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1
Discuss the effects of not dropping the hammer in a standard Proctor test from a height of
305 mm. Plot a graph of energy versus hammer height from 250 mm to 400 mm in steps
of 50 mm to discuss the effects. Assume the mold, hammer mass, number of layers (3)
and blows (25) are all constants.
Solution 5.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
#blows/layer 25
#layers 3
weight of hammer 24.4 N 0.0244 kN
Volume 944 cm3 0.000944 m3
800
750
Compaction Energy (kN.m/m3)
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
200 250 300 350 400 450
Solution 5.2
( )
Gs 2.7
w 9.81 kN/m3
20.0
19.5
Dry unit weight (kN/m3)
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
water content (%)
dmax = 19.5 kN/m3
wopt (%) = 8.2
Exercise 5.3
A soil at a mining site is classified according to USCS as GW-GM.
(a) Would this soil be suitable for the base course of a road?
(b) What type of field compaction equipment would you recommend?
(c) How would you check that the desired compaction is achieved in the field?
(d) Would you specify compaction dry or wet of optimum? Why?
Solution 5.3
The water content in one of five standard Proctor test samples is 15.2%. The corresponding
degree of saturation is 85%. Calculate the dry unit weight if Gs = 2.67.
Solution 5.4
( )
( )
Exercise 5.5
The data from a standard Proctor test are shown in the table below.
(a) Determine the maximum dry unit weight and the optimum water content.
(b) Plot the zero air voids line.
(c) Determine the degree of saturation at the maximum dry unit weight.
Solution 5.5
24.0
22.0
Dry unit weight (kN/m3)
21.0
20.0
19.0
18.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
Water Content (%)
Maximum dry unit weight = 18.8 kN/m3
( )
( )
Exercise 5.6
A fine-grained soil has 60% clay with LL = 220%, PL = 45%, and a natural water content of 6%.
A standard Proctor test was carried out in the laboratory and the following data were recorded.
Diameter of mold, D= 101.4 mm
Height of mold, h = 116.7 mm
Mass of mold, Mm = 4196.5 grams
Specific gravity, Gs = 2.69
9.42E-04
3
Volume of mold = m
Unit weight determination Water content determination
Mass of wet soil Mass of can and wet Mass of can and dry Mass of can
and mold (g) soil (grams) soil (grams) (grams)
Mwm Mw Md Mc
6257 105.05 103.1 42.1
6356 100.69 97.9 40.9
6400 114.71 110.7 42.7
6421 134.26 128.5 42.5
6400 109.34 104.9 41.8
(a) Determine the maximum dry unit weight and optimum water content.
(b) If the desired compaction in the field is 95% of the standard Proctor test results, what values
of dry unit weight and water content would you specify? Explain why you select these values.
(c) What field equipment would you specify to compact the soil in the field, and why?
(d) How would you check that the specified dry unit weight and water content are achieved in
the field?
Solution 5.6
24.5
24.0
Dry unit weight (kN/m3)
23.5
23.0
22.5
22.0
21.5
21.0
20.0
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Water Content (%)
b) You cannot obtain the 95% Proctor dry unit weight from these test results. For a fine-grained
soil, the optimum water content appears to be low. The test should be repeated starting at a lower
water content.
c)
d)
One of the following field apparatuses can be used; i) sand cone, ii) balloon iii) nuclear density
meter.
Exercise 5.7
Standard Proctor compaction test results on a sandy clay (35% sand, 55% clay, and 10% silt),
taken from a borrow pit, are given in the following table.
Water content (%) 4.2 5.1 7.8 9.2 12
d (kN/m3) 16.9 18.1 19.6 19.5 18.5
The sandy clay in the borrow pit has a porosity of 65% and a water content of 5.2%. A highway
embankment is to be constructed using this soil.
(a) Specify the compaction (dry unit weight and water content) to be achieved in the field. Justify
your specification.
(b) How many cubic meters of borrow pit soil are needed for 1 cubic meter of highway fill?
(c) How much water per unit volume is required to meet the specification?
(d) How many truckloads of soil will be required for a 100,000 m3 highway embankment? Each
truck has a load capacity of 22.5 m3 and regulations require a maximum load capacity of 90%.
(e) Determine the cost for 100,000 m3 of compacted soil based on the following:
Purchase and load borrow pit material at site, haul 2 km round-trip, and spread with 200 HP
dozer = $15/m3; extra mileage charge for each km = $0.5/m3; round-trip distance = 10 km;
compaction = $1.02/m3.
Solution 5.7
Determine the maximum dry unit weight and optimum water content
20.0
19.5
Dry unit weight (kN/m3)
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
water content (%)
b)
Find weight of the soil particles, Ws for 1 m3 compacted soil;
c)
Find the weight of water for compacted highway fill for w = 0.084, V = 1m3;
Find the weight of borrow pit soil for w = 0.052%, V = 2.13 m3;
e)
Use the formula below to find the extra mileage charge/m3. “x” is the distance between the pit
and start of the embankment
∑[( ) ]
Assume pit is located 5 km away from start of the embankment;
∑[( ) ] ∑[( ) ]
Estimated cost for the 10 km long compacted embankment using 213,000 m3 borrow pit soil at 5
km distance between the embankment and the borrow pit is
A sand cone test was conducted for quality control during the compaction of sandy clay. The
data are as follows.
(b) The standard Proctor maximum dry unit weight of the sandy clay is 17.8 kN/m3 at an
optimum water content of 10%. The specification requires 95% Proctor dry unit weight at
acceptable water contents ranging from 9% to 10.8%. Is the specification met? Justify your
answer.
Solution 5.8
( ) ( )
(Eq 1)
(Eq 2)
( ) ( ) (Eq 3)
Volume of hole;
(Eq. 4)
(Eq 5)
b)
Dry unit weight of the soil is between the required dry unit weight limits;
Also the water content of the soil is between the acceptable water content range.