APPENDIX  

FOR 

SIGNAL & SYSTEM 
EE605 & DEE6122 
(Version: 2016) 
 

By: Kumar Bin Boniface Jubilee (2016)

Source: Schaum’s Outline Signals And Systems, Hwei P. Hsu 
 FORMS OF DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL

x[n] = δ[n + 2] − 2δ[n + 1] + δ[n] + 3δ[n − 1] − δ[n − 3] + 2δ[n − 4]

Or
x[n] = − δ[n − 3] − 2δ[n + 1] + 3δ[n − 1] + δ[n] + 2δ[n − 4] + δ[n + 2]
(Unit Impulse Function)

3F
Triangle
(Values of Sequence)
(Graphical)
x[n] = { 1 -2 1 3 0 -1 2 }

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 TRANSFORM SUMMARY (Topic 3, 4, 5, & 6)

Laplace Transform z-Transforms CT-Fourier Transform (CTFT) DT-Fourier Transform (DTFT)

CT DT CT DT
𝑥(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) 𝑥[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝑧) 𝑥(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝜔) 𝑥[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑋(Ω)
CT or DT
𝑦(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑌(𝑠) 𝑦[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑌(𝑧) 𝑦(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑌(𝜔) 𝑦[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑌(Ω)
ℎ(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝐻(𝑠) ℎ[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝐻(𝑧) ℎ(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝐻(𝜔) ℎ[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝐻(Ω)

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑡 −𝑛 −𝑗𝜔𝑡
Transform Equation 𝑋(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑋(Ω) = ∑ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑒 −𝑗Ω𝑛
−∞ 𝑛=−∞ −∞ 𝑛=−∞

Transform &
Refer “Transform Pair” Table
Inverse Transform

jω Re(z)

ROC σ N/A N/A

*Poles & Zeros lm(z)

𝑥(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) 𝑥[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝑧) 𝑥(𝑡) ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝜔) 𝑥[𝑛] ⟸⟹ 𝑋(Ω)

Time Shift
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑚) ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝑠)𝑒 −𝑠𝑚 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑝] ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝑧)𝑧 −𝑝 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑚) ⟸⟹ 𝑋(𝜔)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑚 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑝] ⟸⟹ 𝑋(Ω)𝑒 −𝑗Ωp

𝑥[𝑛] = ℨ−1 {𝑋(𝑧)}

Inverse Transform *move one “𝑧” to left side
*Do Factorize
𝑥(𝑡) = ℒ −1 {𝑋(𝑠)} before do partial fraction. 𝑥(𝑡) = ℱ −1 {𝑋(𝜔)} 𝑥[𝑛] = ℱ −1 {𝑋(Ω)}
*Do Partial Fraction
*Do Inverse *“𝑧” must return to right
before inverse transform.

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 Laplace Transform z-Transforms CT-Fourier Transform (CTFT) DT-Fourier Transform (DTFT)

𝑌(𝑠) 𝑌(𝑧) 𝑌(𝜔)

𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐻(𝑧) = 𝐻(𝜔) = 𝑌(Ω)
𝑋(𝑠) 𝑋(𝑧) 𝑋(𝜔) 𝐻(Ω) =
-Involve differential equation -Involve time-shift equation 𝑋(Ω)
-Involve differential equation
-Inverse transform if require -Inverse transform if require -Involve time-shift equation
-System/Transfer Function -Inverse transform if require
to find ℎ(𝑡) to find ℎ[𝑛] -Inverse transform if require
-Frequency Response to find ℎ(𝑡)
Eg: Eg: to find ℎ[𝑛]
Eg:
𝑑2 𝑑 1 Eg:
𝐻(𝑠), 𝐻(𝑧), 𝐻(𝜔), 𝐻(Ω) 𝑦[𝑛] + 𝑦[𝑛 − 2] = 2𝑥[𝑛 − 1] 𝑑2 𝑑
2
𝑦(𝑡) + 2 𝑦(𝑡) = 3𝑥(𝑡) 3 𝑦(𝑡) + 5𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦[𝑛 − 2] − 5𝑦[𝑛 − 1] = 2𝑥[𝑛]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ↓ ↓ ↓ 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓ 1 ↓ ↓ ↓ 𝑌(Ω)𝑒 −𝑗2Ω − 5𝑌(Ω)𝑒 −𝑗Ω = 2𝑋(Ω)
𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) + 2𝑠𝑌(𝑠) = 3𝑋(𝑠) 𝑌(𝑧) + 𝑌(𝑧)𝑧 −2 = 2𝑋(𝑧)𝑧 −1 (𝑗𝜔)2 𝑌(𝜔) + 5𝑌(𝜔) = 𝑗𝜔𝑋(𝜔)
3

*
𝑑2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦′′(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦′(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

**N/A : Not Available

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 Laplace Transforms Pairs

x(t) X(s) ROC

𝛿(𝑡) 1 All s

1
𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>0
𝑠

1
−𝑢(−𝑡) Re(s)<0
𝑠

1
𝑡𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>0
𝑠2

𝑘!
𝑡 𝑘 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)<0
𝑠 𝑘+1

1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>−a
𝑠+𝑎

1
−𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) Re(s)< −a
𝑠+𝑎

1
𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>−a
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2

1
−𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡) Re(s)< −a
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2

𝑠
cos 𝜔0 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>0
(𝑠 2 + 𝜔02 )

𝜔02
sin 𝜔0 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)<0
(𝑠 2 + 𝜔02 )

𝑠+𝑎
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)>−a
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2 + 𝜔02

−𝑎𝑡
𝜔02
𝑒 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Re(s)< −a
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2 + 𝜔02

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 z-Transforms Pairs

𝒙[𝒏] 𝑿(𝒛) ROC

𝛿[𝑛] 1 All z

1 𝑧
𝑢[𝑛] , |𝑧| > 1
1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 1

1 𝑧
−𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] , |𝑧| < 1
1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 1

All 𝑧 except 0 if (𝑚 > 0) or

𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑚] 𝑧 −𝑚
∞ if (𝑚 < 0)

1 𝑧
𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] , |𝑧| > |𝑎|
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 𝑎

1 𝑧
−𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] , |𝑧| < |𝑎|
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 𝑎

𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑎𝑧
𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] , |𝑧| > |𝑎|
(1 − 𝑎𝑧 ) (𝑧 − 𝑎)2
−1 2

𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑎𝑧
−𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] , |𝑧| < |𝑎|
(1 − 𝑎𝑧 ) (𝑧 − 𝑎)2
−1 2

1 𝑧 2
(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] , [ ] |𝑧| > |𝑎|
(1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 )2 𝑧 − 𝑎

𝑧 2 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛺0 𝑛)𝑢[𝑛] |𝑧| > 1
𝑧 2 − (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧 + 1

(𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 )z
(𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 𝑛)𝑢[𝑛] |𝑧| > 1
𝑧2 − (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧 + 1

𝑧 2 − (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧
(𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 𝑛)𝑢[𝑛] |𝑧| > 𝑟
𝑧 2 − (2𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧 + 𝑟 2

(𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 )z
(𝑟 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 𝑛)𝑢[𝑛] |𝑧| > 𝑟
𝑧 2 − (2𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω0 )𝑧 + 𝑟 2

𝑎𝑛 0≤𝑛 ≤𝑁−1 1 − 𝑎𝑁 𝑧 −𝑁
{ |𝑧| > 0
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1

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 Fourier Transforms Pairs of Continuous-Time

x(t) X(ω)

𝛿(𝑡) 1

𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡0

1 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔)

𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )

cos 𝜔0 𝑡 𝜋[𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 ) + 𝛿(𝜔 + 𝜔0 )]

sin 𝜔0 𝑡 −𝑗𝜋[𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 ) + 𝛿(𝜔 + 𝜔0 )]

1
𝑢(𝑡) 𝜋𝛿(𝜔) +
𝑗𝜔
1
𝑢(−𝑡) 𝜋𝛿(𝜔) −
𝑗𝜔
1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), 𝑎 > 0
𝑗𝜔 + 𝑎
1
𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), 𝑎 > 0
(𝑗𝜔 + 𝑎)2
2𝑎
𝑒 −𝑎|𝑡| , 𝑎 > 0
𝑎2 + 𝜔2
1
𝑒 −𝑎|𝜔|
𝑎2 + 𝑡2
2 𝜋
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 , 𝑎 > 0 √ 𝑒 −𝜔2 /4𝑎
𝑎
1 |𝑡| < 𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑎
𝑝𝑎 (𝑡) = { 2𝑎
0 |𝑡| > 𝑎 𝜔𝑎
sin 𝑎𝑡 1 |𝜔| < 𝑎
𝑝𝑎 (𝜔) = {
𝜋𝑡 0 |𝜔| > 𝑎
2
sgn 𝑡
𝑗𝜔
∞ ∞
2𝜋
∑ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇) 𝜔0 ∑ 𝛿(𝜔 − 𝑘0 ), 𝜔0 =
𝑇
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞

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 Fourier Transforms Pairs of Discrete-Time

x[n] X(Ω)

𝛿[𝑛] 1

𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] 𝑒 −𝑗Ω𝑛0

1 2𝜋𝛿(Ω), |Ω| ≤ π

𝑒 𝑗Ω0 𝑛 2𝜋𝛿(Ω − Ω0 ), |Ω|, |Ω0 | ≤ π

cos Ω0 𝑛 𝜋[𝛿(Ω − Ω0 ) + 𝛿(Ω + Ω0 )], |Ω|, |Ω0 | ≤ 𝜋

sin Ω0 𝑛 −𝑗𝜋[𝛿(Ω − Ω0 ) − 𝛿(Ω + Ω0 )], |Ω|, |Ω0 | ≤ 𝜋

1
𝑢[𝑛] 𝜋𝛿(Ω) + , |Ω| ≤ 𝜋
1 − 𝑒 −𝑗Ω

1
−𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] −𝜋𝛿(Ω) + , |Ω| ≤ 𝜋
1 − 𝑒 −𝑗Ω

1
𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛], |𝑎| < 1
1 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑗Ω

1
−𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1], |𝑎| > 1
1 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑗Ω
1
(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛], |𝑎| < 1
(1 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑗Ω )2

|𝑛| 1 − 𝑎2
𝑎 , |𝑎| < 1
1 − 2𝑎 cos Ω + 𝑎2
1
1 |𝑛| ≤ 𝑁1 sin [Ω(𝑁1 + )]
𝑥[𝑛] = { 2
0 |𝑛| > 𝑁1 Ω
sin( )
2
sin 𝑊𝑛 1 0 ≤ |Ω| ≤ 𝑊
,0 < 𝑊 < 𝜋 𝑋(Ω) = {
𝜋𝑛 0 𝑊 ≤ |Ω| > 𝜋
∞ ∞
2𝜋
∑ 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘𝑁0 ] Ω0 ∑ 𝛿(Ω − 𝑘Ω0 ), Ω0 =
𝑁0
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=−∞

Page 7
EQUATION

Euler’s Formula
𝑒 ±𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 ± 𝑗 sin 𝜃

𝑒 𝑗𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
cos 𝜃 =
2
𝑒 𝑗𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
sin 𝜃 =
2𝑗

Integration
𝑎 𝑏
∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
−4𝑗𝜔𝑡
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = [ 𝑒 −4𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]
𝑏 −4𝑗𝜔 𝑏

Trigonometric dentity
1 − cos 2𝜃
sin2 𝜃 =
2

Complex number
𝑗 0 = 1, 𝑗 1 = 𝑗, 𝑗 2 = −1, 𝑗 3 = −𝑗,
𝑗 4 = 1, 𝑗 5 = 𝑗, 𝑗 6 = −1, 𝑗 7 = −𝑗,
𝑗 8 = 1, 𝑗 9 = 𝑗, 𝑗 10 = −1, 𝑗 11 = −𝑗,

(−𝑗)0 = 1, (−𝑗)1 = −𝑗, (−𝑗)2 = −1, (−𝑗)3 = 𝑗,

(−𝑗)4 = 1, (−𝑗)5 = −𝑗, (−𝑗)6 = −1, (−𝑗)7 = 𝑗,
(−𝑗)8 = 1, (−𝑗)9 = −𝑗, (−𝑗)10 = −1, (−𝑗)11 = 𝑗,

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