SAP Course for Beginners

Course Summary

SAP has the largest market share of all ERP systems & commands
unparalleled premium in the ERP & IT market. These basic tutorials will
introduce the SAP ERP, Business suite, SAP Modules, GUI and process to
become a SAP consultant.

What should I know?

Nothing! This course assumes you to be an absolute beginner to SAP.

What is SAP? Definition of SAP ERP

Software
What is SAP?
SAP stands for Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing.

SAP by definition is also named of the ERP (Enterprise Resource

Planning) software as well the name of the company.

SAP Software was Founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther, Hopp, Hector, Plattner

and Tschira.

SAP system consists of a number of fully integrated modules, which covers

virtually every aspect of the business management.

SAP is #1 in the ERP market. As of 2010, SAP has more than 140,000
installations worldwide, over 25 industry-specific business solutions and more
than 75,000 customers in 120 countries
Other Competitive products of SAP Software in the market are Oracle,
Microsoft Dynamics etc.

What is SAP ERP? Why it is Required?

Following Video will explain the need of an ERP software like SAP in an
enterprise

Click here if the video is not accessible

The very basic question to any beginners is why Enterprise Resource

Planning also called ERP is required? To answer this, let’s examine this
typical business scenario.

Suppose a client approaches sales team asking for a particular product. The
sales team contacts to inventory department to check the availability of the
product. To their surprise, sales team found out that the product is out of
stock. So next time this don’t happen, they have to introduce a SAP ERP tool.

Before we actually see in detail, what ERP is and how ERP can help in your
business process, we will understand how different departments are involved
in the whole business process, right from the ordering of the raw material – to
manufacturing goods – to delivering final goods to the customer.

Here is the whole process that is followed by any business unit.

1. Client contacts the sales team to check the availability of the product
2. Sales team approaches the Inventory department to check for the
availability of the product
3. In case the product is out of stock, the sales team approaches the
Production Planning Department to manufacture the product
4. The production planning team checks with inventory department for
availability of raw material
5. If raw material is not available with inventory, the Production Planning
team buys the raw material from the Vendors
6. Then Production Planning forwards the raw materials to the Shop Floor
Execution for actual production
 7. Once ready, the Shop Floor Team forwards the goods to the Sales
Team
8. Sales Team who in turn deliver it to the client
9. The sales team updates the finance with revenue generated by the sale
of the product. Production planning team update the finance with
payments to be made to different vendors for raw materials.
10. All departments approach the HR for any Human Resource
related issue.

That is a typical business process for any manufacturing company. Some key
inferences one could derive from the scenario would be.

 It has many departments or business units

 These departments or business units continuously communicate and
exchange data with each other
 The success of any organization lies in effective communication, and
data exchange, within these departments, as well as associated third
party such as vendors, outsourcers, and customers.

Based on the manner in which communication and data exchanged is

managed. Enterprise systems can be broadly classified as

1) Decentralized System

2) Centralized System which are also called as ERP.

Decentralized System
Let's look at Decentralized system first, in a company with Decentralized
System of Data Management, there are two major problems –

 Data is maintained locally at the individual departments

 Departments do not have access to information or data of other
departments

To identify problems arising due to decentralized Enterprise management

system lets look at the same business process again. The customer
approaches the sales team for a product, but this time around he needs the
product, on an urgent basis.
Since it is a decentralized process, the Sales Team do not have any real-time
information access to the products availability. So they approach the Inventory
department to check the availability of the product. This process takes time
and customer chooses another vendor leading to loss of revenue and
customer dissatisfaction.
Now, suppose the product is out of stock and the Sales Team approaches the
Production Planning team to manufacture the product for future use.
Production Planning Team checks the availability of the raw materials
required.

In a decentralized system, raw material information is separately stored by

Production Planning as well as Inventory Department. Thus, data
maintenance cost (in this case Raw Material) goes up.
The raw material information is available in two different departments
Inventory as well as Production Planning. When sales team check a particular
raw material required to manufacture the product, it shows the raw material is
available as per the inventory, but as per the database of the production
planning team, the raw material is out of stock.

So, they go ahead and buy the raw material. Thus, material as well inventory
cost goes up.

Once the raw material is available, the shop floor department suddenly
realizes they are short of workers they approach the HR, who in turn hire
temporary employees at higher than market rates. Thus LABOR Cost
Increases.

The production planning department fails to update the finance department on

the materials they have purchased. The finance department defaults the
payment deadline set by the vendor causing the company loss of its
reputation and even inviting a possible legal action.
These are just a few of many problems with decentralized systems.

Some Major problems with the decentralized system are –

 Numerous disparate information system generates individually over time

which are difficult to maintain
 Integrating the data is time and money consuming
 Inconsistencies and duplication of data
 Lack of timely information leads to customer dissatisfaction , loss of
revenue and reputation
 High Inventory, material, and human resource cost.

These are some major drawbacks for which we need a solution. Well the
Solution lies in Centralized Systems i.e. ERP.

Centralized System
In a company, with Centralized System of Information and Data Management.

1) Data is maintained at a central location and is shared with various

Departments

2) Departments have access to information or data of other Departments

Let’s look at the same business process again to understand how a
Centralized Enterprise System helps to overcome problems posed by a
Decentralized Enterprise System.

In this Case, all departments update a Central Information System.

 When Customer approaches the sales team to buy a product on an

urgent basis. The Sales Team has real-time information access to the
products in inventory which is updated by the Inventory Department in
the Centralized System
 Sales Team respond to customer request on time leading to Increased
Revenue and Customer Delight.
 In case, manufacturing is required the Sales Team update the
Centralized Database, so that all the department remain informed about
the product status.
 Production Planning Department is auto updated by the Centralized
Database for requirements. Production Planning Team checks the
availability of the raw materials required via Central Database, which is
updated by the Inventory Department.
 Thus, Data Duplication is avoided, and accurate data is made available.
The Shop Floor Team update their Man Power Status regularly in the
Central Database, which can be accessed by the HR department.
  In case of shortage of workforce, HR team starts recruitment process
with considerable lead time to hire a suitable candidate at market
price.Thus labor cost goes down.
 While vendors can directly submit their invoices to the Central
Enterprise System, which can be accessed by the finance department.
Thus, payments are made on time, and possible legal actions are
avoided
 SAP software is a type of Centralized System. SAP System is most
popularly used ERP software.

Key benefits of the centralized system are:

 It Eliminates the duplication, discontinuity and redundancy in data
 Provides information across departments in real time.
 SAP System is Provides control over various business processes
 Increases productivity, better inventory management , promotes quality ,
reduced material cost, effective human resources management,
reduced overheads boosts profits
 Better customer interaction and increased throughput. It also improves
customer service
 Hence, a centralized enterprise management system is required.
 SAP Software is a centralized enterprise management system also
known as Enterprise Resource Planning.

SAP Business Suite

What is SAP Business Suite?
SAP Business Suite is collection of fully integrated applications such as SAP
customer relationship management (CRM), SAP Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP), SAP product lifecycle management (PLM), SAP supplier
relationship management (SRM), and SAP supply chain management (SCM)
modules.

Most people relate SAP with its ERP offering. But SAP now offers variety of
products to address varied needs of an organization. Lets have a look at them
-

 SAP HANA:- High Performance Analytic Appliance uses in-memory

computing, a breakthrough technology that enables analysis of very
large, non-aggregated data at unprecedented speed in local memory
 (vs. disk-based database) enabling complex analyses, plans and
simulations on real-time data.
 SAP Convergent Charging :- SAP Convergent Charging provides a
rating and charging solution for high-volume processing in service
industries. It delivers pricing design capabilities, high performance rating
and convergent balance management.
 Customer Relationship Management:- Unlike other CRM software,
the SAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM) application,
part of the SAP Business Suite, not only helps you address your short-
term imperatives – to reduce cost and increase your decision-making
ability – but can also help your company achieve differentiated
capabilities in order to compete effectively over the long term.
 Enterprise Resource Planning:- A sound foundation is necessary to
compete and win in the global marketplace. The SAP ERP application
supports the essential functions of your business processes and
operations efficiently and are tailored to specific needs of your industry
like SAP ERP Financials, SAP ERP Human capital management,SAP
ERP Operations,SAP ERP corporate services.
 SAP Environment, Health, and Safety Management :- It supports
environmental, occupational and product safety processes, regulatory
compliance, and corporate responsibility. This is accomplished by
embedding corporate policies, compliance, and environmental, health
and safety capabilities with global business processes for human
resources, logistics, production and finance.
 SAP Global Batch Traceability :- It allows you to completely trace
tracked objects, for example, a batch, across both SAP systems and
non-SAP systems. In the event of a recall or withdrawal, SAP GBT
ensures the timely compliance with legal reporting timelines.
Furthermore, it helps you to minimize cost and corporate risk exposure.
You can also analyze multiple objects, for example, batches, in one run.
 SAP Product Life Cycle Management:- To survive in an ever-
changing global environment, creating and delivering innovative and
market differentiating products and services is what distinguishes your
company from the competition. The SAP Product Lifecycle Management
(SAP PLM) application provides you with a 360-degree-support for all
product-related processes – from the first product idea, through
manufacturing to product service
 SAP Supplier Life Cycle Management:- SAP Supplier Lifecycle
Management is a holistic approach to managing supplier relationships.
It deals with the supply base as a whole to constantly determine the
 right mix of suppliers. It covers the lifecycle of individual suppliers ? from
onboarding to a continuous development.
 Supply Chain Management :- You face enormous pressure to reduce
costs while increasing innovation and improving customer service and
responsiveness. SAP Supply Chain Management (SAP SCM) enables
collaboration, planning, execution, and coordination of the entire supply
network, empowering you to adapt your supply chain processes to an
ever-changing competitive environment.
 Supplier Relationship Management:- With SAP SRM you can
examine and forecast purchasing behavior, shorten procurement cycles,
and work with your partners in real time. This allows you to develop
long-term relationships with all those suppliers that have proven
themselves to be reliable partners.
 Governance, Risk and Compliance:- Risk is unavoidable, but it can
be managed. With governance, risk, and compliance (GRC),
businesses can strategically balance risk and opportunity.
 Sales and operations planning:- SAP Sales and Operations Planning
enables you to optimally and profitably meet long-term future demand.
Typically, this process repeats every month and involves many
participants including Sales, Marketing, Finance, Demand Planning, and
Supply Chain Planning.
 SAP Transportation Management :- It supports you in all activities
connected with the physical transportation of goods from one location to
another.
 Extended Warehouse Management:- SAP Extended Warehouse
Management gives you the option of mapping your entire warehouse
complex in detail in the system, down to the storage bin level. Not only
does this give you an overview of the total quantity of a product in the
warehouse, but you can also always see exactly where a specific
product is, at any time, in your warehouse complex. With EWM, you can
optimize the use of various storage bins and stock movements, and can
combine the storage of stocks from several plants in randomly-managed
warehouses.
 Mobile Apps:- Mobile devices can also access SAP system.

SAP ERP Functional & Technical

Modules
SAP Modules can be categorized into
  Functional Modules
 Technical Modules

These functional and technical modules are tightly coupled. Below is a list of
key SAP Modules

1. SAP FI Module - FI stands for Financial Accounting

SAP FI module is very robust and covers almost all financial business process
encountered in various industries. It is one of the widely implemented modules
in SAP. Learn more about SAP FI

2. SAP CO Module - CO stands for Controlling

Cost Accounting (CO) module of SAP provides information to managers

decision makers to understand where the company's money is being spent.
CO helps them to optimize business costs.

3. SAP HCM Module - HR stands for Human Resources

SAP Human Capital Management (HCM) is also called SAP-HR. SAP HCM
consists of sub-modules like Personnel Administration (PA), Organizational
Management (OM), Time, Payroll that help in employee management. Learn
more about SAP HCM

4. SAP MM Module - MM is Materials Management

Materials Management module in SAP consists of several components and

sub-components including Master Data, Purchasing, and Inventory. Learn
more about SAP MM

5. SAP QM Module - QM stands for Quality Management

SAP QM (Quality Management) is an integral part of several key business

processes of SAP like production, sales, procurement, material management,
etc. Learn more about SAP QM

6. SAP PP Module - PP is Production Planning

SAP PP ( Production Planning) is a SAP module, specially designed for

integrating different department involved in production and manufacturing. It
has various components like Data Center, BOM, Work Center, CRP etc.
Learn more about SAP PP
 7. SAP SD Module - SD is Sales and Distribution

SAP Sales and Distribution (SD) is an important module of SAP ERP

consisting of business processes required in selling, shipping, billing of a
product. The module is tightly integrated with SAP MM & SAP PP. Key sub-
modules of SAP SD are Customer and Vendor Master Data, Sales, Delivery,
Billing, Pricing and Credit Management. Learn more about SAP SD

8. SAP BW Module - where BW stands for Business (Data) Warehouse

SAP BI (Business Intelligence) or SAP BW is a leading data warehousing and

reporting tool. It helps convert raw data into information and insights that help
improve business margins. Learn more about SAP BW

9. SAP Basis -

SAP Basis is a set of programs and tools that act as an interface with
Database, Operating system, communication protocols and other SAP
modules like FI,HCM, SD etc. Learn more about SAP Basis

10. SAP ABAP -

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) is the default

programming language for SAP applications. You can also use Java to code
in SAP. Learn more about SAP ABAP

11. SAP CRM - where CRM stands for Customer Relationship

Management

SAP CRM is the Market Leader in Customer Relationship Management

Software. SAP CRM plays a pivotal role in strengthening customer
relationships. Learn more about SAP CRM

12. SAP HANA - where Hana stands for High-performance Analytic

Appliance.

SAP HANA is an in-memory computing platform that allows real-time data

analysis. Its currently the market leader in BI.Learn more about SAP HANA

13. SAP EC Module - where EC stands for Enterprise Controlling

14. SAP TR Module - where TR stands for Treasury
15. SAP IM Module - where IM stands for Investment Management
 16. SAP IS -where IS stands for Industries Specific Solution
17. SAP PS Module- and PS is Project Systems
18. SAP CAC - Cross Application Components
19. SAP SCM- where SCM stands for Supply Chain Management
20. SAP PLM- where PLM stands for Product LifeCycle Management
21. SAP SRM- where SRM stands for Supplier Relationship
Management
22. SAP CS- where CS stands for Customer Service
23. SAP SEM - where SEM stands for STRATEGIC ENTERPRISE
MANAGEMENT
24. SAP RE - where RE stands for Real Estate
25. SAP PM Module- where Plant Maintenance is the PM
26. SAP Security Learn more about SAP Security
27. SAP FSCM - where FSCM stands for Financial Supply Chain
Management
28. SAP NetWeaver
29. SAP IS - where IS stands for Industry Specific Solution
30. SAP XI - where XI stands for Exchange Infrastructure
31. SAP Solution Manager – Learn more about Solution Manager
32. SAP LE - where LE stands for Logistics Execution
33. SAP APO- where APO stands for Advanced Planning and
Optimization
34. SAP AFS - where AFS stands for Apparel and Footwear Solution
35. SAP CC - where CC stands for Convergent Charging
36. SAP ITS - where ITS stands for Internet Transaction Server
37. SAP ICM - where ICM stands for Incentive and Commission
Management
38. SAP KW - where KW stands for Knowledge Warehouse
39. SAP MDM - where MDM stands for Master Data Management

How to choose Best SAP Module for

your career
We often emails along the line ... "I have done XYZ degree and have ABC
work experience. Could you recommend a SAP module for me? "

It is difficult to answer all your emails, so, we decided to bring out a guide that
will help you in choosing the "right" module for you.

You need to consider three factors in choosing a SAP module

 1. Job Opportunities in the chosen Module
2. You academic background and work experience
3. Your Career / Life Goals

Let's look at them one by one.

Job Opportunities
SAP has 25 modules and adding. Refer this list of all SAP Modules

But not all the 25 SAP modules are implemented in every company. The
most implemented modules are the ones with most job opportunities.

We recommend you narrow down your choice of SAP Modules to following

which are in demand

1. SAP FI
2. SAP MM
3. SAP SD
4. SAP PP
5. SAP HCM
6. SAP Basis/ ABAP - for people with a technical bent

Apart from above modules, you can also consider making a career in many
SAP add-on modules like which are HOT in market

1. SAP CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

2. SAP BI also known as SAP BW (Business Warehouse)

Academic Background and work

experience
Once you have narrowed your choices to above modules, you need to factor
in your education and work experience (if any) to trim the choices even
further.

For instance, if you are a MBA in HR it makes no sense choosing SAP FI

module. SAP HCM is a more apt module for you. Working in HCM module will
give you a competitive advantage as compared to SAP FI where you will work
as a fresher.

Your career and life goals.

This is often the most overlooked although the most important factor. Before
selecting a SAP module , you need to think hard whether you want to work on
SAP in first place ?

You need to factor in your inclination , passion , aptitude and career goals into
your decision.

You need to ask yourself, whether you are looking for a "career" in SAP or just
a job ?

Following tool will help you choose the best sap module for yourself. Good
Luck :)

How to become SAP Consultant

Plan to make a career as a SAP Consultant? If Yes, this guide is a MUST
READ!

What is a SAP Consultant?

SAP Consultant is a Subject Matter Expert (SME) either on the

 Business/ sales
 Functional
 Development or
 Basis

domains of SAP. The consultant provides advisory, recommendations,

guidance, implementation help in their respective SAP domains.

Why SAP?
SAP (Systems Applications and Products) is the world's leading provider of
business software which specializes in industry specific Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) solutions.
SAP is implemented in 9 out of every 10 Fortune 500 company.

SAP consultants enjoy a premium remuneration over their IT counterparts

working in other technologies like Java, .net etc.

Types of SAP Consultant

1) Business/Sales Consultant - They try to win projects at customer end -
without knowing much about SAP :-)

2) SAP Functional Consultant - They are responsible for customizing SAP

as per customer demand. They talk with developers to code custom ABAP
programs as per client requirements.

3) Developer Consultant - They are responsible for coding ABAP/Java

Programs

4) SAP Basis Consultant - They help in installing, maintenance and

performance tuning of SAP servers and databases

Above are the major consulting roles found in almost all SAP projects.
Depending on the nature and size of the project there may be other consulting
roles as well such as SAP security consultant, SAP Techno-functional
consultants, etc.

Skills required in becoming a SAP Functional

Consultant
The skills expected of a SAP Functional consultant vary with experience. But
a fresher SAP consultant must have following skills that almost all employers
look for -

 Extensive SAP (module specific) knowledge.

 Good Domain (Banking, Telecommunication, etc. ) knowledge
 Good Communication and presentation skills. SAP consultants are
often required to interface with the client and understand client's
requirements. A SAP consultant should be good in explaining technical
information to non-technical people
 Ability to work in Teams and good interpersonal skills.
Academic Background
 Academic qualification required to become a SAP consultant -- Any
Under Graduate Course like Bcom, B.E., BSc etc. with any
Specialization
 Any Post Graduate Course like MTech, MBA, etc. with any
Specialization

SAP Consultant Salary

The salary of a fresher SAP consultant in the USA is from $48,000 to $60,000
and the bonuses are from $1,000 to $2,000.

The salary of a fresher SAP consultant in India is from RS 247,000 to RS

4,50,000 and the bonuses are from RS 10,000 to RS 15,000.

How to become a SAP consultant

From time to time we get emails asking "How do I become a SAP consultant."
Obviously, there is no one answer. There are many ways to enter the SAP
market. Here are a few we can conjure ... Obtain SAP Training &
Certification. Choose a SAP module and get a certification from an
authorized SAP training partner. SAP training is expensive, but it's worth the
investment

Join a consulting companyIf you have good business/domain knowledge

(and want to learn SAP ?), you could consider joining an IT consultancy
company like IBM, Deloitte, Infosys. etc as a junior consultant.

Join as a Trainee or in SAP supportYou can consider joining a company

which has SAP implemented and work as a Trainee or support personnel. The
company may later sponsor your SAP certification and training. The trick here
is to find such a company and convince them to hire you

Join SAP Project as a non-SAP person.Many SAP projects require skills

outside of SAP. For instance, lots of projects require a data conversion
individual. If you are good in database and SQL, you might consider joining
the project and later teach yourself SAP

Any other ways to enter the SAP market? ... Leave a comment
Following tool will help you choose the best sap module for yourself. Good
Luck :)

How to get a SAP Certification

SAP offers various certification for different modules.

Certifications can be found based on the

 SAP Solution (Like SAP Business One, Business Objects, ERP,

Netweaver, PLM etc)
 Your Role ( Development, Application, Technology)

As of today there are 220+ different certifications on offer

Each certificate has 2 levels

1. Associate
2. Professional – (Please be aware that the professional-level certifications
also require several years of practical on-the-job experience and
address real-life scenarios)

Types of SAP Types of questions Requirement Exam

certification Duration

Associate 80 multiple choice, multiple _______ 3 hours

certification response and matching questions
and answers

NEW- Speciality 40 multiple choice, multiple Comes along in addition to associate 90

Certification response and matching question exams minutes
and answers

Professional of 80 multiple choice, multiple Requires project experience, business 3 hours

certification response, scenario based and process knowledge and understanding
matching questions and answers of SAP solutions
Eligibility Criteria
For SAP there are no specific criteria if you are enrolling for basic modules of
SAP; any graduate can pursue their career in SAP. However, some SAP
modules require relevant work experience in field like engineer graduate with
relevant work experience of minimum two years can take a course in SAP
MM, PP, and PM module while a commerce graduate or MBA can choose
SAP FICO.

Registration for SAP certification

Since 2014 SAP certification vouchers are only available for purchased
directly from SAP education. Pearson Vue is no longer accepting payment for
SAP certification.

Registration for SAP Certification exams taken at

Pearson VUE
1. Contact your local SAP education department to register to your S-user
number
2. Purchase a voucher from SAP education. You have to pay $500
3. Create a new web account if you don't already have an account with
Pearson Vue
4. Sign in to your Pearson Vue account and schedule your exam
appointment. At the checkout screen, enter your voucher number in the
space marked "Voucher/Promotion Code"
5. For few countries, online certification service is not provided and you
have to call SAP where a representative will guide you through the
process.
6. To register for SAP certification online, you have to visit the
website http://www.sap.com/training-education/certification/about.html

Tips to prepare for SAP certification exam

 Find the right level of certification ( Associate or Professional
certification exam)
  Start your search for your module directly in the certification web shop
(https://training.sap.com/shop/certification/). Select the country and
language to get all information for your location
 If you are new to SAP, use the options training and certification shop
(https://training.sap.com/shop/catalogue/by-delivery-method) it offers a
wide variety of training options to meet your learning needs, it includes
e-learning courses as well
 In order to get a better idea about which topics are important for your
certification, you have to review the syllabus. On the certification site,
you can find an overview of the related topics
 SAP education also provides some sample questions on its site; these
are actual questions asked during past exams. You will find these
questions under certification details for each exam
 Learning with SAP books is a good alternative
 SAP learning hub general user guide allows to interact with SAP
solution experts through a forum. It also offers multiple courses in
various languages
 In SAP exam be careful in using English words especially words like
can, only, always, except

SAP Logon: GUI & Navigation Tutorial

What is SAP Logon?
SAP Logon is used initiate a user session in a desired SAP Server. The same
SAP Logon pad can be used to login into different SAP ERP environments.
SAP Logon is a client side software usually used by Consultants, developers
and end-users

Following Video will take you through the various screen elements observed
in the SAP - Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Click here if the video is not accessible

 To access SAP, double click in the SAP logon PAD.

 You are shown a list of servers that you could log into right now there is
only one server

 But you see multiple servers like one for production, one for Testing one
for development.
 Select the server and click the Log On Button. In the next screen, enter
your user id and password. You are taken to Sap's easy access menu
 At the top, you will see the menu bar. Next you will see the standard tool
bar where you options to Print , Save Find , Scroll etc

 To view or maintain any data in SAP or access different business

process you need to know the corresponding transaction. Every
transaction has a unique code.
 For example, transaction number to maintain a PA data is PA30
 To access the transaction, in the command prompt enter PA30 and hit
enter.
 If you notice the title bar changes in accordance with the transaction,
you are currently in.

 To go back to the initial screen click the back button

 Alternatively, if you do not remember the transaction code, a tree is
provided with all the transaction available.
 Navigate in the tree. Double click in the corresponding transaction.
Suppose you do not want to navigate so much to access a transaction,
right click on it and select Add to favorites
 The transaction is added to your favorites. At the bottom of a screen you
will notice Message Bar. This Bar has three colors
 Red - for errors
 Yellow - for warnings
 Green - for success

 If you double click on the bar, detailed information of the message is

reflected
 At the bottom, you will see various system related information like the
client or the program you are currently in.
 To get help in SAP, select on the corresponding screen element and
press F1
 Suppose, I want help on command prompt, pressing F1 gives me a very
detailed help document.
 That's it to the SAP GUI
SAP GUI Navigation
When you logon to SAP or you open a new session- you will see the
following screen

Lets look into the various screen elements-

SAP User Menu

The SAP User Menu is tailored to the user's specific needs. It includes all
transactions relevant to a user, grouped under relevant folders
SAP Easy Access Menu
The SAP Easy Access Menu includes all transactions offered by SAP,
grouped in folders according to SAP modules (FI/CO, MM, etc.). It is not
tailored to the user's specific needs

SAP Menu Bar

The SAP Menu Bar CHANGES from one screen to another. You follow
a menu path to access a function or a transaction.

SAP Standard Tool Bar

The SAP Standard Toolbar does NOT change from one transaction to
another. You can use the SAP Standard Toolbar to execute various functions.

 Buttons available are enabled

 Buttons not available are disabled
  In the "Transaction Box", you can directly access a transaction, without
using the SAP Menu, by entering the transaction code

General Icons and their Description

Hint: You open a maximum of 6 different SAP session at a time

SAP Application Toolbar

The SAP Application Toolbar CHANGES from one screen to another.
SAP Status Bar
The SAP Status Bar does NOT change from one screen to another. It tells
you WHERE you are in SAP:

 Which environment you are using (Production , Development , Quality).

 In which session you are in (as you can open up to 6 sessions).
 What client you are using.

Clicking on button gives more information -

SAP Function Keys
Functions keys are just another way of navigating around SAP. The
availability of function keys CHANGES from one screen to another While in a
transaction , right click on your mouse , you will see a list of function keys
available

How to get HELP in SAP

More often than not while using SAP you will need HELP. You can access in-
built SAP Help functionality for ANY screen element (like text fields , buttons
,labels etc ) for ANY SAP Screen In this training , we will assume you need
help for the following field -
You can access help in three different ways

1. Clicking on the "Help" button.

2. Right-clicking on your mouse and selecting "Help".
3. Pressing the F1 button on your keyboard.

A Performance Assistance Screen Opens-

1. It gives you information on how to fill the specific field on screen

2. Clicking on Technical Information Button gives you information like program

name , table name and other technical details which comes in very handy at
times
3. Clicking on portal button gives you access to the online SAP Library
available via the internet.
How to install SAP IDES for Practice
What is SAP IDES?
IDES is a demo SAP system developed by SAP AG used for learning and
training and purpose. IDES stand for Internet Demonstration
and Evaluation System.

SAP IDES is an easy way for end users or consultants to get acquainted with
SAP or gain mastery over the SAP ERP.

This document will explain you the installation of IDES server for learning and
practice purpose. There are some prerequisites before installation of IDES
EHP6 server. We required installation media, list of media is shown below:

 j2sdk-1_4_2_17-windows-amd64.exe
 IDES EHP6 Installation Master
 IDES EHP6 Installation Export
 NW703 Kernel 720_Ext
 SL Controller 720
 MS SQL RDBMS
 SAPCRYPTOGRAPHIC Library
 JCE (Java Cryptography Extension) Policy
The above media is available on SAP Marketplace. Download and store it on
your local hard disk. What we have gone through was software requirement,
now let us focus on hardware requirement. For the installation we require
server with

 RAM of 4 GB and above

 HDD of 600 GB
 Intel i3 processor 64-bit and above
 Windows server 2006 R2 operating system.

Note: You can install SAP on Linux , AIX and Sun Solaris as well Below we
have explained road map and each step for SAP IDES installation.

Many learners need a video of the installation steps or do not have access to
the SAP Marketplace to download the necessary files.
For such students we recommend you follow this course to get step by step
process to install SAP in your laptop.

Fig. Roadmap of SAP Installation

Installation steps:

1. Hostname of the server where you want to install IDES should not be
more than 13 characters otherwise you will get an error during
installation.
2. Increase the virtual memory to thrice of physical memory of the server
or ideally you can make it 20 GB.
3. Install the Java - j2sdk-1_4_2_17-windows-amd64.exe and set the
JAVA_HOME environment variable. Windows server 2008 R2 has the
java component within operating system package.
4. Before you start SAP IDES installation, you need to decide the System
Identifier (SID) and Instance Number (00). Here we will use SID = IDS
and instance number = 00.
5. Now go to the installation master media and follow the path as shown
below:
SAPCD(F:)/INST_MAST/IM_WINDOWS_X86_64/sapinst and double
click on "sapinst" as shown in below figures 1 & 2.

Fig. 1
 Fig. 2

6. After double clicking on "sapinst" it will open sap installation GUI as

shown in figure 3.
7. Now follow the path as shown in figure 3 and select prerequisite check
then click on the next.
 Fig. 3

8. Prerequisites check is needed because if there are any requisites

missing then it will show you during this phase. Once you click on the
next, it will take you to the next screen as shown in figure 4. There is a
datafile to check the prerequisites on the installation master DVD. Once
you will go to the next screen it will automatically detect the .xml file or
you can browse the installation master DVD for
"PREREQUISITE_CHECK_DATA.XML" and then click on the next.
 Fig. 4

9. As we are installing ABAP stack, we need to check the option shown in

figure 5 and then click on next.
 Fig. 5

10. On the next screen figure 6, it will ask for the database for sap.
Here we are going to install SAP on MS SQL database, so we have
selected MS SQL server option. If you are planning to install another
database then you can select it from the drop down option which is
highlighted in figure 6.
 Fig. 6

11. On the next screen, you have to mention the JAVA_HOME path,
where you have installed the java environment, and also we are
installing Unicode so check all and then click on the next.
 Fig. 7

12. On the next screen figure 8, it will ask you to review the option
which you selected. If you want to change the selection you can select
the option "revise". Otherwise select next, and it will execute
prerequisite check.
 Fig. 8

13. If there are any prerequisites missing then, it will show on the next
screen, or it will complete execution successfully as shown in figure 9.
 Fig. 9

14. Now again repeat the step 5 and execute "sapinst" from
installation master and select the "Operating System user and Groups"
from drop down as shown in figure 10 and click on next.
 Fig. 10

15. On the next screen, it will ask you either you want to create OS
accounts for sap host agent only or sap administrative user also. After
selecting the option click on the next as shown in figure 11.
 Fig. 11

16. On the next screen, it provides the SAP system identifier "IDS".
Select local domain installation or provide the domain of your host
server as shown in figure 12 and then click next.
 Fig. 12

17. On the next screen, set the password. Password should be

compatible with operating system password policy. After mentioning the
password click on the next.
 Fig. 13

18. Next screen (figure 14), allows you to revise the option which you
have selected. Otherwise you can continue with selected option and
click on the next.
 Fig. 14

19. After successful execution of this step, following message is

shown.
 Fig. 15

20. Once all the prerequisites and user creation is complete, we need
to install the database before we start installation of central instance of
IDES server. To start the DB installation we need to go to RDBMS DVD
as shown in figure 16.Here we have MS SQL database and for that SAP
provided the script "SQL4SAP", just double click on that script. If you
have Oracle database then it will get install in between installation of
SAP.
21. After you double click on the script, it will open a window and ask
for the database instance SID. For sap installation always keeps it as
default. So, it will create the DB SID same as SAP SID. Details are
given in figure 17.
 Fig. 17

22. Once you click on the OK button, it will ask for the confirmation,
so click on OK as shown in figure 18.

Fig. 18

23. Once you confirm it will start the installation of MS SQL database
in the background and installed on "C:/" drive.
 Fig. 19

24. Once the installation gets complete, it will show the message as
shown in figure 20.

Fig. 20
25. Now again repeat step 5 and start the "sapinst" and select the
"Central Instance" and click on the next and start installation as shown
in figure 21.

Fig. 21

26. On the next screen, it will ask you for installation mode. If you
select "Typical" mode then sapinst automatically selects some default
settings, it will not allowe DB configuration and SAPDATA file selection.
While if you select the "Custom" mode then it will ask for this expert
settings. Ref. figure 22.
 Fig. 22

27. Next screen figure 23, provide the SAP system ID (SID) and
installation drive where you want to install (where "\usr\sap" resides).
 Fig. 23

28. As shown in figure 24, it will ask for the server's Fully Qualified
Domain Name (FQDN). If you are going for local server installation then
uncheck the FQDN option otherwise check the FQDN option and
provide your server's FQDN. Here we are going for local installation, so
we have unchecked the option.
 Fig. 24

29. Now, enter master password for your sap system. This password
will be used for all SAP accounts and users during installation. You can
also use this password to log in to SAP system with DDIC and SAP*
users.
 Fig. 25

30. As we have explained earlier, we are going to install as local

installation. So, on the next screen (figure 26), select the local
installation option and click on next.
 Fig. 26

31. On the next screen as shown in figure 27, it will ask the password
for "<SID>adm" and SAPservice<SID>. As you have already provided
the Master password, you can skip this step, or you can set a different
password for each user. For Oracle database, there are "<SID>adm"
and "ORA<SID>" users.
 Fig. 27

32. Now it will ask for the database instance. As you have previously
installed the MS SQL database, so it will show default instance of the
database, select that instance and click on the next.
 Fig. 28

33. On this screen, it will show the information message that DBSID
and SAPSID is same. This is ok, just click on the next.
 Fig. 29

34. On the next screen it will ask you for the media path of Unicode
Kernel NW 7.20. Please provide the path by browsing from "Browse"
and click on the next.
 Fig. 30

35. Next it will show the installation drive where "\usr\sap\PRFCLOG"

will get created.
 Fig. 31

36. Now it will ask for the domain detail for sap host agent. We are
installing as local so select local Domain option and click on the next.
 Fig. 32

37. Now provide the password for sapadm user otherwise it will take
the master password as default.
 Fig. 33

38. Now provide the path of installation export media and click on
next.
 Fig. 34

39. Now it will ask for the password of database ABAP schema. By
default it will take master password.
 Fig. 35

40. Now it will ask for the number of data file needs to be created for
the database. As per the standard it will create 4 datafiles for small
system, 8 datafiles for medium system and 16 datafiles for large
system. Here we have selected 8 datafiles.
 Fig. 36

41. On the next screen, it will ask for the path where you want to store
these datafiles. Also, you need to specify the initial size of datafiles.
 Fig. 37

42. Now it will ask for the location and size of tempdev and templog
file.By default it will be on installation drive of a database. After
providing the required details click on the next.
 Fig. 38

43. Here you need to provide the number of parallel jobs of ABAP
import phase, default is 3, but its recommended to increase the number
of parallel jobs as per server resources. We have increased the jobs
from 3 to 10. SAP code page will be a default, do not change it.
 Fig. 39

44. Here it will ask for the central instance number, you can choose
any number in between 00 to 99. Here we have chosen 00, which is a
default.
 Fig. 40

45. Now provides the details of ABAP message server and Internal
ABAP port. Default it will be 3600 and 3900 respectively. We also need
to provide a host for transport directory, default it will be the same host
where you are installing the server. Here you can change the host if
there is common transport directory for single landscape.
 Fig. 41

46. Next screen will ask for the media path of sapcryptographic,
provide the media path for the same. If you don't want to install then
uncheck the option and click on the next.
 Fig. 42

47. In this step it will unpack the component of sapcryptographic

library. Please select each package to unpack and click on the next.
 Fig. 43

48. Now it will ask for the SID of diagnostic agent system, default it
will be DAA but you can provide as per you and also can change the
destination drive.
 Fig. 44

49. Here we need to provide the media path of JAVA JCE policy.
 Fig. 45

50. Next it will ask for the diagnostic agent system domain detail. If
you want to install as domain then provide the domain name and select
the option "Domain of the current user" or " different domain" otherwise
select local installation option, which we have selected here.
 Fig. 46

51. On this screen, it will ask for the password for diagnostic agent
system. Default password will be master password which you have
provided before.
 Fig. 47

52. Next it will ask for the instance number for the diagnostic agent
system.
 Fig. 48

53. On the next screen, it will ask you to register your system in
existing SLD if you want. SLD is the host where all server details are
stored. If you choose to register in existing SLD then on the next screen,
it will ask you the host details. Here we have selected "No SLD
destination" option. You can find the details in figure 49 and figure 50.
Fig. 49
 Fig. 50

54. Now it will ask to unpack the archive for diagnostic agent system.
Please check all and click on next.
 Fig. 51

55. Now on this screen it will show you all the parameter which you
have selected during the "Define Parameters" phase. You can revise
the input parameter if you want. Once you revise the parameter, you
can click on the next.
Fig. 52
 Fig. 53

56. On this screen, it will ask for the solution manager key. You
required unique key for your installation that you need to generate from
SAP solution manager. After providing the solution manager key click
on the next.
 Fig. 54

57. Once solution manager key provided, it will start the other
installation phase. Longest phase will be "Import ABAP" phase. On the
bottom of the screen, you can find the status of the installation.
Fig. 55
 Fig. 56

58. Once all the phase completed successfully, it will pop-up new
window which shows the message of successful installation.
 Fig. 57

59. Once the installation got complete, you can login to the system
with DDIC and SAP* using SAP GUI with master password. SAP IDES
server has default 000, 001, 066 and 800 client available.

What is mySAP?
mySAP is not a single product but is a suite of products from SAP
including SAP R/3.

SAP R/3 was First launched in 1998 , is regularly updated ,and is market
leader in ERP category till date.
SAP R/3 many modules such as HR , Finance , MM covering all enterprise
Functions
"3" stands for three tier architecture - Presentation tier , Logic tier and Data
tier.

Other products in the mySAP product suite includes SRM(Supplier

Relationship Management), CRM(Customer Relationship Management),
PLM(Product Lifecycle Management ) , SCM (Supply Chain Management)

Following Video will take you through the SAP product suite.

SAP NetWeaver: Learn in 10 Minutes

What is NetWeaver?
NetWeaver is SAP's integrated technology platform and is not a product
in itself.In fact, the new version of basis is called the Netweaver.

It is the underlying technology for all the products in the mySAP suite.

All the products in mySAP suite can run on a single instance of NetWeaver's,
SAP Web Application Server ,also know as "SAP WEBAs."

Netweaver makes possible access to SAP data using simple HTTP

protocol or even mobile. This eliminates the need for installing and more
importantly training in SAP's client side software.

The core capabilities of SAP NetWeaver are the integration of people,

information, and process
People integration
It simply means that it enables you to bring people together and help them
work more efficiently.

Examples:-

 Portal: - provides industry leading portal technology that delivers

unified, personalized, and role-based user access
 Collaboration: - Collaboration promotes cooperation in enterprises
using virtual team rooms (Collaboration Rooms), real-time
communication (chat and application sharing) and the use of third-party
groupware and synchronous collaboration tools (for example, Microsoft
Exchange, Lotus Notes, and WebEx)
 Multi-Channel Access :- With Multi-Channel Access, you can connect
to enterprise systems through web-based, voice, mobile, messaging, or
radio-frequency technology.

Information integration
It means you can bring together information from a variety of locations and
have it make sense in the context of what your folks do every
day! Examples:-
  Business Intelligence:- It provides you with reliable tools for creating
individual and interactive reports and applications.
 BI Content & BI Content Extensions :- Enables quicker
implementation using pre-configured role and task-oriented information
models in SAP Business Intelligence.
 Knowledge Management:- Allows common access to unstructured
information and documents in a distributed storage landscape
like Search,Classification,Subscription,Versioning,etc..
 Search and Classification (TREX) :- Provides SAP applications with
numerous services for searching, classifying, and text-mining in large
collections of documents (unstructured data) as well as for searching in
and aggregating business objects (structured data).

Process integration
It means coordinating the flow of work across departments, divisions, and
between companies. Usage type process integration includes all functions
previously covered by SAP NetWeaver Exchange Infrastructure that you use
to realize cross-system business processes. This SAP NetWeaver usage type
enables different versions of SAP and non-SAP systems from different
vendors running on different platforms (for example, Java ABAP, and so on)
to communicate with each other. SAP NetWeaver is based on an open
architecture, primarily uses open standards (in particular those from the XML
and Java environments), and provides services that are essential in a
heterogeneous and complex system landscape. These include a runtime
infrastructure for exchanging messages, configuration options for managing
business processes and the flow of messages, as well as options for mapping
messages before they reach the receiver.

Application Platform
SAP Web Application Server provides a complete development infrastructure
on which you can develop, distribute, and execute platform-independent,
robust, and scalable Web services and business applications. SAP
Web Application Server supports ABAP, Java, and Web services.

How to Display Technical Names in SAP

The following SAP tutorial will allow you to view the transaction codes next
 to the transaction names in both the SAP Easy Access menu and the User
menu.

In the SAP Menu Bar

1. Click Extras
2. Click Settings

In the next Settings Screen

1. Flag - Display Technical Name Checkbox

2. Click Enter

You will observe the following change in the user menu-

BEFORE AFTER
SAP Molga List for ALL Countries
You will need to know Molga of a country ,while running country specific
transactions.

For example , Transaction to run Payroll is PC00_MXX_Calc , where XX =

Country Molga.

Now , transaction to run payroll for Russia(Molga = 33 ) will be

PC00_M33_Calc and that for Spain(Molga = 04 ) would be PC00_M04_Calc

You can see country MOLGA using table T500L

List of Molga (Country Codes) and ISO codes for all countries where SAP is
operational --

Molga ISO code Country

1 DE Germany
2 CH Switzerland
3 AT Austria
4 ES Spain
5 NL Netherlands
6 FR France
7 CA Canada
8 GB Great Britain
9 DK Denmark
10 US USA
11 IE Ireland
12 BE Belgium
13 AU Australia
14 MY Malaysia
15 IT Italy
16 ZA South Africa
17 VE Venezuela
18 CZ Czech Republic
19 PT Portugal
20 NO Norway
21 HU Hungary
22 JP Japan
23 SE Sweden
24 SA Saudi Arabia
25 SG Singapore
26 TH Thailand
27 HK Hong Kong
28 CN China
29 AR Argentina
30 LU Luxembourg
31 SK Slovakia
32 MX Mexico
33 RU Russia
34 ID Indonesia
35 BN Brunei
36 UA Ukraine
37 BR Brazil
38 CO Colombia
39 CL Chile
40 IN India
41 KR South Korea
42 TW Taiwan
43 NZ New Zealand
44 FI Finland
45 GR Greece
46 PL Poland
47 TR Turkey
48 PH Philippines
49 NA Namibia
50 LS Lesotho
51 BW Botswana
52 SZ Swaziland
53 MZ Mosambique
54 KE Kenya
55 AO Angola
56 ZW Zimbabwe
57 AN Dutch Antilles
58 HR Croatia
60 IS Iceland
61 RO Romania
62 SI Slovenia
99 99 Other Countries

How to Execute SAP Reports

A SAP report is an executable program that reads data from the database and
generates output based on the filter criteria selected by the end user.

Execution of a SAP report almost never leads to an update of the database.

The various categories of reports are --

1. Standard SAP reports

2. Custom reports - developed by your organization
3. Ad hoc queries

Following elements will have to be set while executing ANY SAP report

Select a Period

You need to select a period for which report will run like Today (Only current
Day's Data), Upto Today (All data of the past uptil today), Current Month ,
Current Year etc.
You can select other period and specify a custom From and To date for the
period of the report

You can also click the Payroll Period Button and specify a
payroll period as the time period for which your output will generated

Select a Population
You can limit the number of people you want to run the report for by entering
different selection criteria' s shown below.

You can add additional selection criteria fields to your report by clicking
Further Selections
 1. Under Selection Options , select the fields you would like to add to the
selection area on the report
2. Click on the Arrow Button to send it to right

The selected field will now appear in the Selection Fields List
Click the check mark to return

The new selection field will appear in the report screen.

Restrict Selection Values in the Input Screen

You can include both ranges and single values in your report
Click on Multiple Selection Button
The next SAP screen , allows you to

1. Enter Mutiple Values which will be included

2. Enter a Range of vlaues which will be included
3. Enter Mutiple Values which will be excluded
4. Enter a Range of vlaues which will be excluded

You can further restrict selection criteria by using selection options (i.e., equal
to, greater than, etc.)
Format SAP Report Output

Once you have executed your report, you can easily modify(sorting ,
summations , graphics etc.) the layout for the output generated using the
toolbar shown below.
You can also save the output to your local hard disk using the follwing steps

1. Click List
2. Export
3. Local File

1. Select the Format (text , spreadsheet) desired

 2. Click Enter

Enter Directory , File Name and Click Generate. The report must be saved.

How to Create a Variant in SAP

Variants allow you to save your selection parameters in the input screen.

It minimizes the need to enter selection parameters each time you run a SAP
report.

Variants can be storted for ANY SAP REPORT as long as the Save
Button is available in the SAP Menu bar for the report.

Note: Many a transactions may be proctected due to security reasons by your

administrator and save button may not be available
Create a Variant
1. Enter the values for selection criteria while you are in any SAP report.
2. Once all selection criteria are populated , Click the Save button

1. Enter a Variant Name

2. Type Meaning (description) of the variant

Click the Save Button.

Retrieve a Variant
Click the Get Variant Button

1. Highlight the Variant you wish to use

2. Click the Check Mark

The report will be populated with the Selection Criteria.

Delete a Variant
While in ANY SAP Report Select GoTO > Variants > Delete
 1. Highlight the Variant you want to delete
2. Click Okay

In the next SAP pop-up

1. Select the "only in current client" radio button. (All Clients option will
delete the variant across ALL clients)
2. Click Continue

Variant is deleted.
Top 50 SAP Interview Questions
.What is an ERP ?

ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning Software and is a integrated

computer based system used to manage a company's resources effectively. It
ensures smooth information amongst various departments in an enterprise or
a company and manages workflows.

2.What are the different types of ERP's ?

SAP

Baan

JD Edwards (now acquired by Oracle)

Siebel

Peoplesoft (now acquired by Oracle)

Microsoft Dynamics

3.Tell me briefly about SAP.

SAP stands for Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing.It was
Founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther, Hopp, Hector, Plattner and Tschira and is
a German Company.

SAP is name of the company as well its ERP product.

SAP is #1 in the ERP market .As of 2010, SAP has more than 140,000
installations worldwide ,over 25 industry-specific business solutions, and more
than 75,000 customers in 120 countries.

4. What are the different SAP products ?

SAP R/3 - It succeds SAP R/2 and is market leader in ERP. R/3 stands for
three tier architecture i.e. Presentation , Logic and Data tier. It has many
modules like SD , FI , HR etc which encompass almost all enterprise
departments.
mySAP - It is a suite of SAP products which apart from SAP R/3 also includes
SRM , PLM, CRM, SCM

5.What is NetWeaver ?

Netweaver is an integrated technology platform such that all the products in

the mySAP suite can run on a single instance of netweaver known as SAP
Web Application Server (SAP WEBAs).

The advantage of using Netweaver is you can access SAP data using the web
(http protocol) or even mobile. Thus you can save on costs involved in
training users on SAP Client side GUI.

6.List the Different Modules in SAP.

FI (Financial Accounting)

CO(Controlling)

EC(Enterprise Controlling)

TR(Treasury)

IM (Investment Management)

HR (Human Resource)

SD (Sales and Distribution)

MM (Materials Management)

PM (Plant Maintenance)

PP (Production Planning)

QM - Quality Management

BW (Business Warehousing)

There are many industry specific solutions that SAP provides apart from the
list of modules above which is ever growing.

7.What is Meta data, Master data and Transaction data

Meta Data: Meta Data is data about Data. It tells you about the structure of
data or MetaObjects.

Master Data: This Data is key business information like Customer information
, Employee , Materials etc. This is more like a reference data. For Ex. If a
customer orders 10 units of your product instead of asking customer for his
shipping address 10 times , the same can be referenced from the Customer
Master Data.

Transaction Data: This is data related to day to day transactions.

8.Is SAP A Database ?

NO. SAP is not a database but its an application that makes use of databases
provided by other vendors like Oracle , SQL Server etc.

9. How many SAP Sessions can you work on at a given time ?

At any given time for a particular client , you can work on 6 sessions at max.

10.What is a transaction in SAP terminology ?

In SAP terminology, a transaction is series of logically connected dialog steps.

11. Can we run business warehouse without SAP R/3

implementation?

Yes, you can run business warehouse without R/3 implementation. You
have to simply transfer structures associated with business warehouse
data sources (ODS table, Infocube) to the inbound data files or use third
party tools to connect your flat files and other data sources.

12. Mention what do you mean by datasets?

The data sets are sequential files processed on the application server.
They are used for file handling in SAP.

13. What are variables?

Variables are parameters of a query that are set in the parameter query
definition and are not filled with values until the queries are entered into
the workbooks.
14. Mention what are the different types of variables?

Variables are used in different application

 Characteristics variable
 Hierarchies
 Hierarchy nodes
 Text
 Formulas
 Processing Types
 Replacement Path
 User entry/default type

15. Mention some of the set-backs of SAP?

 It is expensive
 Demands highly trained staff
 Lengthy implementation time
 Interfaces are a little bit complex
 Does not determine where master data resides

16. Mention where are t-code name and program values stored?
Explain how can you find a list of all t-codes in the SAP system?

To view transaction table TSTC you can use transaction code st11, and
you can define a new t-code using transaction se93.

17. Mention what is the difference between OLAP and Data

Mining?

OLAP: OLAP stands for Online Analytical Processing it is a reporting

tool configured to understand your database schema, dimensions and
composition facts

Data Mining: It is an analytic process to explore data in search of

consistent patterns or systematic relationship between variables.

18. Mention what are the three stages of data-mining?

Three stages of data-mining includes

 Initial Exploration
  Model building
 Deployment

19. Mention what are the different layers in R/3 system?

Different layers in R/3 system includes

 Presentation Layer
 Database layer
 Application layer

20. Mention what is the process to create a table in the data

dictionary?

To create a table in the data dictionary, you have to follow this steps

 Creating domains (data type, field length, range)

 Creating data elements (Properties and type for a table field)
 Creating tables (SE 11)

21. Mention what is AWB?

AWB stands for Administrator Workbench. It is a tool for monitoring,

controlling and maintaining all the processes connected with data
staging and processing in the business information warehousing.

22. Explain what is Bex?

Bex means Business Explorer. It allows end user to locate reports,

analyze information, view reports and can execute queries. The queries
in workbook can be saved to their respective roles in the Bex browser. It
has following components Bex analyzer, Bex Map and Bex web.

23. Mention what is the importance of ODS in BIW?

An ODS object serves to store debugged and consolidated transaction

data on a document level. It defines a consolidated dataset from one or
more info-sources. This data-set can be evaluated with a Bex query or
Infoset query. The data of an ODS object can be updated with a delta
update into InfoCubes or other ODS object in the same system or
across systems. In contrast to multi-dimensional data storage with
 InfoCubes, the data in ODS object is stored in transparent, flat database
tables.

24. Mention what is the difference between Domain and Data

Element?

Data Element: It is an intermediate object between domain and table

type

Domain: It defines the attributes such as length, type, and possible

value range

21. Mention what are SET parameters and GET parameters?

To use parameter IDs, you need to "set" values in the global memory
area and then "get" values from this parameter ID memory area. In the
case of the online program, you have to "Set" values from screen fields,
and you will "get" these values for screen fields.

22. Mention what is ALE, IDOC, EDI, RFC and explain briefly?

 ALE: Application Linking enabling

 IDOC: Intermediatary documents
 EDI: Electronic data interchange
 RFC: Remote function call

27. Mention what is LUW (Logical Unit Of Work)?

LUW is a span of time during which database records are updated

either commit or rollback.

28. Mention what is BDC stand for? How many methods of BDC
are there?

BDC stand for Batch Data Communication. The methods of BDC are

 Direct Input Method

 Batch Input Session Method
 Call transaction Method

29. Mention what is meant by a "baseline data" in SAP AR and

AP?
 The baseline date is the date from which the payment terms apply.
Usually, it is the document date on the invoice but can also be the date
of entry or posting date from the ledger.

30. Mention what do you mean by one-time vendors?

In certain industries, it is not possible to create new master records for

every vendor trading partner. One-time vendor enables for a dummy
vendor code to be used on invoice entry and the information that is
normally stored in the vendor master, is keyed on the invoice itself.

31. Mention what are the standard stages of the SAP Payment
Run?

While executing the SAP Payment Run the standard stages of SAP
includes

 Entering of parameters: It includes entering company codes,

vendor accounts, payment methods, etc.
 Proposal Scheduling: The system proposes list of invoices to be
paid
 Payment booking: Booking of the actual payments into the ledger
 Printing of Payment forms: Printing of payment forms

32. Mention what is the difference between the "residual

payment" and "partial payment" methods of allocating cash in
account receivable?

The difference between the residual and partial payment includes

 Partial payment: For example, let say invoice A456 exits for $100
and customer pay $70. With the partial payment, it offsets the
invoice leaving a remaining balance $30
 Residual Payment: While in residual payment, invoice A456 is
cleared for the full value $100 and a new invoice line item is
produced for the remaining balance of $30.

33. Mention what are internal tables, check tables, value tables,
and transparent table?

It is the standard data type object; it exists only during the runtime of the
program.
  Check the table will be at field level checking
 Value table will be at domain level checking
 Transparent table will exist with the same structure both in the
dictionary as well as in the database exactly with the same data and
fields

34. Mention what is an application, presentation and database

servers in SAP R/3?

The application layer of a R/3 system is made up of the application

server and the message server. Application programs in an R/3 system
run on application servers. Using the message server, the application
servers communicate with presentation components, the database and
also with each other. All the data are stored in a centralized server,
which is known as a database server.

35. Explain what is a company in SAP?

Company in SAP is the highest organizational unit for which financial

statements like profit and loss statements, balance sheets can be drawn
according to the requirement of organizations. A single company
contains one or many company codes. All the company codes in SAP
must use same COA (chart of accounts) and fiscal year.

36. Mention what is the difference between SAP BASIS and SAP
ABAP?

SAP ABAP is the programming language used within SAP to customize,

generate forms, generate reports, etc. While SAP basis is, the
administration module of SAP used to control code changes, upgrades,
database admin, network setup, etc.

37. List out the different types of the source system in SAP?

The different types of the source system in SAP includes

 SAP R/3 source system

 SAP BW
 Flat files
 External Systems

38. Explain what is Extractor?

 In the SAP source system, extractors is a data retrieval mechanism. It
can fill the extract structure of a data source with the data from the SAP
source system datasets.

39. Explain what is extended star schema?

The star schema consists of the fact tables and the dimension tables.
The master data related tables are kept in separate tables, which has
reference to the characteristics in the dimension tables. These separate
tables for master data are termed as the Extended Star Schema.

40. Explain what should be the approach for writing a BDC

program?

The approach to writing BDC program is to

 Create recording
 Convert the legacy system data to a flat file into the internal table
referred as "Conversion."
 Transfer the Flat file into the SAP system called "SAP Data
Transfer."
 Depending upon the BDC type CALL TRANSACTION or CREATE
SESSIONS

41. Mention what are the major benefits of reporting with BW

over R/3?

Business Warehouse uses a data warehouse and OLAP concepts for

analyzing and storing data While the R/3 was intended for transaction
processing. You can get the same analysis out of R/3, but it would be
easier from a BW.

42. Mention the two types of services that are used to deal with
communication?

To deal with communication, you can use two types of services

 Message Service: In order to exchange short internal messages,

this service is used by the application servers
 Gateway Service: This service allows communication between R/3
and external applications using CPI-C protocol.
43. Mention what are reason codes used in Account Receivable?

"Reason Codes" are tags that can be allocated to describe

under/overpayments during the allocation of incoming customer
payments. They should not be mixed up with "void reason codes" used
when outgoing cheques are produced.

44. Mention what is the protocol does SAP Gateway process

use?

The SAP gateway process uses TCP/IP protocol to communicate with

the clients.

45. Mention what is pooled tables?

Pooled tables are used to store control data. Several pooled tables can
be united to form a table pool. Table tool is a physical table on the
database in which all the records of the allocated pooled tables are
stored.

46. Explain what is an update type with reference to a match

code ID?

If the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the

matchcode data has to be updated. The update type stipulates when
the match-code has to be updated and how it has to be done. The
update type also defines which method is to be used for building match-
codes.

47. Explain what the .sca files and mention their importance?

.sca stands for SAP component Archive. It is used to deploy

the Java components, patches and other java developments in the form
of .sca,.sda,.war and .jar.

48. Explain what is meant by "Business Content" in SAP?

Business Content in SAP is a pre-configured and pre-defined models of

information contained in the SAP warehouse which can be used directly
or with desired modification in different industries.

49. Explain what is dispatcher?

 Dispatcher is a component that takes the request for client systems and
stores the request in queue.

50. Mention what are the common transport errors?

The common transport errors include

 Return code 4: Imported with warnings, generation of program,

columns or row missing
 Return code 8: Imported with syntax error, program generation
error, dictionary activation error, etc.
 Return code 12: Indicates import cancelled due to object missing,
object not active, etc.
 Return code 18: Indicates import cancelled due to system down
while import, user expired during import and insufficient roles or
authorization

This Interview Questions and Answers are useful for Freshers and
Experienced both.

What is SAP Business Blueprint?

What is Business Blueprint in SAP?
The SAP Blueprint is a detailed description of a company's business
processes and system requirements. It is a key implementation document.
The SAP Blueprint document shows all the important configuration setting to
adapt the ERP to company needs.

A well-defined SAP Blue print acts as a foundation for successful

implementation of the SAP system. It includes numbers of activities, events,
milestones, and deliverable.

In this tutorial, you will learn

 What is Business Blueprint in SAP?

 Why SAP Blueprint Document?
 Process for creating SAP Blueprint
 Benefits of Business Blueprints
 Challenges & Solution for SAP Blue print
Why SAP Blueprint Document?
Consider the case of Norther Territory Government. It implemented SAP to
handle its Asset Management System. The original cost was 7.2 million
dollars by the actual cost escalated to $70 million. The solution was only 11%
fit to purpose and would cost an additional $120 million to fix. Hence, planning
the ERP implementation is very important.

The SAP business blueprint focuses on understanding, authenticating and

documenting project scope, specifications. It also helps to define its objective
conceptually and practically.

Using this methodology, you can create a questionnaire for the system users.
You can circulate these to business process & owners. They will fill the
questionnaire and return to consultants. This process helps the consultants to
understand how business is done and how they can implement the best
processes by implementing SAP.

In this process, the entire set of discussions act as a base for SAP
implementation. Here, all the details which are mapped related to the
business processes should reflect in the documentation file. The success of
this phase is largely determined with an effective closure at this point.

Therefore, implementation team should include these activities when finalizing

the business process for configuration.

Process for creating SAP Blueprint:

Here is step by step process to create a Blueprint

1. Develop a Process Inventory:

It is a first step for making an inventory of all types of processes. This step
may help you to start thinking regarding process orders. Here, you can plan
how you can implement your current system. In this stage, you also need to
Identify development needs for a custom form, report, enchantment or
workflow.

2. Create a foundation for building Business Blueprint:

This stage helps to develop the scope of SAP project. Here, you need to
create a plan before beginning working on a new software system. Gather
system Security authorizations and enterprise-wide training requirements. The
scope definition document helps you define process boundaries. It also
provides some basic information about a given process.

3. Create Blueprint

Creating the blueprint involves understanding where a responsibility changes

occur between two departments. The step needs to apply the information by
explaining which department or individual is working for which part of the
process from beginning to end. Here, you also need to define the Master Data
by focusing on key integration points and supporting organizational activities.

4. Estimate Time and Cost

Before setting goals for process its vital to have a baseline measurement. In
this phase, you need to determine the cost and time of this process. This step
also benefits you to define the parameters that will be used to set
improvement targets for your organization.

5. Verify the SAP Blue print:

In this phase, it is essential to get feedback from the appropriate colleagues.

This allows you to make sure that your created SAP business Blue print
should able to reflects reality. This stage also allows you to get the support
and suggestion from the all the stakeholders.

6. Deploy Improvement Techniques

Follow organized approach for improving business processes by using

methods like evaluating value-added activities, removing redundancy,
reducing processing time, and using automation whenever you can. This will,
helps you to create business value.

7. Develop Internal Controls and Metrics:

The next step is to create internal control and metrics which helps you track to
track your progress. It also allows creating tools to increase the effectiveness
and efficiency for implementing SAP business process.

8. Conduct a Trial Run:

It is essential to do the trial run, as it helps you to check the SAP system
without the need for larger investment. This step helps you to resolve bugs
and make certain that the process works according to your needs.

9. Implement the Changes:

In this step of SAP Blueprint, the newly designed process is rolled out. This
step allows you to communicate the right information to the right people.
Without this step, it is difficult to the have a success.

10. Follow Continuous Improvement:

In this last stage, you need to follow continuous improvement concept. This
stage is all about the establishing a new approach for implementing business
process improvements. However, for that, you need to do a frequent
evaluation to ensure to its effectiveness.

Benefits of Business Blueprints

 SAP business Blueprint helps end users to understands what solution
could look like
 Offers solid foundation to support organizational change and
 Helps to eliminate the risk of losing market share or reputation
 Helps you to define all the critical success factors and key performance
indicator
 Provides Project scope on time and budget
 The benefit to implement tested improvement methodology
 Offers better Project delivery
 Review and discuss the current business processes.

Challenges & Solution for SAP Blue print

Challenges Solutions

Commitment from company's Be strict. It will influence project timeline

management & budget

Users are unfamiliar with computer & The consultant needs to be more
system process. They may forget about explorative and grill the stakeholders
some Business processes which may extensively to elicit all processes.
come up later.
 Users ability to grab SAP concept Adequate training should be provided.

The Consultant handles more than one The consultant should focus on handling
project at same time. one project at a time. For that, you can
hire an additional consultant.

Conclusion:
 The SAP Blue print is a detailed description of company's business
processes and system requirements
 The SAP business blueprint focuses on understanding, authenticating
and documenting project scope, specifications.
 Identify development needs which could result in the need for a form,
report, enchantment or workflow.
 Helps you to define all the critical success factors and key performance
indicator
 It also helps to eliminate the risk of losing market share or reputation

What is the Full Form and Meaning of

ERP?
What is ERP Full Form?
The Full form of ERP is Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP is a business
management software. It is a suite of integrated application that helps users to
store and manage data of their business.

One of the most important activities associated with the implementation of an

ERP system is the opportunity to streamline and improve the business
operations of an organization through business process re-engineering and
the by implementing the best practices and standards.

In this tutorial, we will learn-

 What is the Full Form of ERP?

 Why implement an ERP System?
 What are Primary Goals for the ERP System?
 Steps To Implement On ERP System
 Benefits and Drawbacks of ERP system
Why implement an ERP System?
An ERP is the best option for demonstrating value by providing real-time
information to all employees of a corporation across departments.

1. Integrate Financial Information

Enterprise owners want to understand company's overall performance
because in numerous situation they may find various versions of the truth.
Finance and sales have another version and business units may have their
version of the contribution of revenues for the organization. By implementing
ERP, they can get a single version of the truth.

2. Standardize and Speed up Manufacturing Processes:

ERP systems come with methods for automating manufacturing process. This
helps organizations to speed up and standardize the manufacturing process.

3. Reduce Inventory:
It helps to increase the visibility of the order fulfillment process of any
company. It may lead to reduced inventories to make products.

4. Increases and Improves Interaction:

ERP system also helps to increase and improve interaction between
customers and suppliers. Moreover, the suppliers can also communicate more
seamlessly with sales, marketing, and finance team.
What are Primary Goals for the ERP System?

The goal of any ERP project is to track supply chain actions from inventory
purchase, processing, and final shipment.

1. Efficiency
The real-time information flow in ERP system eases the analysis, data, and
reporting. It also improves decision-making. It also helps to reduce the need
for maintaining multiple databases.

2. Cost Reduction
Cost reduction is vital reason why small and large enterprises invest huge
time and resources for implementing ERP systems. It will reduce waste and
increase productivity. It also reduces overall production's cost.

3. Quality
Quality improvement is the most important goal of ERP. The software
technology helps management to benchmark its quality performance against
other manufacturing companies in the same industry.
4. Decentralization
Enterprise resource planning systems can decentralize decision-making
process at all level. It also allows users to have real-time access to the same
data, such as production status and financial reports.

Steps To Implement On ERP System

Step 1) Strategic Planning
 Assign a team of employees from sales, accounting, purchasing, and
logistics department.
 Examine current business processes and information flow.
 Check the ERP software's capabilities to check how they perform day-
to-day tasks in the new system.
 Set objectives of the Project.
 Develop a project plan.

Step 2) Procedure Review

 Review software and check every aspect of the ERP software and
identify gaps.
 Evaluate which processes are manual and should be Automated
 Develop standard operating procedures.

Step 3) Data Collection and Clean-Up

 Determine which information need to be converted through an analysis
of current data.
 Define the new data that needs to be collected. Create spreadsheets to
collect and segment the data into logical tables
 ERP database needs to be reviewed for accuracy and completeness
 Review and clean-up unwanted information

Step 4) Training and Testing

 Mock ERP runs to test the data accuracy.
 Make sure that the actual test mirrors the Standard Operating
Procedures.
 The project team needs to perform a final test on the data and
processes.
Step 5) Deployment
 Once ERP software has been configured correctly and financial data is
sorted it's time to go live.
 In the final evaluation, you need to create structured evaluation plan by
keeping in mind all the goals and objectives which is set in the planning
stage.

Benefits and Drawbacks of ERP system

Benefits of ERP system

 An ERP system is easily scalable so adding new functionality according

to the business plan is very easy.
 By offering accurate and real-time information ERP software reduces
administrative and operations costs.
 ERP system improves data quality by improving the underlying
processes which help organizations to make better business decisions.
 ERP system helps to improve data access with the use of advanced
user management and access control.
 ERP provides transparency to the organization
 Helps to eliminate redundancy in the data management system
 Offers a higher level of security by allowing restricting employee's
accounts only to the processes.
 It helps to helps make reporting easier and more customizable.

Drawbacks of ERP system

 The up-front cost of the entire implementation can be very high for any
small-to-medium-sized businesses.
 ERP deployments take a relatively longer amount of time. Sometime it
may take 1-3 years to be implemented and be fully functional.
 Migration of existing data is very difficult to achieve. That' why
Integrating ERP systems with other standalone software systems is
equally difficult.
 ERP implementations are very difficult in decentralized organizations
with different kind of business processes and systems.
Conclusion
 Enterprise resource planning known as ERP is a business management
software
 ERP system gives the opportunity to streamline and improve the
business operations.
 By implementing ERP, enterprise owner gets a single version of the
truth.
 The main aim of ERP project is to track supply chain actions.
 Quality improvement is the most important goal of ERP.
 The real-time information flow in these systems eases the data
collection, analysis, and reporting.

What is Full form of SAP?

SAP Full Form
SAP stands for Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing.

SAP is an ERP software which helps to run day to day business. SAP
software suite maps financial, logistics, human resource and many other
business processes. SAP system offers real time visibility across the entire
enterprise. It can be used by every individual in the organization.

SAP is a client-server-based software which is also called R/3. (Where "R"

stand for real time data process & 3 stand for 3-tier.

1. Database,
2. Application servers
3. Client

History and Growth of SAP:

 SAP was founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther, Hector, Hopp, Plattner,
and Tschira.
 Earlier it was called System Analysis and Program Development
(German: Systemanalyse und Programmentwickung) after that it was
renamed as SAP.
 1972 – when the first version launched. SAP company has 0.3-million-
dollar revenue with just nine employees.
  1979- R/2 mainframe version launched. The revenue reached 5.1
million with 60 employees and 50 clients in two countries.
 1992- R/3 client/server version launched. The revenue figure reached
6,266 million. Employee strength reached around 3200 with around
2800 customers in 35 countries.
 1999- mySAP.com with one step Business launched. The company
revenue went up to 7341 billions and employee strength reach to
25,000. The customer base expands to 15,000 customers around in
120+ countries.

SAP Advantages
 SAP system eliminate duplicate data.
 Business processes are standardized.
 Planning, tracking, scheduling & management, becomes easier.
 Enables integration with E-commerce.
 Cost-effective as it reduces administrative expenses.
 Helps to automate reporting & monitoring of the projects
 SAP helps to enhance Customer Service through better Customer
Interaction.
 Offers consistency across the whole division.
 Increases efficiency, productivity, and better management of resources.

Dis- advantages of SAP:

 The Implementation of ERP for a small organization can be expensive.
So, it is quite expensive to purchase and implement.
 SAP systems are always complex; therefore, some organization may
not adjust according to it.
 You need to hire experts to maintain the SAP systems.

Conclusion:
 SAP long form is Systems Applications and Products in Data
Processing.
 SAP is an ERP software which helps to run day to day business.
 SAP system was founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther, Hector, Hopp,
Plattner, and Tschira.
 SAP software which offers best solutions for financial, logistics, human
resource, etc sectors.
  SAP system helps organizations to eliminate the duplication and
redundancy in data.
 The Implementation of ERP for a small organization can be expensive.
So, it is quite expensive to purchase and implement.

Top 18 SAP Testing Interview Questions

& Answers
1) Mention what is SAP?

SAP stands for System Applications and Products. It provides customer

the ability to communicate with common corporate databases for a
comprehensive range of applications. It makes the business process work
efficiently.

2) Mention what is SAP Testing?

The SAP Testing is same as software application Manual Testing. It helps to

detect and rectify error at all business modules like finance, manufacturing,
etc.

3) Mention what are the types of testing is done for SAP?

Types of SAP testing are,

1. Unit testing
2. Functional and Regression testing
3. UAT testing
4. Integration testing and so on.

4) Mention how to create an effective SAP Test case?

 Determine SAP role required to execute the test case

 Identify the SAP transaction that needs to be executed for the test case
 Test Data requires executing the test case. Determine whether the data
needs to be created or whether it is used by another tester or whether
the data is locked & cannot be modified
 Is there any pre-requisites required
 Create negative as well as positive scenarios
 Create detailed Test Steps
 Test coverage should be robust
  Document defects in a timely manner as soon as they are discovered

5) Mention tools useful for SAP Testing?

Tools useful for SAP Testing include,

 QTP ( Quick Test Professional Tool)

 SAP TAO
 ECATT

6) Why choosing a right strategy is more important than choosing a tool

for SAP Testing?

Choosing right strategy is important for SAP Testing because,

 SAP is a humungous system with endless variations. It's neither feasible

nor cost-effective to check all possible variations and combinations of
test parameter inputs in SAP system.
 A Tester needs to adopt strategies to reduce the number of test cases
without sacrificing coverage.
 Examples of such strategies include,
 Boundary value analysis,
 Equivalence partitioning & orthogonal array.

7) Mention what are the benefits for SAP applications?

Benefits for SAP applications are,

 Improved test coverage

 Better product quality and less production outages
 Workload decreases with each release cycle

8) Mention what are the challenges faced during SAP Testing?

During SAP Testing challenges faced are,

 Valid combination of test data required for testing

 All the critical interfaces should be determined, and their connectivity
should be established with corresponding test systems
 To recognize the business processes which are suitable for test
automation
 Identify negative testing conditions
  Mention how does the system design trace back to all captured
requirements and the number of test cases
 Identify Regression scenarios/test cases and build Regression test suite
that requires during each release
 Managing output and input data to complete the scenarios OTC, P2P,
etc.
 Design robust Automation Framework that should be maintainable and
scalable

9) Mention what are the points to be considered while performing SAP

Interface Testing?

While performing SAP Interface Testing remember following points,

 What is the objective of using SAP Interface and what business

scenarios are processed by the interface?
 Verify the interface is processing all business scenarios accurately as
per the test strategy
 Best practice to perform Interface testing is to begin with Unit testing
 Verify if the outbound interface is alright, which means that it ensures to
perform file meeting specifications in terms of layout, etc.
 Verify if the inbound interface is alright. Check if it is reading the file
correctly and if it is performing the correct steps in the target system.

10) Mention what are the types of work processes in SAP?

In SAP, types of work processes include are

 Dialog
 Enque
 Update
 Background
 Spool
 Message
 Server
 Gateway

11) Mention what is the difference between kernels, support packages &
SAP Note?

The difference between kernels, support packages & SAP Note is,
  Snote: By implementing a SAP Note an error in a single program or
Transaction is removed.
 Support Package: All known errors are corrected by applying SAP
Support Package
 SAP Kernel: It is the core of the application. When a Kernel is
upgraded, it means an older versions of the various EXE files get
replaced.

12) Mention what is ECATT?

ECATT is used to execute and create functional tests for SAP. It is an inbuilt
tool that comes bundled with SAP with a primary objective of automated
testing of SAP business processes.

13) Mention what are the useful features of ECATT?

Useful features of ECATT are,

 Test transactions, scenarios, and reports

 Test remote systems
 Call BAPIs and function modules
 Check Authorizations (user profiles)
 Test updates
 Test the effect of changes to customize settings
 Check system messages

14) Mention what is the difference between developer trace, System

trace, and System log?

The difference between developer trace, System trace, and System log

 System Trace: It is used when you want to record the internal SAP
system activities
 Developer Trace: It contains technical information for use in the event
of issues with your system. Using the entries in the developer traces
requires sound knowledge of the host systems in which your SAP
system is running
 System Log: You can use the log to highlight and rectify errors
occurred in your system and its environment.

15) Mention what is Screen flow logic in SAP Testing?

Screen flow logic in SAP Testing is like an ABAP code. It is used to contain
the processing blocks. It consists of procedural part of the screen and is
created in screen painter. Screen painter is like an ABAP editor.

16) Mention what is the use of Process Flow Analyzer in SAP TAO?

In SAP TAO, Process Flow Analyzer is used to find out automatically the user
interfaces used in transaction codes executed in a SAP system.

17) Mention what is SAP Cutover Testing?

SAP Cutover Testing is usually performed once in a project lifecycle. In this

phase, a full-scale execution of all tasks is involved to retrieve data from
legacy systems and then to implement any kind of data conversion, load the
results into the SAP system and fully validate the results, including a user
sign-off.

18) Mention what should be the approach for writing a BDC program?

For writing a BDC program, convert the legacy system data into a flat file.
Then convert the flat file into an internal table. Transfer the flat file into sap
system called "sap data transfer." Then call transaction or create sessions.