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Prelim Booster News Discussion

LECTURE 1- CULTURE
JUNE, 2018
Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports has approved
the revised guidelines for MAKA Trophy

Context:
• With a view to rationalize and simplify the selection of top performing
university in sports for award of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA)
Trophy, the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports has approved the revised
guidelines for MAKA Trophy.

• Under the revised guidelines, the applications from the universities,


which were hitherto used to be invited and scrutinized by the
Association of Indian Universities (AIU), will now be invited and
scrutinised by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports/Sports Authority
of India.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy, 1956-57

• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy was instituted in 1956- 57 as a


running trophy by the Ministry of Education, Govt. of India.
• This running trophy is awarded by the President of India each year to a
University which has all round best performance in sports at Inter-
University, National and International competitions.
Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure

• Recently the distinctive Chhau mask of Purulia, West Bengal was


awarded the Geographic Indication tag. The traditional rural craft of
making masks is an integral component of the semi-martial art dance
form of Chhau.
• Chhau Dance is a tradition from eastern India that enacts episodes from
epics including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, local folklore and
abstract themes.

• Its three distinct styles hail from the regions of Seraikella (Jharrkhand) ,
Purulia (West Bengal) and Mayurbhanj (Odisha), the first two using
masks.
• Chhau dance is intimately connected to regional festivals, notably the
spring festival Chaitra Parva.
Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure

• The dance is performed at night in an open space to traditional and folk


melodies, played on the reed pipes ''Mohuri'' and ''Shehnai.''

• In 2010 the Chhau Dance was inscribed in the UNESCO's Representative


List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Chhau Dance
Archaeologists find pre-Columbian mass child
sacrifice site in Peru

Pre Columbian remains


• A group of archaeologists has discovered the remains of more than 50
children who were ritually sacrificed by the pre-Columbian Chimu
culture on the northern coast of what is now Peru
• The new sacrifice site was discovered in the Pamapa La Cruz area in
Huanchaco, a coastal district of Trujillo, Peru’s third-largest city
Archaeologists find pre-Columbian mass child
sacrifice site in Peru
Archaeologists find pre-Columbian mass child
sacrifice site in Peru
Pre-Columbian Chimu culture
• The Chimú culture was centred on Chimor with the capital city of Chan
Chan, a large adobe city in the Moche Valley of present-day Trujillo,
Peru
• The culture arose about 900 AD, succeeding the Moche culture

• The Chimú people are best known for their distinctive monochromatic
pottery and fine metal working of copper, gold, silver, bronze, and
tumbaga (copper and gold)
• The pottery is often in the shape of a creature or has a human figure
sitting or standing on a cuboid bottle
Bodhisena an Indian Buddhist scholar and monk

• The oldest documented Indian resident in


Japan, and arguably the most influential,
was Bodhisena.
• He was a monk from Madurai, Tamil
Nadu.
• His outsized impact on Japanese culture
persists even some 1,300 years after he
docked on the archipelago’s shores.
• Bodhisena came to believe that Manjushri
(the bodhisattva of wisdom) lived on the
Chinese mountain of Wutai, and therefore
travelled there to pay obeisance.
• He was also called Bodaisenna.
Bodhisena
• In China, he met the Japanese ambassador to the Tang court, who
persuaded him to carry on to Japan on the invitation of the then Emperor,
Shomu (701-756 AD), a devout Buddhist.
• The Indian monk taught Sanskrit and helped establish the Kegon school
of Buddhism, a variant of the Chinese Huayan school.
• He died in 760 AD and is buried in Ryusenji-temple on the slopes of Mt.
Omine.
• The Kegon continues to flourish with its headquarters at Nara’s Todai-ji
temple, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• Buttetsu, a disciple of Bodhisena from Champa taught a style of dance
that featured themes taken from Indian mythology, set to a musical
rhythm, common in South Asia, but unknown at the time in Japan.
• These dances became known as rinyugaku and were absorbed into the
local artistic oeuvre.
Tomb of Sufi Saint Sheikh Chilli
• Sheikh Chilli is a Sufi saint whose tomb is in Thanesar, Haryana.
• He was Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh’s spiritual advisor.
• Thanesar was a well known centre of the Sufi Chishti silsila.
• The tomb is situated in the Old Trunk Road.
• In the middle of the complex there is a shallow tank.
• Galleries are found around the tank and they were used as madarasa
which is a place to study.
• Dara Shukoh could have built the madarsa to promote the Qadriya
order of Suifism.
• The madarsa dates back to the mid-17th century when Dara Shukoh
was powerful in the Mughal court.
Tomb of Sufi Saint Sheikh Chilli
Swachh Iconic Places (SIP) Mission

• The third phase of SIP was launched at Mana village which is situated
close to the Badrinath temple in Uttarakhand.

• Sabarimala in Kerala and the Raghavendra Swamy temple in Kurnool of


Andhra Pradesh are among the 10 iconic sites added to the phase III
Swachh Iconic Places (SIP) mission
• The Swachh Iconic Places is an initiative under the Swachh Bharat
Mission.

• SIP is a collaborative project with three other central Ministries-


Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Ministry of Culture and
Ministry of Tourism.
Swachh Iconic Places (SIP) Mission

• It also involves local administrations in the concerned States and Public


Sector and Private Companies as sponsoring partners.

• It is a special clean-up initiative focused on select iconic heritage,


spiritual and cultural places in the country.
Swachh Iconic Places (SIP) Mission
Swachh Iconic Places (SIP) Mission
Warli Art

• Warli is a tribal art form that was mostly created by the Adivasis of the
Western Ghats.
• It is one of the oldest art forms in India that originated in Maharashtra
and is still practiced.
• The Warli tribe, which does these paintings, is one of India’s largest tribes
located on the outskirts of Mumbai.
• Their culture basis itself around the concept of Mother Nature; therefore,
elements of nature serve as focal points for Warli paintings.
• These artists used to use the clay walls of their huts as a canvas for their
paintings.
• These paintings use a set of geometric shapes – circle, triangle and square.
Warli Art
• This comes from the tribe’s observation of nature as circle represents
the sun and the moon, while the triangle represents the mountains and
pointed trees.
• The square on the other hand is a human invention, indicating a sacred
piece of land or enclosure.
• The Warli artists use only a white paste made out of rice paste and water
and they use glue as a binder.
• Artists use a bamboo stick which is chewed at the end to give it a
paintbrush like texture.

• In ritual Warli paintings, walls are painted only to celebrate special


occasions like harvest or weddings
Warli Art
MoU between India and Viet Nam
on Joint issue of postage stamp

• Cabinet approves MoU between


India and Viet Nam on Joint issue of
postage stamp.

• Joint Issue depicts Sanchi Stupa of


India and Pho Minh Pagoda of Viet
Nam.
Sanchi Stupa

• It was built in 3rd century BCE, Expansion/ additions/restoration


works/ made in different periods.
• Built by Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Dynasty.
• It is Located 46 km north-east of Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya
Pradesh, India.
• Architectural Style is Buddhist Art and Architecture.

• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Sanchi Stupa
Pho Minh Pagoda
• Pho Minh Pagoda is a Buddhist temple in Vietnam, the home town of the
Tran Dynasty.

• The statue of King Tran Nhan Tong lying on his left side shows him
entering Nirvana is an important feature of the temple.
• The statues of the three founders of the Truc Lam Buddhist Sect, Tran
Nhan Tong, Phap Loa and Huyen Quang are also found here.

• In addition, 60 red-lacquered and gold-trimmed Buddha and Saint


Statues have been preserved in the pagoda.
• It is estimated that the 700-tonne tower relies on an area of only 30
square meters.
Pho Minh Pagoda
Sant Kabir’s 500th death anniversary celebrated as Kabir
Jayanti on June 28
• Sant Kabir Das was a very renowned saint,
poet and social reformer of India who lived
during the 15th century.
• His esteemed works and poems describe the
greatness and oneness of the Supreme Being.

• He did not believe in any religious


discrimination and readily accepted all the
religions. Sant Kabir Das propagated that
there is the presence of same Supreme Being
in all religions.
• Sant Kabir Das was a highly acclaimed poet
of his time.
Sant Kabir’s 500th death anniversary celebrated as Kabir
Jayanti on June 28
• His writings significantly influenced the Bhakti movement.
• Some of his famous writings include ‘Sakhi Granth’, ‘Anurag Sagar’,
‘Bijak’ and ‘Kabir Granthawali’.
• A religious community known as ‘Kabir Panth’ was founded by him and
the members of this forum are referred as ‘Kabir Panthis’, implying the
followers of Kabir Das.
• He was admired by individual of all faiths and his teachings are still alive
and passed from generations.
• Swami Ramananda influence: Kabir Das’ ideologies were greatly
influenced by Vaishnava Saint Swami Ramananda who accepted Kabir as
his disciple.
• The UP Tourism Department has initiated to promote Maghar as a tourist
destination where Hindus have built a temple in memory of Kabir.
Nirguna bhakti and Saguna bhakti

• The Nirguna Bhaktas were devotees of a formless God even while calling
him variously as Rama, Govinda, Hari or Raghunatha.
• The most conspicuous among them were Kabir and Nanak.

• The Saguna Bhaktas were devotees of god with attributes or in human


form. Vishnu in its incarnations as Rama, or Krishna, are most popular
deities that were worshipped by Saguna Bhakti saints.

• Thus, Saguna Bhakti Movement of North India was essentially


vaishnavite in character as compared to Southern Bhakti movement
which had both Vashnav as well as Shaiv streams.
Rule of the Vakatakas in India

• Context:-
• A team of archaeologists have
confirmed that the Vakataka dynasty
ruled from its capital Nandivardhan,
or the present day Nagardhan

• It is a large village discovered near


Ramtek taluka in Nagpur district.
Vakataka Dynasty
• The Vakataka Empire originated
from the Deccan in the mid-3rd
century CE.
• They were the most important
successors of the Satavahanas in
the Deccan and contemporaneous
with the Guptas in northern
India.

• Founder – Vindhyashakti
• Religious Belief – Buddhism
Vakataka Dynasty
• Vakataka family Was divided into four branches of which two are
known
• Pravarpura – Nandiardhana Branch:
• Important Rulers: Rudrasena II, Pravarsena II (one of the most
recorded ruler of Ancient India), Narendrasena, Prithvisena II
• Vatsagulma Branch:
• Important Rulers: Sarvasena, Vindhysena, Harisena, Varahdeva
Badshahi Ashoorkhana Monument
• Context:-
• Telangana government and Aga
Khan Trust are working to restore
the Badshahi Ashoorkhana
monument.
Badshahi Ashoorkhana
• Badshahi Ashoorkhana is a Shia Muslim mourning place, near
Charminar in Hyderabad, India.
• It was constructed in memory of martyrdom of Imam Hussain in the
battle of karbala, and is used during the festival of Moharram.
• It was built by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1611, three years after
building the Charminar.
• Ashoorkhana is famous for its resplendent tile work that have retained
their lustre and vibrant colours even after four centuries.
• Ashoora – 10th day of Muharram, to commemorate the battle of Karbala
in 680 A.D.
• Emperor Aurangzeb’s forces turned it into a bandikhana to keep wheeled
vehicles
Badshahi Ashoorkhana
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
• He was the fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty
of Golkonda, who ascended to the throne in 1580.
• He founded the city of Hyderabad and built its
architectural centerpiece, the Charminar.
• He also built Charkaman archways.
• He is a contemporary of Tulsidas, Mirabai and
Surdas.

• His poetry is bound to earth and revels in the universality of love and
mystic experiences.
• During his reign, Jean Baptiste Tavernier visited and wrote about
walking into the Qutb Shahi tombs complex where carpets were laid out
and whoever walked in was served pulao
Victorian and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
included in UNESCO's World Heritage list
• Context:-
• It has been included in the list
under Criteria (ii) and (iv) of the
UNESCO's Operational Guidelines.
• India accepted the renaming of the
ensemble as Victorian Gothic and
Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai as
recommended by the World
Heritage Committee.
• This is the third site from Mumbai
after the Elephanta Caves and
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
railway station.
Victorian and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
included in UNESCO's World Heritage list
• Across India, there are now 37 world heritage sites.
• With five sites, Maharashtra has the maximum number of sites in
India.
• India stands second largest in number after China in ASPAC (Asia and
Pacific) region. It is overall sixth in the world.
Victorian and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai

• This collection of Victorian and Art Deco landmarks is the largest such
conglomeration and first of the combination of these two genres of
architecture in the world to be included in world heritage list.
• The Ensemble consists of 94 buildings primarily of 19th century
Victorian Gothic revival and early 20th century Art Deco style of
architecture with the Oval Maidan in the centre.

• Some characteristics of Victorian art are: Use of pointed arches, Heavy


stone and brick work, Use of polychromes (contrasting colors) and
Bold forms like towers, massive hip and gabled roofs.
Victorian and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai

• Art Deco, also called style modern was movement in the decorative arts
and architecture.
• The Art Deco edifices, with their cinemas and residential buildings, blend
Indian design with Art Deco imagery, creating a unique style that has
been described as Indo-Deco.
World Heritage Committee
• It is the executive body responsible for
the implementation of the World
Heritage Convention.

• The Convention is an international


agreement adopted in 1972 by the
Member States of the UNESCO.

• The primary mission of the Convention is to identify and protect the


world's natural and cultural heritage considered to be of Outstanding
Universal Value
World Heritage Committee
• Strategic Objectives Of the convention is based on the "Five Cs":
Credibility, Conservation, Capacity-building, Communication,
Communities
• The Convention serves as a catalyst to raising awareness for heritage
preservation.
• The World Heritage Fund, setup under convention, provides financial
assistance to States Parties in identifying, preserving and promoting
World Heritage sites.
Ambubachi Mela held in Guwahati, Assam
• Context:-
• On 22nd June 2018, the annual
Ambubachi Mela has started at
Nilachall hillock where the Kamakhya
temple is situated in Assam.

• Ambubachi Mela, a four day annual


fair was held recently at Kamakhya
Temple in Guwahati, Assam
Ambubachi Mela held in Guwahati, Assam
• It is celebrated to mark the annual menstruation of Goddess at
Kamakhya temple on Ritual of Tantrik Cult.
• The fair takes place in June every year and this year it was held from 22
June to 26 June.
• It is considered as an auspicious period when women pray for fertility
and celebrate child bearing capabilities of women.
• It also marks as an occasion to promote awareness about menstrual
hygiene.

• Tuloni Biya Ritual: meaning ‘Small Wedding’, it is the celebration of


attainment of womanhood of Girls in Assam.
Kamakhya Temple
• Location: On Nilachal Hills in
Guwahati, Assam.
• Built By: Koch Royalty in 1565.
• One of the oldest of 51 Shaktipeeths.

• Shaktipeeths are considered to


represent body part of Goddess Sati.

• Kamkhaya Sanctum Sanctorum


(garba-griha) is said to house Yoni –
female Genital of Goddess Sati.

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