portugal, France, England and the Netherlands) the
Spanish possessions in South America, became part of license to trade enslaved people to their colonies.[47][48]
the Viceroyalty of Peru, with its capital at Lima.[39] In Also there were people who defended human rights and
1547, New Granada became the Captaincy-General of freedom of oppressed peoples.[Note 3][Note 4] The indige-
New Granada within the viceroyalty. nous peoples could not be enslaved because they were
In 1549, the Royal Audiencia was created by a royal de- legally subjects of the Spanish Crown [53] and to protect
cree, and New Granada was ruled by the Royal Audi- the indigenous peoples, several forms of land ownership
ence of Santa Fe de Bogotá, which at that time comprised and regulation were established: resguardos, encomien-
the provinces of Santa Marta, Rio de San Juan, Popayán, das and haciendas. Repopulation was achieved by allow-
Guayana and Cartagena.[40] But important decisions were ing colonization by farmers and their families who came
taken from the colony to Spain by the Council of the In- from Spain.[46][54][55]
dies.[41][42]
what backward compared to those two cities in several the United Provinces of New Granada were proclaimed,
economic and logistical ways.[58][59] headed by Camilo Torres Tenorio.[69][70] Despite the suc-
After Great Britain declared war on Spain in 1739, cesses of the rebellion, the emergence of two distinct ide-
Cartagena quickly became the British forces’ top target ological currents among the liberators (federalism and
but an upset Spanish victory during the War of Jenk- centralism) gave rise to an internal clash which con-
ins’ Ear, a war with Great Britain for economic control tributed to the reconquest of territory by the Spanish.
of the Caribbean cemented Spanish dominance in the The viceroyalty was restored under the command of Juan
Caribbean until the Seven Years’ War.[56][60] Sámano, whose regime punished those who participated
in the uprisings. The retribution stoked renewed rebel-
The 18th-century priest, botanist and mathematician José lion, which, combined with a weakened Spain, made pos-
Celestino Mutis was delegated by Viceroy Antonio Ca- sible a successful rebellion led by the Venezuelan-born
ballero y Góngora to conduct an inventory of the nature Simón Bolívar, who finally proclaimed independence in
of the New Granada. Started in 1783, this became known 1819.[71][72] The pro-Spanish resistance was defeated in
as the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada which 1822 in the present territory of Colombia and in 1823 in
classified plants, wildlife and founded the first astronom- Venezuela.[73][74][75]
ical observatory in the city of Santa Fe de Bogotá.[61] In
July 1801 the Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada be-
reached Santa Fe de Bogotá where he met with Mutis. came the Republic of Colombia, organized as a union
In addition, historical figures in the process of indepen- of the current territories of Colombia, Panama, Ecuador,
dence in New Granada emerged from the expedition as Venezuela, parts[76]of Guyana and Brazil and north of
the astronomer Francisco José de Caldas, the scientist Marañón River. The Congress of Cúcuta in 1821
Francisco Antonio Zea, the zoologist Jorge Tadeo Lozano adopted a constitution for the new Republic.[77][78] Simón
and the painter Salvador Rizo.[62][63] Bolívar became the first President of Colombia, and Fran-
cisco de Paula Santander was made Vice President.[79]
However, the new republic was unstable and three coun-
2.3 Independence tries emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in
1830 (New Granada, Ecuador and Venezuela).[80][81]
The Battle of Boyacá was the decisive battle which would ensure
the success of the liberation campaign of New Granada.
TOPONIMIA
Cabo Camarón CLASIFICACIÓN OROGRÁFICA 16°
16° Cayos Vivorillo Banco Gorda
Bajo Alicia
Punta Patuca
CORDILLERA Sistema principal
Cayo Serranilla Bajo Nuevo
Serranía Sistema independiente
Laguna de Caratasca
Macizo Subsistema
Cabo Falso
Cayos de la LLANOS Planicies
GEOGRÁFICA
Cayos Misquitos
OCÉANO Océanos y mares
Punta Gorda Cayo Quitasueño
Cayo Serrana GOLFO DE URABÁ Lagos importantes
Laguna Pahara
Bahía Honda Otros cuerpos de agua
14° Laguna Karatá 14°
RÍO MAGDALENA Río caudaloso
MAR CARIBE
NICARAGUA
Isla Aruba
Laguna de Perlas
Cayos Perlas
Islas San Andrés
Perijá
Bahía de Cartagena
ía del
Islas del Rosario sar
Ce
into
Punta Limón Punta Barú Río
10° 10°
Serran
Jac
Archipiélago de
BE
Punta Mona LAGO DE MARACAIBO
COSTA RICA
San
Archipiélago San Bernardo
Punta Grande
RI
Golfo de de San Blas
GOLFO DE
a de
Nicoya Punta San Blas
CA
Punta Judas Archipiélago de MORROSQUILLO
RÍO
raní
Bocas del Toro Isla Fuerte MA
Punta Catedral
L GD
DE
Península Valiente ALE
Ser
NA
Isla Escudo de Veraguas ISTMO DE PANAMÁ o
C. Zapatosa
RA
Isla Tortuguilla mb
Golfo de los Mosquitos tau
Bahía de Coronado Ca
NU
Punta Arboletes Río
Cerro Guzmán
Río Zulia
2040
Isla del Caño
A
PANAMÁ LL
Cabo Tiburón
Río Sinú
Punta Llorona Península GOLFO
de Osa DE
VENEZUELA
N A
Cabo Matapalo Archipiélago de URABÁ
o
Golfo Dulce Las Perlas Golfo de
Jerónim
Lucas
ién
Bahía de Parita San Miguel Cerro Tacarcuna C. Ayapel
Península Burica
Dar
1875
L E
Serranía de
8° Punta Burica Islas Secas GOLFO DE PANAMÁ Cerro Jurisdicciones 8°
Serranía de San
ía del
ía de San
3850
el
Golfo de Chiriquí
e
ran
ap
Jorg
D A
PENÍNSULA DE
Ay
hí
Nec
Ser
Serr
San
de
AZUERO
Abibe
Serran
Isla Cébaco
Río
a
Punta Mala
Río
ní
anía
Isla de Coiba A Páramo Tamá
rra
Golfo de Montijo UC
3058
A G
Nudo de
Se
CA Río
Parami Soga Cerro Viejo
de los
Punta Mariato RÍO
llo
Río
Punta Morro de Puercos Alto Tres Morros mos
o
4100
3910 Río Arauca
Atra
Bahía Alto de León
Páramo Santurbán
Salt
Humbolt
to
3960
M
4080
os
L
Cabo Marzo Alto Santa Inés
Serran
Río
Alto Musinga Páramo del Almorzadero
3110
L
4093
Op
3850 Nevado del Cocuy
D E na
es
A
Río
ón
dale
5493 Cra
uí
Golfo de Cupica Páramo de Frontino vo
rig
A L
Nor
ía del Baudó
Mag
4080
T
Sierra Nevada te
Ya
Río
del Cocuy RÍO META
A L
los
Punta Solano
N
Río Casanare
de
Alto del Buey Alto Concordia Páramo de Rechiniga
a
E
6° 6°
E
4100
ní
Ensenada de Utría
N T
1810 4650
rra
Páramo de Sonsón
C O
Se
L L
I
T R
Páramo de Pisba
Golfo de Tribuga 3900
Farallones del Citará
R
3500 Páramo Guerrero
3300 Río Pauto
D E
V A
Cabo Corrientes
O
ta
Í F I
Cerro Caramanta L. Fúquene L. Tota Me
3820 o
N
L L
se Río Tom
Ensenada Catripe en Río
Alto Tablazo
A
ac
3285 oy A
N
C E
Cerro Tamaná
C I
ib
RÍO ORINOCO
Río
O
A C
R
4256 Nevado del Ruiz nd Cr
Nevado de 5400 Cu
S
E
la Cus
Ensenada de Docampadó 4200 5100 iana r a
Nevado del Quindío
5150 Al
tip
E L Vic
had
L P
O C
L
Páramo de Chingaza Río
Juan
Nevado del Tolima
O
R A
Cerro Roldanillo 3950
3650 5215
R
L
Río San
I N
O
I
Isla Cacahual
Cerro Calima
C
D E
D
3730
O
Río Cauca
L E
R A
Istmo Malaguita Páramo de Barragan Páramo de Sumapaz
4° 4500 4°
3820
R
Isla Malpelo Bahía Málaga
s
cacía
Bahía de Buenaventura
Cerro Nevado
O
4560
Río Mana
Páramo Las Hermosas
I L
L E
3600
C
U R
Punta San Antonio
ña
Punta Ají
lda
Farallones de Cali
R D
Sa
OCÉANO PACÍFICO
Río 4400
Naya
Río
I L
Isla Ají
A N
Sier arena
Isla Gorgona Río
Río
Mac
Mic Nevado del Huila Río Guaviare
ay
ra de
5750
Gua
Bahía de Timbiquí 2500 Cerro Guasacavi
C O
Río Ariari
R D
a
L L
yabe
Cerro Leiva rid 668
Se
Punta Guasacama Iní
la
3520
ro
rra
Río
Cerro Munchique
nía
3012 Volcán Puracé
Ser
4646 Río Guainía
de
C O
Naq
o
ran
an
Volcán Sotará
Ca
Punta Pizarro
bi
4580 Volcán Pan de Azúcar
ía del
uén
ran
om
4670 hí
2° 2°
Col
na
aco
Bahía de Tumaco Río Patía Páramo de las Papas
Tu
izo
4200 de
Volcán Cutanga
a
ac
3600 nía Río
M
rra Isan
RÍO
Cerro Otare Se a
Cabo Manglares Volcán Petacas
NEG
4300
RO
Volcán Doña Juana
Bahía Ancón de Sardinas Volcán Galeras
4250 Río
Vau A
I C
Ensenada de Pianguapi 4276
e
pés
et
Volcán Azufral
qu
4074
N N
bi
Ensenada de Atacames Nudo L. La Cocha
Río de los
Ó
iri
Mat
Pasto Cerro Patascoy
Ch
aje
Río
NO NE
Punta Galera Volcán Chiles Volcán Cumbal
s
3100 Z
Ca
a de
4764 Cerro Cumaré A
guá
4748
720
M
ní
rra
Río
A
Se
ap
Río
A ori
Río
Ya
Ensenada de Mompiche s
R
rí
Me
Río San Miguel
U
say
SO SE
0° N 0°
S A ra
Punta Ballena Río
L ua
REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA
Caq
Río
uetá L ar
ac
Cabo Pasado Put Ar
um de
MAPA FÍSICO E HIDROGRÁFICO Bahía de Caráquez ayo ía
Río
CAQ
Ca
UET
hu
Á
Río
2000 1000
ina
Iga
rí
ra
1000 2000 Ensenada de Valdivia
Pa
2°
ran
2° Bahía de
á
500 3000
Santa Elena
200 4000 Punta Santa Elena
RÍO
PU
100 TU
MA
0 YO
Isla Puná
GOLFO DE
GUAYAQUIL
PERÚ
Isla Santa Clara
Bahía de Tumbes
Punta Malpelo
RÍO AMAZONAS
Isla Providencia
Punta Pico
4° 4°
0 (km) 200
Cabo Blanco
Isla San Andrés Isla Malpelo América del Sur
84° 82° 80° 78° 76° 74° 72° 70° 68° Creado por Jorge Saldarriaga ("Shadowxfox")
3.1 Climate
Main article: Climate of Colombia
• Oceanic climate in
Tota Lake
• Tropical wet and
dry climate in San Andrés y Providencia
3.2 Biodiversity
Main articles: Fauna of Colombia and Flora of Colombia
• Mediterranean cli-
mate in Boyacá Department
Bassaricyon neblina,
the first new carnivoran species found in the Americas in
• Cold desert climate 35 years can be found in Colombia
near Villa de Leyva
Phyllobates terri-
• Tropical rainfor-
bilis,[127] one of the endemic species of Colombia
est climate in the Amazon Rainforest
and Vichada), special administrative divisions are em- comes of informal workers rose only 9%).[170] Colombia
ployed, such as “department corregimientos", which are has Free trade Zone (FTZ),[171] such as Zona Franca del
a hybrid of a municipality and a corregimiento.[158][159] Pacifico, located in the Valle del Cauca, one of the most
Click on a department on the map below to go to its article.
striking areas for foreign investment.[172]
5 Economy
Main article: Economy of Colombia
See also: Agriculture in Colombia and Industry of
Colombia
Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanised
The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly provides grants to startups, in addition to other services it
from renewable energy sources. 69.97% is obtained and institutions like Apps.co provide. Co-working spaces
from the hydroelectric generation.[180] Colombia’s com- have arisen to serve as communities for startups large and
mitment to renewable energy was recognized in the 2014 small.[193][194] Organizations such as the Corporation for
Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), ranking among the biological research for the support of young people inter-
top 10 nations in the world in terms of greening efficiency ested in scientific work has been successfully developed
sectors.[181] in Colombia.[195] The International Center for Tropical
The financial sector has grown favorably due to good Agriculture based in Colombia investigates the increas-
ing challenge of global warming and food security.[196]
liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and in
general to the positive performance of the Colombian Important inventions related to the medicine have been
economy.[17][182][183] The Colombian Stock Exchange made in Colombia, such as the first external artificial
through the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA) pacemaker with internal electrodes, invented by the elec-
offers a regional market to trade equities.[184][185] Colom- tronics engineer Jorge Reynolds Pombo, invention of
bia is now one of only three economies with a perfect great importance for those who suffer from heart fail-
score on the strength of legal rights index, according to ure. Also invented in Colombia were the microkeratome
the World Bank.[186] and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamen-
In 2015, the National Administrative Department of tal basis of what now is known as LASIK (one of the
Statistics (DANE) reported that 27.8% of the population most important techniques for the correction of refractive
were living below the poverty line, of which 7.9% in “ex- errors of vision) and the Hakim valve [197]
for the treatment
treme poverty”. 171,000 people have been lifted out of of Hydrocephalus, among others. Colombia has be-
[5]
poverty. The Government has also been developing a gun to innovate in military technology for its army and
process of financial inclusion within the country’s most other armies of the world; especially in the design and
vulnerable population.[187] creation of personal ballistic protection products, mil-
itary hardware, military robots, bombs, simulators and
Recent economic growth has led to a considerable radar.[198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205]
increase of new millionaires, including the new en-
Some leading Colombian scientists are Joseph M. Tohme,
trepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US
$1 billion.[188][189] researcher recognized for his work on the genetic diver-
sity of food, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo who is known for his
Tourism in Colombia is an important sector in the coun- groundbreaking work on synthetic vaccines for malaria,
try’s economy. Foreign tourist visits were predicted to Francisco Lopera who discovered the “Paisa Mutation”
have risen from 0.6 million in 2007 to 2.98 million in or a type of early-onset Alzheimer’s,[206] Rodolfo Llinás
2015.[190][191] known for his study of the intrinsic neurons proper-
ties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed
the way of understanding the functioning of the brain,
5.1 Science and technology Jairo Quiroga Puello recognized for his studies on the
characterization of synthetic substances which can be
Main article: Science and technology in Colombia used to fight fungus, tumors, tuberculosis and even some
Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science viruses and Ángela Restrepo who established accurate
diagnoses and treatments to combat the effects of a dis-
ease caused by the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, among
other scientists.[207][208][209]
5.2 Infrastructure
Main article: Transport in Colombia
Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the func-
tions of the Ministry of Transport [210] and entities such as
the National Roads Institute (INVÍAS) responsible for the
Highways in Colombia (13,000 km),[211] the Aerocivil,
responsible for civil aviation and airports,[212] the
National Infrastructure Agency, in charge of concessions
through public–private partnerships, for the design, con-
COLCIENCIAS is a Colombian Government agency that supports struction, maintenance, operation, and administration of
fundamental and applied research. the transport infrastructure,[213] the General Maritime
Directorate (Dimar) has the responsibility of coordinat-
and technology.[192] iNNpulsa, a government body that ing maritime traffic control along with the Colombian
promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in the country, Navy,[214] among others and under the supervision of the
6.1 Languages 13
Port of Cartagena.
Colombia is ethnically diverse, its people descending Many of the Indigenous peoples experienced a reduction
from the original native inhabitants, Spanish colonists, in population during the Spanish rule [239] and many oth-
Africans originally brought to the country as slaves, and ers were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the
20th-century immigrants from Europe and the Middle remainder currently represents over eighty distinct cul-
East, all contributing to a diverse cultural heritage.[236] tures. Reserves (resguardos) established for indigenous
The demographic distribution reflects a pattern that is peoples occupy 30,571,640 hectares (305,716.4 km2 )
influenced by colonial history.[237] Whites tend to live (27% of the country’s total) and are inhabited by more
mainly in urban centers, like Bogotá, Medellín or Cali, than 800,000 people.[240] Some of the largest indige-
and the burgeoning highland cities. The populations nous groups are the Wayuu,[241] the Paez, the Pastos, the
of the major cities also include mestizos. Mestizo Emberá and the Zenú.[242] The departments of La Gua-
campesinos (people living in rural areas) also live in the jira, Cauca, Nariño, Córdoba and Sucre have the largest
Andean highlands where some Spanish conquerors mixed indigenous populations.[1]
with the women of Amerindian chiefdoms. Mestizos in-
clude artisans and small tradesmen that have played a ma-
jor part in the urban expansion of recent decades.[238]
migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th 6.4 Largest cities
centuries, including people from the former USSR dur-
ing and after the Second World War.[245][246]
7 Culture
Many immigrant communities have settled on the
Caribbean coast, in particular recent immigrants from Main article: Culture of Colombia
the Middle East. Barranquilla (the largest city of See also: Festivals in Colombia and Colombian folklore
the Colombian Caribbean) and other Caribbean cities
have the largest populations of Lebanese, Palestinian,
Phoenician and other Middle Easterners.[247][248] There Colombia lies at the crossroads of Latin America and
are also important communities of Chinese, Japanese, the broader American continent, and as such has been
Romanis and Jews.[236] There is a major migration trend hit by a wide range of cultural influences. Native Amer-
of Venezuelans, due to the political and economic situa- ican, Spanish and other European, African, American,
tion in Venezuela.[249][250] Caribbean, and Middle Eastern influences, as well as
other Latin American cultural influences, are all present
in Colombia’s modern culture. Urban migration, indus-
6.3 Religion trialization, globalization, and other political, social and
economic changes have also left an impression.
Main article: Religion in Colombia
Many national symbols, both objects and themes, have
See also: Freedom of religion in Colombia
arisen from Colombia’s diverse cultural traditions and
The National Administrative Department of Statistics
aim to represent what Colombia, and the Colombian peo-
ple, have in common. Cultural expressions in Colombia
are promoted by the government through the Ministry of
Culture.
7.1 Literature
Main article: Colombian literature
Colombian literature dates back to pre-Columbian era;
7.4 Music
the northern part of the Caribbean coast (the rhythm and Santa Catalina is usually accompanied by a mandolin,
is mainly played by the caja, the guacharaca, and a tub-bass, a jawbone, a guitar and maracas. Some popu-
accordion).[308][309][310][311][312] lar archipelago rhythms are the Schottische, the Calypso,
[332][333]
The music from the Pacific coast, such as the currulao the Polka and the Mento.
is characterized by its strong use of drums (instruments
such as the native marimba, the conunos, the bass drum,
the side drum and the cuatro guasas or tubular rattle). 7.5 Popular culture
An important rhythm of the south region of the Pacific
coast is the contradanza (it is used in dance shows, as a re- Main articles: Theater of Colombia, Cinema of Colom-
sult of the striking colours of the costumes).[308][313][314] bia, and Media of Colombia
Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Theater was introduced in Colombia during the
Colombia South Pacific region are on UNESCO’s Repre-
sentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Hu-
manity.[315][316][317]
Important musical rhythms of the Andean Region are the
danza (dance of Andean folklore arising from the trans-
formation of the European contredance), the bambuco
(it is played with guitar, tiple[318] and mandolin, the
rhythm is danced by couples), the pasillo (a rhythm in-
spired by the Austrian waltz and the Colombian “danza”,
the lyrics have been composed by well-known poets),
the rajaleña (it is performed by people that play the
queco flute, the tiple, the carangano and the drum), the
sanjuanero (it originated in Tolima and Huila Depart-
ments, the rhythm is joyful and fast).[319][320][321][322][323]
Apart from these traditional rhythms, salsa music has
The Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogotá is one of the
spread throughout the country, and the city of Cali is con- biggest theater festivals in the world.[334]
sidered by many salsa singers to be 'The New Salsa Cap-
ital of the World'.[308][324][325]
Spanish colonization in 1550 through zarzuela compa-
nies. Colombian theater is supported by the Ministry of
Culture and a number of private and state owned orga-
nizations. The Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bo-
gotá is the cultural event of the highest importance in
Colombia and one of the biggest theater festivals in the
world.[334] Other important theater events are: The Fes-
tival of Puppet The Fanfare (Medellín), The Manizales
Theater Festival, The Caribbean Theatre Festival (Santa
Marta) and The Art Festival of Popular Culture “Cultural
Invasion” (Bogotá).[335][336][337]
Although the Colombian cinema is young as an industry,
Colombian-style salsa dancing more recently the film industry was growing with support
from the Film Act passed in 2003.[339] Many film fes-
The instruments that distinguish the music of the Eastern tivals take place in Colombia, but the two most impor-
Plains are the harp, the cuatro (a type of four-stringed tant are the Cartagena Film Festival, which is the oldest
guitar) and maracas. Important rhythms of this region film festival in Latin America, and the Bogotá Film Fes-
are the joropo (a fast rhythm and there is also tapping tival.[338][340][341]
as a result of its flamenco ancestry) and the galeron (it is Some important national circulation newspapers are El
heard a lot while cowboys are working).[308][326][327][328] Tiempo and El Espectador. Television in Colombia has
The music of the Amazon region is strongly influenced two privately owned TV networks and three state-owned
by the indigenous religious practices. Some of the mu- TV networks with national coverage, as well as six re-
sical instruments used are the manguaré (a musical in- gional TV networks and dozens of local TV stations. Pri-
strument of ceremonial type, consisting of a pair of vate channels, RCN and Caracol are the highest-rated.
large cylindrical drums), the quena (melodic instrument), The regional channels and regional newspapers cover a
the rondador, the congas, bells, and different types of department or more and its content is made in these par-
flutes.[329][330][331] ticular areas.[342][343][344]
The music of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia Colombia has three major national radio networks:
20 7 CULTURE
7.7 Sports
Main article: Sport in Colombia
Tejo is Colombia’s national sport and is a team sport
Colombia is a perennial powerhouse at the World Roller Speed Through health tourism, many people from over the world
Skating Championships. travel from their places of residence to other countries
in search of medical treatment and the attractions in the
countries visited. Colombia is projected as one of Latin
conceding no goals and winning each match. Interest- America’s main destinations in terms of health tourism
ingly, Colombia has been awarded “mover of the year” due to the quality of its health care professionals, a good
twice.[355] number of institutions devoted to health, and an immense
inventory of natural and architectural sites. Cities such
Colombia is a mecca for roller skaters. The national
as Bogotá, Cali, Medellín and Bucaramanga are the most
team is a perennial powerhouse at the World Roller Speed
visited in cardiology procedures, neurology, dental treat-
Skating Championships.[356] Colombia has traditionally
ments, stem cell therapy, ENT, ophthalmology and joint
been very good in cycling and a large number of Colom-
replacements among others for the medical services of
bian cyclists have triumphed in major competitions of
high quality.[367]
cycling.[357]
A study conducted by América Economía magazine
In baseball, another sport rooted in the Caribbean Coast,
ranked 22 Colombian health care institutions among the
Colombia was world amateur champion in 1947 and
top 43 in Latin America, amounting to 51 percent of the
1965. Baseball is popular in the Caribbean, mainly in
total.[365]
the cities Cartagena, Barranquilla and Santa Marta. Of
those cities have come good players like: Orlando Cabr-
era, Edgar Rentería[358] who was champion of the World
Series in 1997 and 2010, and others who have played in 9 Education
Major League Baseball.[359]
Main article: Education in Colombia
Boxing is one of the sports that more world champions
[360][361] The educational experience of many Colombian chil-
has produced for Colombia. Motorsports also oc-
cupies an important place in the sporting preferences of
Colombians; Juan Pablo Montoya is a race car driver
known for winning 7 Formula One events. Colombia also
has excelled in sports such as BMX, judo, shooting sport,
taekwondo, wrestling, high diving and athletics, also has
a long tradition in weightlifting and bowling.[362][363][364]
8 Health
Main article: Health care in Colombia
10 See also
• Index of Colombia-related articles
Mario Laserna Building - University of Los Andes • Outline of Colombia
express the truth – a truth that will last longer than their [15] Steve Slater (27 April 2010). “After BRICs, look to
lie.[98][99] CIVETS for growth – HSBC CEO”. Reuters.
[6] Javier de Nicoló was an Italian-born salesian priest who [16] “Colombian economy” (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org.
developed a program that has offered more than 40,000 Retrieved 16 April 2013.
young people the education and moral support they
needed to become productive citizens. De Nicoló ar- [17] “Colombia: Concluding Statement of the 2015 Article IV
rived in Colombia a year after the bogotazo, and he knew Mission”. imf.org. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
first-hand what war did to families. During World War
II, Javier pursued his vocational training in a slaughter- [18] Carlos Restrepo Piedrahita (February 1992). “El nombre
house, after bombing raids destroyed his high school.[100] “Colombia”, El único país que lleva el nombre del Des-
cubrimiento”. Revista Credencial (in Spanish). Retrieved
29 February 2008.
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Colombia: Memories of War and Dignity.” (PDF) (in Retrieved 2 April 2014.
Spanish). The National Center for Historical Memory’s
(NCHM). ISBN 978-958-57608-4-4. [30] “Vasco Núñez de Balboa” (in Spanish). biografiasyvi-
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[14] Luis Fernando Potes. “Colombia is the second most bio-
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tas.bioetica.org. Archived from the original on 29 Octo- Santa Marta (1570–1670) Vol. 232 (in Spanish). Edito-
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33
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VandalCruncher, Blanchardb, Dwilches, Insaneness rules, Pras, Wilmesis, Cdulan, Puchiko, Education Is The Basis Of Law And Order,
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36 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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contributor., J34jhon, Torrie1975, Retention7, InternetArchiveBot, Falconandhalcon, JJMC89 bot, Hawaan12, GreenC bot, Ejohn319,
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14.2 Images
• File:AdamandEve-FernandoBotero-20100414.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/
AdamandEve-FernandoBotero-20100414.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Botero’s Adam and Eve Original artist: Eustaquio
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• File:Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_(MUNCYT,_Eulogia_Merle).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/
Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Fundación Española para la
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Public domain Contributors: Catedral de Sal, Coordinación Comercial / Salt Cathedral, Commercial Department, Mr. Fabian Mendoza A.,
Coordinador Comercial, Phone: 8529890, Zipaquirá, Colombia Original artist: Nidya Rincón
• File:Arabes_en_colombia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Arabes_en_colombia.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: fra
• File:Arepas_con_chorizo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Arepas_con_chorizo.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: Arepas con Chorizo Original artist: William Neuheisel from DC, US
• File:BVC_Bogota.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/BVC_Bogota.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Brawmo
• File:Bailarines_de_Salsa_en_Cali.webm Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Bailarines_de_Salsa_en_
Cali.webm License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORhLk4CErFs Original artist: Julian Andres Rodriguez
Nieto
• File:Barranquilla2_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Barranquilla2_001.jpg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fernando Gutierrez
• File:Batalla_de_Boyaca_de_Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Batalla_de_
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• File:Bogotazo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Santiago Martinez Delgado Original artist: Daniel Pradilla Holguin
14.2 Images 37