Basic of Boat Design

Basic of Boat Design
Kymenlaakso UAS / Boat Technology

Terho Halme Aug 2013
Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of the unit, students will be able to:
• explain properties and use of different boat types

• collect and compare technical data of boats
• define relative speed and select the boat type
• explain boat properties due to dimensions and parameters
• define boat dimensions and calculate boat parameters
• explain factors interacting stability
• evaluate stability of a sail boat using Dellenbaugh method
• explain and estimate elements of sail boat performance
• estimate boat speed and power requirements
• explain structure and content of lines drawing
• prepare a proposal concept design
Kymenlaakso UAS/Terho Halme 2

Content & Schedule
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
Learning Weight
Planing boats Lines drawing
outcomes calculation
Sailing boat
Relative speed performance
Displacement
boats Proposal
Parametric
Stability concept
design
Semi- design
displacement Lines drawing
boats

From the Methods
• The Methods presented in Basics of Boat
Design are simplified and used only in the
concept design phase of the boat.
• (Boat Design Methods are defined later in
the study modules of Hydrostatics, Hydro-
and Aerodynamics, Layout design and
Structure engineering.)

Collecting boat data
• Collect the data of boats from the boating magazines
and internet. The tests of boat magazines are good
sources, domestic and foreign magazines you will find in
the libraries.
• Boats must be representative of the entire field of the
yachting, that is, of all sizes (2.5 - 24 m), different
materials, different uses, boats for cruising, racing,
connection, etc.
• The information is later used for the boat parametric
design exercises. Save the data on an Excel table,
sailboats and motorboats on their own sheet.
• Get started now ...
Sailboat data
• Length of hull (LOA, LH), [m]
• Length of waterline (LWL), [m]
• Beam of hull (BOA,BH), [m]
• Draught of hull (Tc), [m]
• Draught total (T), [m]
• Displacement fully loaded(mLDC), [kg]
• Displacement empty (mLCC), [kg]
• Ballast weight (mk), [kg]
• Sail area (As), [m2]
• Sail dimensions (P,E,I,J), [m]
• Engine power (P), [kW]
• Material of the hull and deck (glass fibre, carbon fibre, cored glass
fibre, cored carbon fibre, wood, steel, aluminium, etc.)

Motorboat data
• Length of hull (LOA, LH), [m]
• Length of waterline (LWL), [m]
• Beam of hull (BOA,BH), [m]
• Draught of hull (Tc), [m]
• Deadrise amidships (planing boat)
• Displacement fully loaded (mLDC), [kg]
• Displacement empty (mLCC), [kg]
• Engine power (P), [kW]
• Propulsion (outboard, inboard z-drive, inboard shaft, water-jet,
surface propeller, etc.)
• Material of the hull and deck (glass fibre, carbon fibre, cored glass
fibre, cored carbon fibre, wood, steel, aluminium, etc.)

Boat Hull Types
Right boat type for the purpose.

Relative speed
• Relative speed is V
expressed by Froude Fn 
number (Fn). g  LWL
• With the same Froude V  boat speed (m/s)
number the wave
patterns are similar.
LWL  waterline length (m)
• So called “hull speed” is g  9,81 m/s 2
when Fn = 0,40, then the

1852 m
wave length and the 1 knot 
waterline length are equal 3600 s
• Hull speed is NOT any
speed limit
Boat types
• Displacement boats, Fn<0,45
– Fishing boats, rowboats, keelboats, trawlers,
tugs, ships
• Semi-displacement boats (semi-planing),
0,4<Fn<1,0
– Cruising boats, motor yachts, catamarans
• Planing boats, Fn>1,0
– Almost all small outboard boats, day cruisers,
runabouts, race boats
Speed Ranges of Boat Types
Planing boats
Semi-displacement boats
Displacement boats

Displacement boat

Displacement Boat: Keelboat

Displacement boat: Longkeeler

Exercise 1
• What is the relative speed of a keel boat, when
the waterline is 9,3 m and the upwind speed is
6,7 knots?
• What is the relative speed of MS Viking XPRS
when the waterline length of the ship is 180 m
and cruising speed 25 knots?
• What is the relative speed of a wooden rowboat
when the winner of 58 km race rowed the time of
5 h 5 min? LWL is 6,4 m.
• Which one does have the fastest relative speed?

Power of Displacement Boat
Power of displacement boat :
• Maximum speed of
P  64  Fn  
3
displacement boat like

P  power (kW)
trawler, keelboat or tug
is Fn = 0,4 - 0,45   displacement (m 3 )
• Typical ship speeds: V
Fn 
– Fast ferry Fn = 0,33 g  LWL
– Ferry Fn = 0,25 V  speed (m/s)
– Cargo ship Fn = 0,21 LWL  waterline length (m)
– Tanker Fn = 0,19 g  9,81 m/s 2
Modified from: Gerr, Propeller Handbook

Exercise 2
• Calculate power for the boat of exercise 1
when
– The displacement of keelboat is 5 t (the
answer is for sail power)
– The displacement of XPRS is approx. 18 000 t
(the answer is for engine power)
• How much power is installed?
– The displacement of rowboat is 120 kg (the
answer is for row power)
Speed and Power of
Displacement Boats
• Keelboat speed upwind is approx. Fn ≈ 0,35
• Engine power for keelboat is ·4 kW/m3 and the
boat speed Fn ≈ 0,4
• Maximum speed of a heavy displacement motor
boat is Fn ≈ 0,45
• Engine power needed for a displacement motor
boat is ·8 kW/m3 (Fn ≈ 0,45 + service allowance)
Where  (nabla) is the fully loaded displacement in m3
Exercise 3
• The mass of a small outboard boat is 120 kg. It is loaded
by 4 person (á 85 kg) and 50 kg of equipment. How
many kW’s is needed at the outboard engine?
• The hull of a fishing boat (LWL=12 m) is changed to a
pleasure craft and a new motor is needed. After the
alteration work of the boat it is weighted 5800 kg empty,
tank volumes are for water 400 l and for fuel 500 l, boat
is for 10 people and the cargo is 2300 kg. Calculate
engine power and attainable speed.

Semi-displacement motor boat
from 50’s

Modern semi-displacement boat

Semi-displacement catamaran

Semi-displacement
speed and power
• Speed range of a semi-
Power of semi - displacement
displacement boat is
typically boat (similar to displacement) :
P  64  Fn  
3
Fn = 0,45 – 0,8
• The buttocks of boat P  power (kW)
should be straight and   displacement (m 3 )
near horisontal Fn  0,8
(transom boat) or the
boat must be light Modified from: Gerr, Propeller Handbook
compared to length
Exercise 4
• A patrol boat of Finnish Coastguard, ”VMV 11” from
1935 is in Maritime Museum Vellamo, Kotka. Her LWL =
24,7 m and displacement 35 t. During the sea test her
maximum speed was 23,5 knots and her engines were
100 hp (cruising) + 2 x 520 hp (speeding).
• What is the highest Froude number of “VMV 11”?
• What should be her engine power by Gerr?
• How many per cent is the difference? (1 hp = 0,746 kW)
• How would you describe the hull shape and performance
of “VMV 11”?

Planing boat 1
Chine
Spray lists

Planing boat 2
Cheer line Station offsets
Deadrise
Chine line
Keel line

Speed of Planing Boat
• At planing boat, the Lowest planing speed in knots :
relative speed Fn > 1 7,2  LCG
V
BC
• The narrow hull need
more speed to plane LCG  Longitudinal centre
than the wide one. of gravity from transom (m)
BC  Width of planing
• Note: The narrow hull
boat (like a catamaran or surface (m) between chines
trimaran) can be fast HydroComp, Inc
even though not planing.

Exercise 5
• The length waterline of a boat is 8,0 m and
the center of gravity (LCG) is 62% from
the bow.
– What is the lowest planing speed, if the width
between chines is 1,8 m?
– What is the lowest planing speed for a
catamaran, if the width between hull chines is
0,6 m?

Speed & Power of Planing Boat 1
Barnaby/Levi : Coefficient k
P k Propulsion:
V L k
0 , 25
 2,35 2-shaft drive

V 2 2,43 1-shaft drive
P  0,5 2
L k 2,51 Z-drive
V  Speed in knots 2,83 Surface drive
P  Engine Power (kW)
  Displacement vol (m 3 ) • Usually P/ in planing
L  Length of hull (m) boat is 40-150.
Speed & Power of Planing Boat 2
Crouch' s Formula : Coefficient C
P 150 Heavy runabouts, cruisers,
V  0,78  C  passenger vessels
m
175 Average, ordinary boats
V 2 m
P 190 High-speed runabouts, very
(0,78  C ) 2 light high speed cruisers
210 Race boat types
V  Speed (knots)
220 Three point hydroplanes,
m  Displacement (kg) stepped hydroplanes
P  Power (kW) 230 Racing power catamarans
0,78  imp  SI Note: Can be used, when Fn > 0,8

(adapted by Terho)
Fuel Tanks
• For a displacement boat, the volume of tank is
approx. 5 l/kW, in which case you can cruise
over a day.
• For a planing boat approx. 1 l/kW, in which case
you can cruise over two hours by a 2-stroke and
over three hours by a 4-stroke engine.
• Rules of thumb (1 hp = 0,746 kW):
– An old 2-stroke engine burns approx. 1/2 l/hp/h
– A new 2-stroke electronic controlled and 4-stroke
petrol engine burns approx. 1/3 l/hp/h
– A Diesel engine burns approx. 1/4 l/hp/h.
Exercise 6
• How much should the Froude number of 8,0 m
long smuggler boat be to escape ”VMV 11” in
1930’s?
• How much should the engine power be, when
the mass of the boat was 1900 kg, the crew of
three smugglers and 1000 liters of spirits as a
cargo?
• Where could you find such an engine in 1930’s?

Exercise 7
• Based on the boat data table you collected:
– Calculate the speed for planing boats by Barnaby/Levi and
Grouch’s formula and compare it to speed measured or informed
by manufacturer. Note:
• One crew member is 85 kg
• Add outboard engine to the mass of outboard boat (normally
exclused)
• Add fuel tank (1 kW of power ~ 1 kg of fuel)
– Calculate the speed and power for displacement boats by Gerr’s
formula.
– Calculate power to displacement ratios to the table.
– Compare and comment.

Parametric Design
Dimensions and coefficients

Boat Dimensions 1

Boat Dimensions 2

Boat Symbols
LH = Length of hull B = Center of
LWL = Length waterline buoyancy
BH = Beam of hull LCB = Longitudinal
BWL = Beam waterline center of buoyancy
Tc = Draft of hull VCB = Vertical center
of buoyancy
T = Draft of boat
LCF = Longitudinal
D = Depth of hull center of flotation
FM = Freeboard mid
FF = Freeboard fore

Exercise 8
• Find the lines drawing of a sailboat
enclosed. The scale of the lines drawing
is 1:40. Determine and measure:
– Hull length LH
– Waterline length LWL
– Hull draft Tc
– Hull depth D
– Hull beam BH
– Waterline beam BWL

Displacement
• Displacement volume = • Displacement =
Volume of water displaced Mass of water displaced
by the craft by the craft
• The symbol is  (nabla) • The symbol is D (delta)
• In the boat standards the • In the boat standards the
symbol is VD symbol is m (mass)
• The unit of displacement • The unit of displacement is
volume is cubic meter (m3) kilogram (kg) or tonne (t)
• 1 m3 of sea water weight in 1025 kg • 1 t = 1000 kg
• 1 m3 of fresh water weight in 1000 kg

Longitudinal Center of Displacement
= Center of Bouyancy
Longitudinal center of displacement

(LCB) is typically 0-6 % backwards  LW L  100%
LCB (%)    LCB  
of amidships (LWL/2).  2  LW L
By modern racers LCB % is -3...-4%
Block Coefficient Cb

Cb 
LW L  BW L  TC

Prismatic Coefficient Cp

CP 
LW L  Ax
Modern sailboats
Cp = 0,55 - 0,56
Displacement motor boats
Cp = 0,60

Midship Coefficient Cm
Ax
Cm 
BW L  Tc
Note :
Cb  C m  C p

Waterplane Coefficient Cw
= Longitudinal Center of Flotation
Modern sailboats typically Aw

Cw = 0,69 – 0,71 Cw 
LW L  BW L
Exercise 9
• The sailboat enclosed has the prismatic
coefficient 0,55, the block coefficient 0,41 and
the waterline coefficient 0,70. Calculate
– Displacement volume 
– Maximum section area Ax
– Water plane area Aw
– Midship coefficient Cm
– LCB is 5,10 m. What is LCB %?

Linear Ratios
Length/Bea m Ratio : Ballast ratio :
LW L LH Q
LBR  or LBR  BR 
BW L BH m LCC
Length/Dra ft Ratio : Q is mass of the keel
LW L LW L m LCC is mass of empty boat
LTR  or LTRc 
T Tc
Beam/Draft Ratio :
BW L
BTRc   5 cruisers
Tc

Length/Displacement Ratio
Length/displacement ratio : • ”Slenderness ratio”
(Slenderness ratio) • LDR of sailboat > 5,7,
LWL to outrun Fn = 0,45
LDR  3
 – Heavy boats <4,6
– Average 4,6 - 5,2
LWL  Waterline length (m)
– Light boats 5,2 - 6,6
  Displacement (m )3
– Ultra light boats >6,6
Max. displacement speed : • Used for motor boats
Fnmax  0,09  LDR and sail boats

Effects of Length-Displacement Ratio LDR= LWL/^(1/3)
Displacement  1.0 m3
Beam-Draft Ratio BTR 5.0
Block Coefficient Cb 0.50
Length- Draft Length-

Length Beam Metacentric Metacentric Hull
Displacement Canoe Beam
Waterline Waterline Radius Height Speed
Ratio Body Ratio
LDR LWL/m BWL/m Tc /m LBR BM/m GM/m V/knots
4 4.0 1.58 0.32 2.5 0.791 0.664 4.86
5 5.0 1.41 0.28 3.5 0.707 0.594 5.43
6 6.0 1.29 0.26 4.6 0.645 0.542 5.95
7 7.0 1.20 0.24 5.9 0.598 0.502 6.43
8 8.0 1.12 0.22 7.2 0.559 0.470 6.87

Effects of Length-Displacement Ratio
9,0 0,7
8,0
0,6
7,0
LWL, BWL, Tc, Knots
0,5
6,0
0,4
LWL/m
5,0
BWL/m
4,0
0,3 V/knots
3,0 Tc/m
0,2
GM/m
2,0
0,1
1,0
0,0 0,0
4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0
Length-Displacement Ratio (LDR)

Displacement/Length Ratio
Displacement length ratio : • Widely used in boat
 literature (am, br)
DLR 
0,01LWL 3 • Classify boats:
  Displacement (long tons) <50 super ultra light
LWL  Waterline length (ft) 50-100 ultra light
 100-200 light
DLR  3
 LWL  200-300 average
 
 30,5  300-400 heavy
  Displacement (m 3 ) >400 very heavy
LWL  Waterline length (m) for motor and sail boats
Typical parameters of planing hull
LW L
 0,85
LH
LW L
 2,5  3,5
BW L
LCB  0,6
Cb  0,42
C p  0,74
C m  0,55
C w  0,8

Exercise 10
• Calculate ratios for our sailboat.
– LBR, LTR, BTR, LDR, DLR
– BR, when keel mass is 1980 kg and
draft 1,8 m.
• Calculate to your table of sailboat data new
columns of above.
• Classify your sailboats.
• Calculate to your table of motorboat data new
columns for LBR, LTR, BTR, LDR and DLR
Weight, Mass and Center of
Gravity
Guesstimate or estimate?
Moment method calculation
Mass
m   mi m1  m2  m3  m4
Moment
M   mi  a i 
 a1  m1  a 2  m2  a3  m3  a 4 m 4
Distance
M
a
m

Center of Gravity
The mass of a single part is mi
Longitudin al : LCG 
 m x i i and it’s center of longitudinal
m i
gravity is xi. Reference point is at
0-station.
Transversa l : TCG 
 m y i i
The transversal center of gravity of
a part is yi. Reference point is at
m i centerline
 mi  z i
The vertical center of gravity of a
Vertical : VCG  part is zi. Reference point usually is
m i the lowest keel point of the hull.
In stability calculatio ns : VCG  KG

Weight calculation table
Part m x y z mx my mz
1
2
3
…
n
m LCG =
mx/m
TCG =
my/m
VCG =
mz/m mx my mz

Exercise 11
• Calculate the weight table when:
part; mass; x; y; z
hull; 3000 kg; 5,20 m; 0 m; 0,93 m
keel; 1980 kg; 4,90 m; 0 m; -0,85 m
mast; 150 kg; 3,98 m; 0 m; 8,1 m
engine; 170 kg; 6,50 m; 0 m; 0,40 m
batteries; 80 kg; 6,0 m; -0,60 m; 0,30 m
water tank; 200 kg; 3,6 m; 0,40 m; 0,35 m

Stability
Capsize or not?
Floating Position
A floating object always takes up a balance where
the center of gravity (G) and the center of
buoyancy (B) align vertical.
G = Center of Gravity
B = Center of Buoyancy

What is stability?
• Ability of a vessel to resist heeling from
level = initial stability, form stability
• Ability of a vessel to resist capsizing =
ultimate stability, weight stability
• Ability of a vessel to damp accelerations
induced by outside (waves) or inside
(steering) forces= dynamic stability

Two Main Factories of Stability:
• Metacentre M • Centre of gravity G
– Depends on boat – Vertical centre of gravity
geometry – Decreasing centre of gravity:
– The wider the boat the • Inboard motor
higher the metacentre, • Ballast keel
M ~ BWL2 • Tanks near the keel
– The lower the draft the – Increasing centre of gravity:
higher the metacentre, • High superstructure
M ~ 1/TC • Cargo on high deck
– The higher the – The lower the centre of

metacentre, the higher the gravity, the higher the
initial stability ultimate stability

Metacentre M
Metacentre M is always
straight above the centre
of buoyancy B.
Metacentre can be
imagined to be a heeling
centre in small angles.
Swedish shipbuilder Fredrik

Henrik af Chapman validated in Metacentric radius (m) :
his famous ”Architectura Navalis
Mercatoria” (1768) that stability of I
BM 
a ship can be calculated if the 
second moment of waterplane I,
the displacement  and the I  second moment of waterplane (m 4 )
centre of gravity G are known.   displacement (m 3 )

Second Moment of Waterplane I
LWL  BWL
3
I k
12
k depends on waterplane shape
k  Cw on modern sailboat hulls
2

Vertical Center of Buoyancy VCB
Morrish' s approximat ion :

15  

KB  VCB   Tc  
3 2 Aw 
Metacentre from keel line :
KM  BM  KB

Metacentric Height GM
• Centre of gravity G (or KG) comes
from weight calculation or heel test
• Difference between centre of gravity
G and metacentre M is called
metacentric height GM, and is a
fundamental measurement of
stability
• If G is above M, the vessel will
capsize
• High GM in motor boats leads to
jerky motions
• Low GM leads to wide, slow rolling Metacentri c height :
• GM > 0,15 m (IMO)
• Typically on sailboats GM  KM  KG
1 m < GM < 2 m

When a vessel heels to angle
g
• Centre of buoyancy B
moves sideways to B’
• Metacentre M is always
straight above B’ and
on the centre line of the
vessel (on small heel
angles)
• In between centre of
gravity G and buoyancy
B’ is a horizontal
distance GZ, called
righting arm

Small angle heeling
g = Buoyant force
g mg = Gravitational force
 = Heel Angle
Z = Perpendicular to G
B’ = new buoyancy centre
Righting Arm :
GZ  GM  sin 
Righting Moment :
RM  mg  GZ
Large angle heeling
g Large angle heel  30 :
GZ  GM  sin   cos 
Righting moment at 30 degrees :
RM 30  mg  GM  sin 30  cos 30
• When the boat heels,

metacentric radius will
mg decrease by cos, until
the gunwale sinks
(approx. 35°).

Exercise 12
• Calculate in our sail boat
– Second moment of waterplane, I
– Metacentric radius, BM
– Metacentric height GM, when the center of
gravity is 100 mm above design waterline
• Calculate righting moment at
– 1 degree heel RM1
– 30 degrees heel RM30

Instant estimate of metacentric radius
Displaceme nt volume   L  B  T  C b and
L  B 3  Cw
2
Aw
Second moment of waterplan e I  , and C w 
12 LB
2
In modern sailboats C w is accurate enough,
in canoes or similar use (C w  0,21 )
L  B 3  Cw B 2  Cw
2 2
I
Metacentri c radius BM   
 12  L  B  T  C b 12  T  C b
in modern sail boat hulls, more simplistic :
2
Cw 0,7 2 B2
while   1,2 so BM 
Cb 0,4 10  T

Estimation of Instant Stability
In modern sailboats KB  0,64  T
Center of gravity KG is from weight calculatio n
Metacentri c height GM  0,64  T  BM  KG
Righting arm GZ  GM  sin   cos  (  30)
Righting moment RM  GZ  m  g
Exercise 12a
Recalculate exercise 12 using estimation above.
Compare the results and write your findings down.
Angle of Heel 0°
g
G
B
mg

Angle of Heel 30°
g
G
mg

Angle of Heel 60°
g
G
B
mg

Angle of Heel 90°
G g
mg B

Angle of Heel 120°
G g
mg B

Angle of Heel 150°
g G
B mg

Angle of Heel 180°
g
G
B
mg

Stability curve
GZ from Hydrostatics
GZ=GM*sin*cos

Sailing Boat Performance
Well, is it any good?

Sail Area
Main sail area :
PE
Asm 
2
Fore triangle area :
IJ
Asf 
2
Sail area :
As  Asm  Asf

Heeling Arm
Heeling arm of mail sail
CEm  0,33  P  BAS  FM
Heeling arm of head sail
CE f  0,33  I  FF
Heeling arm of sail area
CEm  Asm  CE f  Asf
H CE 
As
Lateral centre below waterline
H LP  0,04  3 m LDC
Heeling arm of boat
HA  H CE  H LP

Dellenbaugh angle
• Dellenbaugh angle is As  HA
estimated heeling DA  279 
while sailing upwind m  GM
at wind force 4 As  Sail area (m 2 )
(approx. 8 m/s)
HA  Heeling arm (m)
• Value of DA is
compared to “stiff” or m  Displaceme nt (kg)
“tender” boat.
GM  Metacentri c
• Can be used for sail
area estimation. height (m)

Dellenbaugh compare

Exercise 13
• Dimension the sails of our sail boat to
have Dellenbaugh angle 17-18 degrees.
– BAS = 1,5 m. (Boom Above Sheer line)
– It will get easier if you take P = 2,6*E ja I =
3*J.
– 2,6 is the geometric aspect ratio of main sail
and 3 is the geometric aspect ratio of fore
triangle.
– You can use Excel’s target search to help
Sail Area/Displacement Ratio
• Indicates Power to
As weight ratio
SDR  2 / 3
 • <7 Motorsailor
As  sail area (m )
2
• 14-20 Cruiser
• 20-22 Cruiser/Racer
  displaceme nt (m )
3
• 22-25 Racer/Cruiser
• >25 Racer
• In old, narrow sailboats
SDR is 1-2 smaller

Sail Area/Wetted Surface Ratio
As • Sail area/wetted
SWR  surface ratio indicates
Sw  Sk  Sr
performance in light
 wind.
S w  2  LW L  Tc  or
Tc • SWR < 2,0 slow
S w  2,8    LW L • SWR > 2,5 fast
S k  Wetted surface of keel (m 2 ) S k  5%  As

S r  Wetted surface of rudder (m 2 ) S r  2%  As
S w  Wetted surface of hull (m 2 )
Exercise 14
• Determine sail area/displacement ratio of
our sail boat.
• Determine sail area/wetted surface ratio.
• Write an analysis of the performance of
our sailboat (use speed upwind, DA, SDR,
SWR etc.)

Measured Rating of Keel Boat
• Just comparing boats
LW L  As
3
MR  k  coefficient k can be 1.
4
 Then MR can be
imagined as a speed in
LW L  Waterline (m) knots over similar
conditions.
As  Sail area (m 2 ) • If used as a yard stick,
first calculate MRref of a
  Displaceme nt (m ) 3
reference boat when k = 1
k  coefficien t for and then replace k =
1/MRref.
various purpose • Sailing times are then
divided by RM
Exercise 15
• Calculate to your Excel table of sail boats
SDR, SWR and MR for all boats.
• Arrange the boat in order of performance
a) in light wind (1-3 knots)
b) in fresh breeze (17-21 knots)
• What is the fastest boat in your table (in
average)?
• What is the slowest boat in your table?
Guesstimated Price, €/kg?
• Cost of materials and installed parts
(1,4*LDR) €/kg (2008)
• One-off boat can be built approx. (LDR/5) kg/h. The
heavier the faster (=easier material, bigger parts).
• In small production a boat can be built approx. 2 kg/h
• In highly module-based mass production 2-10 kg/h
• General costs are approx. 15-20% of production costs
• Design cost of a one-off boat is 5-10% of production
costs

Exercise 16
• Estimate building costs of our sail boat as a one-
off boat. Note labour cost, margin and taxes too.
• If they were built in small production, what are
the building cost then?
• If they were built in mass production, what are
the building costs?
• Compare your cost estimation to real prices in
boat market.

Lines Drawing
How to draw a 3D hull shape

onto 2D paper?
Cuttings of Lines Drawing
3D-surface is sliced up from three directions:
1.Stations
– Transversal and vertical cuts
2.Waterlines
– Longitudinal and horizontal cuts
3.Buttocks
– Longitudinal and vertical cuts

Stations
Vertical cuts Station

curves
Transversal cuts

Waterlines
Horizontal cuts Horizontal cuts
Waterline curves

Buttocks
Buttock curves Vertical cuts
Longitudinal cuts

Views in Lines Drawing
• 3D-surface of the hull is projected in three
orthogonal views:
• Profile
– View straight from side
• Body
– View straight from bow (or stern)
• Plan
– View straight from bottom (or top)
Profile (side view)
Sheer line Stations Buttocks
DWL
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Keel line Amidships Waterlines

Body (stern & bow view)
0 1 2 3 4 5
768 9
10
DWL
Stations Stern L
C
Stations Bow
Center Line
Plan (bottom or top view)
Sheer line Waterlines
DWL
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Buttocks Stations Center line

Lines Drawing
Profile Body
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Design Waterline
Station nr 0 is at the
intersection of keel line
and design waterline
Plan
Station nr 10 is at the intersection of keel line and design waterline

Directions of dimensions
Profile view Body view
Height
5 4 3 2 1 0 Width Width
Length
Width
Plan view
Equivalent points
3 2 1 0
Every intersection of lines has an

equivalent point in another view. The
point has equivalent length, width and
height in every view.

Typical V-bottom lines

Lines drawing exercise 1
Add stations to the

body view.
(Ask an A3 copy)

Add waterlines and buttocks.

(Ask an A3 copy)

This sailboat has design

waterline and stations 0, 5
and 10 done. Complete
drawing up to 11 stations, 3
buttocks and 5 waterlines
(Ask an A3 copy)
Proposal Concept Design
Time to have some practice fun!

Concept Design Process
• Design brief • Sketching lines drawing
• Operating speed -> – profile: sheer, keel, DWL
Froude number, Fn -> – plan: (sheer, DWL)
boat type – body: amidships, transom
• Parametric design • Concept drawings
– Existing boats-> data – Profile (sail plan), deck
collection plan, accommodation
– Analysis -> parameters • Check:
L/B, L/, P/, SA/ etc. – Displacement
– Synthesis ->choose of L, B, – Weight calculation
D, T, P, SA, etc.
– Stability
– Form coefficients Cb, Cw,
– Performance
Cm, Cp
• Cost estimation
Design Brief
• Use of the boat • Range
• Operational conditions • Equipment
• Propulsion • One off / production
• Operational speed • Building cost
• Size of the boat • Operating cost
• Displacement • Accommodation
• Crew • Arrangements
• Cargo, loading • etc.

Why Concept Design?
• Improves possibilities to success
• You can get almost there at the first step,
only some fine tuning left
• You can be quite sure of performance,
stability and safety
• Still, you can do better (or worse) than
existing boats
• You can get paid
HULL TYPE SELECTION
Check LWL
Check Speed
Calculate Fn
Fn < 0,45 0,45 < Fn < 1 Fn > 1

Displacement Hull Semi-displacement Hull Planing Hull
Sail Cp ~ 0,55 Transom immersed Deadrise 15 - 26

Motor Cp > 0,6 LCG = 0...-10% LCG = -10...-25%
LCG = 0...-8% Direct buttock lines Direct buttock lines
Transom above DWL (can rise few deg aft) parallel to keel
Avoid curves in chine

at aft body

Design office Exercise (will be graded)
1. Make two-people design offices (one three-people, if odd number of
students)
2. Give them names like: Jan & Kalev Yacht Design
3. Every design office is also the customer to the next office in class.
(an unbroken chain of offices…)
4. As a customer, write down the design brief of your dream boat (LH 8
– 24 m)
5. Order the Concept Design of your dream boat from the previous
office of the chain. So, you are not going to design it yourself.
6. As a design office, go through the concept design process and make
all the documents for the customer.
7. Have some meetings with your customer to be sure of the demands.
8. Do teamwork inside your office as much as necessary.
9. Still, every student returns his/hers own Concept Design which will
be graded.

Basic of Boat Design

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Basic of Boat Design

Kymenlaakso UAS / Boat Technology

• explain properties and use of different boat types

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Right boat type for the purpose.

when Fn = 0,40, then the

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displacement boat like

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 2,35 2-shaft drive

0,78  imp  SI Note: Can be used, when Fn > 0,8

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Dimensions and coefficients

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Longitudinal center of displacement

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= Longitudinal Center of Flotation

Modern sailboats typically Aw

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Length- Draft Length-

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Length-Displacement Ratio (LDR)

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In stability calculatio ns : VCG  KG

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– The higher the – The lower the centre of

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Swedish shipbuilder Fredrik

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Morrish' s approximat ion :

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• When the boat heels,

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