CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This paper is point towards on the fabrication of energy harvester for application
in domestic pipeline. Energy harvester occurs when there has a small amount of
energy that called as energy waste. Energy waste could be useful for future life if
captured and apply it to convert as energy harvester.

Water that flow in domestic pipelines is a wasted energy. It called as waste

energy because after the users open the valve pipe, the water direct flow into the
house piping system but there has no any saving that occur in the process but it’s
only wasted energy.

This project especially for application in domestic pipeline because is due to

create a mechanism that can be used to produce energy cycle of replacement of the
water used in every house. This project can decrease wasted energy used every day,
and can generate electrical energy from futile energy cycle and the stored electrical
energy can be used in the future. The wasting energy can be utilized for more benefit
to the domestic applications.

The concepts of this project is a large flow of water with a pressure and a gravity
set through a narrow tip to create a force to move a propeller blade in which turn a
motor that convert and store the energy in a battery bank that can future used for
electricity applications.

1
1.1 Problem Statement

Problem that triggered the research and design of this project is wasted energy
per litre of water that flow in domestic pipelines never been converted to be utilize as
beneficial. Water used by households will only be through the pipes and into the
house piping system then it will just flow to be use by user and there has no process
that make energy savings of the water flow in domestic pipeline.

Besides, another thing that motivates to create this project is to promote and
expands the production of green technology and renewable energy. This project will
allow the water that flow in domestic pipelines can be recycled and refurbished to be
converted into electrical energy that can be used in the future.

1.2 Objective

The objective of this study is listed below:

1. To design a mechanism of energy harvester for application in domestic

pipeline.

2. To fabricate a mechanism of energy harvester for application in domestic

pipeline.

3. To test and analyze the kinetic energy that can be converted to electrical
energy.

1.3 Scope

In order to achieve the objective the scopes are prepared as shown below:

1. The energy that can generate from the water flow in domestic pipeline at
residential area in Taman Angsa Mas Durian Tunggal Melaka.

2. Design and fabricate of energy harvester for application in domestic pipeline.

2
1.4 Expected Outcomes

An energy harvesting device that is capable of converting the kinetic energy into
electrical energy to be used in the domestic pipeline will be realized. The electricity
generated will be stored in the battery bank.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Type of Energy

2.1.1 Non-Renewable Energy

There are several sources of non-renewable energy such as coal, oil and
natural gas, which supply a vast majority of world’s electricity demand (Porter,
2015). Energy derived from static energy that remains in the underground except the
energy was released by human interaction (Twidell, 2006).

Sources available for non-renewable energy are the resources that are limited
and it is extinct or reduced such as coal, oil, derivatives of coal, natural gas and
radioactive materials (plutonium, uranium) and as well as the resources are mostly
produces a lot of harmful waste (Sivaramakrishna, 2013).

A natural resource such as fossil plants were converted to coal is one example
of a non-renewable resource, it has certain conditions, and it will take several
generations to reproduce or regenerate it. The source also limited and sometimes it
cannot be reproduced in a short time (Appalachian, 2014).

2.1.2 Renewable Energy

This is a renewable energy source such as wind, hydro, geothermal, solar

photovoltaic and biomass. Renewable sources are an attractive option because it has

4
a low carbon impact. Moreover, these sources have an unlimited supply for example
solar photovoltaic using sunlight to generate electricity. It is also beneficial to the
national economy and price stability in the energy market (Porter, 2015).

The usage of renewable sources is to ensure that all developing regions

acquire sufficient supplies of electricity generation and stable costs for the long term
in the future. In addition, the hydroelectric power can also be used for energy
captured. Renewable energy is distributed in a wide geographic area and it will not
be depleted over time. Besides that, through natural processes, the sources can be
updated or quickly renewed. This energy can be drawn for decades without harm to
the environment by making the investment (Alrikabi, 2014).

Almost there have no greenhouse gas emissions that occur in the presence of
this renewable energy technology. In addition, the technology of renewable energy is
also addressing the issue of climate change. Earth atmospheric disturbances pose the
biggest threat to humans in these lifetimes if not treated or unchecked (Deluchi,
2013).

2.2 Type of Renewable Energy

2.2.1 Solar Power

Solar energy is a high potential to provide usable, safe, clean energy and also
can generate electricity. Sunlight is used in the solar system for generating electricity
and it has many benefits in the form of commercial and industrial. Solar energy is
divided into two categories which is passive solar and active solar energy. The usage
of heat energy extract from the sun, either directly or indirectly known as passive
solar energy. Whereas, solar electric power generation, it used electromagnetic
radiation known as active solar energy (Alrikabi, 2014).

Photovoltaic panels can be used directly for generating solar electricity.

Besides that, photovoltaic panels are commonly used on the roof of a house or
building to get sufficient sunlight. The growth in photovoltaic panel manufacturing

5
companies has been increasingly by incentives from the government to subsidize the
cost of electricity and spur technological innovation (Ekins-Daukes, 2009).

Alternative energy sources and renewable energy can be used to address

long-term issues. Moreover, the source of solar energy can also be beneficial to the
environment and to the betterment of the economy of developing countries
(Devabhaktuni et al., 2013).

2.2.2 Wind Power

One of the fastest growing technologies in the power generation industry is

wind power. The wind is a natural phenomenon caused by differential solar heating
of the earth's surface; it is related to the movement of air masses. Moreover, the wind
is also a stochastic variable and therefore, wind power cannot be controlled, but it
can be managed. When the wind speed has reached a certain threshold, then wind
power will be available (Agbetuyi, 2012).

Wind energy is an environmentally friendly, renewable energy and it also

generates electricity. Wind power also can be widely used because it is easy to obtain
wind resources. Wind resource is something that never runs out and it's clean and
free. The uses of wind turbines require no fuel source. Moreover, it does not pose a
risk to the environment (Jaber, 2013).

A very important factor is the area or the location of wind turbines because
they affect the performance of the machine. Windmill has two axes which is
horizontal and vertical axes. The basic mechanism for the both axes is the same
(Alrikabi, 2014).

2.2.3 Biomass

Biomass is organic material that assists those plants. Biomass can also be
used to produce electricity. Besides that, it also can produce fuel or chemicals.

6
Furthermore, organic compounds and water also contains hydrogen and if these
elements are separated, the hydrogen can be replaced as a fuel or converted into
electricity (Alrikabi, 2014).

Thus, biomass will be burned in furnaces to decipher arrested. The resulting

heat is used to heat and boil water. Electricity can be generated when the turbine
turns by using steam from the boiling water (Appalachian, 2014).

Important in the boiler design and operation are the attributes and
characteristics of the fuel. Each of the boilers has a unique fuel requirements and
design. The main parameters considered by the designer is the percentage of volatile
boiler, heating value, moisture content, total ash, ash constituents and also size of
particle (Gami, 2012).

2.2.4 Geothermal Power

The word of geothermal comes from the Greek words geo means earth, while
the thermal mean heat. Moreover, in the earth's crust have hot water and steam, it is
used to heat businesses and homes and also generate electricity effectively and clean.
The generator can produce electricity by using steam to drive a turbine generator
(Appalachian, 2014).

Geothermal energy is one of the sources that can reduce the need for imported
fuel and it also emits almost no greenhouse gasses. Furthermore, the practically
unlimited source of natural heat within the earth (Rabbee, 2013).

Heat flow from the interior of the earth and the rays of the sun absorbed by the
soil and because of that the heat stored in the ground. Ability to remove heat from the
ground to the heat pump is owned by all state. Energy has been extracted normally
used directly for heating and it will not be used to generate electricity (Jacobson et al.,
2015).

7
2.2.5 Hydro Power

The flowing water will produce energy that can be changed or generated into
electricity and it’s known as hydroelectric power or hydropower. Hydropower is
energy generating methods that are environmentally friendly and clean, it also known
as green technology. In addition, the hydropower will get extra energy when gain a
lot of water during the rainy season (Md. Abdul Wadud et al., 2013).

Besides that, a hydroelectric plant turns the turbine generator using the water
falling from the dam to generate electricity (Appalachian, 2014). Hydroelectric
engineering is concerned about the efficient and economical conversion of energy
readily available or in another name is freely available. Energy economy readily
available is available from the water stored in the corresponding head by the action
of evaporation and precipitation cycle generated by the effect of solar radiation (Iet,
2014).

Water bucket wheel design has been used from the earliest time of direct
conversion by gravitational potential energy existing in the difference in the height of
the water level. The system of water wheels does not have high conversion efficiency
due to overflow from the bucket before it reaches the lowest part of travel. In
addition, the speed limit can be increased by using a paddle undershot water wheel
for water attacks only occur on the bottom of the wheel, and the water falling down
to the channel or flume. Therefore it gives more power to pull the buckets. From the
conversion of potential energy of water, hydroelectric plants can also generate
electricity. Through the water cycle of the turbines and rotating electrical machinery,
the Electrical energy can be generated. Power generated from these cycles is caused
by several things, namely the height of the water level, water flow rate and the
conversion efficiency of the water turbine (Iet, 2014).

8
2.3 Type of Hydro Power

2.3.1 Run of River Hydro Power

A facility that channels the flowing water from a river through a canal or
penstock is to spin a turbine. Typically a run-of-river project will have little or
no storage facility. Run-of-river provides a continuous supply of electricity (base
load), with some flexibility of operation for daily fluctuations in demand through
water flow that is regulated by the facility (Schei, 2013).

Run-of-river hydroelectric generation is a type that uses the natural flow

and elevation drop of the river used to generate electricity. Steady flow regulated
for down-river stations available due to this type of power station built on the
river with a consistent and steady flow, either naturally or through the use of a
large reservoir at the head of the river. The large reservoir power stations
required by the rivers with great seasonal fluctuations to operate during the dry
season.

While it flows downstream through the penstock, the potential energy of

water is transformed into kinetic energy. Then, the kinetic energy is converted
into electrical energy through a rotating speed of the turbine. In addition, all
diverted water is returned to the stream below superpower. Therefore there has
no change in the downstream flow (Schei, 2013).There is a several advantages of
run-of-river hydro power plants such as it generating a clean and non-polluting
energy with less environmental impacts which serve National Environmental &
Energy policy objectives (Mathi, 2016).

2.3.2 Pumped Storage Hydro Power

The pump storage hydroelectric energy has been used in most places around
the world because it is the technology of large-scale commercial and utility -scale
technology. Moreover, to pump water from the reservoir to another reservoir at a
higher altitude, hydro pumps are using off-peak electricity.

9
 Furthermore, for generate electricity, water will be released from the
reservoir at a high level, and then it will go through a hydroelectric turbine into the
reservoir at a lower level. Renewable electricity system that can be trusted can use
this technology as a backbone. Pump storage hydro also serves as bulk storage. Pump
storage hydro grid also provides various forms of applications, for example, peak
shaving, load balancing, frequency regulations, backup reserve, spinning reserve,
quick start capability, black start capability and voltage support.

Pump storage hydro can protect the power system from interference. In
addition, the pump storage hydro also has the advantage of a long shelf life and is not
limited and obtains a large capacity. Besides that, pumped storage hydro has two
categories of the system which is a close loop and combined (Taczi, 2016).

A pumped storage hydro power typically has pump that act as turbine, a
generator that act as motors and connecting an upper and a lower reservoir as shown
in figure 1.1

Figure 1.1 Pumped storage hydro power (Taczi, 2016)

2.3.3 Offshore Hydropower

Offshore hydropower is using a basic hydro technologies in the marine

environment such as wave and tidal technologies (Schei, 2013).

10
 Among the characteristics of the offshore wave is significant wave height and
wave period of peak storm cyclones are among the important things in planning and
designs offshore structures, ship operations and other offshore activities (Mohanty,
2015).

Moreover, offshore wind power is considered as one of the new markets.

Offshore wind power technology is a technology that has a bright future because it
can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Esteban, 2009).

In addition, wind farms onshore and offshore are two different things in
various issues such as higher costs mainly due to the electricity network, the
foundations, the construction and operation of the works. Offshore wind is
considered as one of the incipient market, for example, 1500MW was built in the
middle of 2009 and most of the facilities built up until now since of year 1990 has
been a pilot project (Esteban, 2009).

2.3.4 Hydro Power Turbine

Hydroelectric turbine consisting of an efficient and large version of a water

wheel used to drive an electric generator. Water is released from the upper reservoir
through a hydroelectric turbine into the lower reservoir to generate electricity when
electricity is needed (Taczi, 2016).

The flowing water will produce energy that can be changed or generated into
electricity and it’s known as hydroelectric power or hydropower. Hydropower is
energy generating methods that are environmentally friendly and clean, it also known
as green technology. In addition, the hydropower will get extra energy when gain a
lot of water during the rainy season (Md. Abdul Wadud et al., 2013).

Besides that, a hydroelectric plant turns the turbine generator using the water
falling from the dam to generate electricity (Appalachian, 2014). Hydroelectric
engineering is concerned about the efficient and economical conversion of energy
readily available or in another name is freely available. Energy economy readily

11
available is available from the water stored in the corresponding head by the action
of evaporation and precipitation cycle generated by the effect of solar radiation (Iet,
2014).

Water bucket wheel design has been used from the earliest time of direct
conversion by gravitational potential energy existing in the difference in the height of
the water level. The system of water wheels does not have high conversion efficiency
due to overflow from the bucket before it reaches the lowest part of travel. In
addition, the speed limit can be increased by using a paddle undershot water wheel
for water attacks only occur on the bottom of the wheel, and the water falling down
to the channel or flume. Therefore it gives more power to pull the buckets. From the
conversion of potential energy of water, hydroelectric plants can also generate
electricity. Through the water cycle of the turbines and rotating electrical machinery,
the Electrical energy can be generated. Power generated from these cycles is caused
by several things, namely the height of the water level, water flow rate and the
conversion efficiency of the water turbine (Iet, 2014).

2.4 Type of Hydro Power Turbine

2.4.1 Reaction Turbine

A reaction turbine is a group comprising the two mixed flow and axial flow
machine including Francis, propeller and Deriaz turbine. Francis turbine reproduced
from Boyle 2012 by kind permission of the Open University as figure 1.2 displayed.

Figure 1.2 Francis turbine (Iet, 2014).

12
 Normally the reaction turbine equipped with movable vanes. In addition,
reaction turbine also has runner geometry and it always remains invariable and
fixed. Francis turbine is a flow machine mixed with the runners. The flow at the exit
is usually axial and the flow at the inlet is invariably inward. A propeller is an axial
flow machine with a fixed geometry runner. Since the 1920s, axial flow turbine
double regulation has been used and it is also known as Kaplan turbine when it is
normally provided on the generator shaft (Iet, 2014).

2.4.2 Impulse Turbine

Modern turbine practice mainly by Pelton wheels is represented of impulse

turbines. Pelton wheel turbine, reproduced from Boyle 2012 by kind permission of
the Open University as figure 1.3 displayed.

Figure 1.3 Pelton wheel turbine (Iet, 2014).

All available energy is converted to velocity before the sea water runners and
this will happen in an impulse turbine. A reaction turbine will occur in part of the
conversion process before and partly after the water has entered the runners.
Principles of water turbine is has spinning when there has a flow of water against it.
Jets of water issuing from nozzles distributed tangentially around the periphery of the

13
wheel which drives the impulse turbine (Iet, 2014). As shown in table 1.1 below is
the previous study of pelton turbine project.

Table 1.1 Summary of previous study on pelton turbine

PREVIOUS STUDY AUTHOR OUTCOMES

(Samatrai, That water can be

2016) used to pour the
trees and we can
use that electricity
in the same
industry.

( Sonam, 2016) Electricity can be

produced and is
stored in battery
which can be used
whenever and
wherever
required.

(Lajqi, 2016) The project can

generate electric
energy for a
recreational
center in the
village of
Sllakovc.

14
2.5 Impulse Turbine as Energy

2.5.1 Generating Power

Wheel and bucket used to receive energy from a jet Pelton turbine which
essentially consists of one or more injectors that generate a high-speed jet. Besides
that, an injector has two tasks which is the injector nozzle can convert energy into
kinetic energy pressure water jet speed and it also can control the flow rate through
the built-in needle driven by a servomotor (Zh.Zhang, 2016). The general formula of
any hydro system as shown in Eq. (1.1),

P= Eq. (1.1)

Where:

a) P is the mechanical power produced at the turbine shaft

b) is the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine,
c) is the density of water in (1000kg/ ).
d) g is the acceleration due to gravity in (9.81m/ ).
e) Q is the volume flow rate passing through the turbine ( )
f) H is the effective pressure head of water across the turbine in (m).

Besides that, the spinning machine is defined as hydraulic turbines and it uses
the potential and kinetic energy of water, to be converted into useful mechanical
energy. Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine and the runner of the Pelton turbine
consists of double hemispherical cups fitted on its periphery. The water jet strikes
edge of the splitter are distributed into the two halves of hemispherical bucket in
equally and symmetrically (Nasir, 2013).

Pelton wheel is functioning for converting water potential energy to a

mechanical energy. Shaft is functioning to link the rotational energy of the pelton
wheel to the alternator for generating electrical power. Bearing is for easy movement
of the shaft in the frame. Frame is functioning as to hold whole of the project firmly
and rigidly so that there has no breakdown or vibrations and also less movement.

15
Screws, nuts, bolts, hammer is to be used for tighten various parts of the machine
which include linking the shaft with the Pelton Wheel (Manjunatha, 2016).

Pelton turbine is the conversion of two type of energy which is potential

energy convert into mechanical energy, which can be done by first converting the
potential energy into kinetic energy in the form of high speed jet. The jet is
calculated according to the Bernoulli equation and also by neglecting the friction
losses in the injector with H as the net pressure head at the inlet of the injector
(Zh.Zhang, 2016).

The kinetic energy of the jet into the mechanical energy is a conversion and
accomplished by the interaction between the jet and also the rotating wheel (bucket)
of the Pelton turbine. The bucket has a constant speed U and during the interaction
between the jet and the bucket, there only impulsive force is effective. The
interaction between the bucket and water jet is directly in the relative of moving
system. The flow at the entry of the bucket and with C1=C0 is the relative velocity
between the moving bucket and also the water jet.

Figure 1.4 Flow interaction and energy conversion between the jet and a straight-
moving bucket (Zh.Zhang, 2016).

Firstly, the jet flow will spreads in the bucket and then forming a water sheet.
Secondly, on the surface of the water sheet where the atmospheric pressure is
constant then the flow velocity is equal to W1 provided that frictionless flow is
assumed. Lastly, once the water flow reaches and then leaves the bucket exit at an
angle β2, it is again subjected to atmospheric pressure. Besides that, the relative

16
velocity of the total water flow is then reset to its initial value according to Eq. (1.2)
and Eq. (1.3),

W1 = C1-U Eq. (1.2)

W2=W1 =W Eq. (1.3)

According to the balance law of momentum, the change of the flow direction
is related to an external impulsive force which acts perpendicular to the flow
direction. Furthermore, the momentum flux difference between the entry and the exit
of the moving bucket must be evaluated. Besides that, the component of the total
force in the direction of the bucket motion is calculated by the following momentum
balance Eq. (1.4),

Fbucket = ̇ w (W1-W2 cos β2) ̇ w W(1-W2 cos β2) Eq. (1.4)

However, both of the Pelton turbine design and the typical flow parameters
should be specified as described in the following

Figure 1.5 Design of bucket (Zh.Zhang, 2016).

17
 Figure 1.6 bucket of pelton turbine (Zh.Zhang, 2016).

Figure 1.7 bucket (Zh.Zhang, 2016).

Propulsion that provided by the jet and it also used to turn the turbine wheel.
Furthermore, impulse turbine is also as a converter of potential energy to kinetic
energy in the nozzle (Singh, 2014)

18
 The equipment or tools that involve in the analysis which is multimeter,
tachometer, vernier caliper and pressure gauge. Multimeter is function as to measure
current and voltage generated. Besides that, tachometer also one of the equipment
that its function to measure the RPM of the shaft. Venire caliper, pressure gauge is
for measuring various dimensions (Manjunatha et al., 2016).

19
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter describes about the information which related to the project such
as identify objective, scope, problem statement, literature review, material selections,
product design, fabricate product, testing and analysis data.

3.1 Flow Chart

Figure 2.1 shown the flow chart of overall process design and fabricate energy
harvester mechanism. Flow chart of the procedure shows the relation of making the
project from the beginning until the end of the project.

20
 START

IDENTIFYING OBJECTIVES,
SCOPE AND PROBLEM
STATEMENT

BACKGROUND
AND LITERATURE REVIEW

COLLECTING
DATA INFORMATION

BRAINSTORMING AND
DEVELOP AN IDEA WITH
DESIGN

CONCEPTS SPECIFICATION
AND DESIGN SELECTION

DESIGN STAGE

MATERIAL SELECTION
AND COMPONENTS

FABRICATE OF ENERGY
HARVESTER
YES NO
TESTING

ANALYSIS DATA

END

Figure 2.1: Flow chart for steps in methodology

21
3.2 Details of Methodology

3.2.1 Identifying Objective, Scope and Problem Statement

In the beginner of the methodology, the most important parts are to identify
the objective, scope and also problem statement of the project. This project will
consider completed once it achieved the entire objective that listed. Scope of the
project is a limitation of the project. The major purpose of the scope is to clearly
inform the limitation of the scope that this project covered. The problem statement is
explanation of the problem triggered that led and also motivates to design and
fabricate this project.

3.2.2 Literature Review

Literature review is a background study which is reviewing the important

point on a particular topic. Besides that, literature review also covered the previous
study or previous researcher and books in order viewing the significant of literature
published such as journal, journal article, books and others on a certain selected
topics.

3.2.3 Collecting Data Information Regarding to the Project

The most important part in the methodology is collecting data information for
gathered important information about the material properties, components and also
design of the systems.

3.2.4 Brainstorming and Develop an Idea with Design

Brainstorming and develop an idea with design is the most important part of
producing one of the best design in all aspects and it also meets all the criteria to be
selected as the project design.

22
3.2.5 Design Stage

In the design of the project, construct a flow of design process and then
sketching design had been made.

Define the problem

Test and implement

Gather Information
solution

Analyze and select Generate multiple

solution solution

Figure 2.2 Design process

The above figure 2.2 explains the details involved in implementing the design
process and also the description of the details involved in each step of the design
process is listed below.

a) Define the problem

First of all is necessary to identify the problem. In addition, must clear about the
definition of a design problem and also determine the problem analysis. Problem that
triggered the research and design of this project is wasted energy per litre of water
that flow in domestic pipelines never been converted to be utilize as beneficial.
Besides, another thing that motivates to create this project is to promote and expands
the production of green technology and renewable energy. This project will allow the
water that flow in domestic pipelines can be recycled and refurbished to be converted
into electrical energy that can be used in the future.

23
 b) Gather information

Next step is necessary to collect all available information related to the problem.
The related topic to the problem such as wasted water, hydro power, and impulse
turbine. After the information is collected, then look for alternative solutions to
resolve the issue.

c) Generate multiple solution

The next step was to start with creativity in generating new ideas can solve the
problem such as identify the good criteria of choose a propeller blade and a nozzle
for the project. Furthermore, should be creative in incorporating new ideas, tools, and
methods to produce a solution that is truly unique to the problem.

Table 1.2 Multiple design of impulse turbine (Iet, 2014)

Design of Impulse Turbine Summary

The turgo turbine is similar in operation to the
pelton wheel. In fact, it resembles a pelton only
with half cups arranged around the runner. The
water is once again injected through nozzles and
because of the unique half cup design, the water
from the jets can enter and exit from the cups, more
easily and in greater quantities giving this turbine
an efficiency of 90%. It is also installed in the
horizontal position driving the power generator.
This turbine has numerous trough-shaped blades
arranged radially lengthwise around a cylindrical
runner, tapered to a fine point at the water inlet and
outlet edges to promote efficient flow. The ends of
the blades are blanked off much like the old water
wheels, earning this turbine the nickname “hamster
cage."

The crossflow turbine has two independent nozzles

24
 which are set at an angle of 45ο projecting the water
at the optimum angle to the blades, once again
converting the potential energy of the water to
kinetic energy.
The flow of water is controlled by a regulating
mechanism which revolves throttling or increasing
the supply to the nozzles which also controls the
power output.

The pelton turbine consists of a number of cup-

shaped components arranged around the
circumference of a circular runner and connected to
a central hub. The pelton’s efficiency is enhanced
by the cups being divided in the center to prevent a
dead area in the middle area of the cup. The lips of
the cups are slightly relieved by being cut back to
promote a smoother transfer of water flow between
the buckets. Water is injected onto the cups by
nozzles which are arranged at positions around the
runner. The nozzles convert the potential energy of
the water to high velocity kinetic energy and as the
water strikes the cups, cause an impulse which
causes the turbine to rotate.

A pelton turbine is installed horizontally and may

contain numerous stages of runners and cups, each
stage adding to the turbine's efficient kinetic energy
to drive the power generator.

The most suitable design and criteria of the turbine to be used in this project is the
pelton turbine.

25
 Table 1.3 Angular position of nozzle for pelton turbine (Avellan, 2005)

The nozzle is used to regulate the speed or the discharge of the turbine. Generally the
valve is regulated by a governor.

26
 d) Analyze and select solution

After obtaining alternative solutions to solve the design problems, then have to
analyze the data. After analysis, it is necessary to decide the way which is most
appropriate solutions to be implemented.

e) Test and implement solution

The final phase of the design process is the implementation of the solution, which
refers to the testing, construction, and manufacturing solutions to design problems.

Figure 2.3 Shaft

Figure 2.4 Frame of the project

27
 Figure 2.5 Flange of the project

Software that involve in designing the project mechanism is solidwork. All

the parts of this mechanism were drawing by using solidwork.

3.2.6 Materials and Components Selection

After gathering the information, then materials and components to be used in

the manufacturing process of the project should be selected to proceed to the next
process. There are lots of considerations that need to be done in order to get the best
system and also results.

The material, components, equipment and apparatus used in the project are listed
below:-
a) Impulse turbine (Pelton)

Pelton wheel is one of the types of impulse turbine. The working principle for the
pelton wheel is it will extract the energy from the impulse of moving water.
Furthermore, there are many types of impulse turbine that existed prior before the
pelton's design, but Pelton's design is the most efficient rather than the other types of
design. Moreover, normally water through the wheel has a high speed and it takes a

28
lot of dynamic energy to the wheels. Besides that, Pelton's paddle geometry (shaped
like a spoon) was designed so that when the rim ran at half the speed of the water jet
and then the water left the wheel with very low speed. The design also allowed for a
very efficient turbine when it extracted almost all of the water's impulse energy.
(Singh, 2014)

Figure 2.6: Pelton wheel design (Singh, 2014)

b) Shaft

The function of rotating shaft is to runs a generator which is DC motor and

generates electricity. Figure 2.7 shown the drafting of shaft design and also it
dimensions.

Figure 2.7: Shaft

29
c) Bearing

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the

desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts which is the rotating
shaft.

Figure 2.8: Bearing

d) Oil seal

Oil seals are used for exclude water, fluid or dirt seals and it is close spaces
between stationary and moving components in mechanical equipment’s which is
the rotating shaft and bearing.

Figure 2.9: Oil seals

30
 e) Liquid filled pressure gauge

Liquid filled pressure gauge is used to check the pressure of water. Besides that,
choose this type of pressure gauge because it is more suitable to be used for the
liquid absorbs vibration and pressure spikes. Moreover, the dampening action of the
liquid enables to take readings during conditions of rapid dynamic loading and
vibration. Liquid-filled pressure gauges enhance the integrity and also reliability of
the measuring system for long periods under extreme operating conditions.

Figure 2.10: Liquid filled pressure gauge

a) Stainless steel plate

Stainless steel plate is used because it can prevent from corrosion. It is also used for
create the frame for the turbines.

Figure 2.11: Stainless steel plate

31
 b) Allen key bolt (stainless steel)

Stainless steel allen key bolt are for the assembly of two unthreaded components.
Allen key boy can threaded fasteners and also it can prevent from corrosion.

Figure 2.12: Allen key bolt (stainless steel)

c) DC Motor

The DC motor is a readymade generator that will generate electricity from the
rotating shaft.

Figure 2.13: DC motor

32
 d) Lamp

Lamps are used to show the application in usage of the electricity from the
battery storage.

Figure 2.14: Lamp

e) Electrical circuit

Electrical circuits for voltage direct current sources. The components connected
together to create a complete circuit. Electrical circuit is for storage the electricity to
the battery bank and also to show the application of the electrical storage at lamp or
other applications.

33
Figure 2.15: Electric circuit

34
f) Multimeter

A multimeter is to measure voltage, current, and resistance.

Figure 2.16: Multimeter

g) Tachometer

A tachometer is to measure the rotation speed of the shaft or the machine.

Figure 2.17: Tachometer

35
 h) Welding equipment

A welding power supply is a device that provides an electric current to

perform welding.

Figure 2.18: Welding equipment

3.2.7 Fabricate of Energy Harvester

After all the materials, components, apparatus and also equipment are
prepared, and then the next process is to fabricate the project. Next step is
assembling all the parts as follow the design of the projects. Make sure all step of
assembling part is follow correctly. Firstly, install the turbine in the shaft. Secondly,
install the shaft with turbine inside the housing and also install the bearing with oil
seal to avoid from water leaking. Thirdly, the turbine shaft will be connected to the
motor directly. Lastly, the rotating shaft will rotate the motor which will generate and
produce electricity. The electricity will be stored into a battery bank until it fully
charges before being used to light up a lamp or any appropriate application. This is a
fabrication of pelton turbine as shown in figure 2.19 below.

36
 milled root bucket head
disc area welded

Figure 2.19 The fabrication of pelton turbine

3.2.8 Project Testing

The major purpose of this project is to test whether the objectives and scopes
is achieved or not. This section focused on the testing of the project. This project will
be test by using tachometer, pressure gauge and multimeter. The result will be
manually recorded.

3.2.9 Analyze Data of the Project

The analysis will be made once the testing result already recorded. Based
from the project testing, all data recorded will be analyze to make sure the system
work and it can generate electricity from the water that flow in the domestic pipeline.
For example, the data to be analyzed is in terms of voltage, current, water pressure
and rotation speed of the shaft.

37
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter is specially focused on the result of the testing experiment of the
mechanism. As the discussion on chapter 3 which is methodology, there are several
method were suggested in order to achieve the objective, scope and also target of this
project.

This project was mainly purpose is to design and fabricate a mechanism of

energy harvester for application in the domestic pipeline. However, there has a
method has been purposed in the previous chapter for the mechanism to make sure
the mechanism can run properly and in a good condition.

The result of the experiment testing will be analysed. The analysis of the
experiment data will focus on the kinetic energy that can be converted to electrical
energy by using the waste energy cycle.

Based from the result of the data testing which is electricity can be produced
from the water cycles and the estimation of hours for battery to full charge can be
calculated. The rotation of the pelton turbine is depends on the water usage, the less
usage of water, the less electricity will be produced.

38
4.2 Method

The method that used in this project is by installing the mechanism at the
pipeline. The mechanism installed at the pipeline which is before the main pipe
separated between goings to the tank and also direct unit.

This project has a cover at the area of the pelton turbine to make sure the
water that flow inside the mechanism should directly flow through the direct unit
properly without any leaking occur at the mechanism.

Besides that, the project has an inlet and also outlet for the water flow in and
out of the mechanism smoothly without any leaking. This mechanism will be applied
at single house story. The process to develop the mechanism had been done in order
for the system of the mechanism to be installed and also capable to run as required.

4.3 Operation of The Mechanism

The mechanism with it system is intentionally has been designed to be

installed at the residential domestic pipeline at Taman Angsa Mas Durian Tunggal
Melaka.

The mechanism is connected in between the water inlet and also water outlet,
so that it can function appropriately for water usage of routine activities such for bath,
wash clothes and wash dish. Thus, there routine activities can be done and at the
same time, electrical power also was generated.

Besides that, liquid pressure gauge is located at the pipeline inlet of the
mechanism to monitor the water pressure in the pipeline. The electrical that produce
from the mechanism are stored at the battery bank.

39
4.4 Result Testing

Result has been generating after the testing was made. There are several data
come out after done a few testing. Water usage is used in mechanism system for
generating electricity and it has many benefits in the form of commercial and
industrial.

Testing data that record from the experiment:-

Table 1.4 Testing Data

No. Without connected with battery power Connected with batter power supply
supply
1.

2.

40
3.

4.

5.

41
6.

7.

8.

42
9.

10.

43
 Table 1.5 Output data from the mechanism system

No. Data Explanation

1. Liquid pressure gauge
22 psi are recorded when the
lamp was switch on

2. Lamps was switch on. The

left side is 7 watts and the
right side is 9 watts.

3. The indicator of volt meter

show that 17 volts are
recorded while the lamps
switch is off.

4. The indicator of amp meter

show that 70mA was
recorded and volt meter show
9 volts. This is result data
when the lamps switch is on
and use the electrical energy.

44
 Table 1.6 below is the result data of voltage for both type of testing which is
testing without connected with battery power supply and the other one is testing
connected with battery power supply.

Table 1.6 Voltage output

Voltages (v), Without Connected With Voltages (v), Connected With

No.
Battery Power Supply Battery Power Supply
1. 16.34 12.46
2. 16.28 12.46
3. 16.34 12.46
4. 16.67 12.46
5. 16.28 12.46
6. 16.39 12.16
7. 16.09 12.46
8. 15.98 12.46
9. 16.37 12.46
10. 16.53 12.46

Voltage vs Water pressure

(without connected with battery power supply and
connected with battery power supply when lamps are
16.67
switch off) 16.53
18 16.34 16.28 16.34 16.28 16.39 16.09 15.98 16.37
16
14 12.46 12.46 12.46 12.46 12.46 12.16 12.46 12.46 12.46 12.46
12
voltage

10
8
6
4
2
0
23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi
water pressure
Voltages (v), Without Connected With Battery Power
Supply
Voltages (v), Connected With Battery Power Supply

Figure 2.20 Voltage versus water pressure output

45
 Based from the figure 2.20, the graph shows that output voltage for both data
is relevant. The voltage output data for installation without battery connection is
about in range 15.98 until 16.67 volts. Moreover, it means that the mechanism
systems can storage electrical energy and recharging the battery bank because the
capacity of the battery bank is 12 volts but the output data is 16 volt and above. It
automatically has proven that the battery bank can be recharging.

Table 1.7 Result data testing when the lamps are switch off.

No. Voltages (v) Current (Amps) Water Pressure (psi)

Without Battery Power Without Battery Power Supply *When lamps are
Supply *When lamps are switch off switch off
*When lamps are switch
off
1. 17 0 23 psi
2. 17 0 23 psi
3. 17 0 23 psi

Figure 2.21 Voltage and current versus water pressure data output when lamps are
switch off

46
 From the figure 2.21, the graph shows that the data output of voltage and
current versus the water pressure when the switch is off. It can be conclude that it has
a constant output data of voltage, current and also the water pressure. Although,
when there has no usage of electrical appliance such as lamps is switch off, the
current is remains zero and the voltage is remains 17 volts because there has no
electrical usage.

Table 1.8 Result data testing when the lamps are switch on.

No. Voltages (v) Current (mA) Current (A) Water Pressure Power (watt)
Without Without Connected Without (psi) =IV
Connected With With Battery Power Connected *When lamps
Battery Power Supply With are switch on
Supply *When lamps are Battery
*When lamps switch on Power
are switch on Supply
*When
lamps are
switch on
1. 9 70 0.07 22 psi 0.63
2. 9 80 0.08 22 psi 0.72
3. 9 70 0.07 22 psi 0.63

47
 Voltage and Current vs Water pressure
(without connected with battery power supply when
lamps are switch on)
16
9 9 9 9 9 9
8

2
voltage

1
23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi 23 psi
0.5

0.25

0.125 0.08 0.08

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
0.0625
water pressure
Voltages (v) Without Connected With Battery Power
Supply *When lamps are switch on
Current (Amps) Without Battery Power Supply *When
lamps are switch on

Figure 2.22 Voltage and current versus water pressure when lamps are switch on

Based from figure 2.22, the graph shows that the data output of voltages,
current versus water pressure when there has an electrical appliances usage such as
lamps are switch on. It can be conclude that it has a constant output data of voltage
which is 9 volts but the current has a different reading in range 0.07 amps until 0.08
amps because of the mechanism not in constant water flow rate. The water pressure
is constant at 23 psi. Although, when there has a usage of electrical appliance such as
lamps is switch on, the current is will have an output data.

4.4.1 Calculation

This is the example of the calculation for this mechanism result data. The
equations for output power is:-

Output power (watt) = H x Q x g x η………………………………..(1)

Input power (watt) = H x Q x g……………………………………(2)

48
 H = head of the water pressure

Q = flow rate of water

g = gravity

η = efficiency

Head of this mechanism was determining from the pipeline water pressure
that measure by using liquid pressure gauge. The flow rate of a liquid is a measure of
the volume of liquid that moves in a certain amount of time.

Calculation for water flow rate:-

Table 1.9 Water flow

No. Flow Rate,Q

1 litre of water in 0.244 L/s
1. 1 litre/4.1 second
bucket = 4.1 seconds

1 pound per square inch (psi) of pressure = 2.31 feet (head) of water

22 psi of pressure x 2.31 feet of water = 50.82 feet

1 feet = 0.3048 meter

Head = 53.13 feet x 0.3048 meter = 15.49 meter

Flow rate of water,Q = 0.244 L/s

Potential output power normally = 60 % efficiency

Calculation for output power:-

Output power (watt) = H x Q x g x η

= 15.49 m x 0.244 L/s x 9.81 x 0.6

= 22.25 watt

49
Input power (watt) =HxQxg

= 15.49 m x 0.244 L/s x 9.81

= 37.08 watt

Calculation for recharging battery bank:-

Table 1.10 Data for car battery capacity

Data for Car Battery Capacity

100 Ah, (10 amps for 10 hours)
12 volts

Current (I) = watt/volts

Watt = Current x volts

= 10amps x 12 volts

= 120 watts needed

Table 1.11 Data of battery recharging

Data of Battery Recharging

Voltage of one battery 12 volts
Rated capacity of one battery 100 Ah
C-rate 0.07
Charge or discharge current, I 7.00 A
Time of charge or discharge t (run-time) 14.2 hours
Time of charge or discharge in minutes (run-time) 857 minutes

I = Cr/Er

Er = rated energy stored in Ah (based from the manufacturer)

I = current of charge or discharge in Ampere (A)

50
 Cr = C-rate of the battery

Time of charge or discharge in minutes (run-time) = 857 minutes

1 hour = 60 minutes

857 minutes/ 60 minutes = 14 hours

Thus, from the result of the calculation for battery recharging can be conclude
that the battery is need fourteen (14) hours to full recharge of the battery.

4.5 Fully Project Mechanism

Figure 2.23 Energy harvester device

51
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, there have a parameters which are very important in ensuring

the development of energy harvester device for the application in domestic pipeline.
The parameters are the water supply flow rate and also the water pressure of the
residential area. These two of the parameter is quite important for early stage to
determine the potential input and output estimation.

Besides that, the diameter of the pipeline is also important because it may
have losses in the pipeline. The losses in pipeline system is mainly due to the friction
loss of fluids while it moving through a pipeline. Besides that, a nozzle might be
another one of the solution to vary the water pressure according in compensating the
friction loss with achieving the optimum water pressure.

In addition, the selection of the type of turbine and motor generator in term of
their capacity and size is also important in designing and developing this mechanism
that for application in domestic pipeline. Moreover, wrong selection of the parts and
components would cause the system not efficiency and have a problem to operate it.

Based from the result of the developed system of the mechanism shows that
the system is able to produce an energy power those can storage in battery bank. The
results that get from the testing shows that the mechanisms are actually achieved it
objective which is to produce electrical energy. Thus, the electrical energy can be
storage at battery bank and can be used at other electrical appliances. All these
features are useful during the daily life particularly when there has electricity
blackout.

52
5.2 Recommendation

The recommendation for this project is for upgrade the nozzle. Since the
present of the nozzle cannot blast the turbine to its full power when run the
mechanism. So that, the nozzle also considered to be upgrade.

53
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