2nd order Butterworth high pass filter with

12 KHz Fc and 1k ZL impedance.

Román Basurto Espinoza, Carlos Francisco Lora Vattuone, Luis Antonio Ramos Rodriguez, Francisco Ángel Romero
Tepal.
Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica.
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.
Puebla, México.
Mailing address: 7200

Abstract--- In this report we present the Ln L3

1uH
L1
1uH
1uH
results of the various analyzes carried out in the
proposed circuit. A comparison of these results was +
Vs1 Cn C2 R
made to corroborate that everything was as desired. 10V 1uF 1uF 1k
-

Keyword— Filters, frequency, high passes,

transfer function.
Fig. 2. Circuit (b)
I. Introduction
Where the values required for the filter
The filters in the frequency are of great help design are already given, it also includes values
in the different areas. Throughout the practice in from second order filter, to filters of the tenth
question, is the design of a filter Butterworth of order and of Chebyshev, Butterworth and
second order and a cutoff frequency of 12KHz, Thomson type filters.
implemented in this GIC, which will be the
replacement of the inductors, to OP AMP. By
varying the resistance to the GIC (the RL) the
cutting frequency is modified until reaching the
desired value, taking into account that the
practical part has a margin of twenty percent error.

II. Theoretical framework

A. Filter design passes low.

There are two designs for low pass filters, one

for those of even order (a) and others for what are
of odd order (b).

Ln L2
1uH 1uH

+
Vs1 Cn C1 R
10V 1uF 1uF 1k
-

Fig. 1. Circuit (a)

Fig. 3. Value table

 B. Change of inductances to GIC 𝐶𝑖
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐾𝑧𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑛 = 𝐾𝑧
Since the inductors have non-commercial
𝐺𝑖
values, it becomes a problem when designing 𝐿𝑛 = 𝐾𝑧𝑅𝑙 𝐺𝑛 = 𝐾𝑧
filters. It is for this reason that it is replaced by a
GIC, which it can be landed or floating. III. Experimental development
A. Theoretical analysis
U1
IDEAL How to design a second order butterworth
E1
high pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 12kHz
10V
+V and a load impedance of 1k. We have the
C2
R
1k 1uF
R
1k
R
1k
following circuit:

RL
1k
U3
IDEAL

Fig. 4. GIC circuit

Where said GIC is defined by:

𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶2 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑅𝐿

In such a way that the design of a filter is

more accessible and comfortable to the designer. Fig. 5. Theoretical analysis circuit (a)

C. Theoretical analysis (Obtained from the design established for

a low pass with the values in the same way
It is necessary to do a scaling of frequency already established).
and impedance to obtain a circuit design that
meets the needs of the designer. Since the established circuit is a low pass
The scaling in frequency is given by: filter, it was converted to a high pass by the "low
pass to high pass" technique. Resulting in the
𝑊𝑛 following design:
𝐾𝑓 =
𝑊𝑖
Kf is the scaling factor in frequency.
Wi is the initial frequency.
Wn is the frequency of interest.

The scaling in frequency only affects the

capacitive and inductive values of the circuit in
the following way:

𝐿 𝐶
And
𝐾𝑓 𝐾𝑓
Fig. 6. Theoretical analysis circuit (b)
For scaling in Impedance, there are
different functions for different cases, such as After having the normalized values, an
impedance, capacitance, inductance and gain: escalation was made in frequency and an
impedance scaling (as initially proposed). We can
observe the results in the following table.
TABLE I COMPONENT VALUES.

𝑓𝑐 = 12𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝑍𝐿 = 1𝑘Ω
𝐿1𝑛 18.7564µ𝐻 18.7564𝑚𝐻
𝐶2𝑛 9.3782µ𝑓 9.3782𝑛𝑓
𝑅 1 1𝑘

For the design of the GIC, we propose

fixed values for the capacitor, the resistor and the
inductor that we want. We use "change of inductor
by GIC" resulting in:

𝐶 = 1𝑛𝑓 ; 𝑅 = 1𝑘Ω ; 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 18.75𝑚𝐻

𝐿𝑒𝑞 18.75𝑚𝐻
𝑅𝐿 = = = 18.75𝑘Ω
𝐶𝑅 ( 1𝑛𝑓)(1𝑘Ω)

Having these considered values, we use them

in the following sections that are the simulation
and the practical part.

B. Simulation analysis
Fig. 8. Simulation code 1
In this part, the proposed circuit was analyzed
in a simulated way through a computer. The Resulting in the following Bode diagram,
values obtained were introduced ideally to with a cutoff frequency of 14 KHz.
compare the response with the previously
analyzed.

Fig. 7. Simulated analysis circuit 1

To implement it in the TopSpace
program, the following code was introduced:
Fig. 9. Bode diagram 1
Because the result obtained was at the
limit of the margin of error allowed (20%). We
made slight modifications to the capacitor value of
9n and the load resistance of the GIC.

Fig. 10. Simulation code 2
In this way, we obtain a result closer to
the one proposed theoretically.
Fig. 11. Bode diagram 2
Obtaining considerable value and less close to
the margin of error proposed. We can implement
it physically and perform the necessary tests to
check the results of three different analyzes.
C. Practical analysis
Part of going to assemble the circuit, split
from a circuit passes low of second order in
which, thanks to the learned methods, it was
passed to a high-pass circuit of the same name and
then with the "GIC" technique, We could change
our inductance by a configuration made by
operational amplifiers, resistors and capacitors.
Through scaling in impedance and frequency we
were able to adjust the other two values of
capacitor and the resistance by some that were
more common and thus have a better performance
in the circuit.
The diagram was as follows:
Fig. 12. Simulated analysis circuit 2
In the assembly there was no type of
complication, but when putting it to operate we
realized that despite having simulated it before
and having a 20% tolerance, there we decided to
change our resistance of R = 18.75k by a
potentiometer in the which thanks to its variation
we could give it a more accurate value, in this way
the circuit was delivered with a tolerance of
approximately 15%. One of the purposes is that
this filter had a cutoff frequency of 12KHz, this
circuit was achieved with a 13.8 KHZ, this filter.
One of the methods of verification was to focus on
-3db of the graph and verify that from there our
cutoff frequency was 12KHz.
Fig. 13. Assembled circuit 1
Fig. 14. Assembled circuit 2

CONCLUSION
This practice was quite interesting to perform,
very little complex, but very didactic. It was
observed in a very simple way, the operation of a
low pass filter.

REFERENCES
[1] M.N. Charles K. Alexander, “Fundamentals of
Electric Circuits”,3rd ed. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 2006, ch.14, sec. 4 Bode Plots, pp. 629-634.