Tobacco, mainly in the form of cigarettes, is one of the most widely-used drugs in the world.

Over a
billion adults legally smoke tobacco every day. The long term health costs are high – for smokers
themselves, and for the wider community in terms of health care costs and lost productivity.

Do governments have a legitimate role to legislate to protect citizens from harmful effects of their own
decisions to smoke, or are such decisions up to the individual?

Tobacco is one of the most widely-used drugs of the world. Over a billion adults legally smoke
tobacco every day. Tobacco is slowing taking a billion people in the world towards doom. The long-
term health costs are high for smokers, who suffer from various heart and lung diseases, reduced
concentration and continually diminishing immunity.
Non-smokers, accompanying smokers or those who are in their close vicinity, also become “Passive”
smokers and bear the toll of various inevitable diseases as they inhale the smoke which has an ill
effect on their respiratory systems. Thus, the health costs are high—for smokers themselves, and for
wider community in terms of health care costs and lost productivity.
There has been awareness among people from many years, about the ill-effects of smoking and
various campaigns run by the government, NGOs and local bodies to encourage people to quit
smoking but the result has not been impressive. The solution is to nip the problem in the bud. School
authorities and parents should keep a close eye so that children don’t start to smoke because they
think it is “cool”. They should be made aware about the harmful effects of smoking.
Government could play a vital role too. Smoking should not be high-hand in advertisements and
movie commercials which have a huge impact on people. It could levy high taxes on tobacco products
to keep people away from its reach. Rules for checking children buying such products should be
made stringent.
The onus to protect from such products also lie on individuals as will-power always does the trick. The
knowledge of importance of being healthy has to be realized from within. It goes a long way to check
the problem. Thus, the solution requires both legitimate action of Government and strong individual
decisions to eliminate the problem.
Do you think English will remain to be a global language despite globalization? OR Do you think the
significance of English language as an international language will be lost with globalisation or its
significance will increase with globalisation? What is your opinion?

Advance Version Introduction:

Whether globalisation will lead to a decreased value of English as a global language or English will
thrive thanks to globalisation is a mature of discussion. As such, there are merits to both sides of the
debate, although I am of the opinion that the latter proposition merits serious consideration.
Advance Version Introduction:

The role of globalisation in the proliferation of English language all over the world is widely debated,
with many people claiming that thanks to globalisation, other languages and cultures will gain more
exposure and threated the dominance of English language. However, I do not entirely accept this, and
I will explain why in this essay, when we do not agree with the statement.

Note: (In my opinion this notion merits serious consideration. – we write this when we agree with the
statement)

There are a myriad of reasons why English will gain more popularity. The conspicuous one is that
thanks to globalisation, the interaction between people from different languages and diverse cultural
background will inevitably increase. As English is already the most widely used language throughout
the world, not only will it help people to communicate effectively with each other, but it will also be
embraced more and more people. This is because lack of knowledge in English is likely to leave them
segregate from the ever changing world. Needless to say, this universal appeal of English will keep it
in a preponderant position, as far as of it is concerned.

Another pivotal argument in favour of English language is that now English is the language of
Science, Commerce, trade, arts, history, literature, media, entertainment and what not. Unlike in the
past, when the world was not much connected without a common language. Hence, the likelihood that
English will thrive, flourish and spread rapidly is very high.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that the apprehension that English
language will lose its value because of globalisation is ungrounded indeed.

1st Sentence:
A number of benefits / drawbacks /reasons can be attributed to (topic)

2nd Sentence:
The salient one / the most preponderant one lies in the fact that ....

Note: Lies use only when “reasons “used in 1st sentence Lead to / contribute a great deal to Noun /
(V+ ing)

3rd Sentence:
By doing something, one can do something, do something else and do something else.

4th Sentence:
There is no doubt that something stands something in good .........., when it comes to ......
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they shouldn’t waste their limited
resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos
and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

There is no doubt that a library is of key importance in offering to students ample opportunity to
augment their knowledge in numerous fields from arts and science to trade and commerce. A school
of thought, however, contends that libraries should focus only on increasing their collection of books,
not on expensive media such as DVDs and computer software, because the collection of books is
what a library is recognised and renowned for. This notion, in my opinion, merits little consideration
as the ubiquity of technology has dramatically changed the way people access information and
knowledge today.

There are a number of arguments in favour of investing money by libraries on electronic media
storage. The most predominant one is that the way people now read books and attain knowledge is
no longer the same as was even a decade or two earlier, prior to the advent of hi-tech media. For
instance, e-books are soft electronic copies of the same paper-book printed in a press, the hard copy
as it is called. E-books are to be perused on a digital media like computer, notebook, e- book reader
or any tablet device. Thanks to the proliferation of these devices, students can study books more
conveniently than ever before, as they are no more required to carry those bulky books.

Besides, e-book readers allow hundreds of books to be stored in a single device and retrieved for
later study. Needless to say, it is high time libraries also utilised this technological advancement and
offered both the hard as well as the soft copies to readers. It should be mentioned here that
technology also allows the libraries to ensure that the books can be accessed only for a certain period
and can be copied to no other device, thus helping to avoid piracy and copyright concerns.

Another pivotal aspect of CDs and DVDs is that they can help elaborate something more clearly and
effectively with the audio-visual effects they have. For example, by using computer software instead
of a heavy encyclopedia or dictionary, learners can grasp things promptly, augment their knowledge
successfully and broaden their horizons efficiently.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that an immense change in people's reading habit
stemming from the advent of technological media sources demands that libraries allocate significant
amount of money on keeping CDs, DVDs and software as well as on maintaining a rich collection of
books. This will not only cater to the need of growing number of young learners that prefer these new
forms of media to the conventional ones, but also benefit learning enormously.
Should voting be compulsory for all citizens or people should have freedom to choose not to
vote. What is your opinion?
ADVANCE VERSION INTRO:
The idea of mandatory voting system is widely debated, with many people claiming that forcing
people to vote does not appear to be rational at all in a democratic environment. However, I do not
entirely accept this, and I will explain why in this essay.

There are myriad of arguments in favour of compulsory voting. The conspicuous one is that in order to
get an authentic reflection of people’s perception an election, each and every adult has to exercise his
or her suffrage. It not only enables the citizens of a country to choose the right leaders they want to
see in the government, but also ensures that the country does not select the leaders who are not
honest, sincere, dedicated and accountable. This is because the majority of population cannot be
unanimous in choosing wrong leaders.

Needless to say, thanks to all these upsides, the country stands in good stead, when it comes to good
governance and effective/efficient/efficacious management. Another pivotal aspect of compulsory
voting is that if people have freedom not to vote, many people will not feel any pressure to exercise
this democratic right. For example, unlike countries such as India and Pakistan, which do not force
people to vote and so, the turnout of voters is very low, countries with stringent penalties for not
voting such as Australia usually have higher turnouts, thus making the election a fairer one. Hence, it
is apparent why many are against offering any leeway to voters for the sake of democracy.

From what has been discussed, one can observe that the benefits of compulsory voting are indeed
too great to ignore.
The environment we are living in is in danger due to various problems. So who do you think
should be responsible to solve it? Is it the governments, organizations or each individual?

Deforestation
Deforestation is a rapidly--‐growing problem in areas like Africa, Central and South America. Not only
does this mean less trees, less cleansing oxygen, and the displacement of the wildlife, deforestation
means a dangerous decrease in a natural fighter of global warming –

Pollution
Pollution comes in many forms and no matter where you live. The main reason for why pollution has
gotten so out of control is that our desire for more “stuff” has led to our old stuff being thrown away at
an alarming and unnecessary rate. This need for manufactured items also leads to the air and water
pollution emitted from factories, which in many countries are highly unregulated.

Loss of Biodiversity
Each species has a role in our planet, and when one dies out, it can have catastrophic effects on the
rest of us. Currently, many other animals are in danger of becoming extinct, either from being forced
out of their habitats by man or by climate change.

OR

In today’s world, different governments and international organisations are confronting many
problems to deal with. What is the most pressing problem among them? How can it be taken care of?
These days, it has become a growing trend to see an upsurge in a number of problems all over the
world. In my opinion, pollution/global warming is the biggest of all. In this essay, I will elaborate this
problem and recommend some suggestions to overcome this soaring concern.

ADVANCE VERSION INTRO:

In recent years, there has been a colossal upsurge in the amount of pollution in almost all parts of the
world, be it impoverished or affluent. This essay will present an overview of this problem and suggest
potential solutions.

There are myriad of consequences of pollution [Problem topic] in the world. The most conspicuous
one is that pollutants from industries and other sources contribute to deteriorating the environment.
They not only have an adverse impact on the ecology/ecosystem but also cause people to suffer from
a range of diseases. [Not only, do they have an adverse impact on ecology/ecosystem, but also they
cause people to suffer from a range of diseases.] Steps to deal with this problem are many, but the
most significant ones are not remote or complicated, but accessible and practicable.

Primarily, the governments should introduce stringent laws and regulations to ensure that factories
and manufacturers use ecofriendly measures in producing goods. Besides, the international
organizations can raise funds and thus help underprivileged nation to fight off pollution in every
sphere. Last but not least, an awareness program to educate people of the harmful effects of pollution
can also be initiated.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that the situation that has stemmed from pollution
can be successfully remedied, provided that the aforementioned measures are taken. Its harmful
effects are indeed too great to ignore.
Company top-level authorities should or should not take employee’s suggestions or ideas to
take any decisions. Discuss in detail.
OR
Employers/authorities of a company should take suggestions or ideas from employees in
taking any decision. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Whether an organisation should involve its employees in taking decisions in numerous issues, be it
big or small, is a matter of discussion. As such, there are both merits and demerits to this idea,
although I am of the opinion that the demerits are no match for the merits.

The benefits of engaging employees in the decision making of a company are manifold. The salient
one is that thanks to the input from employees, employers will have diverse ideas and concepts to
work on. Not only can the company come to a much wiser decision based on the data, but they can
also make the staff feel privileged by considering their opinion important. Needless to say, this idea
will keep any business in a preponderant position, in terms of increasing its productivity.

Another pivotal aspect of involving the employees in the strategic planning of an organisation is that
they will not feel that they are merely following orders; they will rather feel that they are an
indispensable part of the organisation, which will motivate them to put in more efforts. Unlike those
companies, which impose orders on their employees and so, fail to generate spontaneity among
them, companies that value their employees’ opinion succeed in motivating them to work
spontaneously.

Apparently, the latter benefit more when it comes to productivity. In view of the arguments outlined
above, one can conclude that the benefits which considering employees’ advice and suggestions
offers in a company are indeed too great to ignore.
Successful sports stars and glamorous film stars are role models for youngsters. Do you
support it or not? (Agree/ disagree)

ADVANCED VERSION: LEVEL 8.5-9

The role of celebrities, be it in sports or in entertainment, as a role model for youngsters is widely
debated, with many people claiming that these famous personalities have hardly any didactic purpose
to serve. In my opinion, this notion merits serious consideration.

Following celebrities by youngsters is of myriad concerns. The most conspicuous one is that these
famous personalities often show the brighter side of their lifestyle. Most of the inner aspects of their
characteristics are hidden from the public. They are involved in a race against each other to gain
name, fame and money. Attaining worldly desires seems to be their sole objective. No matter how
positive their appearance might look, they are unhappy in their family life. They suffer from other
mental complications like depression, frustration, loneliness and the like. Out of despair, many of
them resort to drugs and some even commit suicide. There is no denying that with all these concerns,
no one would recommend that a teenager should pursue an artificial life like this.

Another overt facet of celebrities is that rarely do they possess such essential attributes as moral and
ethical values that are deemed vital in becoming a good human being. As such, they are often seen
brawling over insignificant things, verbally assaulting their counterparts and what not. Thanks to the
ubiquity of the Internet and the popularity of the social networking sites, youngsters who are both
immature and vulnerable are readily exposed to these altercations. Apparently, the likelihood that
these shallow, artificial and greedy people will benefit youths in shaping their beliefs and ideologies in
a positive way is bleak indeed. Teenagers should rather imitate the lifestyle of their parents or
teachers, who possess a deluge of qualities, from sincerity and honesty to perseverance and
dedication. There is no doubt that youths can benefit from these practical role models astronomically.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that the drawbacks associated with the youth’s
imitating the lifestyle of celebrities far outweigh the upsides, if any.
In education system, assessment through written formal examination is valid or not.
OR
Do you think that formal written examinations are a good way to assess knowledge at school?

ADVANCED VERSION: Level 8.5-9

The role of conventional written tests in gauging a student's capability is widely debated, with many
academics claiming that these tests are flawed and can hardly measure one's performance accurately
and comprehensively. In my opinion, this proposition merits serious consideration.

One of the most conspicuous drawbacks of traditional exams is that in order to attain good grades in
these stereotyped exams, students are not required to possess an in-depth knowledge in a specific
subject. This is because it is through a number of test taking skills, strategies and techniques that
even a mediocre student can perform as well as a prodigy. There is no doubt that the core objective
of education is not to prepare learners for exams, but to instil knowledge in them in an effort to
broaden their horizons. If cramming or applying certain strategies is what learners need to master to
augment their scores, it is highly unlikely that high achievers will necessarily have greater potentials
than their low achieving peers. Hence, this faulty testing system does not help serve the purpose of
education at all.

Besides, questions in these exams are often repeated and so, anyone having access to past test
papers can memorise pre-prepared scripts and achieve good marks. Needless to say, the intellectual
ability of students is impeded as they do not need to explore things with inquisitive attitude to learning
and discovering new limits. As such, rather than focusing merely on writing, exams should entail a
wide range of question types, from oral presentation and group discussion to quizzes and
assignments. This will ensure a realistic assessment of one's progress.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that formal written tests do not reflect a
learner's performance aptly and precisely. What seems more efficacious and more pragmatic in this
scenario is a variety of testing systems that will not require a learner to memorise answers but
demand thorough understanding of the subject matter.
It is argued that getting married before finishing school or getting a job is not a good choice.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The idea of starting one’s married life prior to completing their academic studies or building their
career is widely debated, with many people claiming that doing so would give birth to a deluge or
concerns. My view coincides with this notion as there are several strong elements that lie within it.

There are myriad drawbacks of stepping into married life before one’s career development. The most
conspicuous one is that thanks to their young age, couple will be feeble and vulnerable when it comes
to taking serious decision about life. Not only will they struggle to cope with different situations their
married life will entail, but they will also suffer from financial hardship without an established career.
Needless to say, with so many problems to deal with in such an early age, the relationship between
each other will only deteriorate, contributing to an unhappy conjugal life.

Another overt facet of this argument is that getting married earlier would mean an uncertain future for
a youth, both in terms of higher studies and career. This is because with arduous responsibilities in
life such as raising children and the like, they will not succeed in career building. Neither will they be
able rear their children properly, fulfilling their basic requirements, be it financial or psychological.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can observe that the concerns which getting married
earlier without completing one’s studies and developing their career are indeed too great to ignore.
Marketing strategy for big companies should be placed on offer and discounts, and in what
ways this impact on their reputation.
OR
Should the marketing department of a company emphasize on giving discount and offers to
their customers or should they focus more on maintaining their brand? What is your opinion?

Advanced Version: Level 8.5

The role of offering short-term promotions in the marketing strategies of a company is widely debated,
with many people claiming that alluring customers by reducing commodity prices is only likely to
deteriorate the image of the company in the long run. In my opinion, this proposition merits serious
consideration. There are myriad drawbacks of attracting customers with frequent discounts.

The most conspicuous one is that the impression it creates among customers that the company is
enticing them into purchasing products in an effort to augment its profit at the expense of quality, but
they also apprehend that the company has started losing credibility and reliability. This is because big
brands such as Apple, Samsung and the like hardly offer discounts; they rather focus more on their
brand name keeping prices high at all times. Needless to say, there are very few consumers who
would agree to compromise with the quality of products by paying less. Instead, they will pay more
and choose the better products.

Another pivotal aspect of price cuts is that although companies will have short-term financial benefits,
they will lose that premium tag they used to enjoy in the past. As a result, unlike other competitors,
who are more into image building, these companies will lose recurring customers, thanks to the fall in
their reputation, thus suffering in the long run astronomically.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that the pitfalls of offering discounts to increase the
number of customers are indeed too great to ignore.
What is the best invention of last 100 years: computer, antibiotics, airplane and explain why?
OR
Any new technological development in the recent years is a boon or curse for the society in
general.

ADVANCED VERSION: LEVEL 8.5

During the last century, the world has experienced revolutionary developments in the way people live
their lives, thanks to an array of innovations of modern science, from computing and aviation to
medicines and treatment. In my opinion, of all these wonders of science, computers are what have
played the most pivotal role in contributing to virtually every aspect of human life.

There are a myriad of arguments in favour of computers as the most significant invention. The most
conspicuous one is that by using computer, the Internet, a number of software and other such
equipment, not only can teachers make lesson plans effectively, but students can also enhance their
knowledge and broaden their horizons with much ease, convenience and efficacy. Besides, with the
Internet being an indispensable part in computer, people no longer feel detached or segregated from
the ever-changing world, irrespective of their geographical locations. Facebook, twitter are example of
social networking sites people use today in an effort to keep abreast with others, be it in their
personal, social or professional life.

Another overt facet of computer is that thanks to its performance and contribution to such sectors as
transport, health care, scientific research, weather forecast and what not, computer has greatly
reduced human involvement. Apparently, less human involvement means that the likelihood of
making errors in these crucial areas has also declined. Hence, there is no doubt that the improved
efficiency, effective management and comfortable life we enjoy today can primarily be attributed to
computer, an extraordinary innovation that any other achievement of modern science is no match for.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that nothing is comparable to computer.
This is because never has any single invention of science benefited mankind in so many ways as
computer has.
Climate change is huge concern in today’s world. Discuss about the roles that Government,
corporates and individuals can play to improve it.

In recent years, there has been a colossal upsurge in environmental concerns, with climate change
being a pivotal one. Although convergent efforts from all, be it companies, individuals or governments
are required to alleviate this concern, I think it is the government, which has the most important role to
pay in this regard.

There are a myriad of arguments in favour of my stance. On the one hand, by implementing stringent
rules and regulations the government can ensure that factories and individuals apply environmentally
friendly measures in manufacturing goods. On the other hand, with strict policies and financial
penalties in place, manufacturers are more likely to take numerous measures to curb pollution, from
applying a range of recycling procedures to disposing of hazardous chemical appropriately. In other
words, the more lenience and leeway the government shows, the greater amount of pollution is.
Apparently, all these merits stand the government in good stead, when it comes to shaking off this
soaring.

Another conspicuous argument is that unlike other bodies, with a deluge of resources and legitimate
power to fight off climate change the government is the strongest of all to do everything it takes to
address the concern, such as raising awareness through a variety of campaigns’ how a little change
in our day to day life can make a positive change to this end. Hence, it is apparent why instead of
others, I am focusing on the government.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that the role played by the government in
escalating, the concerns in climate change is instrumental indeed.
Some people believe laws change human behaviour. Do you agree with it?

The role of laws in bringing a positive change in people's behaviour is widely debated, with many
people claiming that human behaviour is rarely affected by enforcing stringent rule-setting. However, I
do not entirely accept this and I will explain why in this essay.

One of the most conspicuous arguments lies in the fact that rigorous rules can engender fear among
miscreants, who mostly commit crimes because of the leeway they enjoy in breaking the law. If
people are aware that their illegal or unlawful activities will result in severe punishment such as
financial penalty, jail term or even death sentence, the likelihood that they will indulge in criminal
activities is bound to decline. For instance, unlike, in impoverished nations, where there is little or no
punishment for littering or driving offences and so a deluge of such incidents occurs, in affluent
nations, the number of such offences is insignificant/nominal, thanks to a wide range of strict
regulations in place.

Another argument in favour of rule-setting can be seen in childhood, when a child learns to do things
following a proper order set either by their parents or by their teachers. By sticking to these rules and
regulations, children not only learn essential attributes like discipline and punctuality, but also excel in
academic studies.

Hence, it is apparent that why human behaviour is immensely shaped by law and order.
Illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot
learn, unlearn and relearn. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

OR

In future illiterate will not be those who cannot read, but those who do not learn’- By some
writer. Discuss what do you understand by this statement.

ADVANCED VERSION: LEVEL 9

The idea of determining one’s literacy based on the capability to read and write is widely debated with
many academics claiming that there are such other factors as being able to learn, unlearn and relearn
that have a greater role to play in this regard. In my opinion, this notion merits serious consideration.

There are a myriad of arguments in favor of my stance. The most conspicuous one is that gaining
academic qualification does not necessarily mean that one will be able to learn naturally. Far from
learning for the sake of learning, these days students study only to acquire good marks. Not only do
students today consider education as a way of getting employment opportunities in future, but they
also acquire it to gain name and fame. However, as such, the purpose of education is not to be able
to merely read and write, but to enlighten one’s life. There is no denying that only when learners attain
knowledge through experience, past mistakes and self-analysis, can they successfully educate
themselves. Academic excellence without the ability to learn and relearn is only likely to make them
crippled, dependent and ineffective when it comes to facing the real world. This is because learning is
a lifelong process with a requirement to ameliorate one’s status in every step.

Another pivotal aspect of this argument is that in this globalized era, where information about anything
is so readily available thanks to the ubiquity of the Internet, people can learn numerous skills,
enhance their knowledge about other cultures and above all broaden their horizons. Apparently, with
an open mind, people can thrive and excel in their career unlike those who do not consider acquiring
knowledge limited to schools and colleges. A deluge of examples of this scenario can be seen both in
affluent as well as impoverished nations.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that the idea of defining literacy as the
capability to read and write is flawed, especially in this modern era. In my opinion, it is high time we
considered learning to be a never-ending process with constant improvements throughout life.
Information revolution has changed the ways of mass communication and has some negative
and positive effects on individual’s lives as well as on society. To what extent do you agree or
disagree.

In recent years there has been a colossal (extremely large or great) change in the way of mass
communication thanks to the ubiquity of the state-of-the-art. As such, there are both merits and
demerits to this trend. Although, I am of the view that the former ousts the latter.

A large number of benefits can be attributed to this development. On the one hand, by utilising such
advanced communication tools as Facebook, Twitter and the like, now media can reach a much
broader range of consumers, as they no longer have to rely on conventional newspapers, magazines.
On the other hand, with the proliferation of the Internet and Internet enable devices like notebooks,
smart phones, people can check e-mails, read e-papers and what not, even when they are on the
move. Thus, keeping themselves abreast with the ever-changing world.

Another pivotal aspect of this development is that it has enabled different societies whether they are
situated locally or far away, to enlighten each other by sharing their knowledge in numerous fields,
from history and culture to Art and literature. Besides, modern methods of mass communication can
augment awareness of a range of societal usages that can be addressed accordingly. Hence, it is
apparent how society benefits astronomically.

From the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that the role of the advent of modern
communication technology in today’s mass media is instrumental indeed, as it has not only
broadened the horizons of individual but has also made them aware of other societies, cultures and
languages, no matter how remote or segregated they are.
Nowadays millions of dollars are spent on space research every year. Some
people argue that the money should be spent on other essential areas such as
healthcare and education. What is your opinion?

The idea of spending astronomical sums of money on space research is widely debated, with many
people claiming that this could be better spent on such other vital sectors as healthcare, education
and the like. In my opinion, this notion merits serious consideration.

The reasons why space research deserves colossal expenditures are myriad. The primary one lies in
the fact that with countless numbers of satellites out there, forecasting weather has never been as
precise and accurate as now. That scientists can predict flood, storm, tsunami and other calamities
with near-perfect precision is only due to space exploration. Besides, researches on space also mean
state-of-the-art communication system in place, without which maintaining constant contact between
satellites, space shuttles and the like would be next to impossible. There is no doubt that the way
people communicate with each other in today's fast-paced era can largely be attributed to the
developments made in space technologies. Last but not least, studies on space can pave the way to
finding life in other planets and benefiting from the natural resources out there.

However, there are some pitfalls that can easily overwhelm the potential benefits of space
exploration. The primary concern stems from the fact that space research entails colossal amounts of
expenditure, where as we have got millions of people starving all over the world. Should we not feed
these unprivileged people first before indulging in ambitious adventures in space? As such, affluent
nations are also equally responsible for shaking off the poverty of the impoverished ones, as the later
have limited budget and resources. In addition, wealthy nations can best use their resources by
improving the infrastructures in an array of sectors such as healthcare, education, transport and so
on, instead of sending robots to find water in the Mars, costing taxpayers billions of dollars. Hence, it
is apparent why many are against extravagant ventures to space.

From what has been discussed, one can observe that there are other priorities in the world at present,
from eradicating poverty to setting up new infrastructures to improving the standard of living, which
should be looked after first, before investing such mammoth sums of money on space research
programmes.
People pursue dangerous activities like skydiving, motorcycle sports, white-water river rafting
etc. Do you support? If yes, why and if not, why?

OR

Dangerous activities like extreme skiing, bungee jumping etc. and whether you support them
or not?

Pros and Cons of adventures sports.

Whether such adventurous sports as Sky Diving and deep-sea diving can be a good source of
enjoyment or they should be deemed perilous for human life is a subject of discussion. In my opinion,
the latter proposition merits serious consideration.

One of the most conspicuous drawbacks of these activities is that they are likely to pose life
threatening dangers, thanks to the nature of these sports with peril being an integral part. Although
they are filled with excitement, rapture and tremendous pleasure, they are only transient and so can’t
be supported and encouraged at the expense of one’s invaluable life, which is of immense importance
as far as contributing to the humanity is concerned. For example, mankind benefits astronomically
from prodigies, be it in the field of science, arts, music and literature.

Hence, putting life into danger by indulging in deleterious activities is of little significance.
The claim that animals have rights has been the subject of much debate since 1970. Are zoos
helping or hurting our animals? Should zoos be banned? Do you agree or disagree?

The role of zoos in conserving animals is widely debated, with many people claiming that zoos cannot
be compared with the natural habitat that animals require to thrive. In my opinion, this proposition
merits serious consideration.

There are a myriad of arguments in favour of my opinion. The most conspicuous one is that zoos
usually have limited space for animals, which are rather accustomed to an open environment under
the sky. Not only does this congested space that they are forced to live in hamper their normal
movement, but it also keeps them from interacting with other animals in their natural habitat in the
forest. Needless to say, no matter how many facilities animals enjoy in captivity, this unnatural life in
the cage cannot contribute to their effective nourishment whatsoever.

Besides, being superior to and more powerful than other animals, humans have no right to keep them
captive, deteriorating the ecological balance enormously. Unlike those animals that live in the jungle
without any restriction and so enjoy a spontaneous life over there, animals in captivity are sadly
deprived of their basic rights, freedom being a pivotal one. Hence, it is apparent why many are
against keeping animals in the zoo.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that the drawbacks of the zoo are indeed
too great to ignore.
Some people feel that success lies in achieving professional and economic targets, while
others say that success lies in spending quality time with family and friends. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?

The role of one’s professional and economic achievements in determining one’s success is widely
debated, with many people claiming that as a social being, the success of a person should largely be
attributed to spending quality time with friends and family. In my view, this notion merits serious
consideration.

There are a myriad of arguments in favour of my view. The most conspicuous one is that succeeding
in one’s career and having a solvent life only means one’s materialistic achievement, which has little
connection with happiness. As human beings are a social animal, having a happy family life and
congenial friends not only ensures satisfaction, pleasure and entertainment in one’s life, but also
helps one to find the true meaning of life. Needless to say, all these attributes stand people in good
stead, as far as providing food for their soul is concerned.

Besides, there is a great likelihood that focusing excessively on work instead of spending time with
family members and friends will contribute a great deal to causing an array of concerns like
loneliness, depression and dejection. Unlike those workaholic people, who hardly have any social life
and so suffer enormously in the long run, people with a proper balance between life and work are
bestowed with a sense of completeness and contentment in life.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that the benefits of choosing family and
friends over work in terms of achieving success are indeed too great to ignore.
It is argued that university students should study a full range of subjects, instead of some
specific subjects. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

ADVANCED VERSION: Level 8.5-9

The idea of teaching university students only a few subjects is widely debated, with many academics
claiming that only when the curriculum entails a large array of subjects, are youngsters likely to be
well prepared for future challenges. In my opinion, this proposition merits serious consideration.

To begin with, one of the most predominant aspects of studying a variety of subjects at university is
that it will instil in youngsters a wealth of cognisance (knowledge / awareness) and expertise in
numerous fields. Not only will this vast knowledge make the young more capable to cope with any
challenge their work is likely to entail, but it will also help them excel in their career, thus making them
preponderant in this competitive job market. A bank clerk, for instance, is required to possess a
number of skills, from the fields of finance and accounting to other relevant areas such as
management and communication. Apparently, employees having colossal (extremely large / massive
/huge) knowledge in myriad fields are more likely to thrive and remain ahead of their counterparts who
have limited exposure in different spheres.

However, there are some pitfalls that can easily overwhelm the potential benefits of studying a large
range of subjects at university. The primary concern stems (be caused by / originate in / arise from)
from the fact that students will not attain an in-depth knowledge on a particular stream, while learners
of a certain subject will specialise in their own field. Apparently, the likelihood of the latter's excellence
in the given subjects will increase, making them stand out. The society will also benefit from their
expertise enormously.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that the benefits of studying certain relevant
subjects at university offers may seem warranted, to some extent. Nevertheless, the role different
subjects’ play in making a youth consummate as well as in helping them match the needs of a fast-
changing and competitive society is instrumental (active, influential, contributory) indeed.
Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. Is it more positive for their
future aspect or have some adverse effects. Do you agree or disagree? Give examples from
your experience.

ADVANCED VERSION:

As far as learning a language is concerned, one of the most prevalent trends of today’s world is to
teach children a second language at an early age. As such, with its advantages come correlative
negatives too some of which are equally as severe as the upsides. In this essay, I will delineate them
all with pertinent arguments and examples.

Learning a second language in early childhood is of myriad benefits. The most conspicuous one is
that when it comes to picking up a language, a child is nimble, adept, competent and what not, thanks
to an extraordinary capability their brains possess. Not only do children grasp the vocabulary,
pronunciation, accent and other aspects of the language more spontaneously, but they also use it
widely worrying little about making any mistake unlike their older counterparts, who rather feel shy to
practise it in the fear of making mistakes and feeling embarrassed. Needless to say, all these merits
stand a child in good stead, in terms of having a strong command of a second language, thus
benefiting them enormously.

However, there are some pitfalls that can easily overwhelm the potential benefits of learning second
languages in childhood. The primary one is that pushing children to learn more than one language in
such a tender age can contribute to slowing down their overall learning process. As a consequence,
their social and communication skills can suffer. So can other relevant skills. Hence, it is apparent
why many academics are against a child’s exposure to more than one language in early childhood.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that despite some drawbacks, the benefits
of learning a second language by children in early childhood are indeed too great to ignore.
Is travel a necessary component of education? Will scholars sitting at home have more
knowledge than the one who travels?

Whether travelling should be deemed to be a part of education or one can still be a scholar studying
at home is a subject of discussion. As such, there are merits to both sides of this debate although I
am of the opinion that travelling is an integral part of learning.

There are a myriad of arguments in favour of travelling as a source of education. The most
conspicuous one is that it enriches one’s experience by offering invaluable lessons about numerous
facets of the world. Not only does it augment one’s knowledge about the outside world and the harsh
reality it entails, but it also contributes to broadening one’s horizons. Needless to say, thanks to all
these upsides, a learner will stand in good stead, when it comes to attaining numerous skills required
to successfully interact with society.

Besides, sitting at home does not ensure one’s successful acquisition of education. While this is true
that studying at home from books can undoubtedly increase one’s knowledge about certain subjects,
it is only with the help of knowledge one gains socialising with others that can serve the real purpose
of education.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that the significance of travelling in
learning is indeed too great to ignore.
In under developed countries, tourism has disadvantages and can be said the opposite as
well.

The role of an increased number of tourists in underprivileged nations is widely debated, with many
people claiming that it gives birth to greater concerns than the upsides it has to offer. However, I do
not entirely accept this, and I will explain why in this essay.

A number of benefits can be attributed to tourism. The most conspicuous one is that in order to fulfil
numerous requirements such as food, accommodation, transportation, shopping and the like while
they stay in a country, tourists have to spend a considerable amount of money. It not only creates a
deluge of jobs for local people, but also contributes a great deal to improving the local economy.
Needless to say, thanks to all these merits, tourism undoubtedly stands a nation, be it impoverished
or affluent, in good stead, as far as augmenting its economy is concerned.

Another pivotal aspect of tourists is that they instil their culture, heritage and their lifestyle in the local
people. Unlike those countries which attract more tourists and so, the people of the country have an
exposure to other languages and cultures, thus broadening their horizons, countries with few tourists
are deprived of this didactic value. Hence, it is apparent why many are in favour of encouraging
tourism at a large scale.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that the benefits of growing tourism are
indeed too great to ignore.
Some people say that increased travels between countries bring more disadvantages than
advantage. Agree or disagree?

Whether an upsurge in international travelling in recent decades has offered greater upsides than
drawbacks is a matter of discussion, with many people claiming that the demerits of this trend
outweigh its merits. However, I do not entirely accept this and I will explain why in this essay.

One of the most conspicuous (noticeable) aspects of increased international travels is that it will
augment (increase) the number of tourists, who will spend money on food, accommodation, shopping
and other amenities. Needless to say, the more money tourists spend, the greater revenue it will
generate for the government. Besides, an upsurge in the number of travellers would also mean an
influx (entry) in the number of foreign entrepreneurs, who can collaborate with their local counterparts
in investing on a range of projects. This will inevitably open up a wealth of employment opportunities
for the unemployed, thus contributing to economy astronomically.

Another pivotal (crucial importance) facet (side) of a surge (increase suddenly) in travelling Is a
successful interaction of cultural values, ideologies, languages and lifestyles. Far from giving birth to
conflicts between diverse beliefs, this trend rather renders an opportunity to learn from each other,
contributing a great deal to enriching one's experience and broadening one's horizons.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that despite some of its concerns, the role
of increased travels is instrumental indeed, not only in helping the local economy to thrive, but also in
providing with an exposure to diverse cultural values and ideologies
Communication has changed significantly in the last 10 years. Discuss the positive and
negative impacts of this change.

OR

Positive and negative effects of today’s communication.

In recent years, there has been a dramatic change in the way people communicate with each other,
thanks to the advent of modern technology. As such, there are both merits and demerits to this trend,
which will be explored below.

There are myriad benefits of modern communication methods. The most conspicuous one is that with
the ubiquity of the Internet, now the world is connected more closely than ever before. Not only has
the Internet allowed people to easily keep in touch with their friends and family, but it has also
enabled businesses to conduct numerous operations in almost all parts of the globe. There is no
doubt that all these merits stand people in good stead, when it comes to increasing ease,
convenience, comfort and efficacy in everything they do, be it in their personal life or their professional
life.

However, there are some pitfalls that can overwhelm the potential benefits of modern ways of
communicating with people. The primary one stems from the fact that by remaining dependent on
technologies, people now no longer feel the need to meet people face-to-face, which has greatly
reduced one’s social interaction. This has undoubtedly created an unwelcome gap between people,
even in the family members.

Hence, it is apparent why many are against modern ways of communication. In view of the arguments
outlined above, one can conclude that there are both benefits and drawbacks of modern
communication methods, both of which are indeed too great to ignore.
Education is the biggest barrier in my learning- Einstein. What do you mean by this? And do
you think Einstein was correct in saying that.

ADVANCED VERSION: Level 8.5-9

The role of conventional ways of acquiring education is widely debated, with many academics
claiming that traditional academic studies hinder one’s spontaneous learning and so prove detrimental
in the acquisition of education. However, I do not entirely accept this and I will explain why in this
essay.
The arguments in favor of academic education are myriad. The most conspicuous one is that not
every learner possesses extraordinary talent as prodigies like Albert Einstein or William Shakespeare,
who did not require a proper learning environment. Instead, they enhance their knowledge
spontaneously and did not require outside pressure or a stereotyped curriculum. However, this is
something that is applicable to a handful of pupils. In general, in order to acquire knowledge
successfully, learners need a step-by-step procedure, which also varies according to their age. There
is no doubt that without strict rule setting and stringent discipline, most students will not feel any
pressure to study at all. Besides, frequent tests and exams are also essential to ensure that students
have learnt their lessons properly. Needless to say, all these merits will stand learners in good stead
as far as effective learning is concern.

Another pivotal aspect of traditional education is that the curriculum is set in such a way that by the
time they finish their academic studies, students learn a variety of subjects. They gain knowledge in
such fields as science, commerce, arts and literature. Apparently, learning a wide range of subjects
will stand youths in good stead, when it comes to extending their horizons, instilling essential values
in them and above all, honing their skills in numerous fields. There is no denying that without a fixed
guideline to follow, learners are bound to go astray, ruining their promising future.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that formal education complements learning; the
argument that claims conventional learning methods to be an interference with real learning is
ungrounded indeed.
Education is not a luxury, but a basic human right and as such should be free for everyone,
irrespective of personal wealth. To what extend do you agree or disagree?

Advanced Version: Level 8+

There is no denying that education is of pivotal importance, in preparing a youth for future challenges.
Many academics, however, contend that it is the government’s duty to provide free education for all,
regardless of their financial status. In my opinion, this proposition merits little consideration and
should be rejected as one can see several strong elements against it. There are a myriad of reasons
why offering free education to all is not practicable.

First, this will involve astronomical expenditures on teachers, staff, books and other logistics. Few
governments, be it wealthy or poor can successfully afford these colossal expenses without charging
any fees. Apparently, the overall standard of education is likely to deteriorate. What seems more
pragmatic in this scenario is that only the students from underprivileged backgrounds should be
entitled to government support. Not only will this step help impoverished families become solvent and
self-reliant, but it will also contribute a great deal to the development of a nation. This is because the
higher the literacy rate is, the more skilled the workforce is.

Another key facet of free education for all lies in the fact that thanks to the government’s enormous
budget on education, infrastructure development in other vital sectors such as health care,
accommodation, transport and the like will suffer immensely. As such, it will not benefit people as
expected because people will enjoy advanced facilities in one field but will be famished or deprived in
the other, due to the government’s lack of a balanced approach in its expenditures.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that ensuring education for all is a prerequisite to
the development of a nation. Nevertheless, offering it free to all, be it haves or have-nots, is not a
valid and pragmatic approach to achieving this goal, as it engenders greater drawbacks than upsides.
Nowadays age discrimination in any company has become a common trend. Do you think it is
a positive or a negative development?

ADVANCED VERSION: LEVEL 8.5

One of the most conspicuous trends in today’s corporate world is an increased bias in favour of the
youth, thanks to their age, flexibility and adaptability to modern working environment. As such, there
are both merits and demerits to this trend, although I am of the opinion that the latter outdo the
former. This practice is of myriad drawbacks.

On the one hand, no matter how energetic and enthusiastic they are, with insufficient knowledge and
exposure about their work, young employees often find it hard to take right decisions based on their
limited experience unlike their senior counterparts. On the other, by having these vulnerable and
whimsical youths in place of the experienced employees that have wealth of knowledge and expertise
gained in their long haul career, a company will suffer astronomically. It hardly needs mention that
choosing young employees over experienced ones is only likely to augment inefficiency and affect
productivity.

Besides, training young employees would mean that the employers will have to spend more time,
money and resources, which can affect the generation of revenues significantly. If modern technology
is what senior employees lag behind in, they can easily overcome this shortcoming by taking relevant
training in their respective field.

From what has been discussed, one can conclude that with all the skills and invaluable experience at
work, old employees are equally as effective as their younger peers, if not more. Therefore, the
practice of discriminatory policies towards a specific age group is ungrounded indeed.
Places where one grows up play a key role in one’s success. Write about a person who got
accomplishments because of the place s/he grew up in.

OR

Many people think regions affect successful persons. What is your opinion about native
regions and accomplished person influence on the regions they belong to?

ADVANCED VERSION: LEVEL 9

There is no denying that where one is raised plays an instrumental role in contributing to one’s
success. In this essay, I will elaborate the story of such a successful person whose accomplishments
can largely be attributed to the environment he was brought up in. This person is Dr A.P. J. Abdul
kalam, who became an eminent scientist as well as the president of India.

There are a myriad of ways how Abdul Kalam benefited from the atmosphere he was brought up in.
The most conspicuous one is that both his parents were highly educated with plenty of support in
numerous forms. Not only did the congenial environment at home motivate him to succeed, but the
society he was raised in also had a role to play in this regard. This is because people in his society
were impoverished and underprivileged, which encouraged him more to become something so that he
could bring a positive change in the lives of these destitute people. Needless to say, the place one
grows up in can stand one in good stead, in terms of achieving success.

Another pivotal aspect of Abdul Kalam’s life is that the suffering and hardship he went through in
childhood made him more capable to deal with the arduous and cumbersome pressures of life in
future. Unlike his other classmates, who did not take motivation from their poverty and conceded
defeat, Abdul Kalam always had a strong determination from the start to become educated, famous
and contribute to eradicating poverty from society. It is apparent how his financial insolvency has
made him a warrior to change the world.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can observe that the impact of the ambience one grows
up in is indeed too great to ignore, as far as attaining success in life is concerned.
Some people think placing advertisements in schools are a great resource for public schools
that need additional funding, but others think it exploits children by treating them as a captive
audience for corporate sponsors. Choose which positions you most agree with and discuss
why you chose that position. Support your point of view with details from your own
experiences, observations or reading.

The idea of placing adverts in schools in an effort to raise funds is widely debated, with many people
claiming that it is only likely to benefit businesses, not children. My view coincides with this notion for
a number of reasons.

The most conspicuous argument in favour of my viewpoint is that schools are the first institutions that
children learn the most important lessons of life from. During this period, not only are they innocent,
immature and naive, but they also have things imprinted on their minds throughout their lives.
Needless to say, their primary focus during this stage is to gain knowledge, be it academic studies or
moral and ethical values. Exploiting these children to raise money for the school cannot be justified at
all. There is no doubt that the existence of billboards, placards and the like in school premises will
distract them from studies, ruin the learning environment and above all go against the didactic
purpose a school and all its activities should serve.

Besides, if a school requires additional funding for its maintenance and operation, it could search for
other alternatives that will not happen at the expense of a child’s learning environment.

In view of the arguments outlined above, one can conclude that the drawbacks of placing
advertisements in school premise are indeed too great to ignore.
Do you think consumer should avoid over packed products or it is responsibility of producer
to avoid extra packaging of products? Give your
views or any relevant example with your own experiences.

Over packaging of products has become a trend in today's competitive world. Producers are trying to
attract consumers with attractive packaging of their products, not bothered about its negative impact
not only on our environment but the users as well.

It should be the responsibility of the producers to limit the wastage of the resources in the form of un-
necessary packaging. The cost of over packaging is actually added to the product sold. In fact, at
times it is seen the packing cost and durability is more that the product itself. The type of packaging
found in pharmaceutical industries can be taken as an example here. Pills and tablets are found to be
packed in much bigger and colorful strips than needed. Does this increase the sale of medicine? No.
Such packaging is of no concern to the consumers. But, the cost of medicine would have definitely
been lesser if sold in a simple outlook.

Further, the material used is mostly non-disposable which adds to the environmental pollution to a
great extent. Snacks and other food items packaged in eye-catchy shimmering colored packets are
consumed in a large scale by everybody. These packets are really difficult to dispose as they emit
poisonous gas if burnt and if not can be seen to contaminate water somewhere. Producers should
realize the importance of using materials like paper and stick to simple packaging.

Packaging as seen increases the cost of the product and also makes our environment unhealthy. So,
this packaging boom should be checked on a serious note by the producers. Moreover, the producers
should be restricted with predefined rules and parameters set by the government. It is also
recommended that an awareness among the users that quality of the product is important rather than
the attractive packaging. Packaging ensures that people can buy and use products when they want
them, in good condition and with little wastage.

However, many people think some goods have too much packaging. Snacks intended to be eaten on
the move are an example of products where the consumer could easily assemble the components
him/herself without the need for packaging. The packaged goods industry is highly competitive, and
packaging manufacturers, packaged goods producers and retailers are all under pressure to come up
with new and better packaging solutions. No business wants to spend more on packaging than it has
to and the fewer resources the packaging needs, the lower its cost.

Also, companies see to have gone overboard on packaging – they put food in trays, inside a box,
inside a plastic container with cardboard wrap around to explain what it is. For instance, MacDonalds
is the first to over--‐package their food and encourage people to eat while walking – hence they throw
it on the street.
Nowadays TV has become an essential part of life. Medium to spread news and for some it
acts like a companion. What is your opinion about this?

The invention of Television around two decades back opened wide frontiers for transmission of visual
communication and awareness. Since then the research and development on this has never paused,
and today we have 3D and curved televisions available as well. In fact, it will be hard to find any
domestic family without watching TV as a part of their daily life. It has helped in making the world a
smaller place to live in by making all sorts of shows, latest news update and information in all areas
via a wide range of channels.

Television provides a wide range to channels to choose from on tourism, travel, foods, lifestyle, news,
general knowledge, movies, music, reality show and many more. In fact, the information is so useful
that many people plan their holiday based on a show on tourism, they try to cook new items by
following the recipe shown, become aware of all sorts of happenings in the world and least to mention
the craze about sports event.

For many, TV is almost indispensable as they believe it to be a friend, which is always there when
needed. Nowadays, TV is available with video games, quizzes, and other interactive functions. It can
be a good way to spend time with it, which is often necessary when alone.
Television has influenced our lives so much that people watching daily soaps specially, have a
hangover of the show throughout the day. But, it is our duty to limit anything in too excess.

The benefits, which TV has brought into our daily lives are indeed too great to ignore.

Television
1.Television is now playing a very important role in our lives.
2. Television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparative cheap one.
3. Television keeps you informed about current events. It allows you to follow the latest developments
in science and politics.
4. Many television programs introduce people to things they never thought of before and have never
heard of before.
5. Television has been good company to those who do not work, like housewives, lonely old people,
etc.
6. People all around the world are no longer distant and isolated from each other.
7.It brings most distant countries and the strangest customs right into your living room.
8. Compared with radio, everything on television is more lifelike, vivid, and real.
9. Television may be a vital factor in holding a family together.
10. Television keeps people informed of the news and weather. Disasters like floods, winds, etc.
Disadvantages
1.Television is a great time waster.
2. Television takes up too much of our time.
3.We no longer have enough time for hobbies, entertaining activities.
4. Other outside amusements like theaters, movies, sports, etc get ignored.
5. People have grown addicted to television, often neglecting the necessary and more important
things like meals, sleep, and even work.
6. The more the viewer watches television, the lazier they become. The TV glues them to the set
instead of allowing them to go out.
7. Television prevents people from communicating with each other.
8.It has done much harm to the relationship between family members.
9. Families sit and watch television at dinner instead of talking with each other
Parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is your opinion?
Support it with personal examples.

Parents' intervention can heavily influence a child's personality and behaviour development. It is an
interesting subject of discussion whether parents should be liable for their five-year-old child's
lawoffending behaviour or even subject to punishment. In my viewpoint, parents must be held
responsible.

Unlike adults, children break the law in the absence of either incentive or motive. Their acts are
accidental and intuitive, signalling the accumulative effect of the environment where they grow up.
Children informative years are particularly susceptible to whom they meet and what they see in their
daily lives. For example, their violent acts are very likely to reflect a mixed effect of their repeated
exposure to violence. Parents should therefore act as gatekeepers to prevent their children from
watching TV and playing video games, thereby negating the influence of media. Once a child uses
violence, it reveals that his or her parents have habitually failed to fulfil those duties. For this reason,
parents should be accountable for their child's wrongdoing.

Another example to show parents' effect on their child's behaviour is that many parents fail to set a
positive role model. More often than not, parents have their own behaviour problems (such as using
violence in the face of their children). As children have a natural ability to imitate others, their violent
or unlawful behaviour is potentially a replica of their parents'. That's why children with fine upbringing
normally show their courtesy and professional etiquettes in coping with real-life problems, such as
conflicts with others, while those children with poor upbringing are more likely to act violently. People
are thus not surprised to see that many young delinquents had unhappy lives and felt discontented
with their life circumstances in which they grew up. In general, 18 is the age when an individual starts
to be legally responsible for his or her acts. This is an age from which a child is ready to explore life
him-or-herself and assumes life responsibilities. For the most part they are allowed to vote, drive,
drink and smoke. They have sufficient experience, knowledge and competence for decision making
and reaching moral conclusions.

In conclusion, parents should be subject to punishment when their children violate the law, in view of
their tremendous influence on their child's behaviour. It is their inescapable responsibility until their
child comes of age.

1. liable = responsible = accountable

2. subject to = exposed to
3. in the absence of = lacking
4. accidental = unintentional = unplanned = inadvertent
5. intuitive = instinctive = spontaneous
6. signal = indicate
7. formative = impressionable
8. gatekeeper = guardian = protector = custodian
9. negate = counteract = reverse = wipe out
10. courtesy = politeness
11. discontented = dissatisfied = unhappy = displeased
12. for the most part = on the whole = principally
13. inescapable = inevitable
14. come of age = come to maturity = become an adult
Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion about
this? Discuss with appropriate examples.

Mall culture has become big business, as shopping malls have evolved into multistoried structures
housing a large number of stores that sell diverse products and services. Shopping malls house a
collection of retail stores and restaurants

Parking is one of the major hassles for people who go into the city to shop. Shopping at malls
eliminates this problem, because parking is provided either free of charge or for a nominal fee. This
makes it advantageous for people to choose to shop at a mall rather than a single store. Families who
choose to visit a mall on the weekend or holiday for a family outing find it to be a more convenient
option mainly because parking is provided Visiting a mall is advantageous because of the numerous
stores housed in one complex. Groceries, clothes, shoes, reading material, food courts, cinemas and
entertainment arcades are available in one place. Malls make great meeting places for friends to
catch up over coffee at a café or a meal at the food court. One of the major disadvantages - These
include excessive crowding, especially on weekends and holidays. Crowded aisles and stores make
shopping very difficult; people often end up forgetting items they needed to buy. Parking can also be a
problem when the mall is very crowded.
The temptation to browse is always present and browsing often leads to buying things that are not
needed. Keeping to a monthly budget becomes increasingly difficult every time you visit the mall. With
all the sales and special offers intended to tempt buyers, saying "no" becomes very hard.
Talk about the pros/cons of this era as is full of daily inventions.

In today's world, where just about everything is more convenient and accessible due to advances in
technology across almost all sectors, it may seem as though it's a misnomer to even mention any
disadvantages of technological advances. However, despite how far technology has taken humans
and no matter how convenient it may make things, there are some disadvantages accompanying this
level of access.

Technology advances show people a more efficient way to do things, and these processes get
results. For example, education has been greatly advanced by the technological advances of
computers. Students are able to learn on a global scale without ever leaving their classrooms.
Agricultural processes that once required dozens upon dozens of human workers can now be
automated, thanks to advances in technology, which means cost-efficiency for farmers. Medical
discoveries occur at a much more rapid rate, thanks to machines and computers that aid in the
research process and allow for more intense educational research into medical matters. This results
in cost savings for business owners, allowing them to invest in growth in other areas of the business,
which contributes on a positive level to the economy as a whole.

The more advanced society becomes technologically, the more people begin to depend on computers
and other forms of technology for everyday existence. This means that when a machine breaks or a
computer crashes, humans become almost disabled until the problem is resolved. This kind of
dependency on technology puts people at a distinct disadvantage, because they become less self-
reliant.

At the same time, human workers retain less value, which is a disadvantage of technological
advances. Because machines automate processes and do the work of 10 people with one computer,
companies find they don't need to employ as many people to get the job done. As machines and
computers become even more advanced and efficient, this will continue to be a growing disadvantage
of technology and an issue that has a global impact.