International Journal of Entomology and Nematology

Vol. 5(1), pp. 108-114, February, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 2326-7262

Research Article

The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper

Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera
exempta) on Maize
*1Oyewusi, Isaac Kayode, 2Sosina, Adebola Olufemi, 3Oladele Akeju
1,2,3Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic, PMB 5351, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on
maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD)
consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from
the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of
H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide
incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control
(CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data
were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before
and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment,
percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at
different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values
were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that
extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm.
Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the
untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production
will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary
returns for their investment without altering the eco system.

Keywords: Heliotropium indicum, Organic extracts, Army worm, Maize

INTRODUCTION

Maize is an important cereal crop worldwide, and in the
tropics, its cultivation is becoming widespread. Insects
attack maize throughout the cropping cycle and during
storage, resulting in as little as 10% to complete loss
(Bergvinson et al., 2002). Army worms interfere with the
movement of water metabolites through the plant vascular
system, which stunts its growth during development. While
the caterpillars can potentially feed on over 100 species of
plants from a wide range of families (CABI, 2018a). Young
larvae usually feed on developing leaves in the funnel,
creating a characteristic windowing effect. Early in the
season, this feeding can kill the growing point, a symptom
called “dead heart” in maize, which prevents any cobs
forming. Young larvae hide in the funnel during the day but
emerge at night to feed on the leaves. It is at this time of
day that certain control options may be most effective. In
young plants, the stem may be cut by larval feeding,
providing evidence of damage. Older larvae stay inside the
funnel, and in older plants, the larger larvae can bore into
the developing reproductive structures, such as maize
cobs, reducing yield quantity and quality, which protects
them from traditional spray pesticide applications and
natural enemies. This behaviour makes their control by
direct interventions such as pesticides (including
biopesticides) more difficult, especially where efficacy
depends upon contact. However, in the face of potentially
devastating losses due to high infestation of army worm,
*Corresponding Author: Isaac Kayode Oyewusi,
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal
Polytechnic, PMB 5351, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
Email: kayoyewusi@gmail.com

The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera exempta) on Maize
Oyewusi et al. 109
many stakeholders have turned to chemical pesticides for
control. Abrahams et al., (2017), reported over 60% of
farmers in West African sub regions had applied
pesticides, while Kumela et al., (2018), found 48% of
farmers used chemical sprays in Ethiopia and Kenya.
Attacks are seen from 4 weeks after sowing thus resulting
to “dead heart” and late damage if not controlled leads to
stem lodging (Mahdi et al., 2006, Tetera et al., 2011).
Estimated yield losses caused by army worms in West
Africa ranges from 10-100% (Youdeowei, 2002). It is
projected that “tens of millions” of smallholder farmers in
Africa will be affected (FAO, 2017b). Therefore, efforts
should be made to manage the pest to increase maize
production. Maize army worms are difficult to control with
insecticides (Vitale et al., 2007), the reason presumably
being that existing spray-based practice have been found
ineffective against the internal feeders and they are costly
and hazardous. Pests are also increasingly developing
resistance to conventional chemical insecticides and
outbreaks are expected to worsen through climatic
change. Examples of pesticides which are reported as
being used for the control and management of army worm
include methomyl, methyl parathion, endosulfan and
lindane, all of which are classified as highly hazardous
pesticides (HHPs) (FAO, 2018a). These synthetic
insecticides are more hazardous to handle, leave toxic
residues in food products and not easily biodegradable.
Besides, their influence on the environment is deleterious.
Unlike synthetic that kill both pests and predators outright,
the natural insecticides are relatively inactive against the
latter. The botanical insecticides are generally pest-
specific and are relatively harmless to non-target
organisms including man. They are also biodegradable
and harmless to the environment (Okweche et al., 2013).
Furthermore, unlike conventional insecticides which are
based on a single active ingredient, plant derived
insecticides comprise an array of chemical compounds
which act concertedly on both behavioral and physiological
processes. Thus, the chances of pests developing
resistance to such substances are less likely (Saxena,
1989, Okweche et al., 2013). Studies in some African
countries suggest that extracts of locally available plants
can be effective as crop protectants (Chavan et al., 2007).
The choice of botanical plants to use against army worms
in maize-based cropping system is largely governed by the
availability and ease of agronomic manipulation by target
users. The phytochemicals used must be easily
assessable, environmentally friendly, economically viable
and non-toxic both to the end users and crops. This
research work will give as eaily adoptable way of utilizing
organic extracts of fresh leaves of H. indicum, dried chilli
pepper extracts and their combination as pesticides for the
control of army worm of maize in South West
agroecologies (Devanand, and Rani, 2008). Therefore, the
main objective of this study is to evaluate the potentials of
H. indicum and chili pepper extracts to the control of
Spodoptera exempta on maize.
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera exempta) on Maize
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
The study was carried out at the Teaching and Research
Farm of the Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, a humid
rainforest zone of Southwest Nigeria. The mean annual
rainfall ranges between 1300-1600 mm and with an
average temperature of 30ºC. The relative humidity ranges
between 85 % during the rainy season and less than 60 %
during the dry season. The study was carried out in the
late rainy season of 2018 due to the preponderance and
high frequency of occurence of army worm infestation in
the study area. An improved variety of maize seeds used
for the experiment was SAMARU 38 purchased at the
Institute of International Tropical Agriculture, (IITA),
Ibadan, Nigeria.
Land preparation and sowing
A portion of land was cleared in a farm field inAugust,2018.
It was subsequently ploughed and harrowed to soften the
land. The number and size of plots used for the experiment
was measured from the ploughed and harrowed farm land.
The size of the experimental plot was 11m×11m making it
an area of 121m². The planting space was 50cm×50cm,
each bed measures 3m×1m and distance between each
bed was 0.25m×0.5m. The planting took place
immediately after the land preparation. About 3 to 4 seeds
were planted per hole but after germination, they were
subsequently thinned to two per hill, and treatment were
applied four weeks after planting.
Experimental design
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete
block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each
replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts
from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract
obtained from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of
Heliotropium indicum extract with chilli pepper extract
(HE+ CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide
incorporated in the study for comparison with the
botanicals and the untreated check.as control (CL). A
susceptible and improved maize variety, SAMARU 38 was
used for the experiment.
PREPARATION OF TREATMENTS
Preparation of Heliotropium extract (HE)
The Heliotropiumi ndicum extract was prepared as
follows:2kg of Fresh leaves of H. indicum were harvested,
from the wild. The leaves were chopped, sundried and
milled. 2kg of Heliotropium meal was soaked in 15 litres
of water, shaken and left for 24 hours as described by
(Wahedi et al.,2013). The residue was then sieved with
0.2mm mesh to get the crude liquid extract.

Preparation of chilli pepper extract (CPE)
2kg of dried chilli pepper were purchased. They were then
milled into powder using a locally constructed grinder
operated by a 2-horse power electric motor. The powder
meal was soaked in 15litres of water, shaken and left for
24 hours. The residue was then sieved with 0.2mm mesh
to get the crude liquid extract.
Preparation of heliotropium extract with chilli pepper
extract (HE + CPE)
The combined extracts were mixed in equal ratio in a 15
litre of water, shaken and left for 24 hours. The residue
was then sieved with 0.2mm mesh to get the crude liquid
extract of HE + CPE (Karim et al. (1992, Wahedi et
al.,2013)
75ml of cypermethrine insecticide was mixed with 15 litres
of water and marked as (CP) while there was an untreated
plot as control.
Method of Treatments Application
The application of treatments started four weeks after
planting, and it continued subsequently after three days
interval for ten times application in all (30 days), as
described below:
HE: 1 litre of the HE was applied manually using a simple
hand sprayer and it was applied on the leaves and whorl
of the maize plants.
CPE: 1 litre of the CPE was applied using a simple hand
sprayer. It was applied on the leaves and whorl of the
maize plants.
HE + CPE: 1 litreof the mixtureof HE + CPEwas also
applied using hand pump on the leaves and whorl of the
maize plants.
CP: 75ml of CP was applied using a simple hand sprayer.
It was applied on the leaves and whorl of the maize plants.
There was an untreated plot as control (CL)
DATA COLLECTION
Data were collected on the following parameters for each
treatment: Number of plants infested before and after
treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment,
total damage after treatment, percentage level of
infestation after treatment, number of seed per cob, cob
length and yield quantity. The number of maize cobs were
also counted and recorded during harvest. The maize cobs
were shelled and dried to constant weight in an oven at
30°C to 35°C before weighing the yield quantity in t/ha
were recorded while the percentage yield gained was
determined by subtracting the amount of the control yield
from the treatment yield, and subsequently calculating the
percentage. Percentage damage before and after
treatments were calculated using the formula
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera exempta) on Maize
Int. J. Entomol. Nematol. 110
% damage = Number of infested plants x 100
Number of plants observed 1
Data Analysis
Data collected were subjected to One-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range (DMR)
Test. Standard deviation and Correlation coefficient was
used to establish the mean differences at 5% level of
probability, using SPSS Version 16.0.
RESULTS
The meteorological variables during maize growth in the
late rainy cropping seasons of 2018 is presented in Figure
1. The late rainy season is characterized by high climatic
demand (high vapour pressure deficit: vpd), crop water
demand (open water evaporation: EO) and temperatures
in addition to low and scanty rainfall particularly towards
the close of the growing season which coincided with
reproductive growth phase of maize. The earlier and later
part of the late season were characterized by concurrent
stresses of high intensities of soil moisture and vapour
pressure deficits (atmospheric demand). The variations in
rainfall amounts, temperature and humidity regimes
imposed different degrees of extreme weather events at
different stages of crop growth. (Agele et al., 2002). The
result of the investigation showed that the extracts of H.
indicum, chilli pepper and their combination significantly (p
< 0.05) reduced army worm damage compared to
untreated check (Table 2). The application of H. indicum,
chilli pepper extracts and their combination at different
plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the
maize plant and these values were significantly different
from that of the untreated control plot. Table 2 shows the
number of holes and infestation of army worm on maize
plant before and after application of treatments. The
percentage damage before application on HE plots had
the highest number of holes and infestation of army worm
(36%) while CPE and CP had the lowest (32%). However,
after application of treatment, there was a progressive
decrease in the number of holes and infestation of army
worm on maize plants especially at 2WAT and 3WAT
application indicating that the H. indicum, chilli pepper
extracts and their combination significantly reduced army
worm damage compared to untreated check. Similarly, the
percentage level of infestation was considerably lower
under HE (15.1%) and this was followed by CP (20.9%)
while the highest level of infestation was recorded for CL
(28.5%). CPE and HE + CPE were also superior in the
reduction of the incidence of number of holes just as in the
case of CP. The percentage yield increase was
significantly highest under HE (6.6%) but lowest under CL
(3.5%). Extract of H. indicum which recorded a percentage
yield gained of up to 6.60%, is an indication of the efficacy
of the use of botanicals in protecting maize in the field
against army worm infestation, which could result in yield
lost as shown from the result of this study. This also
Oyewusi et al. 111
revealed that extract of H. indicum can be sustainably used
locally by farmers to ensure greater yield performance
especially in Nigeria. Therefore, the control (untreated)
maize crops is in a danger of recording higher yield loss as
a result of army worm infestation. The anti-feedancy
activities of the extract of H. indicum suppressed the
development of the army worm in maize and therefore
could be the reason for the fewer number of infestation and
number of holes recorded when compared with the control.
Growth, yield and yield characters of maize were
significantly better under the application of extract of H.
indicum for plant height (101.5cm), cob length (23cm),
number of seed per cob (558.6) and seed yield (1.93 t/ha)
while the lowest value was recorded for the untreated
check. Combination of extract of H. indicum + chilli pepper
extract were significantly better than the untreated check.
Conversely, cypermethrine insectide performed better
when compared to chilli pepper extract and their
combination. Although, there was no significant
difference in the number of maize cobs recorded during
the harvest between the control and the extract of H.
indicum treated plots, plots treated with the extract
produced significantly higher quantity of grain yield than
the untreated plots (control) as shown in Table 3.
DISCUSSION
Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum was
effective in the control of army worm. The results of this
study reveals that the plots treated with extracts of
H.indicum, chilli pepper extracts and their combinations
had the lowest percentage army worm infestation
incidence when compared with the untreated check.
These results are in line with the findings of Rath (2001);
Prasad et al., (2004), and Bora et al., (2004), who worked
on neem extract and found the extract to be highly effective
to control yellow rice stem borer. The results of this study
have important implications for field control of maize army
worm. The result indicated that the percentage yield
increase were lower with the combination of HE + CPE
when compared with the application of HE alone. This,
however is in constrast with the findings of Panhwar
(2002), who worked on the combination of ginger, chilli
pepper and garlic as repellents for insects. The author
opined that garlic and chilli pepper combination produced
a pungent alliaceous compound, which probably is
responsible for its pest repellent attribute and that ginger,
chilli pepper and garlic bulb are good biocontrol agents of
some insect pests of cowpea. The presence of indicine N
oxide in H. indicum may have suppressed and counteract
the effect of capsaicin in chilli pepper extract when applied
together which may have been responsible for the low
percentage army worm occurence (Ferreira 2004, Adelusi
and Aileme, 2006). Application of extract of H.indicum in
the field could protect growing maize in two ways. Firstly,
the crop would be protected via the primary gustatory
repellent action of the extracts which they ingest in
attempting to feed on foliage, and secondly, larvae picking
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera exempta) on Maize
residues on sprayed foliage during spray application or
through foraging behaviour can suffer feeding inhibition
and high mortality, resulting in reduced crop damage.
Extract of H. indicum has been reported as an antifeedant
and insect growth regulator against many insect pests
(Mordue and Blackwell, 1993). The growth regulatory
effect is the most important physiological effect of H.
indicum on insects. It is because of this property that H.
indicum has emerged as a source of insecticide.
Antifeedant activity and inhibition of hormone and enzyme
activity have been attributed to the indicine N oxide in the
extract (Nathen et al., 2004, Nathen et al., 2005). Although,
ultimate and comprehensive control of army worm may not
be achieved through the use of application of extract of H.
indicum alone, their use could still guarantee reasonable
levels of protection to a growing crop. Application of
botanicals could greatly reduce the large-scale use of
synthetic insecticides. This also revealed that extract of H.
indicum can be sustainably used locally by farmers to
ensure greater yield performance especially in Nigeria.
This agrees with the work of Ande et al., (2010), where
Calymperes afzelii Sw. Significantly reduced stem borers
infesting maize plants in Ilorin, Nigeria, and subsequently
registered higher maize yield when compared with the
control (untreated). The presence of almost the same
number of natural enemies on extract of H. indicum on
treated and untreated plots indicates that this biopesticide
is nontoxic to beneficial insects, and might be compatible
with biological controls currently invoke in desirable crops
such as maize that often cover large hectares. Similar
result has been reported by Dhuyo and Soomro (2007), in
their study on efficacy of plant extracts against maize stem
borers. According to these authors, maximum number of
different predators were found in plots treated with organic
extracts. The comparable but significantly higher grain
yield produced by the treatment than un-treated control
showed that plant extracts controlled maize army worm as
efficiently as chemical pesticides. Similarly, the higher
yield return recorded in plots treated with extracts of H.
indicum indicated that the plant did not only serve as
botanical pesticides alone, rather it increased the fertility
of the soil as well. Similar result has been recorded by
earlier researchers. Extract of H. indicum as botanical
pesticides may therefore be suitable for inclusion in maize
integrated pest management programmes.
Figure 1: Important weather variables during the late rainy
season
 Int. J. Entomol. Nematol. 112

APPENDIX

Table 1: Proximate composition of Heliotropium indicum

(g/100g) dry weight basis
Moisture 8.85 (g/100g)
Crude protein% 28.71 (g/100g)
Crude fibre % 7.17 (g/100g)
Ash % 15.71 (g/100g)
Carbohydrate% 38.91 (g/100g)
Crude fat % 0.68 (g/100g)

Table 2: Number of holes and infestation of army worm on maize plants before and after application of treatments
Treatments Before After (2WAT) (3WAT) % % % % % level of % yield
treatment treatment damage damage damage damage infestation Increase
application application before after after after after
(4 WAP) (1WAT) treatment treatment treatment treatment treatments
(1 WAT) (2 WAT) (3 WAT)
HE 10.8a 10.5a 5.5ab 2.1b 36a 35a 18.3c 7c 15.1c 6.6
CPE 9.5a 11.9a 6.3ab 3.5ab 32ab 40a 21.0b 12b 21.9b 4.6
HE + CPE 10a 10.3a 7.9a 4.2ab 33ab 34b 26.3ab 14b 22.3b 4.5
CP 9.6a 9.9a 6.2ab 4.9ab 32ab 33b 20.6c 16ab 20.9b 4.8
CL 10.3a 11a 8.9a 8.3a 34ab 37ab 29.6a 28a 28.5a 3.5
SD 0.476 0.764 1.589 2.069 1.496 2.482 4.264 6.974 4.262 1.007
CV 0.095 0.153 0.318 0.414 0.299 0.496 0.853 1.395 0.869 0.201
Means carrying the same alphabet along the same columns are not significantly different at 5% probability level.SD-
Standard Deviation.CV-Coefficient of Variability
HE-Heliotropium extract, CPE-Chilli-pepper extract , HE + CPE- Heliotropium indicum with Chilli pepper extract, CP -
Cypermethrin, CL-Control.WAP- weeks after
planting. WAT- weeks after treatment

Table 3: Insecticidal effect of organic extracts on growth, yield and yield characters of maize
Treatments Plant height Stem girth Cob girth Cob length Number of Number of Seed yield
(cm) (8wap) (cm) (8wap) (cm) (8wap (cm) cobs/plant seeds/cob (t/ha)
HE 101.5a 9.75a 19.8ab 23a 1.8a 558.6a 1.93a
CPE 95.0c 9.79a 21.2a 21.6a 1.2a 494c 1.52ab
HE + CPE 98.5b 11.9a 19.4ab 19.2ab 1.4a 482.2c 1.44ab
CP 91.3d 8.1a 21.6a 20.6ab 1.1a 504.6b 1.69ab
CL 89.6e 10.5a 19.3ab 19.5ab 1.1a 409d 0.97b
SD 4.323 1.233 0.954 1.398 0.264 48.08 0.421
CV 0.565 0.247 0.191 0.280 0.053 9.615 0.084
Means carrying the same alphabet along the same columns are not significantly different at 5% probability level. SD-
Standard deviation.CV-Coefficient of variability. HE-Heliotropium extract, CPE-Chilli-pepper extract , HE + CPE-
Heliotropium extract + Chilli pepper extract, CP- Cypermethrine,, CL-Control. WAP- weeks after planting.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT for Research Innovation and Development, Federal

The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the
publication of this paper. We use this medium to
acknowledge the Tertiary Education Trust Fund
(TETFUND) for providing the grant for this research work
and other auxiliary activities connected to it. We appreciate
the immense effort of the following individuals towards the
success of this research; Dr. M.O, Akinola, The Head of
Department (HOD), Agricultural Technology, Federal
Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti. Mr. Ajayi, B.A, Secretary, Centre
Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti. Mr. Olowo, O.V, Director, Agric. In
Schools, (AIS), Ministry of Agriculture, Ado-Ekiti for going
through the manuscript. We appreciate the contribution of
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for
making the maize seeds available to us at the time it was
needed. We acknowlege Dr. A, O. Salami, of Ekiti State
University for painstakingly carrying out the statistical
analysis to make this work a reality. We also appreciate
Premier Publishers for their timeliness and efficiency to
make this article worthy of presentation.

The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera exempta) on Maize
Oyewusi et al. 113
REFERENCES
Abrahams P, Bateman M, Beale T, Clottey V, Cock M,
Colmenarez Y, Witt, A. (2017). Fall armyworm: impacts
and implications for Africa. Evidence Note (2),
September 2017. Wallingford, UK: CABI. AgroNews.
(2018). Andermatt Biocontrol offers a baculovirus
product against fall armyworm. [News item]. Retrieved
from http://news.agropages.com/news/newsdetail---
23913.htm
Adelusi AA, and Aileme JD (2006). Effects of light and
nutrient stress on some growth parameters of cowpea
(Vignaunguiculata(L.) Walp). Res. J. Bot. 1: 95-103.
Agele SO, Olutayo A, Iremiren GO. (2002). Effect of
season of sowing on water use and the yield of tomato
in humid south of Nigeria. Africa crop science journal
10 (3) 231-237
Ande AT, Wahedi JA, Fatoba PO. (2010). Biocidal effects
of some tropical moss extracts against maize stem
borers. Ethnobotanical Leaflets.14:479-90.
Bergvinson DJ, Vassal SK, Singh NN, Panwar VPS,
Sekhar JC (2002). Advances in conventional breeding
for insect resistance in tropical maize. In Proceedings
of the 8th Asian Regional Maize Workshop,
Bangkok,Thailand, 5(8): 325-332
Bora DK, Bhuyan U, Katti GIC, Pasalu IC. (2004).
Quantification of insect pest and natural enemy
incidence vis a vis yield. Uttar Pradesh J. Zool., 24 (2):
187-190.
CABI (CAB International). (2018a). Crop Protection
Compendium. Retrieved from
https://www.cabi.org/cpc/Day, R., Abrahams, P.,
Bateman, M., Beale, T., Clottey, V., Cock, M., …
Witt,(2017). Fall armyworm: Impacts and implications
for Africa. Outlooks onPest Management, 28, 196–201.
https://doi.org/10.1564/v28_oct_02ECHA (European
Chemicals Agency). (2017). C&L Inventory.
[Database]. Retrieved from
https://www.echa.europa.eu/
college of Agriculture and Forestry, Maputo. p. 334.
Dhuy AR, Soomro NM. (2007). Efficacy of plant extracts
against yellow rice stem borer, Sirpophaga incertulas
(Walk.) in rice at Dokri, Sindh, Pakistan. Pak.
Entomol..29:23-26.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations). (2017b). Fall Armyworm (FAW) in Africa: Key
Messages. FAO. 24 August 2017. [Text document].
Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-bt556e. pdf
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations). (2018b). Sustainable management of the fall
armyworm in Africa: a framework for partnership
(version 2nd March 2018). Rome, Italy: FAO. Retrieved
from http://www.fao.org/3/I9160EN/i9160en.pdf
Ferreira FR. (2004). Effect of different levels of water
deficit on yield of groundnut, cowpea and maize.
Thesis,
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera exempta) on Maize
Karim Resaul ANM, Chowdhury MMA, and
HoqueMozaddedul NM. (1992). Current Research on
neem in rice in Banladesh. In: Proceedings of the Final
workshop on Botanical pest control phase II, 28-31,
July 1992, Los Banos, Laguna, Laguna, Philippines, pp:
30-34.
Kumela T, Simiyu J, Sisay B, Likhayo P, Mendesil E,
Gohole L, and Tefera T. (2018). Farmers’ knowledge,
perceptions, and management practices of the new
invasive pest, fall armyworm (Spodopterafrugiperda) in
Ethiopia and Kenya. International Journal of
PestManagement, [Epub ahead of print].
https://doi.org/10.1080/09670 874.2017.1423129
Mahdi HS, Al HakimiA, Mahyoub M, Sayef A, Al Sharjabi
S, Pola F. (2006). Traditional methods of integrated
pest management are a promising strategy to reduce
population density of coffee berry moth
prophantissmaragdina(Butler) in the field. Ninth Arab
Congress of Plant Protection, 19-23 November 2006,
Damascus, Syria. pp. 345-367.
Mordue AJ, Blackwell A, Azadirachtin. (1993). An update.
Journal. Insect Physiology. 1993;39: 903-924.
Nathan SS, Chung, PG, Murugan K. (2004). Effect of
botanicals and bacterial toxin on the gut enzyme
ofCnaphalocrocismedinalis, Phytoparasitica, 32: 433–
443.
Nathan SS, Kalaivani K,Murugan, Chung PG. (2005). The
toxicity and physiological effect of neem limonoids on
Cnaphalocrocismedinalis (Guenee) the rice leaffolder.
Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 81:113-122.
Okweche SI, Ogunwolu EO, Adeyemo MO. (2013).
Parameters, interrelationships with yield and use of
carbofuran to control stem borers in Maize (Zea mays
L.) at Makurdi in the Nigerian Southern Guinea
Savanna. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences.3
(10):702-708.
Panhwar S.B. (2002) “Farmers adoption of plant materials
for insects control,” International Service for National
Agricultural Research. Haque, Netherland. 4,pp:61-68.
2002.
Prasad SS, Gupta, PKSingh, RBandKanaujia BL. (2004).
Evaluation of neem products was tested against yellow
rice stem borer, Scirpopaphaincertulas on deep water
rice. Ann. Pl. Protect. Sci., 2: 426-428.
Rath PC. (2001). Efficacy of insecticides, neem and Bt
formulation against stem borer on rice yield in West
Bengal. J. Appl. Zool. Res., 12: 191-93.
Saxena RC. (1989). Insecticides from neem. In:
insecticides of plant Origin. J.I. Arnason, B. R.
Philogene and O. Morand (eds).Symposium series No.
387, American Chemical society, Washington, D.C.
U.S.A. pp: 110-135.
Shelton AM, Wyman JA, Cushing NL, ApfelbeckK,
Dennehy TJ, Mohr SER, Eigenbrode SD. (1993).“
Insecticide resistance of diamondback moth,
Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in North
America,” Journal of Economie Entomology, 86,pp: 11-
19.
 Int. J. Entomol. Nematol. 114

Tetera T, Mugu S, Beyere Y, Karaya H, Tende R. (2011). Accepted 15 February 2019

Grain yield stem borer and disease in Kenya. Journal
of Biotechnology, 4777-4783. Citation: Oyewusi IK, Sosina AO, Oladele A (2019). The
Vitale J, Boyer T, Vaiene R, Sanders JH. (2007). The
Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper
economic impact of introducing biotechnology in small
holder cotton production systems of West Africa: A Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera
case study from Mali. Ag Bio Forum. 10 (2):71-81. exempta) on Maize. International Journal of Entomology
Wahedi JA, David LD, Edward A, Mshelmbula BP, Bullus and Nematology, 5(1): 108-114.
Z. (2013). Efficacy of seed powder and extracts of
Azadirachta indica Linn (Meliaceae) at graded levels on
adult Callosobruchusmaculatus (Coleoptera:
Bruchidae) in Mubi, North-Eastern Nigeria.
International Journal of Science and Nature. 4(1):138-
141. Copyright: © 2019 Oyewusi et al. This is an open-access
Youdeowei A. (2002). Integrated pest management article distributed under the terms of the Creative
practices for the production of cereals and pulses. Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
Integrated PestManagement Extension Guide 2. Ministry use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) Plant Protection and provided the original author and source are cited.
Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD), Ghana, with
German Development Cooperation (GTZ). pp. 87-93.

The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control African Army Worm (Spodoptera exempta) on Maize