12/22/2018

Referencing
&
Management System

Dr. K P Saxena
G.B. Pant Unversity of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar

What is Referencing?
• When writing a research article, thesis, project
etc, it is essential that information about the
Information sources consulted for research.
should be included in text and in reference list at
the end of your work/document, it is called
referncing.
• Referencing acknowledges the information
sources that you use to write your article or
project.
• This helps the readers to locate the information
sources cited.

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• Citing document in text of your work – called

in-text citation and
• Referencing them at the end of your work –
called the reference list or end-text citation.
• The reference list includes information sources
which are cited in the text of your work.
• Bibliography includes information about in-
text citation and all material used /consulted
for preparation of your work/article.

Why to cite and reference?

• It acknowledges and gives credit to works of
others and avoid the plagiarism.
• Add weight and strengthen to your discussion
and arguments.
• References also show that you have read
widely on the subject and considered &
analyzed writing of others.
• It establishes the credibility and authority of
your ideas and arguments.

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Referencing Styles
• There are many style of referencing e.g. APA, MLA,
Harvard, Oxford Standard for the citation of Legal
Authorities (OSCOLA ), IEEE, Chicago etc.
• Any of the standard reference style can be used.
• It depends on source/journal for you are writing.
• There are two methods of citing:
• Author-date referencing styles (e.g. APA and Harvard)
which emphasis of the name of author and publication
year in text and reference list at end.
• Numeric style (e.g. OSCOLA) which provides a
superscript number in the text with full bibliographic
details reference list.

Information for including in Reference

• Generally following bibliographical information is
included in references which vary according to
type of documents included:
• Name of Authors/Editors
• Date (Year) of Publication
– Books: Title of book, Edition, Place of publication
and publisher
– Journals: Title of article, Title of journal, volume,
issue, page number
– Web sources: URL (Uniform/Universal Resource
Locator) with date of access.

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• Online information using Digital Object

Identifiers (DOI).
• Internet pages are identified by URL but these
may change if the Internet side is moves to
another host.
• A system of DOI has been introduced which
tag individual digital online sources.
• Example DOI: 10.1088/0004/6256/136/1/312
(accessed on 5 January 2015)

APA Style
• Developed by the American Psychological
Association, APA style is widely used, not only
in the social sciences and management but
also in the humanities and natural sciences.
• Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th edition).
• There are two parts to APA citation: in-text
citation and the list of references at the end.

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In-text Citation
• The in-text component of APA citation includes two
main elements: the author’s last name and the year of
publication.
• Add the page number whenever quoting directly or
specific section of the text
• Hopkinson & Hopkinson (2002) reported that “the
current state of
the treatment for obesity is similar to
the state of the treatment
of hypertension several
decades ago” (p. 600).
• The References entry will look like this:
Hopkinson, S. Z. & Hopkinson, J. A. (2002). Drug
therapy: Obesity
 The New England Journal of
Medicine,
346, 591-602.

Article, chapter, Poem, and story

titles are written in lower case
without italics or quotation marks.

Formatting Notes:

Holliday, R. E. & Hayes, B. K. (2001). Dissociating automatic and
intentional

processes in eyewitness memory. Journal of
Experimental Child

Psychology, 75(1), 1-5. Retrieved July 3, 2001, from

http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.9.htm Journal and Book

Titles are italicized.

Retrieved July 3, 2001, from

http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.
9.htm

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BEGINNING ENTRIES WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS

•List up to six authors names followed by initials.
•Use an ampersand (&) between the names of two authors or, if
there are more than two authors, before the name of the last
author:
Dewey, D. W., & Koger, S. M. (2008).
Sloan, F. A., Stout, E. M., Whetten-Goldstein, K., & Liang, L.
(2010).

•If there are more than six authors, list the first and “et al.”

BEGINING ENTRY WITH ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR

When the author is an organization, begin with the
name of the organization:
Indian Council of Agricultural Research. (2003).

BEGINING ENTRY WHEN AUTHOR IS UNKNOWN

Begin the entry with the work’s title.
Oxford essential world atlas. (2001).
Omega-3 fatty acids. (2004, November 23).

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TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Use the author’s name for all entries. List the entries by
year, the earliest first.
Dhawan, P. C. (1997).
Dhawan, P. C. (2001).
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE
SAME YEAR:
List the works alphabetically by title. In the parentheses,
following the year, add “a,” “b,” c,” etc. Use these same
letters when giving the year in the in-text citation.
Durgin, P. A. (2003a). At-risk behaviors in children.
Durgin, P. A. (2003b). Treating obesity with
psychotherapy.

ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUME

After the italicized title of the journal, give the volume
number (also italicized), followed by the page numbers:
Morawski, J. (2000). Social psychology a century
ago. American
Psychologist, 55, 1427-1431.
ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE
When each issue of a journal begins with page 1, include
the issue number in parentheses after the volume number.
Italicize the volume number but not the issue number.
Smith, S. (2003). Government and nonprofits in the
modern age.
Society, 40(4), 36-45.

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ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE
In addition to the year of publication, list the month and,
for weekly magazines, the day. If there is a volume
number, include it (italicized) after the title.
Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won’t help
most kids. Science
News, 15, 292.

ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER
Begin with the name of the author followed by the exact
date of publication. Page numbers are introduced with
“p.” (or “pp.”).
Lohr, S. (2004, December 3). Health care technology is
a promise
unfinanced. The New York Times, p. 5.

BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOK

• Begin with the author’s name, followed by the date and
the book’s title;
• End with the place of publication and the name of the
publisher;
• Take the information about the book from its title page
and copyright page;
• If more than one place of publication is given, use only
the first; if more than one date is given, use the most
recent one.
Example:
Highmore, B. (2001). Everyday life and cultural theory.
New York:
Routledge.

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BOOK WITH AN EDITOR

For a book with an editor but no author, begin with the name of the
editor (or editors) followed by the abbreviation “Ed.” (or “Eds.”) in
parentheses:
Bronfen, E., & Kavka, M. (Eds.). (2001). Feminist consequences:
Theory
for a new century. New York: Columbia
University Press.
For a book with an author and an editor, begin with the author’s
name. Give the editor’s name in parentheses after the title of the
book, followed by the abbreviation “Ed.” (or “Eds.”):
Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged publications (K. V. Kukil,
Ed.). New York:
Anchor.

ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

After the author, year of publication, and title of the
article or chapter, write “In” and give the editor’s
name, followed by “Ed.” in parentheses; the title of the
book; and the page numbers of the article or chapter
in parentheses. End with the book’s publication
information:
Luban, D. (2000). The ethics of wrongful
obedience. In D. L. Rhode
(Ed.), Ethics in
practice: Lawyers’ roles, responsibilities,
and regulation (pp. 94-120). New York:
Oxford University Press.

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Report From a Organization

If the publisher is the author, give the word “Author” as the
publisher. If the report has an author, begin with the author’s
name, and the name of the publisher at the end.
Examples:
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice
guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating
disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
THESIS
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching
at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master’s thesis).
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL
When citing online articles, follow the guidelines for printed
articles, giving whatever information is available in the online
source.

If article also appears in a printed journal

a URL is not required; instead, include “Electronic version” in
brackets after the title of the article:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. [Electronic
version]. Title of Online Periodical, volume
number (issue number if available), page range.
Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment
[Electronic
version]. Social Science Research,
29(4), 535-555.

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CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL
(If there is no Print Version available)

Use same guidelines for printed articles and include the

date you accessed the source and the article’s URL
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number (issue
number if available). Retrieved (date of retrieval) from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness,

loneliness, and
attitude toward celebrities. Current
Research in Social Psychology,
6(9). Retrieved July
3, 2001, from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/
crisp.6.9.htm

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

(Online Journal Article : Citing DOIs)

• In August of 2011 the formatting recommendations for DOIs

changed. DOIs are now rendered as an alpha-numeric string which
acts as an active link. Use the DOI string as it appears older
numeric string or the newer alpha-numeric string

• Authoarticle.Title r, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title

of Journal, volume number, page range.
doi:0000000/000000000000 or http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000

• Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An

annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-
1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

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CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Journal Article / Abstract : Retrieved from Databases
Abstract
If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite
the online abstract as any other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after
the article or source name.

Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome

cope in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract]. British Journal of
Learning Disabilities, 36(1), 54-58.

However, if the full text is not available, you may use an abstract that is
available through an abstracts database as a secondary source.

Hendricks, J., Applebaum, R., & Kunkel, S. (2010). A world apart? Bridging the
gap between theory and applied social gerontology.Gerontologist, 50(3),
284-293. Abstract retrieved from Abstracts in Social Gerontology
database. (Accession No. 50360869)

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

(Online Journal Article / Abstact : Retrieved from Databases

• For articles that are easily located, do not provide database

information. If the article is difficult to locate, then you can
provide database information. Only use retrieval dates if the
source could change, such as Wikis.

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CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Online Newspaper Article

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of

Newspaper. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to

drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved
from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/psychiatry-
handbook-linked-to-drug-industry/?_r=0

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

(Electronic Books)
If Books are available both in Print and Electronic form
include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name. For
references to e-book editions, include the type and version of e-book you
are referencing e.g., "[Kindle DX version]"). If DOIs are available, provide
them at the end of the reference.

• De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales.

Retrieved from
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

• Stoker, B. (1897). Dracula [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

( For Kindle Books DOI/place of download is used in-place of publisher
information).

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CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

(Electronic Books)
If Book is available in Electronic form only
If the book is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to
find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must
be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved
from," and point readers to where they can find it.

Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available

from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio? inkey=1-
9780931686108-0

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

(Online Book Chapter / Web Document)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.
In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number).
Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine.

In Apache HTTP Server version 1.3 documentation (Apache
modules). Retrieved from
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html

Peckinpaugh, J. (2003). Change in the Nineties. In J. S. Bough and G. B.

DuBois (Eds.), A century of growth in America. Retrieved from
GoldStar database.
NOTE:
Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the
chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.

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CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

(Online Book Reviews)
Normally cite the information for the work quoted. In brackets, write
"Review of the book" and give the title of the reviewed work.
Provide the web address after the words "Retrieved from," if the
review is freely available If the review comes from a subscription
service or database, write "Available from" and provide the
information where the review can be purchased.
Book Review as online newspaper article
Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book Girls
like us]. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/Zachareck
-t.html?pagewanted=2
Book Review as online journal article
Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books Twenty-
first Joyce, Joyce's critics: Transitions in reading and culture, and
Joyce's messianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic
self]. Modern Fiction Studies, 50(1), 163-173. Available from Project
MUSE Web site:
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs52.1.
html

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Non Periodical Web Document or Report
List as much of the following information as possible in following format

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document.

Retrieved from http://Web address

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland,
L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

(The APA recommends the above format to cite

a YouTube video.)
NOTE:
When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that
links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a
date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date.

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CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines

(authors' names). When no byline is present, move the entry
name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if
present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry.

Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved

from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminis
m

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Dissertation/Thesis from a Database
Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective
treatment target in Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from
ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)
Online Bibliographies and Annotated Bibliographies
Jürgens, R. (2005). HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A Select
Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved from http://www.hc-
sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/intactiv/hiv-vih-
aids-sida-prison-carceral_e.pdf
Data Sets
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.
(2008). Indiana income limits [Data file]. Retrieved from
http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf

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CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

• When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file

format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint
slides, Word document).

• Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory [PDF document].

Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site:
http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ501/Hallam/
index.html

• Roberts, K. F. (1998). Federal regulations of chemicals in the

environment [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/40hrenv/index.html

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting
Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or
discussion board. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen
name. If available, place identifiers like post or message numbers, in
brackets. If available, provide the URL where the message is archived e.g.
"Message posted to..., archived at...".

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia

[Msg 25]. Message posted to
http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

NOTE:
The titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups,
forums) are not italicized.

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CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post
If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.

J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web
log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport

Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-M

Wikis
OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2011 from the OLPC Wiki:
http://wiki.laptop. org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay

NOTE:
The titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups,
forums) are not italicized.

CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Podcasts
For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible, if not all of the
following information will be available. Possible additional identifiers may
include Producer, Director, etc.

Audio Podcasts

Bell, T., & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare. Science @ NASA Podcast.
Podcast retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm

Video Podcasts

Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom

[Episode 7]. Adventures in Education. Podcast retrieved from
http://www.adveeducation.com

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Information for including in references for various documents

Document Auth Year Title Title of Volum Place Publi Editi Page URL Date
or of Publica e& of sher on Num when
article -tion Issue Public ber acces
inf -ation sed

Book √ √ √ √ √ √

Chapter √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
from Book
Journal √ √ √ √ √ √
Article
Electronic √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Journal
Article
Internet site √ √ √ √ √

News paper √ √ √ √ √ √
article

Comparison of APA and MLA Style: Books

APA
• Gordin, M. D. (2012). The pseudoscience wars:
Immanuel Velikovsky and the birth of the
modern fringe. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
MLA
• Gordin, Michael D. The Pseudoscience Wars:
Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the
Modern Fringe. Chicago: U Chicago
P, 2012.

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Journal Articles
APA
• Shafron, G. R., & Karno, M. P. (2013). Heavy metal
music and emotional dysphoria among
listeners. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 2, 74–85. doi:10.1037/a0031722
MLA
• Shafron, Gavin Ryan and Mitchell P.
Karno. “Heavy Metal Music and Emotional
Dysphoria Among Listeners.” Psychology of
Popular Media Culture 2 (2013): 74-
85. PsycNET. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.

Various Citation Styles using Mendeley

APA : Suber, P. (2002). Open access to the scientific journal
literature. Journal of Biology, 1(1), 3. Retrieved from
http://jbiol.com/content/1/1/3

Chicago :Suber, Peter. 2002. Open access to the scientific journal

literature. Journal of Biology 1, no. 1: 3.
http://jbiol.com/content/1/1/3.

Harvard : Suber, P., 2002. Open access to the scientific journal

literature. Journal of Biology, 1(1), p.3. Available at:
http://jbiol.com/content/1/1/3.

MLA : Suber, Peter. “Open access to the scientific journal

literature.” Journal of Biology 1.1 (2002) : 3.

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Various Citation Styles using Mendeley

Cell : Suber, P. (2002). Open access to the scientific journal
literature. Journal of Biology 1, 3. Available at:
http://jbiol.com/content/1/1/3.

Chicago :Suber, Peter. 2002. Open access to the scientific journal

literature. Journal of Biology 1, no. 1: 3.
http://jbiol.com/content/1/1/3.

Nature: 1. Suber, P. Open access to the scientific journal

literature. Journal of Biology 1, 3 (2002).

Science: 1. P. Suber, Journal of Biology 1, 3 (2002).

THANK YOU

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