PAT205 Building Services 1

Plumbing & Sanitary:

DISTRIBUTION OF
WATER SERVICES

INTRODUCTION
WATER INSTALLATION
SOURCES OF WATER
WATER TREATMENT
DOMESTIC WATER INSTALLATION
 INTRODUCTION

 Hot and Cold water supply in buildings are used for

washing, cooking, cleaning and other specialized
functions.
 Cold water for buildings is also known as potable water.
 Non-potable is supplied in some countries, this is not for
drinking or cooking.
 Water services should be designed and installed in
accordance with the recommendations of the;
 Water Regulations, relevant statutory regulations,
 bylaws, other relevant standards and
 manufacturers' recommendations.
 The primary function of water distribution systems
are to:
 meet the water demands of users while
 maintaining acceptable pressures in the system
 supply water for fire protection at specific locations within the
system, while maintaining acceptable pressures for normal
service.
 provide sufficient level of surplus to support minimum level of
service during emergency conditions (i.e. power loss or water
main failure.)
 Water Installations

 The components of a water distribution system

include:
 Pipelines - carry water from the treatment facility to
the users.
 transmission mains - the largest pipes which carry flow from
the water treatment facility to the network.
 feeder mains - pipelines which feed flow from the transmission
mains to the individual pipe networks of every service area
 distribution mains - the grid of pipelines which provides
service to all users service lines - pipelines which go from the
distribution mains to the individual house/facility.
 Pumps - maintain required pipeline service pressure.
Because of variable demand requirements multiple
pumps or pumps with variable motors are often required.
 booster pumps - maintain required service pressure along long
pipelines
 fire-service pumps - provide additional capacity for emergency
situations
 Pumps operate at the intersection of pump performance
and network system curves and must adjust to highly
variable demand.
 As such, multiple pumps may be required for steady,
cyclical, and emergency demands
 Storage facilities – accommodates demand
fluctuation by storing excess water until it’s
necessary
 ground storage - ground level storage which
discharge water to the system with a pump
 elevated storage - storage tank at the elevation
required to deliver water at required pressure (or
head).
 Valves - required for removing components and
rerouting flows
 Water Meters - required for monitoring flows
 Sources of water

 Original source - rainfall.

 Part of water on earth drains on the surface to join streams
and rivers and percolated into the ground to feed underground
supplies
 Sources of water supply are usually classified by the
routes after rainfall.
 For supplies of drinking water the main categories
are;
 Surface water streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
 Underground water springs and wells
 Rainwater collectors roofs and paved surfaces
 The variety types of qualities of natural waters may
need to be adjusted before used.
 The following properties are desirable for good
drinking water:
 Harmless to health
 Colourless
 Clear
 Sparkling
 Odourless
 Most buildings can receive water supply from the
Water Authority’s main.
 But in some rural areas may obtain water from
private sources such as
 Wells, springs, rivers & lakes
 The adequacy of a mains supply will depend on
 The size of water mains

 The pressure of water

 Demand of the water.

 After water has been treated it is pumped to the start
of a local distribution system which is often a high-
level storage reservoir or water tower.
 Water can be supplied by gravity through iron pipes
or polymer pipes beneath the streets.
 Pipes flow full of water under pressure so secure
joints are important to prevent leakage.
 Types of water distribution
 Gravitational Distributional
 Pumped Distributional
 Ring Main Distributional
 Gravitational distribution
 Water from upland gathering grounds is impounded in a reservoir.
 From this point, the water is filtered and chlorinated before serving
an inhabited area at lower level.
 There are no pumping costs
 Pumped distribution
 Water extracted from a river is pumped into a settlement tank,
subsequently filtered and chlorinated.
 More expensive than gravity systems
 Pump maintenance and running costs
 Ring main distribution
 Water mains supplying a town or village may be in the form of a grid.
 Preferable to radial distribution as sections can
 Water Distribution Systems be isolated with minimal disruption to
the remaining system and there is no more opportunity for water to
maintain a flow
 Mains Water to Buildings
 trunk mains:
 these carry water from a source of supply (reservoir, pumping
station etc.) to a district without supplying consumers en route.
 secondary mains:
 the distribution mains, fed from a trunk main and supplying the
consumers’ connections in the district.
 service pipes:
 the branch supplies from the secondary mains that serve
individual premises
 Connections to a trunk or secondary main are normally
carried out by the water supply company.
 Allow a service pipe to be connected to a trunk main.
 Connections to secondary mains may be made under pressure to
connect pipes of 50 mm diameter and below, whereas for larger
pipes a shutdown of the main is required.
 Service pipes are fitted by the water supply company
from the main up to the boundary of the premises to be
supplied.
 At this point a stop valve is provided to enable the premises' water
system to be isolated from the mains
 It is often normal to have a meter installed so that water
suppliers will be able to charge all customers on how
much water is used.
 Water Meters
 Water meters are installed at the discretion of the local water
authority.
 Required on all new build and conversion properties, plus
existing buildings which have been substantially altered.
 Meters are either installed in the communication pipe, or by
direct annular connection to the stop valve.
 If underground location is impractical, the water authority
may agree internal attachment to the rising main.
 Domestic Water Installation
 The system for distributing water within a building needs to
take account of the following factors;
 Sufficient capacity for purpose.
 Leak proof pipework.
 Means of isolating pipework appliances.
 Means of draining pipework and appliances.
 Arrangements for overflows.
 Prevention of back pollution to the public supply.
 Compliance with regulation
 WATER STORAGE
 Water storage in dwellings is usually required to meet a 24
hour demand, that is, if the supply is cut off, there will be a
supply of cold water for 24 hours
 The consumption of cold water in any building depends upon;
 The use to which the water is put
 The number of consumers served.
 A balanced flow of water to and from tanks is
recommended
 achieved by installing inlets and outlets at the same level and
with the same lengths of pipework.
 This ensures that the same amount of water enters each tank
from the ball valve.
 Tanks should be periodically cleaned out to remove
dust and grime build-up and a valve drain is used for
this purpose.
 The use of a delayed action float valve may also be
considered to ensure a greater turn over of water.
 The main advantages of water storage;
 Provide a reserve against failure of the mains supply

 Sudden demands are met from the storage cistern, which gives
 Economy water mains and in the size of service pipe
 Reduce possibility mains pressure dropping that lead to back
siphonage
 Reduces pressure of installation
 Minimize noise and wastage and enable appliance to be used.
 Heating and hot water supply can vented to the cistern
 Minimize safety-valve requirement
 Disadvantages;
 Space and support must be provided for the storage cistern.
 High building at ground level, becoming usual to avoid load and
save space at high level.
 Storage cistern may become dirty
 The reduced pressure means that distributing pipes have to be
large.
 BUILDING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Direct
Non
Normal Water Pressure / Pumping
Non Pumping Method
Systems Method
Water supplied by using
water tank
Indirect Direct
Pump
Overhead
Feed /
Gravity Pumping
Method
Water supply
aided by using
pumping Aided by
Air
Pressure
 COLD WATER SUPPLY
 Cold water can be distributed to points inside the buildings by
TWO (2) main methods;
 Direct systems – water is taken straight ‘up’ from the mains
 Indirect systems – water is taken ‘down’ storage.
 Often in the roof space
 Direct Water of Cold Water Supply
 For efficient operation, a high pressure water supply is
essential particularly at periods of peak demand.
 Pipe work is minimal and the storage cistern supplying the hot
water cylinder need only have 115liters capacity.
 The cistern may be located within the airing cupboard or be
combined with the hot water cylinder.
 Drinking water is available at every draw-off point and
maintenance valves should be fitted to isolate each section of
pipe work.
 With every outlet supplied from the main, the possibility of
back siphonage must beconsidered
 Back siphonage can occur when there is a high
demand on the main.
 A reverse flow condition created by a difference on water
pressures that causes water to flow back into the distribution
pipes of water supply from any source other than the intended
one.
 Negative pressure can then draw water back into the
main form a submerged inlet, e.g. a rubber tube
attached to a tap or a shower fitting without a check
valve facility left lying in dirty bath water.
 Features of direct cold water supplies;
 No storage water involved

 Mains supply is fed directly to all outlets

 All cold taps suitable for drinking

 Higher peak demands on mains

 Risk back syphonage to mains.

 Less plumbing installation

 Lower costs.
 DIRECT SYSTEM

WATER IS SUPPLIED DIRECTLY TO ALL APPLIANCES

FROM MAIN WATER PIPE , WITHOUT THE USE OF
WATER TANK.
WATER TANK ONLY
FOR HOT WATER SUPPLY
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS :
-HIGH PRESSURE IS NEEDED IN THE MAIN
PIPE ( > 30 KN/m2 OR 3 M HEIGHT ) wc
wb
- LENGTH OF PIPE MINIMUM bath
-ALL APPLIANCES RECEIVE FRESH WATER
DIRECTLY FROM MAIN PIPE
-PROBABILITY OF BACK SIPHONAGE
HIGH sink wb wc
-WATER TANK NEEDED FOR
MAIN PIPE /
HOT WATER SUPPLY ONLY
incoming service
pipe
 In direct water supply

 The indirect system of cold water supply has only

one drinking water outlet, at the sink.
 The cold water storage cistern has a minimum
capacity of 230 litres, for location in the roof space.
 In addition to its normal supply function, its
provides an adequate emergency storage in the event
of water main failure.
 The system requires more pipework than the direct
system and is therefore more expensive to install, but
uniform pressure occurs at all cistern-supplied
outlets
 The water authorities prefer this system as it imposes
less demand on the main.
 Also, with fewer fittings attached to the main, there
is include less noise and wear on fittings, and the
opportunity to install a balanced pressure shower
from the cistern
 Features of indirect cold water supplies;
 Water stored in cistern at higher level

 Mains is led to storage cistern

 Cold taps not for drinking

 Demand from mains is smoothed

 Building is protected from mains failure

 More plumbing installation

 Higher costs
INDIRECT SYSTEM

WATER IS SUPPLIED DIRECTLY FROM THE WATER

TANK NORMALLY LOCATED ON THE ROOF TO ALL
APPLIANCES, EXCEPT THE KITCHEN SINK WHICH RECEIVE
DIRECT WATER SUPPLY FROM THE MAIN PIPE.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS :

-NEED A WATER TANK, NORMALLY ON THE ROOF

- NEED 2 SETS OF PIPING, NORMALLY LONGER

wc
wb
- PROBABILITY OF BACK-SIPHONAGE LESS bath
- AVAILABILITY OF WATER STORAGE DURING WATER CUT

-WATER DEMAND FROM MAIN PIPE STAYS THE

SAME IRRESPECTIVE OF DEMAND/USAGE. THEREFORE
PRESSURE FOR OTHER USERS NOT AFFECED. sink wb wc
-OTHER APPLIANCES APART FROM KITCHEN
SINK CAN ALSO RECEIVE DIRECT SUPPLY
IF NEED BE , ESPECIALLY FOR GREATER
PRESSURE. MAIN PIPE
 BACK-SIPHONAGE

One of the biggest risks to our water supply is from backflow caused
when water pressure drops in the water distribution system. When
backflow occurs, water can flow in the opposite direction from
residential or commercial premises back into the public water supply
network. Contaminants could be back-siphoned or injected by back-
pressure into the public water supply.

A back-siphon occurs due to a loss of pressure in the public water

distribution system. This can occur when large volumes of water are
being drawn for fire protection or during a water main or plumbing
system break or during a shut down of a water main or plumbing
system for repair.

During a back-siphon, a reduction of pressure creates a vacuum in the

piping and the water flows in the reverse direction. For example, if a
hose tap is open when the end of the hose is submerged in a
contaminated container of water, the contaminated water in the
container is siphoned into the premises plumbing and back into the
public water supply.
50
51
52
53
WATER SUPPLY FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

2 METHODS OF SUPPLY

- NON-PUMPING METHOD
- PUMPING METHOD
_ WATER LEVEL CONTROL ( DIRECT/INDIRECT )
_ PRESSURE CONTROL
NON-PUMPING
METHOD
THIS METHOD DEPENDS ON THE PRESSURE AVAILABLE IN THE MAIN PIPE.
NORMALLY IN MALAYSIA, ONLY FLOOR 1,2 & 3 RECEIVE DIRECT WATER SULLPY
FROM THE MAINS, EVEN IF PRESSURE CAPABLE OF GOING HIGHER.

PUMPING
METHOD
THIS METHOD IS USED IF MAIN WATER PRESSURE LOW AND WATER CANNOT
BE DELIVERED TO HIGHER FLOORS OR IF REQUESTED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIE
DUE TO WHATEVER REASONS.
PUMPING METHOD UTILISING WATER LEVEL CONTROL

2 TYPES :

# DIRECT PUMPING FROM MAINS

ONLY USED IF MAINS PRESSURE HIGH & NOT MANY

USERS DOWNSTREAM

# INDIRECT PUMPING FROM MAINS

DIFFERENT WITH ABOVE IS THE AVAILABILITY OF SUCTION TANK

BETWEEN MAINS AND WATER TANK. MAIN ADVANTAGE IS
PRESSURE FOR DOWNSTREAM USERS NOT ADVERSELY
AFFECTED.
NON-PUMPING METHOD

INDIRECT SUPPLY FROM TANK INDIRECT SUPPLY

FOR WC/URINAL
WATER
TANK

DIRECT WATER
SUPPLY FROM MAI
PUMPING METHOD
direct from mains

INDIRECT SUPPLY FROM TANK INDIRECT SUPPLY

FOR WC/URINAL
WATER
TANK

DIRECT WATER
SUPPLY FROM MAI

z z

MAIN PIPE
PUMPING METHOD
indirect from mains

REDUCING
PRESURE

VALVE

INDIRECT SUPPLY
FOR WC/URINAL
INDIRECT SUPPLY FROM TANK INDIRECT SUPPLY
FOR WC/URINAL
TANK
TANGKI
UTAMA
MAIN
WATER

DIRECT WATER

SUCTION
SUPPLY FROM MAI

TANK
z z

MAIN PIPE
 WATER TANK NOT NEEDED PUMPING METHOD
indirect from mains
using pressure control

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

z z

MAIN PIPE SUCTION

TANK
DIFERRENTIAL PRESSURE NEEDS

ELEVATED
WATER
TOWER

>5T

5T
<3T

WATER TANK
PUMP
WATER PIPE
PRESURE NEEDS
PUMPING METHOD - using pressure control

THIS METHOD UTILISED THE PNEUMATIC CYLINDER WHICH IS LOCATED AT A

LOWER LEVEL TO REPLACE THE WATER TANK WHICH IS NORMALLY LOCATED
ON/IN THE ROOF.
THIS SYSTEM IS NORMALLY USED FOR FLOORS WHERE THE PRESSURE IS
LOW, NORMALLY THE TOP FLOORS OF A HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS, HYPERMARKET,
AIRPORT TERMINALS AND LARGE FACTORIES.

HOW IT WORKS ?
-THE CYLINDER CONTAINS AIR THAT IS COMPRESSED BY THE AIR COMPRESSO
- IF THERE IS DEMAND, WATER WILL BE DELIVERED
-AFTER WATER HAS FLOWED OUT, AIR WILL EXPAND AND PRESSURE WILL
BE REDUCED
-AT A PRE-SET LEVEL, PUMP WILL START BY THE FLOATING SWITCH
-TO ALLOW WATER INTO THE CYLINDER. THE AIR WILL THEN BE
-COMPRESED AGAIN.
-AFTER SEVERAL USES, AIR WILL SEEP INTO THE WATER AND PRESSURE
- WILL BE REDUCED. PRESSURE GAUGE WILL AUTO-START THE AIR
-COMPRESSOR ATA PREDETERMINED LEVEL TO COMPRESS THE AIR AGAIN.
PUMPING METHOD
using pressure control
PRESURE GAUGE PRESSURE SWITCH
PRESSURISED
SUPPLY
TO UPPER DIRECT
LEVEL WATER
FLOATING SWITCH SUPPLY

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

DRAIN VALVE

SAFETY VAVE z z
AIR COMPRESSOR
 EXAMPLE OF
WATER
TANGKI PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
UTAMA
TANK USAGE

SUPPLY FROM
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

z z

SUCTION TANK
 WATER SUPPLY FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDING

PROVIDE MULTI-LEVEL WATER TANK

20 -30 FLOOR

20 -30 FLOOR
 Pneumatic Boosting
 In the pneumatic boosting system a cushion of air under
pressure is maintained in the top of a pressure vessel.
 When a tap is opened the air is able to expand by forcing the
water out of the cylinder and through the pipework.
 This process can continue until the water level drops to a
predetermined point, when the pumps will be switched on to
raise the level again.
 Drinking water is drawn off from the pressure vessel, although
the drinking water can be supplied direct to lower floors where
the mains pressure is sufficient.
 For flats of about 15 floors a simplified system is
possible as shown below.
 The system below differs from the previous design,
principally in that minor drinking water is supplied
by means of an enlarged section of pipe above the
level of the highest flat.
 This enlarged section allows water to flow to
drinking water taps without the pump being
operated until the section becomes empty
Typical boosted
cold water
system for flats
 System for Raising Water to Flats
 For buildings higher than about 10 stories it is necessary that
consideration be given to pressure balancing at individual
draw-off fittings
 By means of orifice plates or
 By arranging the piping system in vertical zones with reducing
valves.
 For very high buildings, the provision of intermediate water
storage and further pumping equipment may be necessary.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Advantages:

Disadvantages:
 Advantages:

 Eliminate the construction of a large house

water tank.
 low construction cost
 Eliminate periodic cleaning of the tank

Disadvantage:
x dependent on electricity
DIRECT UPFEED SYSTEM- TRIPLEX PUMP
Float switch House tank
Roof
10 Floor
9
8
7 Upfeed Down
6 Upfeed
5
4
3
2
1
Pressure Sensor
Supply
Control Panel Control Panel

PU M PS PU M PS PUMPS

Basement Surge Tank

A. Constant Pressure B. Same as A with Surge Tank C. Conventional Roof Tank

The principle of operation is simple

When the water demand is small, the small

pump (jockey) will operate. As the water
consumption increases to the point that the jockey
pump could no longer cope with, the second larger
pump starts automatically to replace the operation
s
of the jockey. As demand increases further to reach
its peak, the third largest pump with full capacity
to supply the entire building, will automatically
operate to replace the second pump. Under this
principle, only one pump operates at a time,
depending upon the volume of water demand.
Maximum Demand

refers to the maximum water discharge of fixtures

in terms of fixture units.

The maximum demand of water is equal to the

Total Fixture Units in plumbing system, where
one unit is valued at 8 gallons of water
discharge per minute interval
Demand Weight of Fixtures in Fixture Units

Private
Public
Fixture Group Fixture Units
Fixture Group Fixture Units Water Closet 6
Water Closet 10 Lavatory 1
Pedestal 10 Bathtub 2
Urinal Shower head 2
Stall/ Wall 5
Urinal Bathroom 8
group
Lavatory 2
Separate 2
Bathtub 4 shower
Shower head 4 Kitchen sink 2
Service sink 3 Laundry Tray 3
(Office, etc.) 1-3
Kitchen sink 4 Combination 3
(Hotel / Fixture
Restaurant)
Example : Private

Fixture Group Fixture Units

Water Closet 6
Lavatory 1
Bathtub 2
Shower head 2

Bathroom group 8

Separate shower 2

Kitchen sink 2

Laundry Tray 1- 3
3
Combination 3
Fixture
Probable Demand

One factor to be considered in determining the size

of the water service pipe.

The fewer the number of fixtures installed, the

higher the percentage of probability of their
simultaneous use, and the greater the number
of fixtures installed, the lower the percentage of
probable simultaneous use.
Number of Fixture Units Percentage of Simultaneous
Use
1 to 5 50 to 100 %
6 to 50 25 to 50 %
51 or more 10 to 25 %

Example
Find the number of fixture units then multiply by 8

19 units
Multiply

19 units x 8 = 152 gallons Maximum demand

Assume 30% reduction of 152 gallons.

152 x .30 = 45 gal.

Subtract from maximum demand of 152 gallons

152 – 45 = 107 gallons Probable demand

 LAMPIRAN 1

TEKNIK MEMBUAT ANDAIAN AWAL UNTUK SAIZ PAIP

TEKNIK INI MENGGUNAKAN BILANGAN PEPASANG SEBAGAI

PANDUAN UNTUK MENDAPATKAN ANDAIAN SAIZ PAIP YANG
BERPATUTAN DAN BOLEH MEMBANTU DALAM PERINGKAT AWAL
REKABENTUK.
BAGAIMANAPUN SAIZ SEBENAR PAIP MESTILAH DITENTUKAN
MELALUI PROSES PERKIRAAN.
CONTOH : DAPATKAN SAIZ ANDAIAN PAIP BAGI SETIAP CABANG
DIDALAM RAJAH DI BAWAH
WB WB LINGKUNGAN 1

B C
A

WB WB LINGKUNGAN 2

91
KURSUS JANGKA PENDEK KONTRAKTOR PAIP
 SAMB: LAMPIRAN 1
JAWAPAN PROSES PENILAIAN
LINGKUNGAN 1 :
PAIP SAMBUNGAN BAGI SETIAP PEPASANG IALAH 15mm (½”).
OLEH KERANA TERDAPAT DUA CABANG PAIP BERUKURAN 15mm
TIAP-TIAP SATU, RUJUK KEPADA JADUAL PEMILIHAN ANDAIAN
SAIZ PAIP ( BARISAN NOMBOR DUA DARI BAWAH ) PAIP AGIHAN
BERSAIZ 20mm ( ¾”) SESUAI UNTUK DISAMBUNGKAN KEPADA DUA
CABANG PAIP BERSAIZ 15mm.
OLEH ITU, UNTUK PAIP B – C, SAIZ ANDAIAN IALAH 20mm ( ¾”)

LINGKUNGAN 2 :
PAIP B – D SAMA KEADAAN SEPERTI PAIP B – C DIATAS, OLEH
ITU SAIZ ANDAIAN IALAH 20mm ( ¾”)
UNTUK PAIP A – B, TERDAPAT DUA CABANG BERSAIZ 20mm
TIAP-TIAP SATU RUJUK KEPADA JADUAL PEMILIHAN ANDAIAN
SAIZ PAIP ( BARISAN TIGA DARI BAWAH ) PAIP AGIHAN BERSAIZ
25mm(1”) ADALAH SESUAI UNTUK DISAMBUNGKAN KEPADA DUA
CABANG PAIP BERSAIZ 20mm
OLEH ITU, PAIP A – B DIANDAIKAN SAIZNYA 25mm (1”)
92
KURSUS JANGKA PENDEK KONTRAKTOR PAIP
•PEMILIHAN ANDAIAN SAIZ PAIP
LAMPIRAN 2
BILANGAN CABANG BAGI SESUATU SAIZ YANG BOLEH DIBEKAL
OLEH SATU-SATU
SAIZ PAIP AGIHAN ADALAH SEPERTI DI BAWAH :

GARISPUSAT PAIP GARISPUSAT PAIP CABANG

AGIHAN 4” 3” 2½” 2” 1½” 1¼” 1” ¾” ½”

100 MM ( 4” ) 1 2 4 6 12 16 30 60 180

80 MM ( 3” ) 1 1 3 6 9 16 30 87

65 MM ( 2½” ) 1 2 3 6 12 31 48

50 MM ( 2” ) 1 2 3 6 12 32

40 MM ( 1 ½” ) 1 2 3 6 16

32 MM (1 ¼” ) 1 2 4 10

25 MM ( 1” ) 1 2 6

20 MM ( ¾” ) 1 3

15 MM ( ½” ) 1

93
Water Tank Storage
94
 Water Tank Storage Installation

DIAGRAM
Vent Pipe
inlet Dust Tight Cover
overflow

100mm
FLOAT VALVE

75mm 50mm
STOP COCK Water level

GATE VALVE

50mm

support support outlet

Scour pipe
GATE VALVE
Water Tank Storage

Building purpose Storage/person/24 hours

Dwelling house( rural ) 450 litres ( 100 gallons )

Dwelling Houses and flats ( urban ) 680 litres ( 150 gallons )
Multi – storey flats with high level bulk 140 litres ( 30 gallons )
storage cistern
Low cost housing 450 litres (100 gallons )
Day school 30 litres ( 61/2 gallons ) per head per
session

Boarding Schools 180 litres ( 40 gallons ) per resident

Hotel 400 litres ( 90 gallons ) per resident
Office 50 litres ( 11 gallons ) per head
Restaurant 7 litres ( 11/2 gallons ) per head/meal
Hospitals 400 litres ( 90 gallons ) per head
Factories 20 litres ( 41/2 gallons ) per head

ACCORDING TO MALAYSIA STANDARD – USE

GALLONS
Water Tank Storage

 During design stage, the total number of user is unknown. Therefore, the
following information could be used to assist the estimation of water tank
storage design.

Building purpose Occupancy

Dept. store 1 person per 30m2 net floor area
Factory 30 person per WC
Office 1 person per 10m2 net floor area
School 40 persons per classroom
Shop 1 person per 10m2 net floor area
 WATER TANK/ STORAGE
 contoh:

 Jika asrama direka untuk menampung 100 pelajar, menentukan kapasiti

simpanan air sejuk

 Oleh itu,

 100 pelajar x 40 gelen = 4000 gelen

 Walau bagaimanapun, dalam gangguan yang mungkin bekalan, pereka

bentuk akan menjadi bijak untuk mengakui bahawa tutup - selama 24 jam
adalah luar biasa dan sebagai keadaan tidak terdesak untuk air, adalah
munasabah untuk membolehkan mungkin 10 jam bekalan rizab. Oleh itu,
pengiraan boleh disemak semula iaitu:
 contoh:

 = 4000 gelen x 10 jam

24 jam

= 1667 gelen
 contoh:

 A (kawasan lantai bersih) pejabat 1000m2 diduduki hanya

pada siang hari. Oleh itu, membolehkan 10 jam bekalan.
(Untuk 8 jam untuk bekerja dan 2 jam untuk kerja lebih
masa)

 Oleh itu,

 1000m2 / 10m2 = 10 orang x 11 gelen

 = 110 gelen (24 jam)
 = 45.8 gelen (10 jam)
 Latihan :

 Soalan 1.

a) Jika sebuah sekolah hari direka untuk menampung 500 pelajar,

menentukan kapasiti simpanan air sejuk.

b) Sebuah kedai jabatan 3500m2 (keluasan lantai bersih)

diduduki hanya pada siang hari. Walau bagaimanapun, seperti
keadaan tidak terdesak untuk air, adalah munasabah untuk
membolehkan mungkin 10 jam bekalan rizab. Apakah kapasiti
tangki air untuk kedai jabatan
 Soalan 2:

 pereka bentuk lebih bijak untuk mengakui bahawa ia

mungkin menutup a - selama 24 jam adalah luar
biasa. Benarkan mungkin 11 jam bekalan rizab. Jika
pejabat direka untuk menampung 50 kakitangan,
menentukan kapasiti simpanan air sejuk.
WATER TANK/ STORAGE

QUESTION 3:

a) THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION ON THE

PROPOSED PROJECT FOR OFFICE BUILDING.
Ground floor Capacity
Main Lobby 1 guard
Office 30 staffs
Café 6 workers ( 8.00 am – 5.00pm )

1st floor Capacity

Office 10 staffs
Male prayer room 10 people
Female prayer room 5 people
WATER TANK/ STORAGE

2nd floor Capacity

Office 25 staffs
Pantry 31 tea lady
Library 20 people

A) ESTIMATE THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF WATER

REQUIRED FOR 24 HOURS
SUPPLY

B) ALLOW PERHAPS 11 HOURS RESERVE SUPPLY

a) Anggarkan jumlah kuantiti air yang diperlukan
untuk 24 jam
bekalan

b) Membenarkan mungkin 11 jam bekalan rizab

 CALCULATION TO
DETERMINE THE SIZE OF
WATER TANK/STORAGE
kawasan luar bandar - minimum 100 gelen - kediaman
kawasan bandar - minimum 150 gelen - kediaman

Contoh: -

Jika asrama yang direka untuk menampung 200 pelajar.

Anggaran: -

Kapasiti penyimpanan air.

Saiz tangki air
jadi,

Kapasiti simpanan air

200 pelajar x 40 gelen = 8000 gelen

Oleh itu, hanya membenarkan 10 jam

= 8000 gelen x 10 jam

24 jam
= 3,333 gelen
Saiz tangki air

Gunakan tangki keluli ditekan

keluli ditekan = 400 gelen untuk 1 tangki (saiz 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 1.2 m)
1.2 m x 1.2 m x 1.2 m = 4'x4'x4 '

jadi,

= 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 1.2 m = 400 gelen

= 4 'x 4' x 4 '= 64f 3
= F 3 gelen (memeluk gelen) = x 6.25 (dari jurutera)
= 64 x 6.25 = 400 gelen (cek di kaunter)
Oleh itu,

= 3,333 gelen / 400 gelen

= 9 tangki

Jadi, saiz tangki air keluli ditekan = 1.2m x 3.6m x 3.6 m

Jawapan anda akan menjadi 9 tangki dengan saiz tangki air adalah 1.2m X
3.6m x 3.6m
dan anda perlu memberi cadangan kepada jenis sokongan (menggunakan
I-Beam kerana tangki itu dibuat daripada keluli)
111
 HOT WATER SYSTEM

 Hot Water supply and Distribution

 The temperature required is about 45oC.

 Water is usually generated at a higher temperature (55oC to

65oC) in a vessel and mixed with cold water at mixing taps or
mixing valves.
 It is better to store water at a temperature much higher than
body temperature (37oC) to reduce risk of bacteria growth and
other water borne diseases.
 Hot water service systems may be divided into two
main types:
 Local systems
 subdivided into instantaneous heaters and storage heaters
 Central systems
 consist of a boiler or hot water heater coupled by circulating piping
to a large storage vessel
 Direct System of Hot Water
 The hot water from the boiler mixes directly with the water in
the cylinder.
 If is use in soft water area the boiler must be rust-proofed.

 It not suited to hard waters, typical of those extracted from

boreholes into chalk or limestone strata.
 When heated the calcium precipitates to line the boiler and
primary pipework, eventually the system render ineffective
and dangerous.
 The cylinder and pipework should insulated to reduce energy
losses.
 Indirect System of Hot Water
 Use the hard water areas to prevent scaling or furring of the
boiler and primary pipework.’
 The water in the boiler and primary circuit and heat exchange
coil inside the storage cylinder.
 Fresh water cannot gain access to the higher temperature areas
where precipitation of calcium would occur.
 The system used in combination to the boiler.
 The temperature set by thermostat at about 80oc
 Indirect Hot Water Cylinder
 The above diagram shows an indirect hot water cylinder,

 the hot water from the boiler (primary circulation) doesn't

come into direct contact with the hot water in the cylinder
(secondary circulation)
 The hot water cylinder, indirect coil and pipework are made of
copper.
 It is feasible to use ‘plastic’ pipework for this and polybutylene
is more frequently installed especially in concealed locations.
 A vent is required on the hot water outlet pipe at the
top of the cylinder to allow for water expansion and
prevent the cylinder becoming pressurised when
heated
 The temperature of water in the cylinder must be
controlled in accordance with the building
regulations
 by an immersion thermostat in the cylinder or clamp-on
thermostat either switching on and off a pump or control
valve.
 An alternative method of control is to use a thermostatically
controlled valve which has the sensing head on the cylinder.
 Hot Water Cylinders

 Hot water is stored in

copper cylinders in
domestic premises.
 In larger installations
thicker wall copper
cylinders can be used or
copper lined steel
cylinders.
 Thin wall copper cylinders
cannot withstand much
pressure so stainless steel
vessels are used for
pressurised water systems.
 Another way to categorise hot water systems are:
 Storage systems are;
 An indirect hot water cylinder
 A Direct gas or oil-fired storage vessel.
 An electrically heated storage vessel
 Non-storage systems are;
 Central heating Combination Boilers that supply instantaneous
hot water on demand.
 Plate Heat Exchangers that are used for large demands of hot
water.
 Instantaneous water heaters; gas or electric.
 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers store some hot water but are used
primarily for quick heat up.
Variety of Water Cistern/Tank
 Underground Water Storage Tank

 used for underground storage of potable drinking

water, wastewater, & rainwater collection.
 it capable of being buried underground, supporting
the surrounding soil.
 Plastic underground water tanks (cistern water
tanks) is a great alternative to concrete cisterns.
 Polyethylene tank

 Made from a highly resistant polyethylene, these plastic

holding tanks will keep water stored for as long as you
need.
 these tanks come in a green color and have been UV
stabilized.
 Designed specifically to hold water, these tanks have
resins that comply with the FDA so stored water is safe to
drink.
 Steel Water Storage Tank

 The Steel Potable Water Storage Tank is an ideal

way to store large quantities of drinking water around
your building, facility or plant.
 Potable water tanks are available in vertical and
horizontal styles depending on your site requirements
and available space.
 Water tanks are available in either carbon or stainless
steel with multiple internal linings and external coatings
available depending on your requirements.
 Perfect for industrial facilities, public buildings (such as
schools or hospitals) or commercial resorts
 FRP Panel Tank

 The FRP Panel Tanks are designed for storing water on

high rise buildings and can be easily assembled and
dismantled because of six pieces detachable design we
manufacture these tanks made of qualitative FRP/GRP
and are used in construction industry.
 Known for their light weight these tanks can be installed
at any location.
 Stainless Steel Tank

 Stainless Steel tank is as familiar and robust as

your kitchen sink.
 It is widely considered as superior for strength,
durability and hygiene, and is the material of
choice in commercial applications and food
preparation areas the world over!
 Made from top grade stainless steel alloy, these
SS Tanks are designed to deliver optimum
performance.
 Hot Water Tank

 Hot water tank is a water tank that is used for

storing hot water for space heating or domestic
use.
 A heavily insulated tank can retain heat for days.
 use an external heat exchanger to heat water
from another energy source such as district
heating, wood-burning stove, or a district
heating system.
MATERIAL OF PLUMBING WORKS
 MATERIAL OF PLUMBING WORKS

5 C AT E G O R I E S O F M AT E R I A L S :

1) TYPES OF PIPE
2) TYPES OF JOINT
3) FITTINGS
4) VA LV E S
5) TA P S
1) TYPES OF PIPES
 a) Paip GI ( Galvanised Iron Pipe )
PANJANG : 6M
BENTUK : BATANG LURUS
GARISPUSAT : GP 15MM HINGGA GP 200MM
B.S : 1387
M.S : -
KELAS : A, B DAN C
K E G U N A A NKELAS: KOD KETEBALAN KEGUNAAN
WARNA TIUB

A Cokelat Paling Paip udaraan, Paip alir limpah

nipis dan Paip buangan.
B Biru Sederhana Paip yang terdedah
nipis
C Merah Paling Paip yang ditanam dalam tanah
tebal
SAMBUNGAN : THREAD JOINT (SAMBUNGAN SEKERU &
SOKET), FLANGE JOINT (SAMBUNGAN
BERBIBIR) DAN WELDING JOINT
(SAMBUNGAN KIMPAL)
 b) Paip HDPE ( High Density Polyethylene )
PANJANG : 50M – 100M
BENTUK : GELUNG
GARISPUSAT : GP 20MM HINGGA GP 110MM
B.S : 3796
M.S : 1058
KELAS : PN4 , PN6 , PN10 DAN PN12.5
KEGUNAAN : UNTUK BEKALAN AIR SEJUK

KELAS TEKANAN
PN4 4 BAR / 58 PSI
PN6 6 BAR / 87 PSI
PN10 10 BAR / 145 PSI
PN12.5 12.5 BAR / 181.25 PSI

SAMBUNGAN : COMPRESSION JOINT.

1 BAR = 14.510 PSI = 33.47 FEET HEAD = 10.2 METER HEAD.
 c) Paip uPVC ( Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride )
PANJANG : 6M
BENTUK : BATANG LURUS
GARISPUSAT : GP 15MM HINGGA GP 200MM
B.S : 3505
M.S : 628
KELAS : O , D , E & 7
(KELAS 7 MERUPAKAN PALING TEBAL).
KEGUNAAN : PAIP BEKALAN AIR SEJUK SESUAI
DIGUNAKAN PADA TANAH YANG BERASID.
SAMBUNGAN : SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT (SAMBUNGAN
KIMPAL PELARUT), FLANGE JOINT
(SAMBUNGAN BERBIBIR), PVC WELDING
JOINT (SAMBUNGAN KIMPAL PVC) DAN
THREAD JOINT (SAMBUNGAN SEKERU &
SOKET).
 d) Paip ABS ( Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Pipe )
PANJANG : 6M
BENTUK : BATANG LURUS
GARISPUSAT : GP 15MM HINGGA GP 150MM
(15,20,25,32,40,50,80,100 & 150)
B.S : -
M.S : 1419
KELAS : PN3 , PN4.5 , PN6 , PN9 , PN12 & PN15
KEGUNAAN : BEKALAN AIR SEJUK
SAMBUNGAN : SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT (SAMBUNGAN
KIMPAL PELARUT), FLANGE JOINT
(SAMBUNGAN BERBIBIR), PVC WELDING
JOINT (SAMBUNGAN KIMPAL PVC) DAN
THREAD JOINT (SAMBUNGAN SEKERU &
SOKET).
 e) Paip PB / PE ( Polybutylene / Polyethylene)

Panjang : 5m
Bentuk : Batang lurus
Garispusat : GP 18mm hingga GP 32mm (PB = 18 , 22 & 28 / PE = 20 , 25 & 32)
B.S : -
M.S : 1058
Kelas : -

Kegunaan : PB = cold water & hot water / PE = cold water

Sambungan : Clamping joint.
 f) Paip Tembaga (Kupram) ( Copper Pipe)

PANJANG : 6M
BENTUK : BATANG LURUS
GARISPUSAT : GP 15MM HINGGA GP 50MM
B.S : 2871 SEKARANG = EN1057
M.S : -
KELAS : LIGHT , MEDIUM & HEAVY

KEGUNAAN : BEKALAN AIR SEJUK / PANAS

SAMBUNGAN : COMPRESSION JOINT & CAPPILLARY
JOINT (SOLDERING/BRAZING).
2) TYPES OF JOINT
8 TYPES OF JOINT:

 THREAD JOINT ( SAMBUNGAN SEKERU & SOKET)

 FLANGE JOINT ( SAMBUNGAN BERBIBIR)
 SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT ( SAMBUNGAN KIMPAL
PELARUT)
 WELDING JOINT ( SAMBUNGAN KIMPAL)
 PVC WELDING JOINT ( SAMBUNGAN KIMPAL PVC)
 COMPRESSION JOINT ( SAMBUNGAN HIMPITAN )
 CAPPILLARY JOINT ( SAMBUNGAN DAYA
RERAMBUT)
 CLAMPING JOINT ( SAMBUNGAN KACIP)
a) THREAD JOINT
b) FLANGE JOINT
c) SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT
d) WELDING JOINT
f) COMPRESSION JOINT
g) CAPPILLARY JOINT
h) CLAMPING JOINT
3) FITTINGS
 FITTINGS (PEPASANG)

TERDAPAT 5 TUJUAN :-

• UNTUK MEMBUAT PENYAMBUNGAN TERUS

• UNTUK MEMBUAT PENYAMBUNGAN
MENUKAR HALUAN
• UNTUK MEMBUAT PENYAMBUNGAN
BERCABANG
• UNTUK MEMBUAT PENYAMBUNGAN ANIKA
CORAK & SAIZ
• UNTUK MEMBUAT PENYAMBUNGAN
GI PIPE FITTINGS
MALLEABLE IRON FITTINGS
MALLEABLE IRON FITTINGS
HDPE PIPE FITTINGS
UPVC PIPE FITTINGS
 ABS PIPE FITTINGS
(SAMA SEPERTI UPVC FITTINGS)
PB / PE PIPE FITTINGS
PB / PE PIPE FITTINGS
PB / PE PIPE FITTINGS
 COPPER PIPE FITTINGS

SOLDERED
FITTINGS
 COPPER PIPE FITTINGS

COMPRESSION
FITTINGS
4) VALVES
VALVES /
INJAB:-

F L O AT VA LV E
 STOP COCK
 G AT E VA LV E
 BALL COCK
C H E C K VA LV E
 F E R R U L L E VA LV E
 a) FLOAT VALVE
KEGUNAAN : UNTUK
MEMBERHENTIKAN
AIR SECARA OTOMATIK
 b) STOP COCK
KEGUNAAN : MENGAWAL
PENGALIRAN
AIR MASUK
DAN KELUAR.

BERSESUAIAN PADA
TEMPAT
 c) GATE VALVE

KEGUNAAN : MENGAWAL
PENGALIRAN
AIR MASUK
DAN KELUAR
BERSESUAIAN
PADA
TEMPAT
 d) BALL COCK
KEGUNAAN : PENUTUPAN
BEBOLA
SECARA CEPAT
¼
PUSINGAN.
SESUAI
DIPASANG
BERHAMPIRAN
 e) CHECK VALVE

KEGUNAAN : MENGAWAL
PENGALIRAN
AIR DARI
BERPATAH-BALIK.
SESUAI
PEMASANGAN
PADA SISTEM
 f) FERRULLE VALVE

KEGUNAAN : UNTUK
KEMASUKAN AIR
DARI SESALUR
PAIP INDUK
KE TALIAN
PAIP PENGGUNA
5) TAPS
PILI & PANCURAN (TAPS & SHOWERS)
PILLAR TAP
BIB TAP
SWIVEL TAP
SHOWER ROSE