m o xiY .

U.S. Army
Coastal Engineering
Research Center

SHORE PROTECTION
MANUAL
Volume III
 library

JUN 9 , 19
Bureau of Reclamata
Honvpr

Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate

credit to the ILS. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center.

U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center

Kingman Building
Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060

FORT De RUSSY, OAHU, HAWAII - 27 August 1970

 BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DENVER LIBRARY
92068825

ù 688 25

SHORE PROTECTION
MANUAL

VOLUME m
( Appendixes A Through D )

U.S. ARMY COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER

1977
Third Edition

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 (3 part set; sold in sets only)
Stock No. 008-022-00113-1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME I
PAGE
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL ENGINEERING.........................
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SHORE PROTECTION MANUAL • 11
1.2 THE SHORE ZONE................................................................................ 1-2
15
1.3 THE SEA IN MOTION.......................................................................... 1-9
1.4 THE BEHAVIOR OF BEACHES........................................................ 1-13
1.5 EFFECTS OF MAN ON THE S H O R E ............................................
1.6 CONSERVATION OF SA N D .............................................................. 1-21

2 MECHANICS OF WAVE M O T IO N ........................................................

2.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 2-1
2.2 WAVE M ECH A N IC S.......................................................................... 2-1
2-62
2.3 WAVE REFRACTION.......................................................................... 2-79
2.4 WAVE DIFFRACTION..........................................................................
2.5 WAVE REFLECTION.......................................................................... 2-110
2.6 BREAKING W A V E S .......................................................................... 2-120
REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY......................... 2-129
3 WAVE AND WATER LEVEL PREDICTIONS
3.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 3-1
3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN W AVES...................................... 3-2
3.3 WAVE F I E L D ................................................................................ ...... 3-15
3.4 WIND INFORMATION NEEDED FOR WAVE PREDICTION . 3-20
3.5 SIMPLIFIED WAVE-PREDICTION MODELS................................ 3-33
3.6 WAVE FORECASTING FOR SHALLOW WATER......................... 3-42
3.7 HURRICANE W AVES.......................................................................... 3-67
3.8 WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS .................................................. 3-82
REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY......................... 3-163
4 LITTORAL PROCESSES
4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................. 4-1
42 LITTORAL MATERIALS.................................................................... 4-11
4.3 LITTORAL WAVE CONDITIONS . . • • • ' • • • • 4-17
44 NEARSHORE C U R R E N T S .............................................................. 4-39
45 LITTORAL TRANSPORT..................................................................... 4-50
46 ROLE OF FOREDUNES IN SHORE PROCESSES......................... 4111
47 SEDIMENT B U D G ET .......................................................................... 41 1 6
48 ENGINEERING STUDY OF LITTORAL PROCESSES . . . 4139
REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIO G RA PH Y......................... 4135

VOLUME n
5 PLANNING ANALYSIS 5-1
5.1 GENERAL ........................................................ .............................................................. 5-3
5.2 SEAWALLS, BULKHEADS» AND REV ETM ETS........................................................
5.3 PROTECTIVE BEACHES....................................................................................... . . 5-7
5.4 SAND D U N E S ..................................................................................................................... 5-21
5.5 SAND BYPASSING............................................................................................................... 5-24
5.6 GROINS.................................................................................................................................. 5-31
5.7 JETTIES................................................................................................................................. 5-46
5.8 BREAKWATERS-SHORE-CONNECTED.................................................................... 549
5.9 BREAKWATERS-OFFSHORE...................................................................................... 5-50
5.10 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................... 5-57
REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................ 5-58
6 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
6.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 SEAWALLS, BULKHEADS, AND REVETMENTS........................................................ 6-1
6-16
6.3 PROTECTIVE BEACHES...................................................................................................
6.4 SAND D U N E S ..................................................................................................................... 6-36
6.5 SAND BYPASSING............................................................................................................... 6-54
6.6 GRO IN S.................................................................................................................................. 6-76
6.7 JETTIES.................................................................................................................................. 6-84
6.8 BREAKWATERS-SHORE-CONNECTED.................................................................... 6-88
6.9 BREAKWATERS-OFFSHORE..................................... ................................................. 6-96
6.10 CONSTRUCTION M ATERIALS....................................................................................... 6-96
6.11 MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN PRACTICES.................................................................... 6-98
REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................• • 6-101

7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN-PHYSICAL FACTORS

7.1 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS............................................................................................. 7-1
7.2 WAVE RUNUP, OVERTOPPING, AND TRANSMISSION........................................... 7-15
7.3 WAVE FORCES. . ......................................................................................................... 7-74
7.4 VELOCITY FORCES-STABILITY OF CHANNEL REVETMENTS......................... 7-213
7.5 IMPACT F O R C E S ............................................................................................................... 7-216
7.6 ICE FORCES........................................................................................................................... 7-216
7.7 EARTH F O R C E S ............................................................................................................... 7-220
REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................... . . . 7-225
8 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS-CASE STUDY
8.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 DESIGN PROBLEM CALCULATIONS—ARTIFICIAL OFFSHORE ISLAND . . 8-2
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................... 8-132

II
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME III

APPENDIX

APPENDIX PAGE

A GLOSSARY OF T E R M S ........................................ A-l

B LIST OF S Y M B O L S .......................................... B-l

C MISCELLANEOUS TABLES AND PLATES ......................... C-l

D SUBJECT INDEX ..................... .. . .................. D-l

 APPENDIX A

GLOSSARY
OF
TERMS
 APPENDIX A

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

The glossary was compiled and reviewed by the Staff of the Coastal

Engineering Research Center. The terms came from many sources. However,

the following publications were of particular value.

American Geological Institute (1957) - Glossary of Geology and Related

Sciences with Supplement, 2d Edition.

American Meteorological Society (1959) - Glossary of Meteorology.

U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (1966) - Shore Protection,

P U n n i n g and Design, Technical Report No. 4, 3d Edition.

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1949) - Tide and Current Glossary, Special

Publication No. 228, Revised (1949) Edition.

U.S. Navy Oceanographic Office (1966) - Glossary of Oceanographic Terms,

Special Publication (SP-35), 2d Edition.

Wiegel, R.L. (1953) - Waves3 Tidess Currents and Beaohes: Glossary of

Terms and List of Standard Symbols. Council on Wave Research, The

Engineering Foundation, University of California.

NEWPORT COVE, MAINE - 12 September, 1958

 APPENDIX A

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

ACCRETION - May be either NATURAL or ARTIFICIAL. Natural accretion is

the buildup of land,solely by the action of the forces of nature,
on a BEACH by deposition of waterborne or airborne material.
Artificial accretion is a similar buildup of land by reason of an
act of man, such as the accretion formed by a groin, breakwater,
or beach fill deposited by mechanical means. Also AGGRADATION.

ADVANCE (OF A BEACH) - (1) A continuing seaward movement of the shore­

line. (2) A net seaward movement of the shoreline over a specified
time. Also PROGRESSION.

AGE, WAVE - The ratio of wave velocity to wind velocity (in wave fore­
casting theory).

AGGRADATION - See ACCRETION.

ALLUVIUM - Soil (sand, mud, or similar detrital material) deposited by

streams, or the deposits formed.

ALONGSHORE - Parallel to and near the shoreline; same as LONGSHORE.

AMPLITUDE, WAVE - (1) The magnitude of the displacement of a wave from a

mean value. An ocean wave has an amplitude equal to the vertical
distance from Stillwater level to wave crest. For a sinusoidal
wave, amplitude is one-half the wave height. (2) The semirange
of a constituent tide.

ANTIDUNES - BED FORMS that occur in trains, and are in phase with and
strongly interact with gravity water-surface waves.

ANTINODE - See LOOP.

ARTIFICIAL NOURISHMENT - The process of replenishing a beach with material

(usually sand) obtained from another location.

ATOLL - A ring-shaped coral reef, often carrying low sand islands,

enclosing a lagoon.

ATTENUATION - (1) A lessening of the amplitude of a wave with distance

from the origin. (2) The decrease of water-particle motion with
increasing depth. Particle motion resulting from surface oscillatory
waves attenuates rapidly with depth, and practically disappears at
a depth equal to a surface wavelength.

AWASH - Situated so that the top is intermittently washed by waves or

tidal action. Condition of being exposed or just bare at any stage
of the tide between high water and chart datum.
BACKBEACH - See BACKSHORE.

BACKRUSH - The seaward return of the water following the uprush of the
waves. For any given tide stage the point o f farthest return sea­
ward of the backrush is known as the LIMIT of BACKRUSH or LIMIT
BACKWASH. (See Figure A-2.)

BACKSHORE - That zone of the shore or beach lying between the foreshore
and the coastline and acted upon by waves only during severe storms,
especially when combined with exceptionally high water. Also
BACKBEACH. It comprises the BERM or BERMS. (See Figure A-l.)

BACKWASH - (1) See BACKRUSH. (2) Water or waves thrown back by an

obstruction such as a ship, breakwater, or c l i f f .

BANK - (1) The risin g ground bordering a lake, riv e r, or sea; of a

river or channel, designated as right or left as it would appear
facing downstream. (2) An elevation o f the sea floor of large
area, located on a Continental (or island) Sh elf and over which
the depth is relatively shallow but su ffic ie n t for safe surface
navigation; a group of shoals. (3) In its secondary sense, a
shallow area consisting of sh iftin g forms o f s i l t , sand, mud, and
gravel, but in this case it is only used with a qualifying word
such as "sandbank" or "gravelbank".

BAR - A submerged or emerged embankment of sand, gravel, or other un­

consolidated material b u ilt on the sea floor in shallow water by
waves and currents. See BAYMOUTH BAR, CUSPATE BAR. (See Figures
A-2 and A-9 . )

BARRIER BEACH - A bar essentially parallel to the shore, the crest of

which is above normal high water le v e l. Also called OFFSHORE
BARRIER and BARRIER ISLAND. (See Figure A-9.)

BARRIER LAGOON - A bay roughly parallel to the coast and separated from
the open ocean by b arrier islands. Also the body o f water encircled
by coral islands and reefs, in which case it may be called an atoll
lagoon.

BARRIER REEF - A coral reef parallel to and separated from the coast by
a lagoon that is too deep for coral growth. Generally, barrier
reefs follow the coasts for long distances, and are cut through at
irregular intervals by channels or p asse s.

BASIN, BOAT - A naturally or a r t ific ia lly enclosed or nearly enclosed

harbor area for small craft.

BATHYMETRY - The measurement of depths of water in oceans, seas, and

lakes; also information derived from such measurements.

A-2
BAY - A recess in the shore or an in le t o f a sea between two capes or
headlands, not as large as a gulf but larger than a cove. See
also BIGHT, EMBAYMENT. (See Figure A-9.)

BAYMOUTH BAR - A bar extending partly or entirely across the mouth o f

a bay. (See Figure A-9.)

BAYOU - A minor sluggish waterway or estuarial creek, tributary t o , or

connecting, other streams or bodies o f water. Its course is usually
through lowlands or swamps. Sometimes called SLOUGH.

BEACH - The zone of unconsolidated material that extends landward from

the low water line to the place where there is marked change in
material or physiographic form, or to the line of permanent vege­
tation (usually the effective limit of storm waves). The seaward
limit o f a beach - unless otherwise sp ecified - is the mean low
water line. A beach includes FORESHORE and BACKSHORE. (See
Figure A- l.)

BEACH ACCRETION - See ACCRETION.

BEACH BERM - A nearly horizontal part of the beach or backshore formed

by the deposit of material by wave action. Some beaches have no
berms, others have one or several. (See Figure A-l.)

BEACH CUSP - See CUSP.

BEACH EROSION - The carrying away of beach materials by wave action,

tidal currents, littoral currents, or wind.

BEACH FACE - The section of the beach normally exposed to the action o f
the wave uprush. The FORESHORE of a BEACH. (Not synonymous with
SHOREFACE.) (See Figure A-2.)

BEACH RIDGE - See RIDGE, BEACH.

BEACH SCARP - See SCARP, BEACH.

BEACH WIDTH - The horizontal dimension o f the beach measured normal to

the shoreline.

BED FORMS - Any deviation from a fla t bed that is readily detectable by
eye, and higher than the largest sediment size present in the parent
bed material; generated on the bed of an alluvial channel by the
flo w .

BEDLOAD - See LOAD.

BENCH - (1) A level or gently sloping erosion plane inclined seaward.

(2) A nearly horizontal area at about the level o f maximum high
water on the sea side of a dike.

A-3
BENCH MARK - A permanently fixed point o f known elevation . A primary
bench mark is one close to a tid e sta tio n to which the tide s t a f f
and tid a l datum o rig in ally are referenced.

BERM, BEACH - See BEACH BERM.

BERM CREST - The seaward lim it of a berm. Also BERM EDGE. (See
Figure A -l.)
BIGHT - A bend in a coastline forming an open bay. A bay formed by
such a bend. (See Figure A-8.)

BLOWN SANDS - See EOLIAN SANDS.

BLUFF - A high steep bank or c l i f f .

BOLD COAST - A prominent land mass that rise s steeply from the sea.
BORE - A very rapid r is e of the tid e in which the advancing water pre­
sents an abrupt front o f considerable height. In shallow estu aries
where the range of tid e is large, the high water is propagated in ­
ward fa ste r than the low water because o f the greater depth at high
water. I f the high water overtakes the low water, an abrupt front
is presented with the high water crest fin a lly fa llin g forward as
the tide continues to advance. Also EAGER.
BOTTOM - The ground or bed under any body of water; the bottom of the
sea. (See Figure A -l.)
BOTTOM (NATURE OF) - The composition or character o f the bed of an ocean
or other body o f water ( e .g ., clay, coral, gravel, mud, ooze,
pebbles, rock, sh e ll, shingle, hard, or s o f t ) .
BOULDER - A rounded rock more than 10 inches in diameter; larger than a
cobblestone. See SOIL CLASSIFICATION.
BREAKER - A wave breaking on a shore, over a re e f, e tc . Breakers may be
c la s s ifie d into four types (see Figure A -4):
S p illin g - bubbles and turbulent water s p i l l down front face of
wave. The upper 25 percent of the front face may become
v ertical before breaking. Breaking generally across over
quite a distance.
Plunging - crest curls over a ir pocket; breaking is usually with
a crash. Smooth splash-up usually follow s.
Collapsing - breaking occurs over lower h a lf o f wave. Minimal a ir
pocket and usually no splash-up. Bubbles and foam present.
(See Figure 2-69.)

A-4
 Surging - wave peaks up, but bottom rushes forward from under
wave, and wave slides up beach face with little or no
bubble production. Water surface remains almost plane
except where ripples may be produced on the beachface
during runback.

BREAKER DEPTH - The Stillwater depth at the point where a wave breaks.
Also BREAKING DEPTH. (See Figure A-2.)

BREAKWATER - A structure protecting a shore area, harbor, anchorage,

or basin from waves.

BULKHEAD - A structure or partition to retain or prevent sliding of the

land. A secondary purpose is to protect the upland against damage
from wave action.

BUOY - A float; especially a floating object moored to the bottom, to

mark a channel, anchor, shoal, rock, etc.

BUOYANCY - The resultant of upward forces, exerted by the water on

a submerged or floating body, equal to the weight of the water
displaced by this body.

BYPASSING, SAND - Hydraulic or mechanical movement of sand from the

accreting updrift side to the eroding downdrift side of an inlet
or harbor entrance. The hydraulic movement may include natural
as well as movement caused by man.

CANAL - An artificial watercourse cut through a land area for such uses
as navigation and irrigation.

CANYON - A relatively narrow, deep depression with steep slopes, the

bottom of which grades continuously downward. May be underwater
(submarine) or on land (subaerial).

CAPE - A relatively extensive land area jutting seaward from a continent

or large island which prominently marks a change in, or interrupts
notably, the coastal trend; a prominent feature. (See Figure A-8.)

CAPILLARY WAVE - A wave whose velocity of propagation is controlled

primarily by the surface tension of the liquid in which the wave is
traveling. Water waves of length less than about 1 inch are con­
sidered capillary waves. Waves longer than 1 inch and shorter than
2 inches are in an indeterminate zone between CAPILLARY and GRAVITY
WAVES. See RIPPLE.

CAUSEWAY - A raised road, across wet or marshy ground, or across water.

CAUSTIC - In refraction of waves, the name given to the curve to which

adjacent orthogonals of waves refracted by a bottom whose contour
mes are curved, are tangents. The occurrence of a caustic always
marks a region of crossed orthogonals and high wave convergence.

A-5
CAY - See KEY.

CELERITY - Wave speed.

CENTRAL PRESSURE INDEX (CPI) - The estimated minimum barometric pressure

in the eye (approximate center) of a particular hurricane. The CPI
is considered the most stable index to intensity of hurricane wind
velocities in the periphery of the storm; the highest wind speeds
are associated with storms having the lowest CPI.

CHANNEL - (1) A natural or artificial waterway of perceptible extent

which either periodically or continuously contains moving water,
or which forms a connecting link between two bodies of water.
(2) The part of a body of water deep enough to be used for
navigation through an area otherwise too shallow for navigation.
(3) A large strait, as the English Channel. (4) The deepest
part of a stream, bay, or strait through which the main volume
or current of water flows.

CHARACTERISTIC WAVE HEIGHT - See SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT.

CHART DATUM - The plane or level to which soundings (or elevations) or

tide heights are referenced (usually LOW WATER DATUM). The surface
is called a tidal datum when referred to a certain phase of tide.
To provide a safety factor for navigation, some level lower than
MEAN SEA LEVEL is generally selected for hydrographic charts such
as MEAN LOW WATER or MEAN LOWER LOW WATER. See DATUM PLANE.

CHOP - The short-crested waves that may spring up quickly in a moderate

breeze, and break easily at the crest. Also WIND CHOP.

CLAPOTIS - The French equivalent for a type of STANDING WAVE. In American

usage it is usually associated with the standing wave phenomenon
caused by the reflection of a nonbreaking wave train from a structure
with a face that is vertical or nearly vertical. Full clapotis is one
with 100 percent reflection of the incident wave; partial clapotis is
one with less than 100 percent reflection.

CLAY - See SOIL CLASSIFICATION.

CLIFF - A high, steep face of rock; a precipice. See also SEA CLIFF.

CNOIDAL WAVE - A type of wave in shallow water (depth of water is less

than 1/8 to 1/10 the wavelength). The surface profile is expressed
in terms of the Jacobian elliptic function on u ; hence the term
cnoidal.

COAST - A strip of land of indefinite width (may be several miles) that

extends from the shoreline inland to the first major change in
terrain features. (See Figure A-l.)

A-6
 COASTAL AREA - The land and sea area bordering the shoreline. fSee
Figure A-l.)

COASTAL PLAIN - The plain composed of horizontal or gently sloping

^•*^La of clastic materials fronting the coast, and generally
representing a strip of sea bottom that has emerged from the
sea in recent geologic time.

COASTLINE - (1) Technically, the line that forms the boundary between
the COAST and the SHORE. (2) Commonly, the line that forms the
boundary between the land and the water.

COBBLE (COBBLESTONE) - See SOIL CLASSIFICATION.

COMBER - (1) A deepwater wave whose crest is pushed forward by a strong

wind, much larger than a whitecap. (2) A long-period breaker.

CONTINENTAL SHELF - The zone bordering a continent and extending from

the low water line to the depth (usually about 100 fathoms) where '
there is a marked or rather steep descent toward a greater depth.

CONTOUR - A line on a map or chart representing points of equal eleva­

tion with relation to a DATUM. It is called an ISOBATH when con­
necting points of equal depth below a datum.

CONTROLLING DEPTH - The least depth in the navigable parts of a water­

way, governing the maximum draft of vessels that can enter.

CONVERGENCE - (1) In refraction phenomena, the decreasing of the dis­

tance between orthogonals in the direction of wave travel. Denotes
an area of increasing wave height and energy concentration. (2) In
wind-setup phenomena, the increase in setup observed over that which
would occur in an equivalent rectangular basin of uniform depth,
caused by changes in planform or depth; also the decrease in basin
width or depth causing such increase in setup.

CORAL - (1) (Biology) Marine coelenterates (Madreporaria), solitary or

colonial, which form a hard external covering of calcium compounds,
or other materials. The corals which form large reefs are limited
to warm, shallow waters, while those forming solitary, minute
growths may be found in colder waters to great depths. (2) (Geology)
The concretion of coral polyps, composed almost wholly of calcium
carbonate, forming reefs, and tree-like and globular masses. May
also include calcareous algae and other organisms producing cal­
careous secretions, such as bryozoans and hydrozoans.

CORE - A vertical cylindrical sample of the bottom sediments from which

the nature and stratification of the bottom may be determined.

COVE - A small, sheltered recess in a coast, often inside a larger

embayment. (See Figure A-8.)

A-7
CREST LENGTH, WAVE - The length of a wave along its crest. Sometimes
called CREST WIDTH.

CREST OF BERM - The seaward limit of a berm. Also BERM EDGE. (See
Figure A-l.)

CREST OF WAVE - (1) the highest part of a wave. (2) That part of the
wave above Stillwater level. (See Figure A-3.)

CREST WIDTH, WAVE - See CREST LENGTH, WAVE.

CURRENT - A flow of water.

CURRENT, COASTAL - One of the offshore currents flowing generally parallel

to the shoreline in the deeper water beyond and near the surf zone.
They are not related genetically to waves and resulting surf, but
may be related to tides, winds, or distribution of mass.

CURRENT, DRIFT - A broad, shallow, slow-moving ocean or lake current.

Opposite of CURRENT, STREAM.

CURRENT, EBB - The tidal current away from shore or down a tidal stream.
Usually associated with the decrease in the height of the tide.

CURRENT, EDDY - See EDDY.

CURRENTS, FEEDER - The parts of the NEARSHORE CURRENT SYSTEM that flow
parallel to shore before converging and forming the neck of the
RIP CURRENT.

CURRENT, FLOOD - The tidal current toward shore or up a tidal stream.

Usually associated with the increase in the height of the tide.

CURRENT, INSHORE - See INSHORE CURRENT.

CURRENT, LITTORAL - Any current in the littoral zone caused primarily by

wave action, e.g., longshore current, rip current. See also CURRENT,
NEARSHORE.

CURRENT, LONGSHORE - The littoral current in the breaker zone moving

essentially parallel to the shore, usually generated by waves
breaking at an angle to the shoreline.

CURRENT, NEARSHORE - A current in the NEARSHORE ZONE. See Figure A-l.

CURRENT, OFFSHORE - S e e OFFSHORE CURRENT.

CURRENT, PERIODIC - See CURRENT, TIDAL.

CURRENT, PERMANENT - See PERMANENT CURRENT.

A-8
CURRENT, RIP - See RIP CURRENT.

CURRENT, STREAM - A narrow, deep, and swift ocean current, as the Gulf
Stream. Opposite of CURRENT, DRIFT.

CURRENT SYSTEM, NEARSHORE - See NEARSHORE CURRENT SYSTEM.

CURRENT, TIDAL - The alternating horizontal movement o f water associated

with the rise and fa ll o f the tide caused by the astronomical tide-
producing forces. Also CURRENT, PERIODIC. See also CURRENT, FLOOD
and CURRENT, EBB.

CUSP - One of a series o f low mounds of beach material separated by

crescent-shaped troughs spaced at more or less regular intervals
along the beach face. Also BEACH CUSP. (See Figure A-7 .)

CUSPATE BAR - A crescent-shaped bar uniting with the shore at each end.
It may be formed by a single spit growing from shore and then turn­
ing back to again meet the shore, or by two spits growing from the
shore and uniting to form a bar o f sharply cuspate form. (See
Figure A-9.)

CYCLOIDAL WAVE - A steep, symmetrical wave whose crest forms an angle of

120 degrees. The wave form is that o f a cycloid. A trochoidal wave
of maximum steepness. See also TROCHOIDAL WAVE.

DAILY RETARDATION (OF TIDES) - The amount of time by which corresponding

tidal phases grow later day by day (about 50 m inutes).

DATUM, CHART - See CHART DATUM.

DATUM, PLANE- The horizontal plane to which soundings, ground elevations,

or water surface elevations are referred. Also REFERENCE PLANE.
The plane is called a TIDAL DATUM when defined by a certain phase
of the tide. The following datums are ordinarily used on hydro-
graphic charts:

MEAN LOW WATER - Atlantic coast (U. S . ) , Argentina, Sweden,

and Norway;
MEAN LOWER LOW WATER - P a c ific coast (U. S . ) ;
MEAN LOW WATER SPRINGS - United Kingdom, Germany, It a ly , B r a z il,
and C h ile;
LOW WATER DATUM - Great Lakes (U. S. and C anada):
LOWEST LOW WATER SPRINGS - Portugal;
LOW WATER INDIAN SPRINGS - India and Japan (See INDIAN TIDE
PLANE):
LOWEST LOW WATER - France, Spain, and Greece.
A common datum used on topographic maps is based on MEAN SEA LEVEL.
See also BENCH MARK.

DEBRIS LINE - A line near the limit o f storm wave uprush marking the
landward limit of debris deposits.

A-9
DECAY DISTANCE - The distance waves travel after leaving the generating
area (FETCH).

DECAY OF WAVES - The change waves undergo after they leave a generating
area (FETCH) and pass through a calm, or region of lighter winds.
In the process of decay* the sig n ifica n t wave height decreases and
the sig n ificant wavelength increases.

DEEP WATER - Water so deep that surface waves are lit t le affected by the
ocean bottom. Generally, water deeper than one-half the surface
wavelength is considered deep water.

DEFLATION - The removal of loose material from a beach or other land

surface by wind action.

DELTA - An alluvial deposit, roughly triangular or digitate in shape,

formed at a river mouth.

DEPTH - The vertical distance from a sp ecified tidal datum to the sea
floor.

DEPTH OF BREAKING - The Stillw ater depth at the point where the wave
breaks. Also BREAKER DEPTH (See Figure A-2.)

DEPTH CONTOUR - See CONTOUR.

DEPTH, CONTROLLING - See CONTROLLING DEPTH.

DEPTH FACTOR - See SHOALING COEFFICIENT.

DERRICK STONE - See STONE, DERRICK.

DESIGN HURRICANE - See HYPOTHETICAL HURRICANE.

DIFFRACTION (of water waves) - The phenomenon by which energy is trans­

mitted laterally along a wave crest. When a part of a train o f waves
is interrupted by a b arrier, such as a breakwater, the effect of
d iffractio n is manifested by propagation of waves into the sheltered
region w ithin the b a r r ie r 's geometric shadow.

DIKE(DYKE) - A wall or mound b u ilt around a low-lying area to prevent

flooding.

DIURNAL - Having a period or cycle of approximately one TIDAL DAY.

DIURNAL TIDE - A tide with one high water and one low water in a tidal
day. (See Figure A-1 0 .)

A - 10
DIVERGENCE - (1) In refraction phenomena, the increasing of distance
between orthogonals in the direction of wave travel. Denotes an
area of decreasing wave height and energy concentration. (2) In
wind-setup phenomena, the decrease in setup observed under that
which would occur in an equivalent rectangular basin of uniform
depth, caused by changes in planform or depth. Also the increase
in basin width or depth causing such decrease in setup.

DOLPHIN - A cluster of piles.

DOWNCOAST - In United States usage, the coastal direction generally

trending toward the south.

DOWNDRIFT - The direction of predominant movement of littoral materials.

DRIFT (noun) - (1) Sometimes used as a short form for LITTORAL DRIFT
(2) The speed at which a current runs. (3) Also floating material
deposited on a beach (driftwood). (4) A deposit of a continental
ice sheet, as a drumlin.

DRIFT CURRENT - A broad, shallow, slow-moving ocean or lake current.

DUNES - (1) Ridges or mounds of loose, wind-blown material, usually

sand. (See Figure A-7.) (2) BED FORMS smaller than bars but
larger than ripples that are out of phase with any water-surface
gravity waves associated with them.

DURATION - In wave forecasting, the length of time the wind blows in

nearly the same direction over the FETCH (generating area).

DURATION, MINIMUM - The time necessary for steady-state wave conditions

to develop for a given wind velocity over a given fetch length.

EAGER - See BORE.

EBB CURRENT - The tidal current away from shore or down a tidal stream;
usually associated with the decrease in the height of the tide.

EBB TIDE - The period of tide between high water and the succeeding low
water; a falling tide. (See Figure A-10.)

ECHO SOUNDER - An electronic instrument used to determine the depth of

water by measuring the time interval between emission of a sonic or
ultrasonic signal and the return of its echo from the bottom.

EDDY - A circular movement of water formed on the side of a main current.

Eddies may be created at points where the main stream passes'pro-
jecting obstructions or where two adjacent currents flow counter
to each other.

A-l I

r~
EDDY CURRENT - See EDDY.

EDGE WAVE - An ocean wave parallel to a coast, with crests normal to the
shoreline. An edge wave may be standing or progressive. Its height
diminishes rapidly seaward and is negligible at a distance of one
wavelength offshore.

EMBANKMENT - An artificial bank such as a mound or dike, generally built

to hold back water or to carry a roadway.

EMBAYED - Formed into a bay or bays, as an embayed shore.

EMBAYMENT - An indentation in the shoreline forming an open bay.

ENERGY COEFFICIENT - The ratio of the energy in a wave per unit crest
length transmitted forward with the wave at a point in shallow water
to the energy in a wave per unit crest length transmitted forward
with the wave in deep water. On refraction diagrams this is equal
to the ratio of the distance between a pair of orthogonals at a
selected point to the distance between the same pair of orthogonals
in deep water. Also the square of the REFRACTION COEFFICIENT.

ENTRANCE - The avenue of access or opening to a navigable channel.

EOLIAN SANDS - (or BLOWN SANDS) - Sediments of sand size or smaller which
have been transported by winds. They may be recognized in marine
deposits off desert coasts by the greater angularity of the grains
compared with waterborne particles.

EROSION - The wearing away of land by the action of natural forces. On

a beach, the carrying away of beach material by wave action, tidal
currents, littoral currents, or by deflation.

ESCARPMENT - A more or less continuous line of cliffs or steep slopes

facing in one general direction which are caused by erosion or
faulting. Also SCARP. (See Figure A-l.)

ESTUARY - (1) The part of a river that is affected by tides. (2) The
region near a river mouth in which the fresh water of the river
mixes with the salt water of the sea.

EYE - In meteorology, usually the "eye of the storm" (hurricane); the

roughly circular area of comparatively light winds and fair weather
found at the center of a severe tropical cyclone.

FAIRWAY - The parts of a waterway that are open and unobstructed for
navigation. The main traveled part of a waterway; a marine
thoroughfare.

FATHOM - A unit of measurement used for soundings. It is equal to 6 feet

(1.83 meters).

A-12
FATHOMETER - The copyrighted trademark for a type of echo sounder.

FEEDER BEACH - An a r t if ic ia l l y widened beach serving to nourish downdrift

beaches by natural littoral currents or forces.

FEEDER CURRENT - See CURRENT, FEEDER.

FEELING BOTTOM - The action o f a deepwater wave on running into shoal

water and beginning to be influenced by the bottom.

FETCH - The area in which SEAS are generated by a wind having a rather
constant direction and speed. Sometimes used synonymously with
FETCH LENGTH. Also GENERATING AREA.

FETCH LENGTH - The horizontal distance (in the direction of the wind)
over which a wind generates SEAS or creates a WIND SETUP.

FIRTH - A narrow arm of the sea; also the opening o f a river into the
sea.

FIORD (FJORD) - A narrow, deep, steep-walled inlet of the sea, usually

formed by entrance of the sea into a deep glacial trough.

FLOOD CURRENT - The tidal current toward shore or up a tid al stream,

usually associated with the increase in the height o f the t id e .

FLOOD TIDE - The period of tide between low water and the succeeding
high water; a risin g tid e . (See Figure A-10.)

FOAM LINE - The front of a wave as it advances shoreward, after it has

broken. (See Figure A-4.)

FOLLOWING WIND - Generally, same as ta ilw in d ; in wave forecasting, wind

blowing in the direction of ocean-wave advance.

FOREDUNE - The front dune immediately behind the backshore.

FORERUNNER - Low, long-period ocean SWELL which commonly precedes the

main swell from a distant storm, especially a tropical cyclone.

FORESHORE - The part of the shore lying between the crest o f the seaward
berm (or upper limit of wave wash at high tide) and the ordinary low
Water mark, that is ordinarily traversed by the uprush and backrush
of the waves as the tides rise and f a l l . See BEACH FACE. (See
Figure A-l.)

FORWARD SPEED (HURRICANE) - Rate of movement (propagation) of the h u r r i­

cane eye in mph or knots.

A - 13
FREEBOARD - The additional height of a structure above design high water
level to prevent overflow. Also, at a given time, the vertical dis­
tance between the water level and the top of the structure. On a
ship, the distance from the waterline to main deck or gunwale.

FRINGING REEF - A coral reef attached directly to an insular or conti­

nental shore.

FRONT OF THE FETCH - In wave forecasting, the end of the generating area
toward which the wind is blowing.

FROUDE NUMBER - The dimensionless ratio of the inertial force to the

force of gravity for a given fluid flow. It may be given as
Fr = V /Lg where V is a characteristic velocity, L is a charac­
teristic length, and g the acceleration of gravity; or as the
square root of this number.

GENERATING AREA - In wave forecasting, the continuous area of water

surface over which the wind blows in nearly a constant direction.
Sometimes used synonymously with FETCH LENGTH. Also FETCH.

GENERATION OF WAVES - (1) The creation of waves by natural or mechanical

means. (2) The creation and growth of waves caused by a wind blowing
over a water surface for a certain period of time. The area involved
is called the GENERATING AREA or FETCH.

GEOMETRIC MEAN DIAMETER - The diameter equivalent of the arithmetic mean

of the logarithmic frequency distribution. In the analysis of beach
sands, it is taken as that grain diameter determined graphically by
the intersection of a straight line through selected boundary sizes,
(generally points on the distribution curve where 16 and 84 percent
of the sample is coarser by weight) and a vertical line through the
median diameter of the sample.

GEOMETRIC SHADOW - In wave diffraction theory, the area outlined by

drawing straight lines paralleling the direction of wave approach
through the extremities of the protective structure. It differs
from the actual protected area to the extent that the diffraction
and refraction effects modify the wave pattern.

GEOMORPHOLOGY - That branch of both physiography and geology which deals

with the form of the earth, the general configuration of its surface,
and the changes that take place in the evolution of landform.

GRADIENT (GRADE) - See SLOPE. With reference to winds or currents, the

rate of increase or decrease in speed, usually in the vertical; or
the curve that represents this rate.

GRAVEL - See SOIL CLASSIFICATION.

A - 14
GRAVITY WAVE - A wave whose velocity of propagation is controlled pri­
marily by gravity. Water waves more than 2 inches long are con­
sidered gravity waves. Waves longer than 1 inch and shorter than
2 inches are in an indeterminate zone between CAPILLARY and GRAVITY
WAVES. See RIPPLE.

GROIN (British, GROYNE) - A shore protection structure built (usually

perpendicular to the shoreline) to trap littoral drift or retard
erosion of the shore.

GROIN SYSTEM - A series of groins acting together to protect a section

of beach. Commonly called a groin field.

GROUND SWELL - A long high ocean swell; also, this swell as it rises to
prominent height in shallow water.

GROUND WATER - Subsurface water occupying the zone of saturation. In a

strict sense, the term is applied only to water below the WATER
TABLE.

GROUP VELOCITY - The velocity of a wave group. In deep water, it is

equal to one-half the velocity of the individual waves within the
group.

GULF - A large embayment in a coast; the entrance is generally wider than

the length.

GUT - (1) A narrow passage such as a strait or inlet. (2) A channel in

otherwise shallower water, generally formed by water in motion.

HALF-TIDE LEVEL - MEAN TIDE LEVEL.

HARBOR (British, HARBOUR) - Any protected water area affording a place

of safety for vessels. See also PORT.

HARBOR OSCILLATION (Harbor Surging) - The nontidal vertical water move­

ment in a harbor or bay. Usually the vertical motions are low, but
when oscillations are excited by a tsunami or storm surge, they may
be quite large. Variable winds, air oscillations, or surf beat also
may cause oscillations. See SEICHE.

HEADLAND (HEAD) - A high steep-faced promontory extending into the sea.

HEAD OF RIP - The part of a rip current that has widened out seaward of
the breakers. See also CURRENT, RIP; CURRENT, FEEDER; and NECK (RIP).

HEIGHT OF WAVE - See WAVE HEIGHT.

HIGH TIDE, HIGH WATER (HW) - The maximum elevation reached by each rising
tide. See TIDE. (See Figure A-10.)

A- 15
 HIGH WATER OF ORDINARY SPRING TIDES (HWOST) - A tidal datum appearing in
some British publications, based on high water of ordinary spring
t id e s .

HIGHER HIGH WATER (HHW) - The higher of the two high waters of any tidal
day. The single high water occurring daily during periods when
the tide is diurnal is considered to be a higher high water.
(See Figure A-10.)

HIGHER LOW WATER (HLW) - The higher of two low waters of any tidal day.
(See Figure A-10.)

HIGH WATER - See HIGH TIDE.

HIGH WATER LINE - In strictness, the intersection of the plane of mean

high water with the shore. The shoreline delineated on the nautical
charts of the U. S. Coait and Geodetic Survey is an approximation of
the high water line. For specific occurrences, the highest eleva­
tion on the shore reached during a storm or rising tide, including
meteorological e ffe c ts .

HINDCASTING, WAVE - The use of historic synoptic wind charts to calculate

wave characteristics that probably occurred at some past time.

HOOK - A spit or narrow cape of sand or gravel which turns landward at

the outer end.

HURRICANE - An intense tropical cyclone in which winds tend to spiral

inward toward a core of low pressure, with maximum surface wind
velocities that equal or exceed 75 mph (65 knots) for several
minutes or longer at some points. TROPICAL STORM is the term
applied i f maximum winds are less than 75 mph.

HURRICANE PATH OR TRACK - Line of movement (propagation) of the eye

through an area.

HURRICANE STAGE HYDROGRAPH - A continuous graph representing water level

stages that would be recorded in a gage well located at a specified
point of interest during the passage of a particular hurricane,
assuming that effects of relatively short-period waves are elimi­
nated from the record by damping features of the gage well. Unless
specifically excluded and separately accounted for, hurricane surge
hydrographs are assumed to include effects of astronomical tides,
barometric pressure differences, and all other factors that in ­
fluence water level stages within a properly designed gage well
located at a specified point.

HURRICANE SURGE HYDROGRAPH - A continuous graph representing the differ­

ence between the hurricane stage hydrograph and the water stage
hydrograph that would have prevailed at the same point and time
i f the hurricane had not occurred.

A-16
HURRICANE WIND PATTERN or ISOVEL PATTERNS - An actual or graphical repre­
sentation of near-surface wind velocities covering the entire area
of a hurricane at a particular instant. Isovels are lines connecting
points of simultaneous equal wind velocities, usually referenced 30
feet above the surface, in knots or mph; wind directions at various
points are indicated by arrows or deflection angles on the isovel
charts. Isovel charts are usually prepared at each hour during a
hurricane, but for each half hour during critical periods.

HYDRAULICALLY EQUIVALENT GRAINS - Sedimentary particles that settle at

the same rate under the same conditions.

HYDROGRAPHY - (1) A configuration of an underwater surface including its

relief, bottom materials, coastal structures, etc. (2) The de­
scription and study of seas, lakes, rivers, and other waters.

HYPOTHETICAL HURRICANE ("HYPO-HURRICANE") - A representation of a hurri­

cane, with specified characteristics, that is assumed to occur in
a particular study area, following a specified path and timing
sequence.

TRANSPOSED - A hypo-hurricane based on the storm transposition

principle is assumed to have wind patterns and other charac­
teristics basically comparable to a specified hurricane of
record, but is transposed to follow a new path to serve as a
basis for computing a hurricane surge hydrograph that would
be expected at a selected point. Moderate adjustments in
timing or rate of forward movement may be made also, i f these
are compatible with meteorological considerations and study
objectives.

HYPO-HURRICANE BASED ON GENERALIZED PARAMETERS - Hypo-hurricane

estimates based on various logical combinations of hurricane
characteristics used in estimating hurricane surge magnitudes
corresponding to a range of probabilities and potentialities.
The Standard Project Hurricane (SPH) is most commonly used
for this purpose, but estimates corresponding to more severe
or less severe assumptions are important in some project
investigations.

STANDARD PROJECT HURRICANE (SPH) - A hypothetical hurricane i n ­

tended to represent the most severe combination of hurricane
parameters that is reasonably characteristic of a specified
region, excluding extremely rare combinations. It is further
assumed that the SPH would approach a given project site from
such direction, and at such rate of movement as to produce
the highest hurricane surge hydrograph, considering pertinent
hydraulic characteristics of the area. Based oh this concept,
and extensive meteorological studies and probability analyses,
a tabulation of "Standard Project Hurricane Index Character­
istics" mutually agreed upon by representatives of the U. S.
Weather Bureau and the Corps of Engineers, is available.

A -17
 PROBABLE MAXIMUM HURRICANE - A hypo-hurricane that might result
from the most severe combination of hurricane parameters that
is considered reasonably possible in the region involved, if
the hurricane should approach the point under study along a
critical path and at optimum rate of movement. This estimate
is substantially more severe than the SPH criteria.

DESIGN HURRICANE - A representation of a hurricane with specified

characteristics that would produce hurricane surge hydrographs
and coincident wave effects at various key locations along a
proposed project alinement. It governs the project design
after economics and other factors have been duly considered.
The design hurricane may be more or less severe than the SPH,
depending on economics, risk, and local considerations.

IMPERMEABLE GROIN - A groin through which sand cannot pass.

INDIAN SPRING LOW WATER - The approximate level of the mean of lower low
waters at spring tides, used principally in the Indian Ocean and
along the east coast of Asia. Also INDIAN TIDE PLANE.

INDIAN TIDE PLANE - The datum of INDIAN SPRING LOW WATER.

INLET - (1) A short, narrow waterway connecting a bay, lagoon, or similar

body of water with a large parent body of water. (2) An arm of the
sea (or other body of water), that is long compared to its width, and
may extend a considerable distance inland. See also TIDAL INLET.

INLET GORGE - Generally, the deepest region of an inlet channel.

INSHORE (ZONE)_- In beach terminology, the zone of variable width extend­

ing from the low water line through the breaker zone. SHOREFACE.
(See Figure A-l.)

INSHORE CURRENT - Any current in or landward of the breaker zone.

INSULAR SHELF - The zone surrounding an island extending from the low
water line to the depth (usually about 100 fathoms) where there is
a marked or rather steep descent toward the great depths.

INTERNAL WAVES - Waves that occur within a fluid whose density changes
with depth, either abruptly at a sharp surface of discontinuity (an
interface) or gradually. Their amplitude is greatest at the density
discontinuity or, in the case of a gradual density change, somewhere
in the interior of the fluid and not at the free upper surface where
the surface waves have their maximum amplitude.

IRROTATIONAL WAVE - A wave with fluid particles that do not revolve around
an axis through their centers, although the particles themselves may
travel in circular or nearly circular orbits. Irrotational waves may
be progressive, standing, oscillatory, or translatory. For example,
the Airy, Stokes, cnoidal and solitary wave theories describe irro­
tational waves. See TROCHOIDAL WAVE.

A-18
ISOBATH - A contour line connecting points of equal water depths on a
chart.

ISOVEL PATTERN - See HURRICANE WIND PATTERN.

ISTHMUS - A narrow strip of land,, bordered on both sides by water, that

connects two larger bodies of land.

JET - To place (as a pile, slab, or pipe) in the ground by means of a

jet of water acting at the lower end.

JETTY - (1) (U. S. usage) On open seacoasts, a structure extending into

a body of water, and designed to prevent shoaling of a channel by
littoral materials, and to direct and confine the stream or tidal
flow. Jetties are built at the mouth of a river or tidal inlet to
help deepen and stabilize a channel. (2) (British usage) Jetty is
synonymous with "wharf" or "pier". See TRAINING WALL.

KEY - A low insular bank of sand, coral, etc., as one of the islets off
the southern coast of Florida, also CAY.

KINETIC ENERGY (OF WAVES) - In a progressive oscillatory wave, a summa­

tion of the energy of motion of the particles within the wave.

KNOLL - A submerged elevation of rounded shape rising less than 1,000

meters from the ocean floor, and of limited extent across the
summit. See SEAMOUNT.

KNOT - The unit of speed used in navigation. It is equal to 1 nautical

mile (6,076.115 feet or 1,852 meters) per hour.

LAGGING - See DAILY RETARDATION (OF TIDES).

LAGOON - A shallow body of water, as a pond or lake, usually connected

to the sea. (See Figures A-8 and A-9.)

LAND BREEZE - A light wind blowing from the land to the sea caused by
unequal cooling of land and water masses.

LAND-SEA BREEZE - The combination of a land breeze and a sea breeze as

a diurnal phenomenon.

LANDLOCKED - An area of water enclosed, or nearly enclosed, by land, as

a bay or a harbor (thus, protected from the sea).

LANDMARK - A conspicuous object natural or artificial, located near or

on land which aids in fixing the position of an observer.

LEAD LINE » A line, wire, or cord used in sounding. It is weighted at one

end with a plummet (sounding lead). Also SOUNDING LINE.

A-19
LEE - (1) S h e l t e r , or the p a r t o r s id e s h e lt e r e d o r tu rn e d away from the
wind o r w aves. (2) ( C h ie fly n a u t ic a l) The q u a r t e r o r re g io n tow ard
which th e wind blo w s.

LEEWARD - The d ir e c t io n toward which th e wind i s b lo w in g ; th e d ir e c t io n

tow ard which waves a re t r a v e l i n g .

LENGTH OF WAVE - The h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e between s i m i l a r p o in ts on two

s u c c e s s iv e waves m easured p e r p e n d ic u la r ly to th e c r e s t . (See
F igu re A-3 .)

LEVEE - A d ik e or embankment to p r o t e c t lan d from in u n d a tio n .

LIMIT OF BACKRUSH, LIMIT OF BACKWASH - See BACKWASH.

LITTORAL - Of o r p e r t a in in g t o a sh o re , e s p e c i a l l y o f th e s e a .

LITTORAL CURRENT - See CURRENT, LITTORAL.

LITTORAL DEPOSITS - D e p o sits o f l i t t o r a l d r i f t .

LITTORAL DRIFT - The sed im en tary m a te ria l moved in th e l i t t o r a l zone

under th e in flu e n c e o f waves and c u r r e n t s .

LITTORAL TRANSPORT - The movement o f l i t t o r a l d r i f t in th e l i t t o r a l

zone by waves and c u r r e n t s . In clu d es movement p a r a l l e l (lo n g sh o re
t r a n s p o r t ) and p e r p e n d ic u la r (o n - o ffsh o re t r a n s p o r t ) to th e sh o re .

LITTORAL TRANSPORT RATE - R ate o f t r a n s p o r t o f sed im en tary m a te r ia l

p a r a l l e l to or p e r p e n d ic u la r to th e sh o re in th e l i t t o r a l zone.
U su a lly e x p r e sse d in c u b ic y ard s (m eters) p e r y e a r . Commonly
u sed as synonymous w ith LONGSHORE TRANSPORT RATE.

LITTORAL ZONE - In beach te rm in o lo g y , an i n d e f i n i t e zone e x te n d in g s e a ­

ward from the sh o r e lin e to j u s t beyond the b r e a k e r zon e.

LOAD - The q u a n tity o f sed im en t tr a n sp o r te d by a c u r r e n t. I t in c lu d e s

the su spen ded lo ad o f sm a ll p a r t i c l e s , and th e b e d lo a d o f la r g e
p a r t i c l e s th a t move alo n g th e bottom .

LONGSHORE - P a r a l l e l to and n e a r the s h o r e lin e .

LONGSHORE BAR - A b a r running roughly p a r a l l e l to th e s h o r e lin e .

LONGSHORE CURRENT - See CURRENT, LONGSHORE.

LONGSHORE TRANSPORT RATE - R ate o f tr a n s p o r t o f sed im en tary m a te r ia l

p a r a l l e l to th e sh o re . U su a lly e x p r e sse d in c u b ic y a rd s (m eters)
p e r y e a r . Commonly u sed as synonymous w ith LITTORAL TRANSPORT
RATE.

A- 2 0
LOOP - That part of a STANDING WAVE where the vertical motion is greatest
and the horizontal velocities are least. LOOPS (sometimes called
ANTINODES) are associated with CLAPOTIS, and with SEICHE action
resulting from wave reflectio ns. (See also NODE.)

LOWER HIGH WATER (LHW) - The lower of the two high waters of any tid al
day. (See Figure A-1 0 .)

LOWER LOW WATER (LLW) - The lower of the two low waters of any tidal day.
The single low water occurring daily during periods when the tide
is diurnal is considered to be a lower low water. (See Figure A-1 0 .)

LOW TIDE (LOW WATER, LW) - The minimum elevation reached by each fa llin g
tid e . See TIDE. (See Figure A-1 0 .)

LOW WATER DATUM - An approximation to the plane of mean low water that
has been adopted as a standard reference plane. See also DATUM
PLANE and CHART DATUM.

LOW WATER LINE - The intersection of any standard low tide datum plane
with the shore.

LOW WATER OF ORDINARY SPRING TIDES (LWOST) - A tid al datum appearing in

some British publications, based on low water o f ordinary spring
tid es.

MANGROVE - A tropical tree with interlacing prop roots, confined to low-

lying brackish areas.

MARIGRAM - A graphic record of the rise and fa ll of the t id e .

MARSH - An area of s o ft, wet, or periodically inundated land, generally

treeless and usually characterized by grasses and other low growth.

MARSH, SALT - A marsh periodically flooded by salt water.

MASS TRANSPORT - The net transfer of water by wave action in the direction
of wave travel. See ORBIT.

MEAN DIAMETER, GEOMETRIC - See GEOMETRIC MEAN DIAMETER.

MEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER (MHHW) - The average height of the higher high
waters over a 19-year period. For shorter periods o f observation,
corrections are applied to eliminate known variations and reduce
the result to the equivalent of a mean 19-year value.

MEAN HIGH WATER (MHW) - The average height o f the high waters over a
19-year period. For shorter periods of observations, corrections
are applied to eliminate known variations and reduce the results to
the equivalent of a mean 19-year value. All high water heights are
included in the average where the type of tide is either semidiurnal
or mixed. Only the higher high water heights are included in the
average where the type of tide is diurnal. So determined, mean high
water in the latter case is the same as mean higher high water.

A-21
MEAN HIGH WATER SPRINGS - The average height o f the high waters occurring
at the time of spring tid e . Frequently abbreviated to HIGH WATER
SPRINGS.

MEAN LOWER LOW WATER (MLLW) - The average height of the lower low waters
over a 19-year period. For shorter periods o f observations, cor­
rections are applied to eliminate known variations and reduce the
results to the equivalent of a mean 1 9 -year value. Frequently
abbreviated to LOWER LOW WATER.

MEAN LOW WATER (MLW) - The average height o f the low waters over a 19-
year period. For shorter periods o f observations, corrections are
applied to eliminate known variations and reduce the results to the
equivalent of a mean 19-year value. All low water heights are i n ­
cluded in the average where the type o f tide is either semidiurnal
or mixed. Only lower low water heights are included in the average
where the type of tide is diurnal. So determined, mean low water in
the latter case is the same as mean lower low water.

MEAN LOW WATER SPRINGS - The average height o f low waters occurring at
the time of the spring tid e s. It is usually derived by taking a
plane depressed below the half-tide level by an amount equal to
one-half the spring range of t id e , necessary corrections being
applied to reduce the result to a mean value. This plane is used
to a considerable extent for hydrographic work outside o f the United
States and is the plane of reference for the Pa cific approaches to
the Panama Canal. Frequently abbreviated to LOW WATER SPRINGS.

MEAN SEA LEVEL - The average height o f the surface of the sea for all
stages of the tide over a 19-year period, usually determined from
hourly height readings. Not necessarily equal to MEAN TIDE LEVEL.

MEAN TIDE LEVEL - A plane midway between MEAN HIGH WATER AND MEAN LOW
WATER. Not necessarily equal to MEAN SEA LEVEL. Also called
HALF-TIDE LEVEL.

MEDIAN DIAMETER - The diameter which marks the division o f a given sand
sample into two equal parts by w eight, one part containing all
grains larger than that diameter and the other part containing
all grains smaller.

MEGARIPPLE - See SAND WAVE.

MIDDLE-GROUND SHOAL - A shoal formed by ebb and flood tides in the middle
of the channel of the lagoon or estuary end of an in le t .

MINIMUM DURATION - See DURATION, MINIMUM.

MINIMUM FETCH - The least distance in which steady state wave conditions
w ill develop for a wind of given speed blowing a given duration of
tim e.

A -22
MIXED TIDE - A type of tide in which the presence o f a diurnal wave is
conspicuous by a large inequality in either the high- or low-water
heights with two high waters and two low waters usually occurring
each tidal day. In strictness, all tides are mixed, but the name
is usually applied without definite limits to the tide intermediate
to those predominantly semidiurnal and those predominantly diurnal.
(See Figure A-10.)

MOLE - In coastal terminology, a massive land-connected, solid-fill

structure of earth (generally revetted), masonry, or large stone.
It may serve as a breakwater or pier.

MONOCHROMATIC WAVES - A series of waves generated in a laboratory; each

wave has the same length and period.

MONOLITHIC - Like a single stone or block. In coastal structures, the

type of construction in which the structure's component parts are
bound together to act as one.

MUD - A fluid-to-plastic mixture of finely divided particles of solid

material and water.

NAUTICAL MILE - The length of a minute of arc, 1/21,600 of an average

great circle of the earth. Generally one minute of latitude is
considered equal to one nautical mile. The accepted United States
value as of 1 July 1959 is 6,07 6.11 5 feet or 1,852 meters, approxi­
mately 1.15 times as long as the statute mile of 5,280 feet. Also
geographical mile.

NEAP TIDE - A tide occurring near the time of quadrature of the moon with
the sun. The neap tidal range is usually 10 to 30 percent less than
the mean tidal range.

NEARSHORE (ZONE) - In beach terminology an indefinite zone extending sea­

ward from the shoreline well beyond the breaker zone. It defines
the area of NEARSHORE CURRENTS. (See Figure A-l.)

NEARSHORE CIRCULATION - The ocean circulation pattern composed of the

CURRENTS, NEARSHORE and CURRENTS, COASTAL. See CURRENT.

NEARSHORE CURRENT SYSTEM - The current system caused primarily by wave

action in and near the breaker zone, and which consists of four
parts: The shoreward mass transport of water; longshore currents;
seaward return flow, including rip currents; and the longshore
movement of the expanding heads of rip currents. (See Figure A-7 .)
See also NEARSHORE CIRCULATION.

NECK - (1) The narrow band of water flowihg seaward through the surf.
Also RIP. (2) The narrow strip of land connecting two larger bodies
of land, as an isthmus.

A-23
NIP - The cut made by waves in a shoreline of emergence.

NODAL ZONE - An area in which the predominant direction of the LONGSHORE

TRANSPORT changes.

NODE - That part of a STANDING WAVE where the vertical motion is least
and the horizontal velocities are greatest. Nodes are associated
with CLAPOTIS and with SEICHE action resulting from wave re fle ctio n s.
See also LOOP.

NOURISHMENT - The process of replenishing a beach. It may be brought

about naturally, by longshore transport, or a r t ific ia lly by the
deposition of dredged m aterials.

OCEANOGRAPHY - The study of the sea, embracing and indicating all

knowledge pertaining to the se a 's physical boundaries, the chem­
istry and physics of sea water, and marine biology.

OFFSHORE - (1) In beach terminology, the comparatively flat zone of

variable width, extending from the breaker zone to the seaward edge
of the Continental Sh elf. (2) A direction seaward from the shore.
(See Figure A-l.)

OFFSHORE BARRIER - See BARRIER BEACH.

OFFSHORE CURRENT - (1) Any current in the offshore zone. (2) Any
current flowing away from shore.

OFFSHORE WIND - A wind blowing seaward from the land in the coastal area.

ONSHORE - A direction landward from the sea.

ONSHORE WIND - A wind blowing landward from the sea in the coastal area.

OPPOSING WIND - In wave forecasting, a wind blowing in a direction opposite

to the ocean-wave advance; generally, same as headwind.

ORBIT - In water waves, the path of a water particle affected by the wave
motion. In deepwater waves the orbit is nearly circular and in
shallow-water waves the orbit is nearly e l l ip t ic a l . In general,
the orbits are sligh tly open in the direction of wave motion giving
rise to MASS TRANSPORT. (See Figure A-3.)

ORBITAL CURRENT - The flow of water accompanying the orbital movement of

the water particles in a wave. Not to be confused with wave-generated
LITTORAL CURRENTS. (See Figure A-3.)

ORTHOGONAL - On a wave-refraction diagram, a line drawn perpendicularly to

the wave crests. (See Figure A-6.)

OSCILLATION - A periodic motion backward and forward. To vibrate or vary

above and below a mean value.

A - 24
OSCILLATORY WAVE - A wave in which each in d ividu al p a r t ic le o s c illa t e s
about a point with l i t t l e or no permanent change in mean p o s itio n .
The term is commonly applied to progressive o s c illa t o r y waves in
which only the form advances, the in d ividu al p a r tic le s moving in
closed or nearly closed o rb its . Distinguished from a WAVE OF
TRANSLATION. See also ORBIT.

OUTFALL - A stru ctu re extending in to a body o f water fo r the purpose o f

discharging sewage, storm ru n off, or coolin g w ater.

OVERTOPPING - Passing o f water over the top o f a stru ctu re as a r e s u lt

o f wave runup or surge actio n .

OVERWASH - That portion o f the uprush th a t ca rrie s over the c re s t o f a

berm or o f a stru c tu re .

PARAPET - A low w all b u ilt along the edge o f a stru ctu re as on a seawall
or quay.

PARTICLE VELOCITY - The v e lo c ity induced by wave motion with which a

s p e c ific water p a r tic le moves w ithin a wave.

PASS - In hydrographic usage, a navigable channel through a b a r, r e e f,

or sh o al, or between c lo s e ly adjacent is la n d s.

PEBBLES - See SOIL CLASSIFICATION.

PENINSULA - An elongated body o f land n early surrounded by w ater, and

connected to a la rg e r body o f land.

PERCHED BEACH - A beach or f i l l e t o f sand retain ed above the otherwise

normal p r o file le v e l by a submerged dike.

PERCOLATION - The process by which water flows through the in t e r s t ic e s o f

a sediment. S p e c ific a lly , in wave phenomena, the process by which
wave action forces water through the in te r s tic e s o f the bottom
sediment. Tends to reduce wave heights.

PERIODIC CURRENT - A current caused by the tide-producing forces o f the

moon and the sun, a p art o f the same general movement o f the sea that
xs manifested in the v e r tic a l r is e and f a l l o f the t id e s . See also
CURRENT, FLOOD and CURRENT, EBB.

PERMANENT CURRENT - A current th a t runs continuously, independent o f the

tid es and temporary causes. Permanent currents include the fresh ­
water discharge o f a r iv e r and the currents th a t form the general
c irc u la to ry systems o f the oceans.

PERMEABLE GROIN - A groin with openings large enough to permit passage o f

appreciable q u an tities o f l i t t o r a l d r i f t .

A-25
PETROGRAPHY - The systematic description and classification of rocks.

PHASE - In surface wave motion, a point in the period to which the wave
motion has advanced with respect to a given initial reference point.

PHASE INEQUALITY - Variations in the tides or tidal currents associated

with changes in the phase of the moon in relation to the sun.

PHASE VELOCITY - Propagation velocity of an individual wave as opposed to

the velocity of a wave group.

PHI GRADE SCALE - A logarithmic transformation of the Wentworth grade

scale for size classifications of sediment grains based on the
negative logarithm to the base 2 of the particle diameter.
= -log2d. See SOIL CLASSIFICATION.

PIER - A structure, usually of open construction, extending out into the

water from the shore, to serve as a landing place, a recreational
facility, etc ., rather than to afford coastal protection. In the
Great Lakes, a term sometimes improperly applied to jetties.

PILE - A long, heavy timber or section of concrete or metal to be

driven or jetted into the earth or seabed to serve as a support
or protection.

PILE, SHEET - A pile with a generally slender flat cross section to be

driven into the ground or seabed and meshed or interlocked with like
members to form a diaphragm, w all, or bulkhead.

PILING - A group of piles.

PLAIN, COASTAL - See COASTAL PLAIN.

PLANFORM - The outline or shape of a body of water as determined by the

Stillwater line.

PLATEAU - A land area (usually extensive) having a relatively level

surface raised sharply above adjacent land on at least one side;
table land. A similar undersea feature.

PLUNGE POINT - (1) For a plunging wave, the point at which the wave curls
over and falls. (2) The final breaking point of the waves just
before they rush up on the beach. (See Figure A-l.)

PLUNGING BREAKER - See BREAKER.

POCKET BEACH - A beach, usually small, in a coastal reentrant or between

two littoral barriers.

POINT - The extreme end of a cape, or the outer end of any land area
protruding into the water, usually less prominent than a cape.

A -26
PORT - A place where vessels may discharge or re ce iv e cargo; may be the
en tire harbor including i t s approaches and anchorages, or may be the
commercial part o f a harbor where the quays, wharves, f a c i l i t i e s fo r
tra n sfe r of cargo, docks, and rep a ir shops are situ a te d .

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF WAVES - In a progressive o s c illa t o r y wave, the energy

re s u ltin g from the elevatio n or depression o f the water su rface from
the undisturbed l e v e l .

PRISM - See TIDAL PRISM.

PROBABLE MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL - A hypoth etical water le v e l (exclu sive o f

wave runup from normal wind-generated waves) th a t might r e s u lt from
the most severe combination o f hydrom eteorological, geoseism ic and
other geophysical facto rs th at is considered reasonably p o ssib le in
the region involved, with each o f these facto rs considered as a f f e c t ­
ing the lo c a lit y in a maximum manner.

This le v e l represents the p h ysical response o f a body o f water

to maximum applied phenomena such as h u rrican es, moving sq u a ll lin e s ,
other cyclon ic m eteorological events, tsunamis, and astronomical tid e
combined with maximum probable ambient h yd rological conditions such
as wave setup, r a i n f a l l , ru n o ff, and r iv e r flow . I t is a water le v e l
with v ir t u a lly no risk o f being exceeded.

PROFILE, BEACH - The in te rse c tio n o f the ground su rface with a v e r t ic a l

plane; may extend from the top o f the dune lin e to the seaward lim it
o f sand movement. (See Figure A -l.)

PROGRESSION (o f a beach) - See ADVANCE.

PROGRESSIVE WAVE - A wave that moves r e la tiv e to a fix e d coordinate system

in a flu id . The d ire ctio n in which i t moves is termed the d ire c tio n
o f wave propagation.

PROMONTORY - A high point o f land p ro jectin g into a body o f water; a

HEADLAND.

PROPAGATION OF WAVES - The transm ission o f waves through water.

PROTOTYPE - In laboratory usage, the f u ll- s c a le stru c tu re , concept, or

phenomenon used as a basis fo r constructing a s c a le model or copy.

QUAY (Pronounced KEY) - A stre tch o f paved bank, or a s o lid a r t i f i c i a l

landing place p a r a lle l to the navigable waterway, fo r use in loading
and unloading v e sse ls.

QUICKSAND - Loose, y ie ld in g , wet sand which o ffe r s no support to heavy

o b je cts. The upward flow o f the water has a v e lo c ity th at elim inates
contact pressures between the sand g rain s, and causes the sand-water
mass to behave lik e a flu id .

A - 27
RADIUS OF MAXIMUM WINDS - Distance from the eye of a hurricane, where
surface and wind velocities are zero to the place where surface
wind speeds are maximum.

RAY, WAVE - See ORTHOGONAL.

RECESSION (o f a beach) - (1) A continuing landward movement of the

shoreline. (2) A net landward movement o f the shoreline over
a sp ecified time. Also RETROGRESSION.

REEF - An offshore consolidated rock hazard to navigation with a least

depth of 10 fathoms (about 20 meters) or le s s .

REEF, ATOLL - See ATOLL.

REEF, BARRIER - See BARRIER REEF.

REEF, FRINGING - See FRINGING REEF.

REEF, SAND - Synonymous with BAR.

REFERENCE PLANE - See DATUM PLANE.

REFERENCE STATION - A place for which tidal constants have previously

been determined and which is used as a standard for the comparison
of simultaneous observations at a second station; also a station
for which independent daily predictions are given in the tide or
current tables from which corresponding predictions are obtained
for other stations by means of differences or factors.

REFLECTED WAVE - That part of an incident wave that is returned seaward

when a wave impinges on a steep beach, b arrier, or other reflecting
su r fa c e .

REFRACTION (OF WATER WAVES) - (1) The process by which the direction of a
wave moving in shallow water at an angle to the contours is changed.
The part of the wave advancing in shallower water moves more slowly
than that part s t i l l advancing in deeper water, causing the wave
crest to bend toward alignment with the underwater contours. (2)
The bending of wave crests by currents. (See Figure A-5.)

REFRACTION COEFFICIENT - The square root of the ratio of the spacing

between adjacent orthogonals in deep water and in shallow water at
a selected point. When m ultiplied by the SHOALING FACTOR and a
factor for friction and percolation, this becomes the WAVE HEIGHT
COEFFICIENT or the ratio of the refracted wave height at any point
to the deepwater wave height. Also the square root of the ENERGY
COEFFICIENT.

A-28
 REFRACTION DIAGRAM - A drawing showing positions of wave crests and/or
orthogonals in a given area for a specific deepwater wave period
and direction. (See Figure A-6.)

RESONANCE - The phenomenon of amplification of a free wave or oscilla­

tion of a system by a forced wave or oscillation of exactly equal
period. The forced wave may arise from an impressed force upon
the system or from a boundary condition.

RETARDATION - The amount of time by which corresponding tidal phases

grow later day by day (about 50 minutes).

RETROGRESSION OF A BEACH - (1) A continuing landward movement of the

shoreline. (2) A net landward movement of the shoreline over a
specified time. Also RECESSION.

REVETMENT - A facing of stone, concrete, e tc ., built to protect a scarp,

embankment, or shore structure against erosion by wave action or
currents.

REYNOLDS NUMBER - The dimensionless ratio of the inertial force to the

viscous force in fluid motion,

where L is a characteristic length, v the kinematic viscosity,

and V a characteristic velocity. The Reynolds number is of im­
portance m the theory of hydrodynamic stability and the origin
of turbulence.

RIA A long, narrow inlet, with depth gradually diminishing inward.

RIDGE, BEACH - A nearly continuous mound of beach material that has been
shaped up by wave or other action. Ridges may occur singly or as
a series of approximately parallel deposits. (See Figure A-7 1
British usage, fulls.

RILL MARKS - Tiny drainage channels in a beach caused by the flow seaward
of water left m the sands of the upper part of the beach after the
retreat of the tide or after the dying down of storm waves.

RIP A body of water made rough by waves meeting an opposing current

particularly a tidal current; often found where tidal currents are
converging and sinking.

RIPARIAN - Pertaining to the banks of a body of water.

RIPARIAN RIGHTS - The rights of a person owning land containing or border­

ing on a watercourse or other body of water in Or to its banks, bed
or w a fp rc y *

A -29
RIP CURRENT - A strong surface current flowing seaward from the shore.
It usually appears as a visib le band of agitated water and is the
return movement of water p iled up on the shore by incoming waves
and wind. With the seaward movement concentrated in a limited
band its velocity is somewhat accentuated. A rip consists of
three p arts: the FEEDER CURRENTS flowing parallel to the shore
inside the breakers; the NECK, where the feeder currents converge
and flow through the breakers in a narrow band or " r i p " ; and the
HEAD, where the current widens and slackens outside the breaker
l in e . A rip current is often m iscalled a rip t id e . Also RIP SURF.
See NEARSHORE CURRENT SYSTEM. (See Figure A-7.)

RIP SURF - See RIP CURRENT.

RIPPLE - (1) The rufflin g of the surface of water, hence a lit t le curling
wave or undulation. (2) A wave less than 2 inches long controlled
to a significant degree by both surface tension and gravity. See
WAVE, CAPILLARY and WAVE, GRAVITY.

RIPPLES (BED FORMS) - Small bed forms with wavelengths less than 1 foot
and heights less than 0 .1 foot.

RIPRAP - A layer, facing, or protective mound o f stones randomly placed

to prevent erosion, scour, or sloughing o f a structure or embankment;
also the stone so used.

ROADSTEAD (Nautical) - A sheltered area of water near shore where vessels

may anchor in relative safety. Also road.

ROLLER - An ind efinite term, sometimes considered to denote one of a

series of long-crested, large waves which roll in on a shore, as
after a storm.

RUBBLE - (1) Loose angular waterworn stones along a beach. (2) Rough,
irregular fragments of broken rock.

RUBBLE-MOUND STRUCTURE - A mound of random-shaped and random-placed

stones protected with a cover layer of selected stones or specially
shaped concrete armor u n its. (Armor units in primary cover layer
may be placed in orderly manner or dumped at random.)

RUNNEL - A corrugation or trough formed in the foreshore or in the bottom

just offshore by waves or tidal currents.

RUNUP - The rush of water up a structure or beach on the breaking o f a

wave. Also UPRUSH. The amount of runup is the vertical height
above Stillw ater level that the rush of water reaches.

A -30
SALTATION That method of sand movement in a flu id in which individual
particles leave the bed hy hounding nearly vertically and, because
the motion of the flu id is not strong or turbulent enough to retain
them in suspension, return to the bed at some distance downstream.
The travel path of the particles is a series of hops and bounds.

SALT MARSH - A marsh periodically flooded by salt water.

SAND - See SOIL CLASSIFICATION.

SANDBAR - (1) See BAR. (2) In a river, a ridge o f Sand b u ilt up to or

near the surface by river currents.

SAND BYPASSING - See BYPASSING, SAND.

SAND REEF - Synonymous with BAR.

SAND WAVE (or MEGARIPPLE) - A large wavelike sediment feature composed

of sand in very shallow water. Wavelength may reach 100 meters;
amplitude is about 0 .5 meters.

SCARP - See ESCARPMENT.

SCARP, BEACH - An almost vertical slope along the beach caused by erosion
by wave action. It may vary in height from a few inches to several
feet, depending on wave action and the nature and composition of
the beach. (See Figure A-l.)

SCOUR - Removal of underwater material by waves and currents, especially

at the base or toe of a shore structure.

SEAS - Waves caused by wind at the place and time of observation.

SEA STATE - Description of the sea surface with regard to wave action.
Also called state of sea.

SEA BREEZE - A light wind blowing from the sea toward the land caused
by unequal heating o f land and water masses.

SEA CLIFF - A c l i f f situated at the seaward edge o f the coast.

SEA LEVEL - See MEAN SEA LEVEL.

SEAMOUNT - An elevation rising more than 1 ,000 meters above the ocean
floo r, and of limited extent across the summit.

SEA PUSS - A dangerous longshore current; a rip current caused by return

flow; loosely, the submerged channel or in le t through a b ar caused
by those currents.

A- 3 1
SEASHORE - The SHORE o f a s e a or ocean,

SEAWALL tv A stru c tu re se p a ra tin g lan d and w ater a r e a s / p r i m a r i l y

designed to prevent ero sio n and oth er damage due to wave a c tio n .
See a ls o BULKHEAD.

SEICHE - (1) A stan d in g wave o s c i l l a t i o n o f an enclosed w ater body th a t

co n tin u es, pendulum fa sh io n , a f t e r the c e s s a tio n o f the o r ig in a tin g
fo r c e , which may have been e ith e r se ism ic o r atm ospheric. (2) An
o s c i l l a t i o n o f a f lu id body in response to a d istu rb in g fo rce having
the same frequency as the n a tu ra l frequency o f the f l u i d system .
Tides are now considered to be se ic h e s induced p rim arily by the
p e r io d ic fo rc e s caused by the sun and moon. (3) In the Great Lakes
a r e a , any sudden r i s e in the w ater o f a harbor or a lak e whether or
not i t i s os d i l a t o r y . Although in a c c u ra te in a s t r i c t sense^ t h is
usage i s w ell e s ta b lis h e d in the G reat Lakes a re a .

SEISMIC SEA WAVE (TSUNAMI) - A lo n g -p e rio d wave caused by an underwater

se ism ic distu rb an ce or v o lc a n ic e ru p tio n . Commonly misnamed
" t i d a l wave".

SEMIDIURNAL TIDE - A t id e with two high and two low w aters in a t i d a l

day with com paratively l i t t l e d iu rn al in e q u a lity (See Figure A-1 0 .)

SET OF CURRENT - The d ire c tio n toward which a cu rren t flo w s.

SETUP, WAVE - S u p erelev atio n o f the w ater su r fa c e over normal surge

e le v a tio n due to onshore mass tr a n sp o r t .of the w ater by wave
ac tio n alo n e.

SETUP, WIND - See WIND SETUP.

SHALLOW WATER - (1) Commonly, w ater o f su d i a depth th a t su rfa c e waves

are n o tic e a b ly a ffe c te d by bottom topography. I t i s customary to
co n sid er w ater o f depths le s s than o n e -h a lf the su rfa c e wavelength
as shallow w ater. See TRANSITIONAL ZONE and DEEP WATER. (2) More
s t r i c t l y , in hydrodynamics with regard to p ro g re ssiv e g ra v ity waves,
w ater in which the depth i s l e s s than 1/25 the Wavelength. A lso
c a lle d VERY SHALLOW WATER.

SHEET PILE - See PILE, SHEET.

SHELF, CONTINENTAL - See CONTINENTAL SHELF.

SHELF, INSULAR - See INSULAR SHELF.

SHINGLE - (1) Loosely and commonly, any beach m a te ria l c o a rse r than
ordinary g r a v e l, e s p e c ia lly any having f l a t or f l a t t is h . p e b b le s.
(2) S t r i c t l y and a c c u ra te ly , beach, m a te ria l o f smooth, w ell-rounded
pebbles th a t are roughly the same s i z e . The sp aces between p ebbles
are not f i l l e d with fin e r m a t e r ia ls . Sh in gle o ften g iv e s out a
m usical sound when stepped on.

A- 32
SHOAL (noun) _ A detached e le v a tio n o f th e sea bottom , com prised o f any
m a te ria l except rock o r c o ra l, which may endanger su rfa c e n a v ig a tio n .
SHOAL (verb) - (1) To become shallow g ra d u a lly . (2) To cause to become
shallow . (3) To proceed from a g re a te r to a le s s e r depth of w ater.
SHOALING COEFFICIENT - The r a tio o f th e h eig h t of a wave in w ater o f any
depth to i t s h eig h t in deep w ater w ith th e e ffe c ts o f re f r a c tio n ,
f r ic tio n , and p e rc o la tio n elim in ate d . Sometimes SHOALING FACTOR
or DEPTH FACTOR. See also ENERGY COEFFICIENT and REFRACTION
COEFFICIENT.
SHORE - The narrow s tr ip o f land in immediate con tact w ith th e se a ,
in clu d in g the zone between high and low w ater lin e s . A s h o re 'o f
u nconsolidated m a teria l is u su a lly c a lle d a beach. (See Figure
A -l.)
SHOREFACE - The narrow zone seaward from th e low tid e SHORELINE covered
by w ater over which th e beach sands and gravels a c tiv e ly o s c illa te
w ith changing wave c o n d itio n s. See INSHORE (ZONE) and Figure A -l.
SHORELINE - The in te rs e c tio n of a sp e c ifie d plane o f w ater w ith th e shore
o r beach, ( e .g ., th e highw ater sh o re lin e would be th e in te rs e c tio n
o f th e plane of mean high w ater w ith th e shore or b each .) The lin e
d e lin e a tin g the sh o re lin e on U. S. Coast and G eodetic Survey n a u tic a l
ch a rts and surveys approxim ates th e mean high w ater lin e .
SIGNIFICANT WAVE - A s t a t i s t i c a l term re la tin g to th e o n e -th ird h ig h e st
waves of a given wave group and defin ed by th e average o f th e ir
h eig h ts and p erio d s. The com position of th e h ig h e r waves depends
upon the e x te n t to which th e lower waves are co n sid ered . E xperi­
ence in d ic a te s th a t a c a re fu l o bserver who attem pts to e s ta b lis h
th e c h a ra c te r of th e h ig h e r waves w ill record values which ap p ro x i­
m ately f i t th e d e fin itio n o f the s ig n ific a n t wave.
SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT - The average h e ig h t o f th e o n e -th ird h ig h e st
waves of a given wave group. Note th a t th e com position o f the
h ig h est waves depends upon th e ex te n t to which th e lower waves are
considered. In wave reco rd a n a ly s is, th e average h eig h t o f th e
h ig h est o n e -th ird o f a se le c te d number o f waves, th is number being
determ ined by d iv id in g the tim e o f reco rd by th e s ig n if ic a n t p e rio d .
Also CHARACTERISTIC WAVE HEIGHT.
SIGNIFICANT WAVE PERIOD - An a rb itra ry p erio d g en erally taken as th e
p erio d of th e o n e -th ird h ig h e st waves w ith in a given group. Note
th a t th e com position o f th e h ig h e st waves depends upon th e e x te n t
to which the lower waves are considered. In wave reco rd a n a ly s is ,
th is is determ ined as th e average p erio d of th e most fre q u e n tly r e ­
c u rrin g of the la rg e r w ell-d efin e d waves in th e reco rd under stu d y .
SILT - See SOIL CLASSIFICATION.

A -33
SINUSOIDAL WAVE - An o sc illa to ry wave having the form of a sinusoid.
SLACK TIDE (SLACK WATER) - The s ta te of a tid a l current when its velocity
is near zero, especially the moment when a reversing current changes
d irectio n and it s velocity is zero. Sometimes considered the in te r ­
mediate period between ebb and flood currents during which the veloc­
ity of the currents is less thian 0.1 knot. See STAND OF TIDE.
SLIP - A berthing space between two p ie rs.
SLOPE - The degree of in clin a tio n to the h o rizo n tal. Usually expressed
as a ra tio , such as 1:25 or 1 on 25, in d icatin g 1 u n it v e rtic a l ris e
in 25 units of horizontal distance; or in a decimal fra c tio n (0.04);
degrees (2° 1 8 '); or percent (4%).
SLOUGH - See BAYOU.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION (size) - An a rb itra ry division of a continuous scale
of grain sizes such th a t each scale u n it or grade may serve as a con­
venient class in te rv a l fo r conducting the analysis o r fo r expressing
the re su lts of an an aly sis. There are many c la ssific a tio n s used;
the two most often used are shown graphically on the next page.
SOLITARY WAVE - A wave consisting of a single elevation (above the o rig i­
nal w ater su rface), its height not n ecessarily small compared to the
depth, and n e ith er followed nor preceded by another elevation or de­
pression of the w ater su rfa c e s.
SORTING COEFFICIENT - A c o effic ie n t used in describing the d istrib u tio n of
grain sizes in a sample of unconsolidated m aterial. I t is defined as
S0 = / q1 /Q3, where Qi is the diam eter (in m illim eters) which has
75 percent of the cumulative size-frequency (by weight) d istrib u tio n
sm aller than i t s e l f and 25 percent larg er than i t s e l f , and Q3 is th at
diam eter having 25 percent sm aller and 75 percent la rg er than it s e lf .
SOUND (noun) - (1) A wide waterway between the mainland and an islan d , or
a wide waterway connecting two sea a re a s. See also STRAIT. (2) A
re la tiv e ly long arm of the sea or ocean forming a channel between
an islan d and a mainland or connecting two larg er bodies, as a sea
and the ocean, or two parts of th e same body; usually wider and more
extensive than a s t r a i t .
SOUND (verb) - To measure the depth of the w ater.
SOUNDING - A measured depth of w ater. On hydrographic charts the sound­
ings are adjusted to a sp e c ific plane of reference (SOUNDING DATUM).
SOUNDING DATUM - The plane to which soundings are refe rre d . See also
CHART DATUM.

A-34
 GRAIN SIZE SCALES
(Soil Classification)

Wentworth Phi Units Grain U.S. Std Unified Soil

Scale <|) * Diameter, Sieve Classification
(Size Description) D (mm) Size (USC)
Boulder
256 Cobble
Cobble 76.2

-6 64.0 Coarse

19.0 3/4" Grave1

Fine
Pebble 4.76 No. 4

-2 4.0 Coarse
Granule
-1 2.0 No. 10
Very Coarse
0 1.0 Sand
Coarse
Medium
1 0.5
Medium 0.42 No. 40
Sand
2 0.25
Fine Fine
3 0.125

Very Fine 0.074 No. 200

4 0.0625
Silt
8 0.00391 Silt or Clay
Clay
12 0.00024
Colloid

* <|> - -log2 D (mm)

A - 35
SOUNDING LINE - A l in e , w ire, or cord used in sounding. It is weighted
at one end with a plummet (sounding l e a d ). Also LEADLINE.

SPILLING BREAKER - See BREAKER.

SPIT - A small point of land or a narrow shoal projecting into a body of

water from the shore. (See Figure A-9.)

SPRING TIDE - A tide that occurs at or near the time o f new or fu ll moon
(s y zy g y ), and which rises highest and falls lowest from the mean
sea le vel.

STANDARD PROJECT HURRICANE - See HYPOTHETICAL HURRICANE.

STAND OF TIDE - An interval at high or low water when there is no sensible

change in the height of the t id e . The water level is stationary at
high and low water for only an instant, but the change in level near
these times is so slow that it is not usually perceptible. See SLACK
TIDE.

STANDING WAVE - A type of wave in which the surface of the water oscillates
vertically between fixed points, called nodes, without progression.
The points of maximum vertical rise and fa ll are called antinodes
or loops. At the nodes, the underlying water particles exhibit no
vertical motion, but maximum horizontal motion. At the antinodes,
the underlying water particles have no horizontal motion but maximum
vertical motion. They may be the result of two equal progressive
wave trains traveling through each other in opposite directions.
Sometimes called CLAPOTIS or STATIONARY WAVE.

STATIONARY WAVE - A wave of essentially stable form which does not move
with respect to a selected reference point; a fixed sw elling.
Sometimes called STANDING WAVE.

STILLWATER LEVEL - The elevation that the surface of the water would
assume i f all wave action were absent.

STOCKPILE - Sand p ile d on a beach foreshore to nourish downdrift beaches

by natural littoral currents or forces. See FEEDER BEACH.

STONE, DERRICK - Stone heavy enough to require handling individual pieces

by mechanical means, generally 1 ton and up.

STORM SURGE - A rise above normal water level on the open coast due to
the action of wind stress on the water surface. Storm surge result­
ing from a hurricane also includes that rise in level due to atmos­
pheric pressure reduction as well as that due to wind stress. See
WIND SETUP.

STORM TIDE - See STORM SURGE.

A - 36
STRAIT - A relatively narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water
See also SOUND.

STREAM - (1) A course of water flowing along a bed in the earth. (2) A
current in the sea formed by wind action, water density differ­
ences, etc. (Gulf Stream). See also CURRENT, STREAM.

SURF - The wave activity in the area between the shoreline and the
outermost limit of breakers.

SURF BEAT - Irregular oscillations of the nearshore water level, with

periods of the order of several minutes.

SURF ZONE - The area between the outermost breaker and the limit of
wave uprush. (See Figures A-2 and A-5.)

SURGE - (1) The name applied to wave motion with a period intermediate
between that of the ordinary wind wave and that of the tide, say
from 1/2 to 60 minutes. It is of low height; usually less than
0.3 foot. See also SEICHE. (2) In fluid flow, long interval
variations in velocity and pressure, not necessarily periodic,
perhaps even transient in nature. (3) See STORM SURGE.

SURGING BREAKER - See BREAKER.

SUSPENDED LOAD - (1) The material moving in suspension in a fluid, being

kept up by the upward components of the turbulent currents or by
colloidal suspension. (2) The material collected in or computed
from samples collected with a suspended load sampler. (A suspen­
ded load sampler is a sampler which attempts to secure a sample
of the water with its sediment load without separating the sedi­
ment from the water.) Where it is necessary to distinguish
between the two meanings given above, the first one may be called
the "true suspended load".

SWALE - The depression between two beach ridges.

SWASH - The rush of water up onto the beach face following the breaking
of a wave. Also UPRUSH, RUNUP. (See Figure A-2.)

SWASH CHANNEL - (1) On the open shore, a channel cut by flowing water in
its return to the parent body (e.g., a rip channel). (2) A sec­
ondary channel passing through or shoreward of an inlet or river
bar. (See Figure A-9.)

SWASH MARK - The thin wavy line of fine sand, mica scales, bits of sea-
weed, etc., left by the uprush when it recedes from its upward
limit of movement on the beach face.

A- 37
SWELL - Wind-generated waves that have traveled out of their generating
area. Swell characteristically exhibits a more regular and longer
period, and has flatter crests than waves within their fetch
(SEAS).

SYNOPTIC CHART - A chart showing the distribution of meterological

conditions over a given area at a given time. Popularly called
a weather map.

SYZYGY - The two points in the moon's orbit when the moon is in con­
junction or opposition to the sun relative to the earth; time of
new or full moon in the cycle of phases.

TERRACE - A horizontal or nearly horizontal natural or artificial topo­

graphic feature interrupting a steeper slope, sometimes occurring
in a series.

THALWEG - In hydraulics, the line joining the deepest points of an

inlet or stream channel.

TIDAL CURRENT - See CURRENT, TIDAL.

TIDAL DATUM - See CHART DATUM and DATUM PLANE.

TIDAL DAY - The time of the rotation of the earth with respect to the
moon, or the interval between two successive upper transits of the
moon over the meridian of a place, approximately 24.84 solar hours
(24 hours and 50 minutes) or 1.035 times the mean solar day. (See
Figure A-10.) Also called lunar day.

TIDAL FLATS - Marshy or muddy land areas which are covered and un­
covered by the rise and fall of the tide.

TIDAL INLET - (1) A natural inlet maintained by tidal flow. (2)

Loosely, any inlet in which the tide ebbs and flows. Also TIDAL
OUTLET.

TIDAL PERIOD - The interval of time between two consecutive like phases
of the tide. (See Figure A-10.)

TIDAL POOL - A pool of water remaining on a beach or reef after reces­

sion of the tide.

TIDAL PRISM - The total amount of water that flows into a harbor or
estuary or out again with movement of the tide, excluding any
freshwater flow.

TIDAL RANGE - The difference in height between consecutive high and low
(or higher high and lower low) waters. (See Figure A-10.)

A -38
TIDAL RISE - The height of tide as referred to the datum of a chart.
(See Figure A-10.)

TIDAL WAVE - (1) The wave motion of the tides. (2) In popular usage,
any unusually high and destructive water level along a shore. It
usually refers to STORM SURGE or TSUNAMI.

TIDE - The periodic rising and falling of the water that results from
gravitational attraction of the moon and sun and other astronomi­
cal bodies acting upon the rotating earth. Although the accompany­
ing horizontal movement of the water resulting from the same cause
is also sometimes called the tide, it is preferable to designate
the latter as TIDAL CURRENT, reserving the name TIDE for the ver­
tical movement.

TIDE, DAILY RETARDATION OF - The amount of time by which correspond­

ing tides grow later day by day (about 50 minutes).

TIDE, DIURNAL - A tide with one high water and one low water in a
tidal day. (See Figure A-10)

TIDE, EBB - See EBB TIDE.

TIDE, FLOOD - See FLOOD TIDE.

TIDE, MIXED - See MIXED TIDE.

TIDE, NEAP - See NEAP TIDE.

TIDE, SEMIDIURNAL - See SEMIDIURNAL TIDE.

TIDE, SLACK - See SLACK TIDE.

TIDE, SPRING - See SPRING TIDE.

TIDE STATION - A place at which tide observations are being taken. It

is called a primary tide station when continuous observations are
to be taken over a number of years to obtain basic tidal data for
the locality. A secondary tide station is one operated over a
short period of time to obtain data for a specific purpose.

TIDE, STORM - See STORM SURGE.

T0MB0L0 - A bar or spit that connects or "ties" an island to the main­

land or to another island. (See Figure A-9.)

TOPOGRAPHY - The configuration of a surface, including its relief, the

position of its streams, roads, building, etc.

A -39
TRAINING WALL - A wall or jetty to direct current flow.

TRANSITIONAL ZONE (TRANSITIONAL WATER) - In regard to progressive

gravity waves, water whose depth is less than 1/2 but more than
1/25 the wavelength. Often called SHALLOW WATER.

TRANSLATORY WAVE - See WAVE OF TRANSLATION.

TRANSPOSED HURRICANE - See HYPOTHETICAL HURRICANE.

TROCHOIDAL WAVE - A theoretical, progressive oscillatory wave first

proposed by Gerstner in 1802 to describe the surface profile and
particle orbits of finite amplitude, nonsinusoidal waves. The
wave form is that of a prolate cycloid or trochoid, and the fluid
particle motion is rotational as opposed to the usual irrotational
particle motion for waves generated by normal forces. See IRRO­
TATIONAL WAVE

TROPICAL CYCLONE - See HURRICANE

TROPICAL STORM - A tropical cyclone with maximum winds less than 75

mph.

TROUGH OF WAVE - The lowest part of a wave form between successive

crests. Also that part of a wave below Stillwater level. (See
Figure A-3.)

TSUNAMI - A long-period wave caused by an underwater disturbance such

as a volcanic eruption or earthquake. Commonly miscalled "tidal
wave".

TYPHOON - See HURRICANE.

UNDERTOW - A seaward current near the bottom on a sloping inshore zone.

It is caused by the return, under the action of gravity, of the
water carried up on the shore by waves. Often a "misnomer for
RIP CURRENT.

UNDERWATER GRADIENT - The Slope of the sea bottom. See also SLOPE.

UNDULATION - A continuously propagated motion to and fro, in any fluid

or elastic medium, with no permanent translation of the particles
themselves.

UPCOAST - In United States usage, the coastal direction generally

trending toward the north.

UPDRIFT - The direction opposite that of the predominant movement of

littoral materials.

A -40
UPLIFT - The upward water pressure on the base of a structure or
pavement.

UPRUSH - The rush of water up onto the beach following the breaking of
a wave. Also SWASH, RUNUP. (See Figure A-2.)

VALLEY, SEA - A submarine depression of broad valley form without the

steep side slopes which characterize a canyon.

VALLEY, SUBMARINE - A prolongation of a land valley into or across a

continental or insular shelf, which generally gives evidence of
having been formed by stream erosion.

VARIABILITY OF WAVES - (1) The variation of heights and periods b e ­

tween individual waves within a wave train. (Wave trains are not
composed of waves of equal height and period, but rather of
heights and periods which vary in a statistical manner.) (2) The
variation in direction of propagation of waves leaving the gen­
erating area. (3) The variation in height along the crest,
usually called "variation along the wave".

VELOCITY OF WAVES - The speed at which an individual wave advances.

See WAVE CELERITY.

VISCOSITY - (or internal friction) - That molecular property of a

fluid that enables it to support tangential stresses for a
finite time and thus to resist deformation.

WATERLINE - A juncture of land and sea. This line migrates, changing

with the tide or other fluctuation in the water level. Where
waves are present on the beach, this line is also known as the
limit of backrush. (Approximately the intersection of the land
with the Stillwater level.)

WAVE - A ridge, deformation, or undulation of the surface of a liquid.

WAVE AGE - The ratio of wave speed to wind speed.

WAVE, CAPILLARY - See CAPILLARY WAVE.

WAVE CELERITY - Wave speed.

WAVE CREST - See CREST OF WAVE.

WAVE CREST LENGTH - See CREST LENGTH, WAVE.

WAVE, CYCLOIDAL - See CYCLOIDAL WAVE.

WAVE DECAY - See DECAY OF WAVES.

A -41
WAVE DIRECTION - The direction from which a wave approaches.

WAVE FORECASTING - The theoretical determination of future wave char-

, usually from observed or predicted meteorological
phenomena.

WAVE GENERATION - See GENERATION OF WAVES.

WAVE, GRAVITY - See GRAVITY WAVE.

WAVE GROUP - A series of waves in which the wave direction, wave­

length, and wave height vary only slightly. See also GROUP
VELOCITY.

WAVE HEIGHT - The vertical distance between a crest and the preceding
trough. See also SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT. (See Figure A-3.)

WAVE HEIGHT COEFFICIENT - The ratio of the wave height at a selected

point to the deepwater wave height. The refraction coefficient
multiplied by the shoaling factor.

WAVE HINDCASTING - See HINDCASTING, WAVE.

WAVE, IRROTATIONAL - See IRROTATIONAL WAVE.

WAVELENGTH - The horizontal distance between similar points on two

successive waves measured perpendicular to the crest. (See
Figure A-3.)

WAVE, MONOCHROMATIC - See MONOCHROMATIC WAVE.

WAVE, OSCILLATORY - See OSCILLATORY WAVE.

WAVE PERIOD - The time for a wave crest to traverse a distance equal
to one wavelength. The time for two successive wave crests to
pass a fixed point. See also SIGNIFICANT WAVE PERIOD.

WAVE, PROGRESSIVE - See PROGRESSIVE WAVE.

WAVE PROPAGATION - The transmission of waves through water.

WAVE RAY - See ORTHOGONAL.

WAVE, REFLECTED - That part of an incident wave that is returned sea­

ward when a wave impinges on a steep beach, barrier, or other re­
flecting surface.

WAVE REFRACTION - See REFRACTION OF WATER WAVES.

A-42
WAVE SETUP - See SETUP, WAVE.

WAVE, SINUSOIDAL - An oscillatory wave having the form of a sinusoid.

WAVE, SOLITARY - See SOLITARY WAVE

WAVE SPECTRUM - In ocean wave studies, a graph, table, or mathematical

equation showing the distribution of wave energy as a function of
wave frequency. The spectrum may be based on observations or
theoretical considerations. Several forms of graphical display
are widely used.

WAVE, STANDING - See STANDING WAVE.

WAVE STEEPNESS - The ratio of the wave height to the wavelength.

WAVE TRAIN - A series of waves from the same direction.

WAVE OF TRANSLATION - A wave in which the water particles are permanently

displaced to a significant degree in the direction of wave travel.
Distinguished from an OSCILLATORY WAVE.

WAVE, TROCHOIDAL - See TROCHOIDAL WAVE.

WAVE TROUGH - The lowest part of a wave form between successive crests.
Also that part of a wave below Stillwater level.

WAVE VARIABILITY - See VARIABILITY OF WAVES.

WAVE VELOCITY - The speed at which an individual wave advances.

WAVE, WIND - See WIND WAVES.

WAVES, INTERNAL - See INTERNAL WAVES.

WEIR JETTY - An updrift jetty with a low section or weir over which
littoral drift moves into a predredged deposition basin which is
dredged periodically.

WHARF - A structure built on the shore of a harbor, river, or canal,

so that vessels may lie alongside to receive and discharge cargo
and passengers.

WHITECAP - On the crest of a wave, the white froth caused by wind.

WIND CHOP - See CHOP.

WIND, FOLLOWING - See FOLLOWING WIND.

WIND, OFFSHORE - A wind blowing seaward from the land in a coastal area.

A-43
WIND, ONSHORE - A wind blowing landward from the sea in a coastal area.

WIND, OPPOSING - See OPPOSING WIND.

WIND SETUP - (1) The vertical rise in the Stillwater level on the leeward
side of a body of water caused by wind stresses on the surface of
the water. (2) The difference in Stillwater levels on the windward
and the leeward sides of a body of water caused by wind stresses on
the surface of the water. (3) Synonymous with WIND TIDE and STORM
SURGE. STORM SURGE is usually reserved for use on the ocean and
large bodies of water. WIND SETUP is usually reserved for use on
reservoirs and smaller bodies of water. (See Figure A-ll.)

WIND TIDE - See WIND SETUP, STORM SURGE.

WINDWARD - The direction from which the wind is blowing.

WIND WAVES - (1) Waves being formed and built up by the wind. (2) Loosely,
any wave generated by wind.

A-44
Figure A-l. Beach Profile-Related Terms.

A -45
A-46
 BREAKING
FOAM POINT
y\ s 4
----~>C
3 g 1! |

c t i u h i . . . ______ beach bo tto m

BE A C H IS U S U A L L Y VERY FLAT

SPILLING BREAKER SKETCH SHOWING THE GENERAL CHARACTER

OF SPILLING BREAKERS

PLUNGING BREAKER

SURGING BREAKER

Both photographs and diagrams of the three types of breakers are

presented above. The sketches consist of a series of profiles of the
hrapVni< nnmThS l t a P P Ke a r S b e f o r e b r e a k i n 9 , during breaking and after
breaking. The numbers opposite the profile lines indicate the relative
times of occurences.
( Wiegel, 1953)

Figure A-4. Breaker Types.

A -4 7
 Halfmoon Boy, Colifornio Purisimo Pt., Colifornio

Note the increasing width of the surf zone with increasing degree Refraction of waves around a headland produces low waves and
a narrow surf zone where bending is greatest.
of exposure to the south.
( Wiegel, 1953)

Figure A - 5 . Refraction of Waves.

A- 48
 ( Wiegel, 1953)
Figure A-6. Refraction Diagram.

A - 49
 USNOO SP 35
after Wiegel 1953

Figure A-7. Beach Features.

A - 50
 w »
HEAD '

( Wiegel, 1953)

Figure A-8. Shoreline Features.

A -5I
A -52
Figure A-10. Types of Tides.

A-53
A-54
 APPENDIX B

SYMBOLS
DAM NECK, VIRGINIA - 20 August 1970
 APPENDIX B

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Sym bol D e fin itio n j D im e n sio n E x a m p le U n it

A F ric tio n lo s s p a ra m e te r (e q . 3 -5 4 ) ______ —

•A r e a L2 f t ? , m i?
• C o n s t a n t = 7 5 0 0 (eq. 4 -4 1 ) l 3/ f (y d ? -se c .)/(lb s.-y r .)
• C o n s t a n t = 0 .0 1 6 1 (eq . 3 -2 3 ) — —

• K i n e m a t i c w in d stre ss (e q . 3 -82) (L /T )2 (m i./h r .)2 , ( k n o t s ) 2

• M a jo r e llip se se m ia x is o f w ave p article m ove-
m e n t (eq . 2 -2 2 ) L fe e t

a Wave fo r m am p litu d e L fe e t
•B r e a k i n g w ave d y n a m ic m o m e n t re d u c tio n
fa c to r fo r lo w w all —

• B r e a k e r h eigh t p a ra m e te r (eq. 2 -92) — —

A m p litu d e o f jfh w ave in series L fe e t

ai

B B re a k w a te r gap w id th L fe e t
• M i n o r ellip se se m ia x is o f w ave p article m o v e ­
m en t (e q . 2 -2 3 ) L fe e t
•K i n e m a t i c w in d stre ss (e q . 3-83) (L /T )2 (m i./h r .)2 , ( k n o ts )2
• C o n s t a n t su ch as 0 .3 6 9 2 (eq. 3 -23) — —

• R u b b l e stru c tu re c re st w id th L fe e t
• R u b b l e c re st w id th in fr o n t o f w all L fe e t

b ' E ffe c tiv e b re a k w a te r g ap w id th L fe e t

b S p a c in g b e tw e e n w ave o rth o g o n a ls L fe e t
• B r e a k e r h eigh t p a ra m e te r (eq . 2-93) — —

•W id th o f e n c lo se d b a sin (eq. 3-98) L m ile s

•S t r u c t u r e c re st w id th (e q . 7-9) L fe e t
•H e ig h t o f o v e rto p p e d w all, se a flo o r t o w all
c re st (e q . 7 -7 5 ) L fe e t
• H e ig h t o f ru b b le b a se alo n e (eq. 7 -8 0 ) L fe e t

b' O v e rto p p e d w all h eigh t a b o v e w ave tro u g h L fe e t

bi L e n g th o f sh orelin e c o n sid e re d as lin e so u rc e

fo r litto r a l zo n e se d im e n t L fe e t

b0 O rth o g o n a l sp ac in g, d e e p w ate r L fe e t

bi O rth o g o n a l sp ac in g a t a d iffr a c te d w ave c re st L fe e t

b2 O r th o g o n al sp a c in g of a p ro gressin g w ave
u n d e rg o in g d iffra c tio n at a se c o n d p o in t sh o re ­
w ard L fe e t

B-l
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit

C Wave velocity; phase velocity L/T ft./sec.

• Constant such as 2.2024 (eq. 3-23)
• Coefficient such as 1.165 X 10 3 (eq. 3-97)

Cd Drag Coefficient — —

Group velocity L/T ft./sec.

Cg

Ql Lift coefficient — —

cm Mass or inertia coefficient — —

Deepwater wave velocity L/T ft./sec.

Co
cn Jacobian elliptical cosine function — —

D Total water depth, includes surge L feet

• Depth one wavelength in front of wall
(eq. 7-81) L feet
• Duration of an observation T sec.; hr.
• Decay distance L nautical mile
• Constant such as 0.8798 (eq. 3-23)
• Pile diameter L feet
• Percent damage to rubble structure
(Table 7-8)

a Water depth (bed to SWL) L

L
feet
millimeters
• Grain diameter

Depth of water at breaking wave L feet

4
Equivalent stone diameter (eq. 7-120) L feet
4
Water depth at seaward edge of segment L feet
di

ds Water depth at toe o f structure L feet

dx Average total depth—includes astronomical tide

and surge (Table 3-3) L feet

dx Water depth (MLW) at specified location

(Table 3-3) L feet

4 Depth below SWL of rubble foundation crest

(Figure 7-103) L feet

d i, d2 Depths at specified points (including astronomi­

cal tide and surge) (Table 3-3) L feet

dso Size in millimeters of 5 0 ^ percentile of sedi­

ment sample (dso = Md) L millimeters

E Total energy in one wavelength per unit crest

width LF /L ft.-lbs./ft. crest width
• Crest elevation o f structure above MLW or
other datum plane L feet

B-2
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit
Ê Total average wave energy per unit surface area;
specific energy; energy density LF/L2 ft.-lbs./ft?
(Ê)A Average wave energy per unit water surface area
for several waves LF/L2 ft.-lbs./ft2
Ea Longshore component of wave energy
(eq. 4-39) LF/LT ft.-lbs./ft./day
Ek Kinetic energy in one wavelength per unit crest
width LF/L ft.-lbs./ft. crest width
E(k) Complete elliptic integral of second kind — —

E0 Deepwater wave energy LF/L ft.-lbs./ft. crest width

Ep Potential energy in one wavelength per unit
crest width LF/L ft.-lbs./ft. crest width
F Fetch length L nautical mile
• Total horizontal force acting about mudline
on pile at given instant F pounds
• Nonbreaking, nonovertopping wave force on
wall extending full water depth F/L lbs./ft. of wall
f' (Reduced) Force on overtopped wall which
extends full water depth (eq. 7-74) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
f" (Reduced) Force on wall resting on rubble
foundation (eq. 7-78) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
Fa Adjusted fetch length L nautical mile, feet
Fc Total horizontal force per unit length of wall
from nonbreaking wave crest F/L lbs./ft. of wall
fd Total horizontal drag force on a pile at given
instant F pounds
FDm Maximum value of Fj) for given wave F pounds
Fe Effective fetch length due to limited width L miles
Fe Effective fetch length, unrestricted body of
water L nautical mile
F^ Equivalent effective fetch length (Table 3-3) L nautical mile
Fi Total horizontal inertial force on pile at given
instant F pounds
Fini Maximum value of Fj for given wave F pounds
fl Lift force (lateral force on pile from flow
velocity) F pounds

B-3
 D efinition D im ension Exam ple Unit
Sy m b ol
M axim um lift force fo r given wave F pounds
^L m

Fm Surge correction facto r fo r storm speed, angle

—
to coast (eq. 3-92) —

M axim um to ta l force on pile F pounds

Fm

Minimum fetch length L nautical mile

F m or Fmin

—
D im ensionless fall tim e param eter (eq. 4-20) —
F0

Fs Surge correction facto r fo r shoaling effects

—
(eq. 3-92) —

Ft T otal horizontal force per unit length o f wall

subjected to non-breaking wave trough F /L lb s./ft. o f wall

T o tal force on pile group F pounds

^ T o tal

Coriolis param eter T "1 seco n d s- 1 , h o u rs” 1

f i -l
• Wave frequen cy T -1 seconds
• H orizontal force per unit length o f pile F /L lb ./ft.
—
• D ecim al frequency (eq. 4-41) —
—
• Weight fac to r o f arm or unit (Figure 7-91) —

H orizontal d rag force per unit length o f vertical

fb
pile F /L lb s./ft.

M axim um value o f f p F /L lb s./ft.

iDm

B o ttom friction facto r; Darcy-W eisbach friction

ff —
facto r (eq. 3 -5 4 ; eq. 3-71) —

ffi B o ttom friction facto r at seaw ard edge o f

—
segment —

fi H orizontal inertial force per unit length o f

F /L lb s./ft.
vertical pile

M axim um value o f fi F /L lb s./ft.

^im
M axim um force per unit length o f pile F /L lb s./ft.
fm
G C oefficient (eq. 3-105) — —

Gi F raction al grow th facto r o f equivalent initial

wave — —

G ravitational acceleration L /T 2 ft./se c ?

g

Subscript fo r:
— —
• Group
• Gage — —

• Gross

B-4
 Sym bol D efinition Dimension Exam ple Unit
H Wave Height L feet
• Design wave height—wave height for which
structure is designed; m axim um wave height
causing no damage or damage w ithin speci­
fied lim its L feet
• High pressure area on w eather maps F /L 2 m illibars, inches o f m ercury
H Average wave height; H = 0.886 Hrms L feet
H A rbitrary wave height for probability distribu­
tions L feet
Hb Wave height at breaking (breaker height) L feet
hd Significant wave height, end o f decay distance L feet
He Equivalent wave height at end o f fetch L feet
HF Significant wave height at dow nw ind end o f
fetch L feet
Hf Wave height at end o f fetch L feet
Hg Gage wave height L feet
Hi Incident wave height L feet
Hie Equivalent initial wave height L feet
Hj Height o f wave in series L feet
Hm M aximum stable wave height L feet
H m ax M aximum wave height for specified period o f
tim e L feet
H„ Most probable n ^ highest wave height L feet
Ho Deepw ater significant wave height L feet
Ho Deepw ater wave height equivalent to observed
shallow w ater wave if unaffected by refraction
and friction; H q = H 0K fKR = H /K S (Table 3-3),
or H^ = H0K r = H /K s (eq. 2-77) L feet
Hr Reflected wave height L feet
Hrms R oot m ean square wave height L feet
Hs Significant wave height; H y 3 ; average height o f
highest one-third o f waves for specified tim e
period L feet
H sm M aximum significant wave height L feet
Hs Mean significant wave height (eq. 4-7) L feet

B-5
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit

Hs Arbitrary significant wave height for proba­

bility distributions (eq. 4-6) L feet

Hs min Approximate minimum significant wave height

from a distribution o f significant heights
(eq. 4-6) L feet

Wave height transmitted past obstacle L feet

Ht

Hw Wave height at wall L feet

Significant wave height; Hs L feet

HV3
Hi Average height of highest 1 percent of all waves
for given time period L feet

H10 Average height of highest 10 percent of all

waves for given time period L feet

Range o f tide L feet

h
• Height of retaining wall L feet
• Height of backfill at wall if lower than wall L feet
• Structure height, toe to crest L feet
• Vertical distance from dune base or berm
crest to depth of seaward limit o f significant
longshore transport (Figure 4-44) L feet

h' Broken wave height above ground surface at

structure toe landward o f SWL L feet

Height o f broken wave above SWL L feet

hc
Height o f clapotis orbit center above SWL L feet
ho
Submerged weight of longshore transport F/T lbs./yr.
h
Angle of backfill surface from horizontal — degrees
i
/"S/ Subscript for discrete points in space (eq. 3-79)
i
• Subscript for an incident wave characteristic — —

• Subscript dummy variable for use in sedi­

ment budget analysis

Distance between bottom contours

J
(Figure 2-21) L feet

Dummy variable — —

j
Subscript dummy variable — —

K Pressure response factor at bottom (eq. 2-31)

• Bottom friction coefficient (eq. 3-71)
• Constant such as 6.5882 (eq. 3-23)
• Constant for Rankine vortex model of hurri­
cane wind field (eq. 3-41) T ”1 second” 1
• Coefficient dependent on breaker height-
to-depth ratio and ratio of trough depression
to breaker height (eq. 4-18)

B-6
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit
K' Diffraction coefficient — —

Kd Armor unit stability coefficient (eq. 7-110) ____ ________

•Dimensionless factor for calculation of total
drag force on pile at given phase (eq. 7-28) — —

^Dm Maximum value of Kj) for given wave — —

Kf Wave height reduction factor from friction;

friction factor (Figure 3-48, Table 3-3) — ________

Kf.oi Wave height reduction factor where Kf — 0.01 — —

Kfe Wave height reduction factor where Kf ^0.01 — —

Ki Dimensionless factor for calculation of total

inertial force on pile at given phase (eq. 7-27) — —

Kim Maximum value of Kj for given wave — —

K(k) Complete elliptic integral of the first kind — —

Kr Refraction coefficient — —

Krr Stability coefficient for smooth relatively

rounded graded riprap armor units (eq. 7-111) ____ ____
Ks Shoaling coefficient (eq. 2-44) — —

(Ks)b Shoaling coefficient at breaker position — —

(KJg Shoaling coefficient at gage recorder — —

Ks2 Revised shoaling coefficient after friction

effects over continental shelf (Table 3-3)
k2 Pressure response factor at any depth z
(eq. 2-29) — —

K i ,K 2 Constants of wind-surface friction (eq. 3-73) — ----;----

k Wave number (27T/L) L -1 feet-1
• Runup correction factor for scale effects ____ ________
• Wind-stress coefficient (surface friction
coefficient) (eq. 3-73)
• Modulus of elliptic integrals — —

• Kip: 1,000 pounds F kips

• Proportionality constant between longshore
wave epergy ^ s and submerged weight trans­
port — —

k' Wind correction factor for overtopping rates

(eq. 7-8)
• Constant such as 0.003 (eq. 3-96) — —

B-7
Sy m b ol D efinition D im ension Exam ple Unit

h
Source (or sink) fraction o f gross longshore
—
transport rate (eq. 4-47) —

—
Layer coefficient o f rubble structure —-
kA

L Wavelength L feet
• L ow pressure on w eather m ap F /L 2 m illibars, inches o f m ercury

La Wavelength in given depth according to linear

(Airy) theory; L a m ay differ from L (eq. 7-19) L feet

Wavelength at breaking L feet

Lb

Lc Width o f caisson L feet

Wavelength in w ater depth D (eq. 7-81) L feet

I'D

I'd Wavelength in w ater depth d s (eq. 7-84) L feet

D eepw ater w avelength L feet

Lo

Structure slope length L feet

8

Enclosed basin length (eqs. 2-80 and 3-55) L feet

Cb

8b ' Length o f rectangular basin open at one end

(eqs. 2-84 and 3-57) L feet

£n Distance from reference pile to n f a pile o f pile

group (eq. 7-54) L feet

~SLt Subscript fo r longshore transport to left as

viewed from beach — — -—

M T otal wave m om en t ab o u t m udline on pile

(eq. 7-26) LF ft .-lbs.
• N onbreaking wave m om en t ab ou t toe o f wall
extending full d epth o f w ater L F /L ft.-lb s./ft. o f wall
• Variable o f solitary wave theory, fun ction o f
H /d (eq. 2-67)
• Mean diam eter o f sedim ent sam ple L m illim eters

m ' Moment ab ou t to e o f w all overtopped b y non­

breaking wave (eq. 7-76) L F /L ft.-lb s./ft. o f wall

Ma Moment ab ou t b o tto m (m udline) fo r w all on

L F /L ft.-lb s./ft. o f wall
rubble fou n dation (eq. 7-79)

Mb Moment ab ou t base o f w all on rubble foun da­

tion (eq. 7-80) L F /L ft.-lb s./ft. o f wall

Mc T otal m om ent ab ou t toe o f wall per unit length

from nonbreaking wave crest L F /L ft.-lb s./ft. o f wall

B-8
Sym bol D e fin itio n D im e n sio n E x a m p le U n it

Md T o ta l d ra g m o m e n t a c tin g o n pile a b o u t m u d ­
line (e q . 7 -3 0 ) LF ft.-lb s.

M om M a x im u m valu e o f Mj> LF ft.-lb s.

Md M edian d ia m e te r o f se d im e n t sam p le L m illim e te rs

M d0 M e dian d ia m e te r o f se d im e n t sa m p le in p h i
u n its L phi

Mi T o ta l in e rtia l m o m e n t ac tin g o n p ile a b o u t

m u d lin e (e q . 7 -2 9 ) LF ft.-lb s.

Mim M a x im u m v alu e o f M j fo r given w ave LF ft.-lb s.

Mm M a x im u m t o t a l m o m e n t on p ile a b o u t m u d lin e
(e q . 7 -4 1 ) LF ft.-lb s.
• M a x im u m o v ertu rn in g m o m e n t a b o u t to e o f
w all fr o m d y n am ic c o m p o n e n t o f w ave p re s­
su re (b re a k in g o r b ro k e n w aves) (e q . 7 -8 3 ) L F /L ft.- lb s ./ft. o f w all

Mm R e d u c e d m a x im u m m o m e n t ag a in st w all fro m
b re a k in g w ave o f heigh t g re ate r th an w all
(e q . 7 -8 8 ) L F /L ft.- lb s ./ft. o f w all

Ms H y d r o sta tic m o m e n t ag ain st w all fro m b re a k in g

or b ro k e n w aves L F /L ft.- lb s ./ft. o f w all

Mi T o ta l m o m e n t a b o u t to e o f w all p e r u n it len gth

fr o m n o n b re a k in g w ave tro u gh (S e c tio n 7 .3 2 3 ) L F /L ft.- lb s ./ft. o f w all
• T o t a l m o m e n t a b o u t to e o f w all p e r u n it
le n g th fro m b re a k in g or b ro k e n w ave c re st
(e q . 7 -8 6 ) L F /L ft.- lb s ./ft. o f w all

MT o tal T o ta l m o m e n t on pile g ro u p a b o u t m u d lin e

(e q . 7 -5 7 ) LF ft.-lb s.

M xx M o m e n tu m tra n sp o rt q u a n tity p e r u n it w idth

(e q . 3 -6 4 ) l 2/ t 2 ft? /se c ?

Mxy M o m e n tu m tra n sp o rt q u a n tity p e r u n it w idth

(e q . 3 -6 4 ) l 2/ t 2 ft? /se c ?

M yy M o m e n tu m tra n sp o rt q u a n tity p e r u n it w idth

(e q . 3 -6 4 ) l 2/ t 2 ft? /se c ?

M^ M ean d ia m e te r o f sed im en t sam p le in p h i u n its L phi

B-9
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit

M$b Mean diameter (phi units) o f borrow material

(eq. 5-3) L phi

M$n Mean diameter (phi units) of native (beach)

material (eq. 5-3) L phi

—
Mi Coefficient determined by equation 4-15 —

m Position of wave in front of wave generator

(Section 2.238) L wave lengths
• Beach slope L/L ft.(rise)/ft.(run)

N Correction factor in determination of T] (eta)

from subsurface pressure (eq. 2-32) _____
• Variable in solitary wave theory (eq. 2-67) — —

—
• A total number of items —

Nr Required number o f individual armor units

—
(eq. 7-114) —

Ns Design stability number for rubble foundations

—
and toe protection (eq. 7-115) —

n Number of layers of armor units in rubble

structure protective cover — —

• Number o f armor units across rubble struc­

ture crest __ _____
• Ratio of group velocity to individual wave
velocity — —

• Number o f seiche nodes along closed rectan­

—
gular basin axis
• Degrees latitude (isobar spacing-not loca­
tion) — degrees
—
• Dimensionless value 1 + (Ts/Tb); (eq. 3-96) —

—
• A number —
—
• Dummy variable —

t Number of seiche nodes along rectangular basin

n
—
open at one end excluding node at opening —

n Subscript referencing a particular pile in a pile

group — —

• Subscript for net longshore transport rate — ------ -

• Subscripted dummy variable — —

Superscript for discrete points in time

(eq. 3-79) — ■ —

*o Deepwater ratio of group velocity to individual

wave velocity — —

Subscript for deepwater condition — —

B-IO
Sym bol D efinition D im ension E xam p le U nit

P Average porosity o f rubble structure cover layer

(eq. 7-114) percent (%)
• Precipitation rate (eq. 3-64) L /T in./hr.
• Probability (eq. 3-7) — —

P Wave pow er; average energy flu x tran sm itted

across a plane perpendicular to wave advance L F /T /L ft.-lb s./sec./ft. wave crest

Pa Active earth force F /L lb s./ft. o f w all

PS Longshore com pon en t o f wave energy flu x

(eq. 4-27) L F /T /L ft.-lb s./sec./ft. o f beach

Pgs S u rf zone ap p roxim ation o f Pg (eq. 4-28) L F /T /L ft.-lb s./sec./ft. o f beach

Po D eepw ater P L F /T /L ft.-lb s./sec./ft. wave crest

PP Passive earth force F /L lb s./ft. o f wall

P Gage pressure; pressure at any distance below

flu id surface relative to surface F /L 2 lb s./ft?
• A tm ospheric pressure at point located dis­
tance r from (hurricane) storm center
(eq. 3-41) F /L 2 inches o f m ercury ; m illibars

P' T o tal or ab solute subsurface pressure: includes

d y n a m ic , static and atm ospheric pressures
(eq. 2-26) F /L 2 lb s./ft?

A tm ospheric pressure (eq. 2-26) F /L 2 lb s./ft?

pm M axim um dynam ic pressure by breaking and

broken waves on vertical wall (eq. 7-81) F /L 2 lb s./ft?

Pn Pressure at ou tsk irts or periphery o f storm F /L 2 inches o f m ercury

• N orm al sea level atm ospheric pressure
= 2 9 .9 2 inches Hg (eq. 3-48) F /L 2 inches o f m ercury

Central pressure o f storm ; CPI F /L 2 inches o f m ercury

Po

Ps
M axim um broken wave hydrostatic pressure
against wall (eq. 7-94) F /L 2 lb s./ft?

Pi N onbreaking wave pressure difference from

Stillwater hyd rostatic pressure as clapotis crest
(trough) passes (eq. 7-73) F /L 2 lb s./ft?

~p Subscript fo r probability o f exceedance — —

Q O vertopping rate l 3/ t / l ft? /s e c ./ft . o f wall

• V olum etric flow rate for setup in long,
closed basin l 3/t mi.3 /hr.
• R ate at which littoral d rift is m oved parallel
to shoreline; longshore transport rate l 3 /t yd.3 /yr.

B-l I
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit
Q Average overtopping rate for irregular waves
(spectra) l 3/ t / l ft?/sec./ft. of wall
Overtopping rate corrected for wind effects l 3/ t / l ft?/sec./ft. of wall
Qc
Gross longshore transport rate l 3/ t yd.3/yr.
Qg
Point source for littoral zone sediment budget l 3/ t yd?/yr.
Qt
Point sink for littoral zone sediment budget l 3/ t yd.3/yr.
Qr
Q *+
Line source total contribution to littoral zone
sediment budget l 3/ t yd?/yr.
Line sink total deduction from littoral zone
Q*~
sediment budget l 3/ t yd?/yr.
Longshore transport rate (Qg = Q) l 3/ t yd?/yr.
Qc
Qn Net longshore transport rate l 3/ t yd.3/yr.

q:
Empirically determined overtopping coefficient
(eq. 7-9) — —

qi Line source per unit length in littoral zone sedi­

ment budget l 3/ t / l yd.3/yr./ft. of beach

qr Line sink per unit length in littoral zone sedi­

ment budget l 3/ t / l yd?/yr./ft. of beach
R Wave runup L feet
• Dynamic component of breaking or broken
wave force per unit length of wall if wall is
perpendicular to direction of wave advance
(eq. 7-108) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
• Resultant force F pounds
• R adial distance from storm (hurricane)
center to region of maximum winds (or to
region of maximum waves) (eq. 3-40);
(Figure 3-38) L nautical miles
• Distance along bottom contours, as used in
refraction problems (R/J method)
(Section 2.323) L feet
r' Reduced dynamic component of force per unit
wall length from a breaking or broken wave
striking structure at oblique angle (eq. 7-108) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
r" Reduced horizontal dynamic component of
force per unit wall length from a breaking or
broken wave striking nonvertical structure face
(eq. 7-109) F/L lbs./ft. of wall

Ra Ratio of artificial beach nourishment: ratio of

volume required for placement to volume
retained on beach after equilibrium (Fig. 5-3) ________ —

B-12
 Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit
Rg Ratio of artificial beach nourishment (eq. 5-4) — ____

% Periodic nourishment to ratio (eq. 5-3) — ____

RP Wave runup of*wave with probability of exceed­
ance, P L feet
Re Reynolds Number — —

Maximum dynamic component of breaking or

broken wave on wall (eq. 7-82) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
Rm Reduced maximum dynamic component on
wall of height lower than wave crest (eq. 7-87) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
Rn Component of R normal to actual wall
(Figure 7-86) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
Rs Hydrostatic component of breaking or broken
wave on wall (eq. 7-85) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
• Wave runup of significant wave L feet
Rt Total breaking or broken wave force on wall
per unit wall length (includes dynamic and
hydrostatic components (eq. 7-85) F/L lbs./ft. of wall
r Total rubble layer thickness L feet
• R adial distance from storm (hurricane)
center to any specified point in storm system L nautical miles
• Roughness and porosity correction factor — —

Subscript for reflected wave characteristic — —

rA Armor layer thickness (rubble structure) L feet

rf Reduction factor for force on wall of height
lower than clapotis crest (eq. 7-74)
rm Reduction factor for m o m en t on wall of height
lower than clapotis crest (eq. 7-76)
• Reduction factor for maximum dynam ic
com ponent of force when breaking wave
height is higher than wall height (eq. 7-87)
~ rt Subscript for longshore transport to right as
viewed from beach _ ____

^1 Thickness of first underlayer (rubble structure) L feet

S Channel opening cross-sectional area
(eq. 7-116) L2 feet2
• Surge; height, resulting from storm surge, of
free surface above or below the undisturbed
water level datum (eq. 3-64); also called wind
setup L feet

B-13
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit

AS Wave setup between breaker zone and shore

(eq. 3-60) L feet
•Wind setup: Difference in water levels at
windward and leeward sides o f a body of
water caused by wind stresses on water
surface (eq. 3-96) L feet

Astronomical tide component o f total storm

SA feet
surge L

Setdown at breaking zone (eq. 3-59) L feet

Sb
Dimensionless moment arm o f total drag force
Sd
on pile at given phase angle (eq. 7-34) — —

Maximum value of Sp — —

SDm

Initial setup L feet

Se

Si Peak surge generated by idealized hurricane

moving perpendicular to shoreline at 15 mph.
L feet
(eq. 3-92)

Si Dimensionless moment arm of total inertial

force on pile at given wave phase angle
— —
(eq. 7-33)

Maximum value of Si — —
Sim

Surge component from water level rise due to

Sl
local conditions (eq. 3-87) L feet

Observed peak surge (Figure 3-69) L feet

So

Predicted peak storm surge L feet

sp
Component of surge from atmospheric pressure
SAp
setup L feet

Sr Specific gravity of armor unit (wr / ww) —

SSMO Summary of Synoptic Meteorological Observa­

tions

St Total setup (surge); total water level rise at

coast from storm and other causes (eq. 3-87) L feet

Net wave setup at shore (eq. 3-60) L feet

Sw

Storm surge component from wind stress per­

Sx
pendicular to coast (eq. 3-76) L feet

B-14
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit
Sy Storm surge component from wind stress paral­
lel to coast (eq. 3-77) L feet
Subscript for significant wave _______ _______________

• Subscript for depth related to structure — —

T Wave period T seconds

• Astronomic tidal period T hours
• Temperature — Centigrade or Fahrenheit degi
Td Decayed wave period T seconds
Tf Significant wave period at downwind end of
fetch T seconds
T„ Natural, free oscillating period of seiche in
closed basin with n nodes (eq. 3-55) T hours
T#
An'9 Free oscillation period in basin open at one end
with n' nodes (excluding node at opening)
(eq. 3-57) T hours
T0 Deepwater wave period T seconds
Tf
Ao Deepwater wave period corresponding to H q
used in hurricane wave prediction T seconds
Ts Significant wave period T seconds
T'o Period of fundamental mode of seiche in rec­
tangular basin open at one end T hours
Ti Fundamental and maximum period of seiches
in closed basin T hours
t Time T seconds, hours
•E stim ated wind duration over a fetch
(Figure 3-15) T hours
Travel time of wave group from end of fetch to
a particular location; time or duration of decay T hours
Minimum wind duration over a given fetch for
production of a given wave T hours
U Wind speed L/T knots, mi./hr.
• x-component (perpendicular to shore) of
volume transport per unit width l 3/ t mi.3/hr./mi. width

Ug Geostrophic wind speed (eq. 3-19) L/T knots, mi./hr.

Ugr Gradient wind speed (eq. 3-42) L/T knots, mi./hr.

B - 15
Sym bol D efinition D imension Exam ple U nit
Umax M axim um gradient w ind speed (eq. 3-46) L /T knots, m i./hr.

Ur M axim um sustained gradient w ind speed

(eq. 3-46) L /T knots, m i./hr.
• Ur sell param eter (eq. 2-45)

UsM Convection term to be added vectorially to

w ind velocity at each location r to correct for
storm m otion (eq. 2-13) L /T knots, m i./hr.

U (z) Mass transport velocity at depth z for a w ater

particle subject to wave m otion; m ean drift
velocity (eq. 2-55) L/T ft./sec.

U H orizontal (x) com ponent of local fluid

velocity (w ater particle velocity); current
velocity (eq. 2-13) L /T ft./sec.

Particle velocity under a breaking wave L /T ft./sec.

ub
M axim um horizontal w ater particle velocity L/T ft./sec.
u max

u max M axim um horizontal w ater particle velocity

averaged over depth L/T ft./sec.

V V elocity L/T knots, m i./hr., ft./sec.

•M axim um velocity o f tidal currents in m id­
channel (eq. 7-116) L /T ft./sec.
•V olum e transport parallel to shore
(y-com ponent) (eq. 3-64) l 3/ l t m i?/hr./m i. w idth
• A volum e (eq. 2-65) l 3/ l ft?/ft. crest w idth

Volum e o f core (rubble structure) l 3/ l ft?/ft.

vc
Storm center velocity L/T m i./hr., knots
Vf
Fall velocity o f particles in w ater colum n L /T ft./sec.
Vf

Vi V olum e o f first underlayer (rubble structure) l 3/ l ft?/ft.

V
H orizontal (y) com ponent o f local fluid veloc­
ity (w ater particle velocity); current velocity
(Section 3.865a) L /T ft./sec.
•L ongshore current velocity L/T ft./sec.
/ V elocity o f broken wave w ater mass at struc­
ft./sec.
V

ture located landw ard o f SWL (eq. 7-99) L /T

Longshore current velocity at breaker position L /T ft./sec.

Vb

B—16
Sym bol D e fin itio n D im e n sio n E x a m p le U n it
W W eight o f in d iv id u a l arm o r u n it in p rim ary
co v er la y e r; w eigh t o f in d iv id u a l u n its, an y
la y e r F pounds
• F e t c h w idth o f ch an n el or o th e r re stric te d
b o d y o f w ater (S e c tio n 3 .4 3 2 ) L n a u tic a l m ile s, m ile s
•W i n d S p e e d (e q . 3 -7 2 ) L /T k n o ts, m i./h r.
•M a x im u m su sta in e d ' w in d sp e e d (S e c tio n
3 .8 6 5 b (l)) L /T k n o ts, m i./h r.
•P a r a m e t e r u se d in p ile fo r c e an d m o m e n t
c a lc u la tio n s (e q . 7 -3 9 )
•L e n g th o f v e rtic al w all a ffe c t e d b y u n it
w idth o f w ave c re st (W = 1 /sin a ) L fe e t

Wc C ritic al w in d sp e e d (e q . 3 -7 2 ) L /T k n o ts, m i./h r.

Wf W ind sp e e d c o e ffic ie n t (e q . 7 -1 1 ) — —

Wx x -c o m p o n e n t o f w in d s p e e d (e q . 3 -6 4 ) L /T k n o ts, m i./h r.

wy y -c o m p o n e n t o f w in d sp e e d (e q . 3 -6 5 ) L /T k n o ts, m i./h r.

W 50 W eight o f 50 p e rc e n t size o f arm o r rip ra p

g ra d a tio n (eq. 7 -1 1 1 ) F pounds

W U n it w eight F /L 3 lb s./ft.3
• V e rtic a l (z) c o m p o n e n t o f lo c a l flu id v e lo c ity
or c u rren t v e lo c ity (eq. 2 -1 4 ) L /T ft./s e c .

wr U n it w eigh t o f a rm o r (ro c k ) u n it (sa tu ra te d

su rfa c e d ry ) (e q . 7 -1 1 5 ) F /L 3 lb s./ft.3

Ww U n it w eigh t o f w ater F /L 3 l b s ./ f t ?

X D istan c e (T ab le 3-3) L n a u tic a l m ile s

Xi D istan c e fa c to r fo r e ffe c tiv e fe tc h c o m p u ta tio n

(lim ite d b o d ie s o f w a te r) (F ig u re 3 -1 4 ) L m iles

A X (z ) N e t h o riz o n ta l d isp la c e m e n t b y w a te r p a rtic le z

fe e t b e lo w su rfa c e d u rin g o n e w ave p e rio d
(eq . 2 -5 5 ); (S e c tio n 2 .2 5 6 ) L fe e t

X C o o rd in a te a x is in d ire c tio n o f w ave p ro p a g a ­

tio n relative to w ave c re st
• C o o rd in a te a x is a lo n g b a sin m a jo r a x is ______ _____________

• C o o rd in a te a x is p e rp e n d ic u la r to a n d p o sitiv e
to w a rd sh ore
• A d ista n c e (eq. 2 -1 0 ); (e q . 7 -5 5 ) L fe e t

~ X S u b sc rip t fo r x -c o o rd in a te ______ _____________

B -17
 D efinition D im ension E xam p le U nit
Sym bol

L ocation in pile group o f n *h pile relative to

xn
wave crest (eq. 7-54) L feet

xo L ocation in pile group o f reference pile at wave

L feet
crest (eq. 7-57)

Plunging breaker travel distance (eq. 7-3) L feet

Xp

xr L ocation in pile group o f reference pile relative

to wave crest (eq. 7-57) L feet

D istance from SWL to structure shorew ard o f

X1
SW L (eq. 7-100) L feet

D istance from SW L to lim it o f wave uprush

x2 feet
(eq. 7-100) L

v7 C oordinate axis: h o riz o n ta l, parallel to shore,

—
positive to left when facing shore — :
— —
• C oordinate axis: ve rtic al, origin at seabed
• Isbash constant (eq. 7-118) —

V ertical distance from seabed to wave crest

Yc feet
(eq. 2-60) L

V ertical distance from seab ed to w ater surface

Ys L feet
(eq. 2-59a)

V ertical distance from seab ed to wave trough

Yt L feet
(eq. 2-60)

T im e between successive w eather charts T hours

Z
•G re e n w ic h m ean time T hours

z C oordinate axis: vertical, origin at SW L, p osi­

tive upw ards — --- -—

Subscript z refers to z-axis — —

~z

a Angle betw een axis o f structure and direction

(A lpha) o f wave advance (eq. 7-108) degrees
• A n g l e betw een wave crest and b o tto m
contour — degrees
• Angle betw een wave crest an d shore
(eq. 2-78a) — degrees
• Angle from wind direction used in determ i­
nation o f effective fetch (Figure 3-14)
— degrees
• U pper lim it o f observed d^/Hfe (Figure 7-2)
• Em pirically determ ined overtopping co effi­
cient (eqs. 7-6 and 7-17) —
• H urricane m ovem ent coefficien t (eq. 3-44) —
• C on stant for wave spectrum prediction — —

(eq. 3-20)
—
• F a c t o r for reducing fetch length —

B —18
 Sym bol D efinition D im ension Exam ple U nit
Ob Angle betw een breaking wave crest and shore­
line — degrees

@70. Coefficient in determ ination o f m axim um to tal

m om ent on pile (eq. 7-41) _

On Angle, relative to reference pile, th a t n*h pile o f

pile group makes w ith direction o f wave travel
(eq. 7-54)
degrees

Oo Angle betw een deepw ater wave crest and shore­

line (eq. 2-7 8a) — degrees

Or F actor for increasing fetch length — —-------

&X. Local fluid particle acceleration in x-direction

(eq. 2-15) L /T 2 ft./sec?

Oz Local fluid particle acceleration in z-direction

(eq. 2-16) L /T 2 ft./sec?

00 Skewness o f sedim ent sample using phi size

measures (eq. 4-5)

0 Angle o f beach slope w ith horizontal

(Beta) (tan j3 = slope) (eq. 2-87) degrees
• C onstant for wave spectrum prediction
(eq. 3-20)
• Lower lim it o f observed dfe/Hfe (Figure 7-2);
(eq. 4-15)
• Em pirically determ ined overtopping, coeffi­
cient (eq. 7-17) — —

r H orizontal mixing coefficient in su rf zone, per­

(Gamma) pendicular to shoreline (eq. 4-15) ___

y Ratio betw een left and right longshore trans­

p o rt rates (eq. 4-23)
A -------- -
Change; algebraic difference
(Delta)

s Wall friction angle (eq. 7-121) degrees

e Characteristic length describing pile roughness
(Epsilon) elements (Section 7.311) L in., ft.

? Vertical particle displacem ent caused by wave

(Zeta) passage (eq. 2-18) L feet
•A stro n o m ic a l tide potential in head o f w ater
(eq. 3-64) L feet

V Displacem ent o f w ater surface w ith respect to

(Eta) SWL by passage o f wave (eq. 2-10) L feet

B —19
 D efinition D im ension E xam ple U nit
Sym b ol

Envelope wave form o f 2 or m ore su perim posed

^(en velope)
wave trains (eq. 2-34) L feet

Water surface displacem ent by incident wave

(Section 2 .5 2 ) L feet

Wave crest elevation above SW L

Vc
(Section 7 .3 1 3 ) L feet

Water surface displacem ent by reflected wave

% L feet
(Section 2 .5 2 )

n { t)
D eparture o f w ater surface from its average
p osition as a function o f tim e (eq. 3-11) L feet

radians
e Wave phase angle (Section 2 .2 3 4 ) —

(T h e ta ) •A n g le o f wind m easured counterclockw ise

from x-axis at shore (Section 3 .8 6 5 a );
degrees
(eq. 3-70)
•A n g le betw een wind and enclosed basin fetch
axis (eq. 3-96) — degrees
•A n g le o f structure face relative to h orizontal
(eq. 7-109)
— degrees
•A n g le o f backslope o f retaining wall
(eq. 7-1.2 1 )
— degrees
•A n g le o f structure slope in direction o f flow
(eq. 7-119) — degrees

Angle betw een x-axis and direction o f prop aga­

tion o f wave or wave train (eq. 3-17) — degrees

—
C oefficien t o f friction (soil) (Table 7-15) —
M
(Mu)
K inem atic viscosity (Section 7 .3 1 1 ) l 2/ t ft.2/sec.
V
(Nu)
A tm ospheric pressure deficit in head o f w ater
1
(eq. 3-64) L feet
(X i)
•H o riz o n ta l particle displacem ent from wave
passage (eq. 2-17) L feet

IT C on stant = 3 .1 4 1 5 9 —
(Pi)
Mass density (p = w/g) ft 2/ l 4 lb s.-sec?/ft4 (slu g s/ft? )
P
(R ho)
Mass density o f air ft 2/ l 4 lbs.-sec?/ft4 (slu g s/ft? )
P>

Mass density o f fresh w ater (1 .9 4 slu g s/ft?) ft 2/ l 4 lb s.-sec?/ft4 (slu g s/ft? )

P iw

M ass density o f sedim ent ft 2/ l 4 lb s.-sec?/ft?,(slu gs/ft ? )

Ps

B-20
 Sym bol D efinition Dimension Exam ple U nit
Pw Mass density o f w ater (salt w ater = 2.0
slugs/ft.3 ; fresh w ater = 1.94 slugs/ft.3) f t 2/ l 4 lb.-sec?/ft?, (slugs/ft.3)
a Standard deviation — appropriate units
(Sigma)
<70 Sedim ent size standard deviation (phi units) L phi
O-0b Standard deviation o f artificial beach nourish­
m ent borrow m aterial in phi units (eq. 5-3) —
phi
<tyn Standard deviation o f native beach m aterial in
phi units (eq. 5-3) —
phi
Tb B ottom shear stress (eq. 3-93) F /L 2 lbs./ft?
(Tau)
TP Dimensionless breaker plunge distance: ratio o f
breaker travel distance to breaker height — ________

n Surface shear stress from w ind (eq. 3-93) F /L 2 lbs./ft?

0(Phi) V elocity potential l 2/ t ft?/sec.
• Angle betw een wave direction and plane
across which energy is being transm itted
(Section 2.238) degrees
• Angle o f incident wave to gap in breakw ater ___ degrees
• L atitude o f location ___ degrees
• Grain size units [0 = - l o g 2d(m m )] L phi
• Internal angle o f friction o f earth fill or other
m aterial — degrees
0j Phase o f wave at tim e t = 0 (eq. 3-11) — degrees
0m Coefficient for calculation o f m axim um total
force on piles (eq. 7-40) — ________

0x Particle size in phi units o f the percentile in

sedim ent sample L phi
X Wave reflection coefficient (Section 2.51);
(Chi) (eq. 2-85) — ________

X, Wave reflection factor dependent on roughness

and perm eability of beach, independent o f
slope (eq. 2-85)

*2 Wave reflection factor dependent on beach

slope and wave steepness (eq. 2-85) ___

0 Angle betw een storm m ovem ent (not w ind)

(Psi) direction and coast, m easured clockwise from
right coast as one looks landw ard (Figure 3-60) ___ degrees

B- 21
Symbol Definition Dimension Example Unit
60 Wave angular frequency (eq. 2-3) (eq. 3-20) T “1 rad./sec.
(Omega) • Earth angular frequency (Section 3.4);
(eq. 3-19) T -l rad./sec., rad./hr.

Wj Frequency of wave at time t = 0 (eq. 3-11) T "1 rad./sec.

<A> Coefficient for equilibrium wave spectrum

calculation (eq. 3-20) T "1 second”1

B-22
 APPENDIX C

MISCELLANEOUS
TABLES

AND PLATES
CAPE FLORIDA STATE PARK, FLORIDA - 28 July 1970
 APPENDIX C

MISCELLANEOUS TABLES AND PLATES

LIST OF PLATES
Plate
Page
C-l Illustration of various functions of d/L0 . .
C-2 Relationship Between Wave Period, Length and Depth. . • • C-31
C-3 Relationship Between Wave Period, Length and Depth. . . • • C-32
C-4 Relationship Between Wave Period, Velocity and Depth. . • • C-33
C-5 Relationship Between Wave Energy, Wave Length and
Wave Height ...............

C-6 Change in Wave Direction and Height Due to Refraction

on Slopes with Straight, Parallel Depth Contours In­
cluding Shoaling...................

LIST OF TABLES
Table

C-l Functions of d/L for even increments of d/LQ . . .

C-2 Functions of d/L For Even Increments of d/L . . . . . C-17
C-3 Deepwater Wave Length (La ) and Velocity (C0) as a
Function of Wave Period ...........

C-4 Values Used for Plotting Orthogonals. . .

C-5 Conversion Factors-British to Metric Units of
Measurement ...............

C-6 Determination of Wind Speed by Sea Conditions . .

C-7 Conversion Chart for Phi Values to Diameters in
Millimeters ...............

C-8 Values of Cot 0 and Slope Angle for Various Slopes. . .

C-l
, TANH (

0.0001 0.0002 0.0004

after Wiegel, R .L ., “ Oscillatory Waves,” U.S. Army, Beach Erosion Board,

Bulletin, Special Issue No. 1, July 1948.

Plate C - l . Illustration of Various Functions of —

C-2
 GUIDE FOR USE OF TABLES C-l AND C-2

Îlength
a**° ° m
f *5®
deepdepth ° f Wat6r at any sPe c i f i c lo c a tio n to th e wave
w ater.
nd I i- l

le
le n
n ga th
ih 0^
a t ^th a ?epth
t same ° lo c a tio n .at my sPe c i f i c lo c a tio n to th e wave
f Water

_H
K 2 S f th ! WaVe h! ig h t in Shall0w w a ter t0 " h a t i t s wave h e ig h t
would have been xn deep w ater i f u n a ffe c te d by r e f r a c t i o n .

_H
= K. (shoaling coefficient)
h! n

K = a p re s s u re resp o n se f a c to r used in co n n ectio n w ith un d erw ater

p re s s u re in s tru m e n ts , where

K = î f = 2L = cosh [2w<ì/ l (l + 7d)1 or

cosh l^71"(d zyJ
H Po cosh (2nd/L) cosh P ^ / l )

where P i s th e p re s s u re f lu c tu a tio n a t a d epth z measured

n e g a tiv e ly below S t i l l w a t e r , PQ i s th e s u rfa c e p re s s u re f l u c t u a ­
t i o n , d i s th e d epth o f w a te r from S t i l l w a t e r le v e l to th e ocean
bottom , L i s th e w avelength in any p a r t i c u l a r d ep th o f w a te r,
and H i s th e c o rre sp o n d in g v a r ia tio n o f head a t a depth z . The
S Uw ? £ K . show? in th e ta b le s a re f o r th e in s tru m e n t p la c e d on
tn e bottom u s in g th e e q u a tio n when z = - d.

K = values tabulated in column 8

cosh P ^ / l )

n th e f r a c tio n o f wave energy th a t tr a v e l s forw ard w ith th e wave

v e lo c ity * 6c ’ Wlth ^ Waye v e l o c i t y c r a t h e r th an th e group

n 4ird/h
sinh C

C-3
Guide fo r Use o f Tables C-l and C-2 — Continued
n is also the ra tio of group velocity to wave velocity C.

— = r a tio of group velocity to deepwater wave velocity where

-G C , Î2 irà
— X — = n tanh I--- ~
"o
C~
C.o VL

M = an energy co efficien t defined as

»2

2 tanh2 {2ir^ll)

C-4
 Table C—1. Functions of d/L for Even Increments of d/Lo> (from 0.0001 to 1.000)
*
d/L0 d/L 21fd/L TAHH SINH C0SH H/8' K l*fTd/L
SINH C0SH n C jC M
21Td/L 2ffd/L 2tTd/L ° liJTd/L Uird/L * •
0 0 0 0 0 1 0c 1 0 0 1 oc
1 0
.0001000 .003990 .02507 .02506 .02507 1.0003 l*.i*67 .9997 .05011, .05016 1.001 .9998 .02506
.0002000 .00561*3 .0351*6 .0351*1, 7,855
.0351*7 1.0006 3.757 .9991, .07091 .07097 1.003 .9996 .0351*3 3,928
.0003000 .006912 .01*31*3 .01*31*0 .0lt3U» 1.0009 3.395 .9991 .08686 .08697 1.001* .9991* .01*336
.0001*000 .007982 .05015 .05011 2,620
.05018 1.0013 3.160 .9987 .1003 .1005 1.00S .9992 .05007 1,965
.0005000 .008925 .05608 .05602 .05611 1.0016 2.989 .9981* .1122 .1121* 1.006
.0006000 .009778 .0611*1* .06136 .9990 .05596 1,572
.0611*8 1.0019 2.856 .9981 .1229 .1232 1.008 .9988 .06128
.0007000 .01056 .06637 .06627 .0661*2 1.0022 1,311
2.71*9 .9978 .1327 .1331 1.009 .9985 .06617 1,121*
.0008000 .01129 .07096 .07081, .07102 1.0025 2.659 .9975 .11*19 .11*21* 1.010
.0009000 .01198 .07527 .07513 .9903 .07072 933.5
.07531* 1.0028 2.582 .9972 .1505 .1511 1.011 .9981 .071*99 871*.3
.001000 .01263 .07935 .07918 .0791*3 1.0032 2.515 .9969 .1587 .1591, 1.013 .9979 .07902 787.0
.001100
.001200
.01325
. 01381*
.08323 .08301* .08333
.08691* .08672 .08705
1.0035
1.0038
2.1*56 .9966 .1665 .1672 . ,
1 011 .9977 .08285 715.6
2.1*01, .9962 .1739 .171*8 1.015 .9975 .08651 656.1
.001300 .011*1*0 .09050 .09026 .09063 1.001*1 2.357 .9959 .1810 .1820 1.016
.0011*00 .011*95 .9973 .09001 605.8
.09393 .09365 .091*07 1.001,1, 2.311* .9956 .1879 .1890 1.018 .9971 562.6
.09338
.001500 .0151*8 .09723 .09693 .09739 1.001,7 2.275 .9953 .191*5 1.019
.1957 .9969 .09663 525
.001600 .01598 .1001, .1001 .1006 1.0051 2.239 .991*9 . 2009 .2022 1.020
.001700 . 0161*8 .1032 .9967 .09977 1*93
.1035 .1037 1.0051* 2.205 .991*6 . 2071 .2086 1.022 .9965 .1028
.001800 .01696 .1066 .1062 .1068 1*63
1.0057 2.171* .991*3 .2131 .211*7 1.023 .9962 .1058 1*38
.001900 .0171*3 .1095 .1091 ,.1097 1.0060 2.11*5 .991*0 .2190 .2207 1.021* .9960 .1087 1*15
.002000 .01788 .1123 .1119 .1125 1.0063 2.119 .9937 .221*7 .2266
.002100 .01832 1.025 .9958 .1111* 391*
.1151 .111*6 .1151» 1.0066 2.091* .9931* .2303 .2323 1.027
.002200 .01876 .1178 .9956 .111*1 376
.1173 .1181 1.0069 2.070 .9931 .2357 .2379 1.028 .9951* .1161
.002300 .01918 .1205 •1199 .1208 359
1.0073 2.01*7 .9928 .21*10 .21*33 1.029
. 0021*00 .01959 .1231 .1225 .1231* 1.0076 2.025 .9925 . 21*62 .21*87 1.031
.9952 .1193
.9950 .1219
31*3
329
.002500 .02000 .1257 .1250 .1260 1.0079 2.005 .9922 .2513 .251,0 1.032 •99U8 .121*3 316
.002600 .0201*0 .1282 .1275 .1285 1.0082 1.986 .9919 .2563
.002700 .02079 .2592 1.033 .991*6 .1268 301*
.1306 .1299 .1310 1.00B5 1.967 .9916 .2612 .261*2
.002800 .02117 .1330 1.031» .991*1* .1292 292
.1323 .1331* I.OO89 1.950 .9912 .2661 .2692 1.036 .991*2 282
.002900 .02155 .1351* .131*6 .1358 1.0092 .1315
1.933 .9909 .2708 .271*1 1.037 .9939 .1338 272
.003000 .02192 .1377 .1369 .1382 1.0095 1.917 .9906 .2755 .2790
.003100 .02228 1.038 .9937 .1360 263
.11*00 .1391 .11*05 1.0098 1.902 .9903 .2800 .2837 1.01*0
.003200 .02261* .9935 .1382 255
.11*23 .11*13 .11*27 1.0101 1.887 .9900 . 281,5 .2881* 1.01,1 .9933 .11*02,
.003300 .02300 .11*1*5 .11*35 21*7
.110*9 1.0101* 1.873 .9897 .2890 .2930 1.01*2 .9931 21*0
.0031*00 .02335 .11*67 .11*56 .11*72 1.0108 .11*25
1.860 •9893 .2931* .2976 1.01*3 .9929 .11*1*6 233
.003500 .02369 .11,88 .11*77 .11*91, 1.0111 1.81*7 .9890 . 2977 . 3021
.003600 .'021*03 1.01*5 .9927 .11*66 226
.1510 .11*98 .1515 1.0111* 1.831* .9887 . 3020 . 3065 1.01*6 .9925
.003700 .021*36 .11*87 220
.1531 .1519 .1537 1.0117 1.822 . 9881* .3061 .3109 1.01*7 .9923 211*
.003800 .021*69 .1551 .1507
.1539 .1558 1.0121 1.810 . 9881 .3103 .3153 1.01*9 .9921 .1527 208
.003900 .02502 .1572 .1559 .1579 1.0121* 1.799 .9878 . 311*1* .3196 1,050 .9919 .151*6 203
.001*000 .02531* .1592 .1579 .1599 1.0127 1.788 .9875 .3181» .3238.
. 001*100 .02566 .1612 1.051 .9917 .1565 198
.1598 .1619 1.0130 1.777 . 9872 .3221» .3280 1.052 .9915 .158Ü
. 001*200 .02597 .1632 .1617 193
.1639 1.0133 1.767 .9869 .3263 .3322 1.051* .9912 .1602 189
. 001*300 .02628 .1651 .1636 .1659 1.0137 1.756 .9865 .3302 .3362 1.055 .9910 .1621 181*
.001*1*00 .02659 .1671 .1655 .1678 1.011,0 1.71*6 .9862 .331,1 .31*03 1.056 .9908 .161*0 180
.001*500 .02689 .1690 .1671* .1698 1.011*3 1.737 .9859 .3380 .31*1*1*
. 001*600 .02719 1.058 .9906 .1658 176
.1708 .1692 .1717 1.011*6 1.727 .9856 .31*17 .31*83
.001*700 .0271*9 1.059 .9901* .1676 172
.1727 .1710 .1736 1.011*9 1.718 .9853 .31*51* .3523 1.060 .9902
. 001*800 .02778 .171*5 .1728 .1693 169
.1751* 1.0153 1.709 .981*9 . 31*91 .3562 1.062 .9900 .1711 16$
.001*900 .02807 .1761* .171*6 .1773 1.0156 1.701 .981,6 . 3527 . 3601 1.063 .9898 .1728 162
.005000 .02836 .1782 .1761, .1791 1.0159 1.692 . 981*3 . 3561* . 361*0
.005100 . 02861* 1.061* .9896 .171,6 159
.1800 .1781 .1809 1.0162 1.681, .981*0 .3599 .3678 1.066
.005200 .02893 .1818 .1798 .9891* .1762 156
.1827 1.0166 1.676 .9837 .3635 .3715 1.067 .9892 .1779
.005300 .02921 .1835 .1815 .181,5 153
1.0169 1.669 .983!, .3670 .3753 1.068 .9889 .1795 150
.0051*00 .0291*8 .1852 .1832 .1863 1.0172 1.662 .9831 .3705 .3790 1.069 .9887 .1811 11*7
.005500 .02976 .1870 .181*8 .1880 1.0175 1.651* .9828 .3739 .3827
.005600 .03003 1.071 .9885 .1827 11*5
.1887 .1865 .1898 1.0178 1.61*7 .9825 .3771* .3861* 1.072 .9883
.005700 .03030 .1901* .1881 .181*3 11*2
.1915 1.0182 1.61*0 .9822 .3808 .3900 1.073 .9881 .1859 11*0
.005800 .03057 .1921 .1897 .1932 1.0185 1.633 .9818 .381*1 .3937
.005900 .03083 1.075 .9879 .1871* 137
.1937 .1913 .191*9 1.0188 1.626 .9815 .3875 .3972 1.076 .9877 .1890 135
o-

*Also * bs/a. L/L0

O

C-5
Table C—1 — Contin'ued
TANH SINH COSH H/ut K h ' r r d/L SINH COSH n u
d/L 2lr d/L V Co
dA0 ZV à /h 2 ^ d/L 21 T d/L 0 1*77" d/L 1*?T d/L

.19 2 9 .19 6 7 1.0 19 2 1 620 * 9812 . 3908 .1*008 1.0 7 7 .9875 .19 0 5 13 3
.006000 .0 3 110 .1951*
.19 7 0 .191*5 .19 8 3 1 .0 1 9 5 1 61U *9809 .391*1 .1*01*1* 1.0 7 9 .9873 .19 2 0 13 0
.006100 .0 3 13 6 1.0 8 0 .9 8 7 1
.19 6 1 .2000 1.0 19 8 1 ¿¿S .9806 .3973 .1*079 .19 3 5 128
.006200 .0 3162 .19 8 7
.19 7 6 .2 0 16 1.0 2 0 1 1 6 01 .9803 .1*006 .1*111* 1.0 8 1 .9869 .19 5 0 12 6
.006300 .03188 .2003
1.0 2 0 5 1Ì5 9 5 - 9999 .1*038 .1*11*8 1 .0 8 3 .9867 .19 6 5 121*
.006U00 .0 3 2 13 .20 19 .19 9 2 .2033
1.0 2 0 8 1 tao .9796 .1*070 .1*183 1.0 8 1, .9865 .1980 12 3
.006500 .03238 .2035 .2007 .201*9
.2022 *2065 1.0 2 11 15I3 .9793 .1*10 1 .1*217 1.0 8 5 .9863 .1991* 12 1
.006600 .0326U .2 0 5 1 1.0 8 7 .9860
.2066 .2037 .2 0 8 1 1.0 2 11* 1 578 *9790 .1A 33 .2009 119
.006700 .03289 1.0 8 8 .9858
.2082 .2052 .2097 1 .0 2 17 1*5 7 2 .9787 .1*161* .1*285 .2023 117
.006800 .0 3 3 13 1.0 8 9 .$856 116
.2097 .2067 .2 113 1 .0 2 2 1 1Ì5 6 7 «9781* .1*195 .1*319 .2037
.006900 .03338

.2 12 8 1,0221* 1.5 6 1 .9 7 8 1 .1*225 .1*352 1 .0 9 1 .9851* .2 0 5 1 111*

.007000 .03362 .2 1 1 3 .2082 112
.211*1* 1.0 2 2 7 1.5 5 6 . 9778 .1*256 .1*386 1.0 9 2 .9852 .2065
.007100 .03387 .2 12 8 .2096
1.5 5 1 *9771* .1*286 .1*1*19 1.0 9 3 .9850 .2079 Ili
.007200 .0 3 ld l .211*3 .2 111 .2 16 0 1 .0 2 3 1
1.51*6 . 9771 .1*316 .1*1*52 1.0 9 5 . 981*8 .2093 109
.007300 .031*35 .2158 .2 12 5 .2 1 7 5 . 1.0231* 108
1.51*3. .9768 .1*31*6 .1*1*81* 1.0 9 6 . 981,6 .210 6
.0071*00 .032*59 .2 17 3 .2 13 9 .2 19 0 1.0 2 3 7

1.021*0 1.5 3 6 . 9765 .1*376 .1*517 1.0 9 7 .981*1* .2 12 0 106

.007500 .031*82 .218 8 .2151* .2205
.2168 .2 2 2 1 1.021*1* 1 531 .9762 .1*1*06 .1*51*9, 1.0 9 9 .981*2 .2131*. 10 5
.007600 .03506 .2203 101*
.2 18 2 .2236 1.021*7 1.5 2 6 . 9759 .1*1*35 .1*582 1.10 0 . 981*0 .211*7
.007700 .03529 .2 2 18 10 2
.2 19 6 .2 2 5 1 1.0 2 5 0 3 521 «9756 .1*1*61* .1*611* 1.10 1 .9838 .2 16 0
.007800 .03552 .2232 10 1
.2265 1.0 2 5 3 1.5 17 . 9753 .1*1*93 .1*61*6. 1.10 3 .9836 .2 17 3
.007900 .03576 .221*7 .2209
1.10 1* .983U .2 18 6 100
.2 2 6 1 .22 23 .2280 1.0 2 5 7 1.5 12 .9750 .1*522 .1*678 98*6
.008000 .03598 1.5 0 8 .97U7 .1,5 5 1 .1*709 1.10 5 .9832 .219 9
.0 36 2 1 .2275 .2237 .2295 1.0 2 6 0 9 7 .5
.008100 1.5 0 3 .97UU .1*579 .1*71*1 1.10 7 .9830 .2 2 12
.008200 .0361*1* .2290 .2250 .2 3 10 1.0 2 6 3 .2225 96.3
1.0 2 6 6 1.1*99 . 971*1 .1*607 .1*772 1 .1 0 8 .9827
.008300 .03666 .2301* .2261* .2321* .2237 95.2
1.0 2 7 0 1.1*95 . 9737 .1*636 .1*803 1 .1 0 9 .9825
.0081*00 .03689 .2 3 18 .2277 .2338
1.1*9 1 .9731* .1*661* .1*831* 1.111 .9823 .2250 9 h .l
.oo85oo .0 3 7 11 .2332 .2290 .235 3 1.0 2 7 3 .2262 9 3.0
1.0 2 7 6 1.1*87 . 9731 .1*691 .1*865 1.112 .9 8 2 1
.008600 .03733 .231*6 .2303 .2367 .2275 9 1.9
1.0 2 8 0 1.1*82 .9728 .1*719 .1*896 1.113 .9819
.008700 .0 3755 .2360 .2 3 17 .2 3 8 1 .2287 90.9
1.1*78 .9725 .1*71*7 .1*927 1.115 .9817
008800 .03777 .2373 .2330 .2396 1.0 2 8 3 .2300 89.9
1.0 2 8 6 1.1*71* .9722 .1*77U .1*957 1.116 .9 8 15
¡008900 .03799 .2387 .231*3 .21*10

1.0 2 9 0 1.1* 7 1 .9 7 18 .1*801 .1*988 1.118 .9 8 13 .2 3 12 88.9

.0 38 2 1 .21*01 .2356 .21*21*
.009000
.21*11* .2368 .21*38 1.0 2 9 3 1.1*67 .9 7 15 .1*828 . 5018 1.119 .9811 .2321* 88.0
.009100 .0381*2 1.120 .9809 .2336 8 7 .1
.03861* .21*28 .2 3 8 1 .21*52 1.0 2 9 6 1.1*63 . 9712 .1*855 . 501*9
.009200 1.12 2 .9807 .231*8 8 6 .1
.21*1*1 .2391* .21*65 1.0 2 9 9 1.1*59 *9709 .1*882 . 5079
.009300 .03885 1.1*56 .9706 .1*909 . 5109 1.12 3 .9805 .2360 8 5 .2
.0091*00 .03906 .21*55 .21*07 .21*79 1.0 3 0 3

1.0 3 0 6 1.1,5 2 *9703 .1*936 . 5138 1.12 1* .9803 .2 3 7 1 81*. 3

.009500 .03928 .21*68. .21*19 .21*93 1.12 6 .98 0 1
1.0 3 0 9 l.i*l*8 .9700 .1*962 . 5168 .238 3 8 3 .5
.009600 .0391*9 .21*81 .21*31 .2507
1.1*1*5 .9697 .1*988 . 5198 1.12 7 .9799 .2391* 8 2.7
.009700 .03970 .21*91* .21*1*3 .2520 1 .0 3 1 3
1 .0 3 1 6 1.1*1*2 .9691* .5 0 11, .5227 1.12 8 .9797 .21*06 8 1.8
.009800 .03990 .2507 .21*56 .2531* 8 1 .0
1.1*38 .96 9 1 .501*0 .5 2 5 7 1.13 0 .979«* .21*17
.009900 .01*011 .2520 .21*68 .251*7 1 .0 3 1 9
1.13 1 .9792 .21*29 80.2
.21*80 .2560 1.0 3 2 2 1.1* 3 5 .9688 . 5066 . 5286
.01000 .01*032 .2533 1.11* 5 .9772 .2539 7 3 .1
.2660 .2598 .2 6 9 1 1.0 3 5 6 1.1*0 3 .9656 .5 3 19 . 5571*
.0 110 0 .01*233 1 .3 7 5 .9625 .5562 .58 53 1.15 9 .9 7 5 1 .261*3 6 7 .1
.0 120 0 .01*1*26 .2 7 8 1 .2 7 1 1 .2 8 17 1.0 3 8 9 6 2 .1
1.01*23 1 .3 5 0 .9591* .579 5 .6 12 5 1.17 3 .9 7 3 1 .271,3
.0 13 0 0 '.01*612 .2898 .2820 .2936 .2838 57.8
1.01*56 1.3 2 7 .9561* .6020 *6391 1.18 7 .9 7 10
.011*00 .01*791 .3 0 10 .2921* .3056
1.3 0 7 .9533 .6238 .6 6 5 1 1.2 0 1 .9690 .2928 5U.0
.0 150 0 .01*961* .3 1 1 9 .3022 .3 17 0 1.01*90 5o.8
1.2 8 8 .9502 .61*50 .6906 1.2 15 .9670 .3011!
.01600 .0 5 132 .322 5 .3 117 .3 2 8 1 1.0521*
1.2 7 1 .9U71 .6655 .7 15 8 1 .2 3 0 .961,9 .3096 U7.9
.0 17 0 0 .05296 .3328 .3209 .3389 1.0 5 5 9 .3 17 6
1 .2 5 5 .91*1*0 .6856 .71*05 1.21*1* .9629 1*5.3
.0 1800 .051*55 .31*28 .3298 .31*95 1.0 5 9 3
1.0 6 2 8 1.21*0 .91*09 .7 0 5 1 .7650 1 .2 5 9 .9609 .3 2 5 3 1*3.0
.019 00 .0 5 6 11 .352 5 .3386 .3599
1.2 2 6 .9378 .721*2 .78 9 1 1.2 7 1* .9588 .332 7 1*1.0
.02000 .05763 .3 6 2 1 .31*70 .3 7 0 1 1.0 6 6 3
1.2 13 .93U8 .71*29 .8 1 3 1 1.2 8 9 .9568 .3399 3 9 .1
.0 2 10 0 .0 59 12 .3711* .3552 .3800 I.O698 .31*68
1.2 0 1 .9 3 17 .7 6 12 .8368 1.30 1* .951*8 37.1*
.02200 .06057 .3806 .3632 .3898 1.0 7 3 3 3 5 .9
1.18 9 .9287 .7 7 9 1 .8603 1.3 19 .9528 .3 5 3 5
.02300 .06200 .3896 .3 7 10 .3995 1.0 7 6 8
1.17 8 .9256 .7967 .8837 1 .3 3 5 .9508 .3600 31*.1*
.021*00 .0631*0 .3981* .3786 .1*090 I.080I*

1.081*0 1 .1 6 8 .9225 .811*0 .9069 1 .3 5 0 .91*88 .3662 3 3 .1

.02500 .061*78 .1*070 .3860 .1*181* 3 1 .9
1.0 8 7 6 1.15 9 .9 19 5 .8 3 10 .9 3 10 1.3 6 6 .91*68 .3722
.02600 .06 613 .1*155 .39 32 .1*276 30.8
1.15 0 .9161* .81*78 .9530 1.3 8 1 .91*1*8 ..3 7 8 1
.02700 .0671*7 .1*239 .1*002 .1*367 1.0 9 1 2 29 .8
1 .1 1 * 1 .9 13 3 .861*3 .9760 1.3 9 7 .91*28 .3838
.02800 .06878 .1*322 .1*071 .1*1*57 1.091*9 28.8
1.13 3 .9 10 3 *8805 .9988 1.1* 13 .91*08 .3893
.02900 .07007 .1*1*03 .1*138 .1*51*6 1.0 9 8 5

C-6
 Table C—1 —Continued
dA0 dA 2ffdA TANH SINH COSH H/H* K k m /i SINH COSH n C „/ C M
2 V Ì/L 2 fTd/L 0 l* r < 0 & 0
2rrd/L l**rd /L

.03000 .07135 . 1*1*83 . 1*205 . 1*631» 1 .1 0 2 1 1.125 .9073 .8966 1.0 22 1 . 1*30 .9388 . 391*7 27.9
.03100 .07260 . 1*562 . 1*269 . 1*721 1.1059 1 .1 1 8 . 901*2 . 9121* 1 . 01*1* 1 . 1*1*6 .9369 . 1*000 27.1
.03200 .07385 . 1*61*0 . 1*333 . 1*808 1.1096 1.111 .9012 .9280 1.067 1 . 1*62 . 931*9 . 1*051 26.3
.03300 .07507 . 1*717 . 1*395 . 1*891* 1.1133 i . io t *. .8982 . 91*31* 1.0 9 0 1 . 1*79 .9329 . 1*100 25.6
. 031*00 .07630 . 1*791» . 10*57 . 1*980 1.1171 1.098 .8952 .9588 1.113 1 . 1*96 .9309 . 1*11*9 21*.8
.03500 . 0771*8 . 1*868 . 1*517 . 5061* 1.1209 1.092 .8921 .9737 1.135 1.513 .9289 . 1*196 2l*.1 9
.03600 .07867 . 1*91*3 . 1*577 . 511*7 1 . 121*7 1.0 8 6 .8 8 9 1.9886 1.158 1.530 .9270 . 1*21*2 23.56
.03700 . 07981* .5017 . 1*635 .5230 1.1285 1.080 .8861 1.0033 1.180 1 . 51*7 .9250 . 1*287 22.97
.03800 .08100 .5090 . 1*691 .5312 1 . 1321* 1.075 .8831 1.018 1.203 1 . 561* .9230 . 1*330 22. 1*2
.03900 .08215 .5162 . 1*71*7 . 5391* 1.1362 I.0 6 9 .8 80 1 1.032 1.226 1.582 . 9211 . 1*372 21 . 90
.01(000 .08329 .5233 . 1*802 . 51*75 1 . 11*01 1. 061* .8771 1 . 01*7 1 . 21*8 1.600 .9192 . 1*1*11* 21. 1*0
.o la o o . 081*1*2 . 5301* . 1*857 .5556 1 . 11*1*0 1.059 «871*1 1.061 1.271 1.617 .9172 . 1*1*55 20.92
. 01*200 .08553 . 5371* . 1*911 .5637 1 . 11*79 1.055 .8711 1.075 1 . 291* 1.636 .9153 . 1*1*95 20.14
. 01*300 . 08661* . 51*1*1* . 1*961* .5717 1.1518 1.050 .8688 1.089 1.317 1 . 651* .9133 . 1*531* 20.03
. 01*1*00 . 08771* .5513 .5015 .5796 1.1558 1 . 01*6 .8652 1.103 1 . 31*0 1.672 . 9111* . 1*571 19.62
. 01*500 .08883 .5581 .5066 .5876 1.1599 1. 01*2 .8621 1.116 1.363 1.691 .9095 . 1*607 19.23
. 01*600 .08991 . 561*9 .5116 . 5951* 1.1639 1.038 .8592 1.130 1.386 1.709 .9076 . 141*3 18.85
. 01*700 .09098 .5717 .5166 .6033 1.1679 1 . 031* .8562 1 . 11*3 1 . 1*09 1.728 .9057 . 1*679 18. 1*9
. 01*800 .09205 . 5781* .5215 .6111 1.1720 1.030 .8532 1.157 1 . 1*33 1 . 7U7 .9037 . 1*713 18.15
. 01*900 .09311 .5850 .5263 .6189 1.1760 1.026 .8503 1.170 1 . 1*56 1.766 .9018 . 1*71*6 17.82
.05000 . 091*16 .5916 .5310 .6267 1.1802 1.023 . 81*73 1.183 1 . 1*79 1.786 .8999 . 1*779 17,50
.05100 .09520 .5981 .5357 • 631*1* 1 . 181*3 1.019 . 81*1*1* 1.196 1.503 1.805 .8980 . 1*611 17.19
.05200 .09623 .6014 . 51*03 . 61*21 1 . 1881* 1.016 . 81*15 1.209 1.526 1.825 .8961 . 1*81*2 16.90
.05300 .09726 .6111 . 51*1*9 . 61*99 1.1926 1.013 .8385 1.222 1.550 1 . 81*5 . 891*3 . 1*873 16,62
. 051*00 .09829 .6176 • 51*91* .6575 1.1968 1.010 .8356 1.235 1 . 571* 1.865 . 8921* . 1*903 16,35
.05500 .09930 .6239 .5538 .6652 1.2011 1.007 .8326 1 . 21*8 1.598 1.885 .8905 . 1*932 16,09
.05600 .1003 .6303 .5582 .6729 1.2053 1. 001* .8297 1.261 1.622 1.906 .8886 . 1*960 15. 81*
.05700 .1013 .6366 .5626 .6805 1.2096 1.001 .8267 1.273 1 . 61*6 1.926 .8867 . 1*988 15,60
.05800 .1023 . 62*28 .5668 .6880 1.2138 .9985 .8239 1.286 1.670 1 . 91*7 . 881*9 .5015 15.36
.05900 .1033 . 61*91 .5711 .6956 1.2181 .9958 .8209 1.298 1.695 1.968 .8830 . 501*2 15.13
.06000 . 101*3 .6553 .5753 .7033 1.2225 .9932 .8180 1.311 1.719 1.989 .8811 .5068 U *,9 1
.06100 .1053 .6616 . 5791* .7110 1.2270 .9907 .8 15 0 1.3231 1 . 71*1* 2.011 .8792 . 5091* 11*. 70
.06200 .1063 .6678 . 5831* .7187 1.2315 .9883 .8121 1.336 1.770 2.033 .8773 .5119 l l * . 5o
.06300 .1073 .6739 . 5871* .7256 1.2355 .9860 .8093 1 . 3U8 1.795 2.055 .8755 . 511*3 11*. 30
. 061*00 .1082 .6799 . 5911* .7335 1 . 21*02 .9837 .8063 1.360 1.819 2.076 .8737 .5167 llu ll
.06500 .1092 .6860 . 5951* . 71*11 1 . 21*1*7 .9815 .8035 1.372 1 . 81*5 2.098 .8719 .5191 13.92
.06600 .1101 .6920 .5993 . 71*86 1 . 21*92 .9793 «8005 1 . 381* .1.870 2.121 .8700 . 5211* 13. 71*
.06700 .1111 .6981 .6031 .7561 1.2537 .9772 .7977 1.396 1.896 2. 11*1* .8682 . 5236 13.57
.06800 .1120 .7037 .6069 .7633 1.2580 .9752 . 791*8 1 . 1*08 1.921 2.166 . 8661* .5258 13. 1*0
.06900 .1130 .7099 .6106 .7711 1.2628 .9732 .7919 1 . 1*20 1 . 91*8 2.189 . 861*6 . 5279 13. 21»
.07000 .1139 .7157 . 611*1* .7783 1.2672 .9713 .7890 1 . 1*32 1 . 971* 2.213 .8627 .5300 13.08
.07100 . 111*9 .7219 .6181 .7863 1.2721 . 9691* .7861 l.h ià 2.000 2.236 .8609 .5321 12.92
.07200 .1158 .7277 .6217 .7937 1.2767 .9676 .7833 1 . 1*55 2.026 2.260 . 8591 . 531*1 12.77
.07300 .1168 .7336 .6252 .8011 1.2633 .9658 . 7801* 1 . 1*67 2.053 2. 281* .8572 .5360 12.62
. 071*00 .1177 .7395 .6289 .8088 1.2861 . 961*1 .7775 1 . 1*79 2.080 2.308 . 8551* .5380 12. 1*8
.07500 .1186 . 71*53 . 6321* .8162 1.2908 . 9621* . 771*7 1 . 1*90 2.107 2.332 .8537 .5399 12. 31*
.07600 .1195 .7511 .6359 .8237 1.2956 .9607 .7719 1.502 2.135 2.357 .8519 . 51*17 12.21
.07700 .1205 .7569 .6392 .8312 1 . 3001* .9591 .7690 1 . 5H* 2.162 2.382 .8501 . 51*35 12.08
.07800 . 1211* .7625 . 61*27 .8386 1.3051 .9576 .7662 1.525 2.189 2. 1*07 . 81*83 . 51*52 11.95
.07900 .1223 .7683 . 61*60 . 81*62 1.3100 .9562 . 7631* 1.537 2.217 2. 1*32 . 81*65 .5149 11.83
.08000 .1232 . 771*1 . 61*93 .8538 1 . 311*9 . 951*8 .7605 1 . 51*8 2 . 21*5 2. 1*58 . 81*1*8 . 51*85 11.71
.08100 . 121*1 .7799 .6526 . 8611* 1.3198 . 9531* .7577 1.560 2. 271» 2. 1*81* . 81*30 .5501 11.59
.08200 .1251 . 7851* .6558 .8687 1 . 321*6 .9520 . 751*9 1.571 2.303 2.511 . 81*13 .5517 11. 1*7
.08300 .1259 .7911 .6590 .8762 1.3295 .9506 .7522 1.583 2.331 2.537 .8395 .5533 11.36
. 081*00 .1268 .7967 .6622 .8837 1 . 331*5 . 91*93 . 71*91* 1 . 591* 2.360 2.563 .8378 . 551*8 11.25
.08500 .1277 .8026 .6655 .8915 1.3397 . 91*81 . 71*61* 1.605 2.389 2.590 .8360 .5563 11. 11*
.08600 .1286 .8080 .6685 .0989 1 . 31*1*6 . 91*69 . 71*37 1.616 2 . 1*18 2.617 . 831*2 .5577 l l . ol*
.08700 .1295 .8137 .6716 . 9061* 1 . 31*97 . 91*57 . 7U09 1.626 2. 1*1*8 2. 61*1* .8325 .5591 10, 91*
.08800 . 1301* .8193 . 671*7 . 911*1 1 . 351*8 . 91*1*5 . 7381 1.639 2. 1*76 2.672 .8308 .5605 10. 81*
.06900 .1313 .8250 .6778 .9218 1.3600 . 91*33 .7353 1.650 2.508 2.700 .8290 .5619 10. 71*

C-7
Table C—1 — Continued
UTTd/L SINH COSH n Cr /C M
d /l 2ÍTd/lj TANH SDffl * COSH h/H» K
dA0 2r a / t 27Td/L z r r á / i , 0 U tfd/L l*»Td/L ° 0

1 .6 6 1 2.538 2.7 2 8 .8273 .5632 1 0 .6 5

.09 0 0 0 .1322 .8306 .6808 .9295 1 .3 6 5 3 .< *2 2 *732y
1.3706 #9Í4ll .7296 1 .6 7 2 2 .5 6 8 2 .7 5 6 .8255 .561*5 1 0 .5 5
.0 9100 .1331 .8363 .6838 .9372 10.1*6
.6868 .91*50 1.375S .9I4OI *7268 1.681* 2 .5 9 9 2 .7 8 5 .8238 .5658
.0 9 2 0 0 •13U0 .81*20 2.811* .8221 .5670 1 0 .3 7
.9525 I.3 8 IO 9301 .72Í4I 1 .6 9 5 2 .6 3 0
.0 9 3 0 0 .131*9 .81*71» .6897 1 0 .2 9
.9600 1 .3 8 6 2 ,9381 *72lU 1 .7 0 6 2.662 2.81*3 .8201* .5682
.09U00 .1357 .8528 .6925
1 .7 1 7 2 .6 9 3 2.8 7 3 .8187 .5693 1 0 .2 1
.0 9 5 0 0 .1366 .8583 .6953 .9677 .1.3917 .9371 .7186 1 0 .1 2
1 .3 9 7 0 g * -7158 1 .7 2 8 2 .7 2 6 2.9 0 3 .8170 .5701*
.0 9 6 0 0 .1 3 7 5 .8639 .6982 .9 7 5 5 10.01*
.7011 1.1*023 .9353 .7131 1 .7 3 9 2.757 2 .9 3 3 .8153 .5716
.0 9 7 0 0 .1381* .8691* .9B32 9-962
.9908 1.1*077 .931*1* .710^ 1 .7 5 0 2 .7 9 0 2.9 6 3 .8136 .5727
.0 9800 .1392 .871*9 .7039 9.881*
.7066 .9985 1.U131 .933$ .7076 1 .7 6 1 2.822 2.991* .8120 . 5737
.0 9 9 0 0 .11*01 .8803
1 .7 7 2 2 .8 5 5 3 .0 2 5 . 8103 . 571*7 9.808
.1 0 0 0 .11*10 .8858 .7093 1 .0 0 6 1.U187 .9327 .701*9
1.1*21*2 .9319 .7022 1 .7 8 3 2 .8 8 8 3 .0 5 7 .8086 .5757 9.732*
.1 0 1 0 .11*19 .8913 .7120 1.011* 9.661
1 .0 2 2 1 .7 9 3 2 .9 2 2 3 .0 8 8 .8069 .5766
.1 0 2 0 .11*27 .8967 .711*7 1.1*297 .9311 9 .5 9 0
1 .0 3 0 1.1*351* .9301* .6967 1 .8 0 5 2 .9 5 6 3 .1 2 1 .8052 .5776
.1 0 3 0 .11*36 .9023 .7173 9 .519
.7 2 0 0 1 .0 3 7 1.1*1*10 .9297 .691*0 1 .8 1 5 2 .9 9 0 3.1 5 3 .8036 .5785
.10U0 •11*1*5 .9076
1 .8 2 6 3.021* 3 .1 8 5 .8019 . 5791* 9.1*51
.1 0 5 0 .11*53 .9130 .7226 1.01*5 1,1*1*65 .9290 .6913 9.381*
1.1*523 ;*9282 .6886 1 .8 3 7 3 .0 5 9 3.2 1 8 .8003 .5803
.1 0 6 0 .11*62 .9181* .7252 1 .0 5 3 9.318
1 .0 6 1 1.1*580 .9276 *6859 1.81*8 3.091» 3 .2 5 1 .7986 ,5812
.1 0 7 0 .11*70 .9 2 3 9 .7277 9.251*
1.1*638 .9269 *6833 1 .8 5 8 3 .1 2 8 3.281* .7970 .5820
.1 0 8 0 .11*79 .9293 .7303 1 .0 6 9
1 .8 6 9 3.161* 3 .3 1 9 .7951» .5828 9.191
.1 0 9 0 .11*88 .931*3 .7327 1 .0 7 6 1.1*692 .9263 •68° 6
1 .8 8 0 3 .2 0 1 3 .3 5 3 .7937 .5836 9.129
.1 1 0 0 .11*96 .91*00 .7352 1 .0 8 5 1.1*752 .9257 *6779 9.068
l.l* 8 ll* .9251 .6752 1 .8 9 1 3.237 3.3 8 8 .7920 . 581*3
.1 1 1 0 .1 5 0 5 .9U56 .7377 1 .0 9 3 9 .0 0 9
1 .1 0 1 1.1*871 .921*5 .6725 1 .9 0 2 3.271* 3.2*23 .7901* .5850
,1 1 2 0 .1513 .9508 .71*02 8 .9 5 0
1 .1 0 9 1 .9 1 3 3 .3 1 2 3.1*59 . 7888 . 5857
.1 1 3 0 .1522 .9563 .71*26 1.1*932 .9239 •6697 8.891
1 .1 1 7 1.1*990 .923a *6671 1 .9 2 3 3.31*8 3.1*91* .7872 . 5861*
.lliiO .1 5 3 0 .9616 .71*50
3 .3 8 5 3 .5 3 0 .7856 .5871 8 .8 3 5
.1 1 5 0 .1 5 3 9 .9670 .71*71* 1 .1 2 5 1 .5 0 5 1 .9228 -66U5 1.93U
3 .5 6 6 .781*0 .5878 8 .7 8 0
.1 1 6 0 .9720 .71*97 1 .1 3 3 1.5 1 0 8 .9223 *6619 1.91*1* 3.1*23
.151*7 3.603 .7821* .5881* 8 .726
.7520 1.11*1 I .5 1 7 1 .9218 -6592 1 .9 5 5 3.1*62
.1 1 7 0 .1 5 5 6 .9775 3.61*1 .7808 . 5890 8 .6 7 3
1.11*9 1 .5 2 3 0 .921I4 .6566 1 .9 6 6 3.501
.1 1 8 0 .1561* .9827 .751*3 8.621
.7566 1.157 1 .5 2 9 3 .9209 «6539 1.977 3.51*0 3.6 7 8 .7792 .5396
.1 1 9 0 .1 5 7 3 .9882
1 .9 8 7 3 .5 7 9 3 .7 1 6 .77 7 6 .5902 8 .5 6 9
.1200 .1 5 8 1 .9936 .7 5 8 9 1 .1 6 5 1 .5 3 5 6 .920U «6512 8 .518
1.51*18 ,92 0 0 »61*86 1 .9 9 8 3 .6 2 0 3 .7 5 5 .7 7 6 0 .5907
.1210 .1 5 9 0 .9989 .7612 1.171* 8.1*68
1.51*79 .9196 «61*60 2.008 3 .6 5 9 3 .7 9 3 .771*5 . 5913
.1220 .1598 l.OOl* .7631* 1.182 8.1*19
1.190 1.55U6 .9192 »61*33 2 .0 1 9 3 .6 9 9 3 .8 3 2 .7 7 2 9 .5918
.1230 .1607 1.010 .7 6 5 6 8 .3 7 1
1 .1 9 6 1 .5 6 0 5 .9189 «61*07 2.030 3.71*0 3 .8 7 1 .7713 .5922
•122jO .1 6 1 5 i.cn .5 .7678
2.01*1 3 .7 8 2 3.9 1 2 .7698 .5926 8.321*
.12$0 .1621» 1.020 .7 7 0 0 1 .2 0 7 1.5671* .9 1 8 6 »6381 8.278
1.5731* 9182 »6356 2.051 3.821* 3.9 5 2 .7682 .5931
.1260 .1632 1 .0 2 5 .7721 1 .2 1 5 8.233
1 .5 7 9 5 .9178 .6331 2.061 3 .8 6 5 3.9 9 2 .7667 .5936
.1270 .161*0 1 .0 3 0 .771*2 1 .2 2 3 8 .1 8 9
1 .5 8 6 2 .9175 .6305 2 .072 3 .907 1».033 .7652 . 59l»0
.1 2 8 0 .161*9 1 .0 3 6 .7763 1 .2 3 1 8.11*6
1.21*0 1 .5 9 2 7 .9172 .6279 2.082 3 .9 5 0 U.071* .7637 . 591*1*
.1290 .1 6 5 7 1.01*1 .7783

2.093 3 .9 9 2 l* .ll5 .7621 .591*8 8 .1 0 3

.1300 .1 6 6 5 I.OI46 .7801* 1.21*8 1 .5 9 9 0 .9169 -6251 8 .0 6 1
1 .6 0 6 0 .9166 .6228 2.101* U.036 1».158 .7606 . 5951
.1 3 1 0 .1671* 1 .0 5 2 .7821* 1 .2 5 7 8 .0 2 0
1.6121* . 9161* *6202 2.111* I1.08O U.201 .7591 .5951*
.1320 .1 6 8 2 1 .057 .781*1* 1 .2 6 5 7 .9 7 8
1 .6 1 9 1 .9161 .6176 2 .1 2 5 1*.-12$ l*.2l*5 .7575 .5958
.1 3 3 0 .1 6 9 1 1.062 .7 8 6 5 1 .2 7 3 7.937
1 .2 8 2 1 .6 2 6 0 .9158 .6150 2.135 1*.169 1».288 .7560 . 5961
.13U0 .1 6 9 9 1.068 .7 8 8 5
2.11*6 1*.217 l*,33l» .751*5 .5961* 7.897
.1 3 5 0 .1 7 0 8 1 .0 7 3 .7905 1 .2 9 1 1 .6 3 3 .9156 *6123 7.857
1 .3 0 0 1.61*0 .9151, .6098 2 .1 5 6 U.262 1»,378 .7530 . 5967
.1 3 6 0 .1 7 1 6 1 .0 7 8 .7925 7 .819
1 .3 0 8 1.61*7 ;¿ i 5 2 .6073 2.167 1*.309 l*.l*23 .7515 .5969
.1 3 7 0 .1721* 1.081* .791*5 7 .7 8 1
1.65U .9150 .6ol*7 2.177 1*.355 1*.1*68 .75 0 0 . 5972
.1 3 8 0 .1 7 3 3 1 .0 8 9 .7961* 1 .3 1 7 7.71*1*
1 .3 2 6 1 .6 6 0 I91U8 -6022 2.188 1*.1*02 l*.5ll* .71*85 . 5975
.1 3 9 0 .171*1 1.091* .7983
2 .1 9 8 l*.l*5o 1*.561 .71*71 .5978 7.707
-1 U 0 0 .171*9 1 .0 9 9 .8002 1.331* 1 .6 6 7 .91U6 -5998
2 .2 0 9 U.U98 1*.607 .72*56 .5980 7.671
-.11*10 .1758 1 .1 0 5 .8021 1.3U3 1-6 7 5 .91UI* -5972 7.636
1 .6 8 1 <*iU2 .591*7 2.219 i* .51*6 l*.65l* .71*1*1 .5982
.11*20 .1 7 6 6 1.110 .8039 1 .3 5 2 7.602
1 .3 6 0 1 .6 8 8 * 91U1 ‘ 5923 2 .2 3 0 U.59S U.663 .71*26 . 5981*
.11*30 .1771* 1 .1 1 5 .8057 7.567
.8076 1 .6 9 6 ‘j i u o -5898 2.21*0 l*.6l*l* !* .7 5 l .71*12 .5986
.11*1*0 .1 7 8 3 1 .1 2 0 1 .3 6 9
2 .251 1*.695 I1.8OO .7397 .5987 7.533
.11*50 .1 7 9 1 1 .1 2 5 .8091* 1.378 1 .7 0 3 .9139 *5873
1 .7 1 0 9V37 .581*7 2 .2 6 1 U.7U6 U.850 .7382 .5989 7.1*99
.11*60 .1 8 0 0 1 .1 3 1 .8112 1 .3 8 8
2.272 í*. 798 ¡*.901 .7368 .5990 7.1*65
.m ? o .1 8 0 8 1 .1 3 6 .8131 1 .397 1 .7 1 8 )9136 .5822
2.282 1*.81*7 li.9 5 l .7351* .5992 7.1*32
.11*80 .1 8 1 6 1.11*1 .811*9 1.1*05 1 .7 2 5 9135 .5798 7.1*00
1 .7 3 2 .913U .5773 2.293 1*.901 5.0 0 1 .7339 .5993
.11*90 .1 8 2 5 1.11*6 .8166 1.1*15

C-8
 Table C—1 — Continued
d/L0 d/L 2 IT d/L TANH SINH COSH H /H ' K 1*17 d/L S IN H COSH n C „ /C M
0
2 if d/L 2 IT d/L VT d/L 1*77 d/L l*trd /L G 0

.1500 .1833 1.152 .8183 1.1*21* 1.71*0 .9133 .571*8 2 .3 0 3 1*.951* 5.051* .7325
.181*1 .59914 7 .3 6 9
.1510 1 .1 5 7 .8200 1.1*33 1.71*7 .9133 .5723 2.3U * 5.007 5 .1 0 6 .7311 .5 9 9 Ì4
.1 5 2 0 .1 8 5 0 1 .1 6 2 .8217 1.1*1*2 7 .3 3 9
1 .7 5 5 .9132 .5699 2.321* 5.061 5.159 .7296
.1530 .1858 •5995 7*309
1 .1 6 7 .8231* 1.1*51 1 .7 6 2 .9132 .5675 2 .3 3 5 5 .1 1 5 5.212 .7282
.i5l»o .1866 •5996 71 .2
^ 7f 9
7
1 .1 7 3 .8250 1.1*60 1 .7 7 0 .9132 .5651 2.31*5 5.169 5 .2 6 5 .7268 .5996 7 .2 5 0
.1550 .1875 1 .1 7 8 .8267 1.1*69 1 .7 7 7 .9131 .5627 2 .3 5 6 5.225 5 .3 2 0 .7251*
.1560 •5997 7.2 2 1
.1883 1 .1 8 3 .8281* 1.1*79 1 .7 8 5 .9130 .5602 2 .3 6 6 5.283 5.376 .721*0
.1570 .1891 1 .1 8 8 .8301 1.1,86 •5998 7 .1 9 1
1 .7 9 3 .9129 .5577 2 .3 7 7 5.339 s.1,32 .7226 7.162
.1 5 8 0 .1 9 0 0 1.191» .8317 1.1*98 1 .8 0 1 •5999
.9130 .5552 2 .3 8 7 5.398 5.1*90 .7212
.1590 .1908 .5998 7.131*
1 .1 9 9 .8333 1 .5 0 7 1 .8 0 9 .9130 .5528 2.398 5.1*51, 5.51*1, .7198 •5998 7 .1 0 7
.1600 .1917 1.201* .831*9 1 .5 1 7 1 .8 1 7 .9130 .5501* 2.1*08 5.513 5.603 .7181,
.1610 •5998 7 .0 7 9
.1925 1 .2 0 9 .8365 1 .5 2 7 1 .8 2 5 .9130 .51*80 2.1*19 5.571 5 .6 6 0 .7171
.1620 •5998 7 .0 5 2
.1933 1 .2 1 5 .8381 1 .5 3 6 1 .8 3 3 .9130 .51*56 2.1*29 51630 5.718 .7157
.1630 1 .2 2 0 •5998 7.0 2 6
•19la .8396 1.51,6 1.82,1 .9130 .51*32 2.1*1*0 S .690 5.777 .711*1*
.161*0 .1 9 5 0 .81*11 •5998 7 .0 0 0
1 .2 2 5 1 .5 5 5 1.81*9 .9130 .51*09 2.1*50 5.751 5.837 .7130 •5998 6 .9 7 5
.1 6 5 0 .1958 1 .2 3 0 .81*27 1 .5 6 5 1 .8 5 7 .9131 .5385 2.1*61 5.813 5 .8 9 8 .7117 •5997 6.9I1Q
.1 6 6 0 .1966 1 .2 3 5 .81*1*2 1.571* 1 .8 6 5 .9132 .5362 2.1*71 5.871* .7103
5 .9 5 9 •5996 6.921*
.1 6 7 0 .1975 1.21*0 .81*57 1.581» 1 .8 7 3 .9132 .5339 2.1*82 5.938 6 .0 2 1 .7090
.1 6 8 0 1.2i*6 .81*72 •5996 6 .9 0 0
.1983 1.591* 1 .8 8 2 .9133 .5315 2.1*92 6 .003 6 .0 8 5 .7076
.1 6 9 0 .1992 .81*86 1.601* •5995 6 .8 7 6
1 .2 5 1 1 .8 9 0 .9133 .5291 2 .503 6 .0 6 6 6.11*8 .7063 .5991* 6 .8 5 3
.1700 .2000 1 .2 5 7 .8501 1.611* 1 .8 9 9 .9 i3 li .5267 2 .5 1 3 6 .1 3 0 6 .2 1 2 .7050
.1 7 1 0 .2008 1.262 1.621, •5993 6 .8 3 0
.8515 1.907 •9135 .521*3 2.523 6.197 6 .2 7 5 .7036
.1720 .2017 1.267 •5992 6.8 0 7
.8529 1.631» 1 .9 1 5 .9136 .5220 2.531» 6.262 6.31*2 .7023
.1 7 3 0 .2025 1.272 1.61*1* .5991 6.781*
-.651*1* 1.921* .9137 .5197 2.51*1* 6 .3 2 9 6.1*07 .7010
.171*0 .2033 1 .2 7 7 .8558 •5989 6 .7 6 1
1.651* 1 .9 3 3 .9138 .5171* 2 .5 5 5 6 .3 9 5 6.1*73 .6997 •5988 6 .7 3 8
.1750 .201*2 1 .2 8 2 .8572 1.661, 1 .9 l* l .9139 .5151 2 .5 6 5 6 .1 6 5 6.51,1 .6981,
.1 7 6 0 .2050 1 .2 8 8 .8586 •5987 6 .7 1 6
1 .6 7 5 1 .951 •911*0 .5127 2.576 6.531* 6 .6 1 0 .6971 •5985 6.691*
.1770 .2058 I .2 9 3 .8600 1 .6 8 5 1 .9 5 9 .9 1 iil .5101, 2 .5 8 6 6.603 .6958
6 .6 7 9 •5981* 6 .6 7 2
.1 7 8 0 .2066 1 .2 9 8 .8611, 1 .6 9 5 1 .9 6 8 •9U*2 .5081 2.597 6.672 .691*6
6.71*7 .5982 6 .6 5 1
.1 7 9 0 .2075 1.301* .8627 1 .7 0 6 1 .9 7 7 .9U 4* .5058 2 .6 0 7 6.71*1* 6 .8 1 8 .6933 •598o 6 .6 3 1
.1800 .2083 1 .3 0 9 .861*0 1 .7 1 6 1 .9 8 6 •9ll*5 .5036 2.618 6.818 6 .8 9 1 .6920 •5979 6 .6 1 1
.1810 .2092 1.311* .8653 1 .7 2 7 1 .9 9 5 •91l*6 .5013 2.629 6 .8 9 0
.1 8 2 0 6 .9 6 3 .6907 •5977 6 .5 9 1
.2100 1 .3 2 0 .8666 1 .7 3 7 2.001, .911*8 .1*990 2 .6 3 9 6.963
.1 8 3 0 7 .0 3 5 .6895 •5975 6 .5 7 1
.2108 1 .3 2 5 .8680 1.71*8 2.013 •911*9 •1*967 2 .6 5 0 7.038 7 .1 0 9 .6682 •5971* 6 .5 5 0
.181*0 .2117 1 .3 3 0 .8693 1.758 2 .0 2 2 .9150 .1*91*5 2 .6 6 0 7.113 7.183 .6 8 7 0 •5972 6 .Ì 3 0
.1850 .2125 1 .3 3 5 .8706 1 .7 6 9 2 .0 3 2 .1*922
.9152 2.671 7 .1 9 1 7 .2 6 0 .6857 £O.p-LA
til l
.1 8 6 0 .2131* 1.31*1 .8718 1 .7 8 0 2.01,1 .1*899 2 .6 8 1
•p y o y
.9151* 7.267 7 .3 3 6 .681,5 -• Ì9 6 7 6 . * JiOP
.1 8 7 0 .211*2 1.31*6 .8731 1 .7 9 1 2.051 .1*876 '2.692
o *y c
.9155 7.31*5 7.1*12 .6832 A ) ,7 ) ,
.1 8 8 0 .2150 1 .3 5 1 .871*3 1 .8 0 1 2 .0 6 0 .1*851* 2 .702 7.1*21
oyoy
.9157 7.1*88 .6820
.1 8 9 0 .2159 1 .3 5 6 .8755 1 .8 1 2 2 .0 7 0 .5963 6.1*56
.91^9 .1*832 2 .7 1 2 7.500 7 .5 6 6 .6808 •5961 6.1*38
.1 9 0 0 .2167 1.362 .8767 1 .8 2 3 2 .0 7 9 .9161 .1*809 2 .7 2 3 7.581 7.61,7 .6796 .5958 6.1*21
.1 9 1 0 .2176 1.367 .8779 1.831* 2.089 .9163 .1*787 2.731* 7.663 7.728 .6781* •5955 6.1*03
.1 9 2 0 .2181* 1 .3 7 2 .8791 1.81*5 2 .0 9 9 .9165 .1*765 2.71*1* 7.71*6 7 .8 1 0 .6772 •5952 6 .3 8 5
.1 9 3 0 .2192 1.377 .8803 1 .8 5 6 2 .1 0 8 .9167 .1*71*3 2 .7 5 5 7.827 7 .8 9 1 .6760 •5950 6 .3 6 8
.191*0 .2201 1 .3 8 3 .8815 1 .8 6 7 2.118 .9169 .1*721 2 .7 6 5 7.911 7.971* .671*8 .591*8 6 .3 5 1
.1 9 5 0 .2209 1 .3 8 8 .8827 1 .8 7 9 2.128 .9170 2 .7 7 6
.1,699 7.996 8 .0 5 9 .6736 .591*6 6.331*
.I9 6 0 .2218 1 .3 9 3 .8839 1 .8 9 0 2.138 .9172 .1*677 2.787 8.O83 8.11*5 .6721* •59M 6 .3 1 7
.1970 .2226 1 .3 9 9 .8850 1 .9 0 1 2.11*8 .9172* .1*655 2 .7 9 7 8.167 8 .2 2 8 .6712 •591*1 6 .3 0 0
.1 9 8 0 .2231* 1.1*01* .8862 1 .9 1 3 2 .158 .9176 .1,633 2 .8 0 8 8.256 8 .3 1 6 .6700 •5938 6.281*
.1 9 9 0 .221*3 1.1*09 .8873 1.921* 2 .1 6 9 .1*611 2 .8 1 9
.9179 8.31*6 8.1,06 .6689 •5935 6 .2 6 8
.2 0 0 0 .2251 1.1*11* .8881, 1 .9 3 5 2 .178 .9181 .1*590 2 .8 2 9 8.1,36 8.1,95 .6677 •5932 6 .2 5 3
.2 0 1 0 .2 2 6 0 1.1*20 .8895 1.91*7 2 .189 .9183 .1*569 2.81,0 8.521* 8.583 .6666 •5929 6 .2 3 7
.2 0 2 0 .2268 1.1*25 .8906 1 .9 5 9 2 .1 9 9 .9186 2 .8 5 0
.1*51*7 8.616 8.671* .6651* •5926 6.2 2 2
.2 0 3 0 .2277 1.1*30 .8917 1 .9 7 0 2 .2 1 0 .9188 .1*526 2.861 8.708 8 .7 6 6 .661,2 •5923 6 .2 0 6
.201*0 .2285 1.1*36 .8928 1 .9 8 2 2 .2 2 0 .9190 .1*501, 2 .8 7 2 8.803 8 .8 6 0 .6631 •5920 6 .1 9 1
.2 0 5 0 .2293 1.1*1*1 .8939 1.991* 2.231 .9193 2 .882
.1*1*83 8.897 8.953 .6620 • 5917 6 .1 7 6
.2 0 6 0 .2302 1.1*1*6 .8 9 5 0 2 .0 0 6 2.21*2 .9195 .1*1*62 2 .893 8.991, 9 .0 5 0 .6608 .5911* 6 .1 6 1
.2 0 7 0 .2310 1.1*51 .8960 2 .0 1 7 2.252 .9197 .!*1*1*1 2 .903 9 .090 9.11*1* .6597 •5911 6.11*7
.2 0 8 0 .2 3 1 9 1.1*57 .8971 2 .0 3 0 2.263 •9200 .1*1*19 2.911* 9.187 9.21*0 .6586 •5908 6 .1 3 3
.2090 .2 3 2 8 1.1*62 .8981 2.01*2 2.271* .9202 .1*398 2 .9 2 5 9.288 9.31*2 .6571, •5905 6 .1 1 9

C-9
 Table C - l - Continued
H/H' K 1**7d/L SINK COSH n C_/C It
d/L 2*fd/L TANH SINH COSH
dA0 0 1*3-d/L lttfd/L ° 0
2^dA 2TT d/L 2 >7 d/L

.9205 .1*377 2.9 3 6 9.389 9.1*1*2 .6563 .5901 6.1 0 5

.2100 .2336 1.1*68 .8991 2.0 5 5 2.2 8 5
•9207 *{*357 2.91*6 9.U90 9.51*2 .6552 .5898 6.0 9 1
.2110 .231*1* 1.1*73 .9001 2 .0 6 6 2.295
2.307 .9210 .{*336 2.957 9.5 9 0 9.61*2 .651*1 .5891* 6.077
.2120 .2353 1.1*79 .9011 2.079 6.061*
2.318 .9213 *^315 2.967 9.693 9.71*1* .6531 .5891
.2130 .2361 1.1*81* .9021 2.091
2.978 9.7 9 6 9.81*7 .6520 .5888 6 .0 5 1
.211*0 .2370 1.1*89 .9031 2.103 2.329 .9215

2.31*0 .9218 -1*271* 2.9 8 9 9.902 9.952 .6509 . 5881* 6.0 3 7

.2150 .2378 1.1*91* .901*1 2.1 1 5
2.999 10 .0 1 1 0 .0 6 . 61*98 . 5881 6.021*
.2160 .2387 1.5 0 0 .9051 2.128 2.351 .9221 A 253
2.361* .9223 ‘ {*232 3.0 1 0 10.12 10.17 .61*88 .5878 6 ,0 1 1
.2170 .2395 1.5 0 6 .9061 2.11*2
.9226 .1*211 3.0 2 1 10.23 10.26 .61*77 .5871* 5.999
.2180 .21*01* 1.511 .9070 2.151* 2.375
2,166 2.386 .9228 .1*191 3 .0 3 1 10.31* 10.38 .61*67 .5871 5.987
.2190 .21*12 1.516 .9019

.9231 .1*171 3.01*2 10.1*5 1 0 .5 0 .61*56 .5868 5.9 7 5

.2200 .21*21 1.5 2 1 .9088 2.178 2.397
3.052 1 0 .5 6 10.61 .61*1*6 .5861* 5.963
.2210 .21*29 1.5 2 6 .9091 2.192 2.1*09 .9231* *^ l5 l
2.201* 2.1*21 .9236 .1*131 3.063 10 .6 8 10.72 .61*36 . 5861 5.9 5 1
.2220 .21*38 1.532 .9107 10.81* .61*25 .5857
2.2 1 8 2.1*33 . 9239 .1*111 3.071» 10 .7 9 5.939
.2230 .21*1*6 1.537 .9116
2.2 3 0 2.1*1*1* .921*2 .1*091 3.0 8 5 1 0 .9 1 10.95 .61*11* .5851* 5.927
.221*0 .21*55 1.51*2 .9125
.921*5 .{*°71 3 .0 9 5 11.02 11.07 .61*01* .5850 5.915
.2250 .21*63 1.51*8 .9131* 2.21*1* 2.1*57
.921*8 .1*051 3.1 0 6 11 .1 5 11.19 .6391* .581*6 5.903
.2260 .21*72 1.553 .911*3 2.257 2.1*69
2.1*81 .9251 .{*°31 3.117 11.27 1 1 .3 1 .6383 .581*2 5.8 9 1
.2270 .21*81 1.559 .9152 2.2 7 1 5.880
.9251* .1*011 3.128 11.39 11.1*1* .6373 .5838
.2280 .21*89 1.561* .9161 2.281* 2.1*93
2.506 .9258 «3991 3 .1 3 8 11.51 1 1.56 .6363 . 5831* 5.8 6 9
.2290 .21*98 1.569 .9170 2.297
.9261 .3971 3.11*9 11.61* 1 1.68 .6353 .5830 5.858
.2 3 0 0 .2506 1.5 7 5 .9178 2.311 2.518
.9261* .3952 3 .1 6 0 11.77 11.81 .631*3 . 5826 5.81*8
.2 3 1 0 .2515 1.5 8 0 .9186 2.325 2.531
.9267 *3932 3.171 1 1 .9 0 11.93 .6333 .5823 5.838
.2 3 2 0 .2523 1.585 .9191* 2.338 2.51*3 5.827
2.556 .9270 .3912 3.182 12 .0 3 12.07 .6323 .5819
.2 3 3 0 .2532 1.591 .9203 2.352 5.816
2.366 .9273 .3893 3.1 9 2 12.15 12.19 .6313 .5815
.231*0 .251*0 1.596 .9211 2.569
.9276 .3871» 3.203 12.29 12.33 .6301* .5811 5.806
.2350 .251*9 1.6 0 2 .9219 2.380 2.581
.9219 .3855 3.211* 12.1*3 12.1*7 .6291* .5807 5.796
.2 3 6 0 .2558 1.607 .9227 2.393 2.591* 5.786
.9282 .3836 3.2 2 5 12.55 1 2 .5 9 .6281* .5801*
.2370 .2566 1.612 .9235 2.1*08 2.607 5.776
2.620 .9285 .3816 3.236 12 .6 9 12.73 .6275 .5800
.2380 .2575 1.618 .921*3 2.1*22 5.766
.9288 .3797 3.21*7 12.83 12.87 .6265 .5796
.2390 .2581* 1.623 .9251 2.1*36 2.631*
3.257 12.97 13.01 .6256 .5792 5.756
1.629 .9259 2.1*50 2.61*7 .9291 »3779
.21*00 .2592 .929I* .3760 3.2 6 8 1 3 .1 1 13.15 .621*6 .5788 5.7U6
.2601 1.631* .9267 2.1*61* 2.660
.21*10 .9298 .371*1 3.2 7 9 1 3 .2 6 1 3 .3 0 .6237 . 5781* 5.736
.2610 1.61*0 .9275 2.1*80 2.671*
.21*20 .9301 .3722 3.2 9 0 13.1*0 13.1*1* .6228 .578O 5.727
.2618 1.61*5 .9282 2.1*91» 2.687
.21*30 .9301* .3701* 3 .3 0 1 13.55 1 3 .5 9 .6218 .5776 5.718
1.6 5 0 .9289 2.508 2.700
.21*1*0 .2627
3.312 13 .7 0 1 3.73 .6209 .5272 5.7 1 0
1.656 .9296 2.523 2.711* .9307 *3685
.2635 5.701
O O O O Q

.9310 -3666 3.323 1 3 .8 5 1 3 .8 8 .6200 .5768

.261*1* 1.661 .9301* 2.538 2.728
.9311* .361*8 3.331* 11*. 00 ll*.ol* .6191 .5761* 5.692
.2653 1.667 .9311 2.553 2.71*2 5.681*
.9317 .3629 3.31*1* U *.l5 ll*.1 9 .6182 .5760
.2661 1.672 .9318 2.568 2.755
.9320 .3610 3.355 H *.3l 11».35 .6173 .5756 5.675
.2670 1.678 .9325 2.583 2.770

.9323 -3592 3.367 11*. 1*7 U *.5 l .6161* .5752 5.667

1.683 .9332 2.599 2.781*
.2500 .2679 .9327 .35tt* 3.377 ll*.6 2 ll».66 .6155 .571*8 5.658
.2687 1.6 8 9 .9339 2.611* 2.798 ll*.8 2 .611*6 .571*1*
.2510 .9330 .3556 3.388 ll*.7 9 5.650
.2520 .2696 1.691* .931*6 2.629 2.813
.9333 .3537 3.399 1Ú.95 11*.99 .6137 .571*0 5.6l»l
.2705 1.7 0 0 .9353 2.61*5 2.828
.2530 2.81*2 .9336 .3519 3.1*10 15.12 1 5 .1 5 .6128 .5736 5.633
.2711* 1.7 0 5 .9360 2.660
.251*0
.931*0 .3501 3.1*21 15 .2 9 1 5.32 .6120 .5732 5.621*
.2122 1.711 .9367 2.6 7 6 2.856 5 .6 1 6 .
.2550 3.1*32 15.1*5 15.1*9 .6111 .5728
1.716 .9371* 2.6 9 1 2.871 •931*3 "3W3
.2560 .2731 3.1*1*3 15.63 1 5 .6 6 .6102 .5721* 5.6 0 8
.271*0 1.722 .9381 2.707 2.886 •931*6 -3 ^ 5
.2570 .931*9 .31*1*7 3.1*51* 1 5 .8 0 15.83 .6093 .5720 5.600
1.727 .9388 2.723 2.901
.2580 .271*9 3.1*65 1 5 .9 7 1 6 .0 0 .6085 .5716 5.592
1.732 .9391» 2.739 2.916 .9353 .31*30
.2590 .2757
.9356 .31*12 3.1*76 16 .1 5 1 6 .1 8 .6076 .5712 5.5 8 5
.2600 .2766 1.738 .91*00 2.755 2.931 5.5 7 8
.9360 .3391 3.1*87 16.33 1 6 .3 6 .6068 .5707
.2610 .211$ 1.71*1* .91*06 2.772 2.91*6
.9363 *3376 3.1*98 1 6 .5 1 16.5U .6060 .5703 5.5 7 1
.2620 .2781* 1.71*9 .91*12 2.788 2.962
.9367 *3359 3 .5 0 9 16 .6 9 1 6.73 .6052 .5699 5.563
.2630 .2792 1.755 .91*18 2.801* 2.977 5.5 5 6
.9370 .331*2 3 .5 2 0 1 6 .8 8 1 6 .9 1 .601*3 .5695
.261*0 .2801 1.7 6 0 .91*25 2.820 2.992
3.5 3 1 17.07 1 7 .1 0 .6035 .5691 5.51*8
.2810 1.7 6 6 .91*31 2.837 3.008 .9373 -3325
.2650 .9377 . 3308 3.51*2 17 .2 6 1 7 .2 8 .6027 .5687 5.51*1
.2660 .2819 1.7 7 1 .91*37 2.853 3.023
.9380 .3291 3.553 17.1*5 17.1*5 .6018 . 5683 5.531*
.2670 .2827 1.776 .91*1*3 2.8 7 0 3.0 3 9
.9383 .3271* 3.561* 17.61* 17.67 .6010 .5679 5.527
.2680 .2836 1.782 .9l*U9 2.886 3.055 5.5 2 0
.9386 .3256 3.5 7 5 17.81* 17.87 .6002 .5675
.2690 .281*5 1.788 .9155 2.901* 3.071

C-IO
Table C—1 — Continued

d /L o dA, 2 " d /L TANH SINH COSH k/ h : K lt*r d/L SINH COSH n c 0/ c M

O (r 0

§
CM
2 2 tf "d/L l*Wd/L l*fl"d/L

*2700 . 2851* 1 .7 9 3 . 91*61 2 .9 2 1 3 .0 8 8 .9390 .3239 3 .5 8 7 18. 01* 1 8 .0 7 . 5991* .5671 5. 5 l /

.2710 .2863 1 .7 9 9 . 91*67 2 .9 3 8 3 . 101* .9393 .3222 3.598 18. 21* 1 8 .2 7 .5 9 8 6 .5667 5.506
.2720 .2872 1 . 801* . 91*73 2 .9 5 6 3 .1 2 0 .9396 .3205 3 .6 1 0 1 8 . 1*6 1 8 . 1*9 .5978 <1* 0 0
.5663
.2 7 3 0 .2 8 8 0 1 .8 1 0 . 91*78 2.973 3 .1 3 6 .3189 3 .6 2 0 1 8 .6 5 1 8 .6 7 .5971
.91*00
*27 l*0 .2889 1 .8 1 5 . 91*81* 2 .9 9 0 3 .1 5 3 . 91*03 .3172 3 .6 3 1 1 8 .8 6 1 8 .8 9 .5 9 6 3 .5 6 5 5 5.1*86
.2750 .2898 1 .8 2 1 . 91*90 3 .0 0 8 3 .1 7 0 . 91*06 .3155 3 . 61*2 19.07 1 9 .1 0 .5955 .5651 5. 1*80
.2 7 6 0 .2907 1 .8 2 6 . 91*95 3 .0 2 5 3 .1 8 6 . 91*10 .3139 3.653 1 9 .2 8 1 9 -30 . 591*7 . 561*7 /5.
' • HL 71 *4
L
.2 7 7 0 .2916 1 .8 3 2 .9500 3 . 01*3 3.203 •91*13 .3122 3 . 661* 19. 1*9 1 9 .5 1 . 591*0 . 561*3 5 . 1*68
.2 7 8 0 . 292 U 1 .8 3 7 .9505 3 .0 6 1 3 .2 2 0 . 91*16 .3 1 0 6 3 .6 7 5 1 9.71 1 9 . 71* .5 9 3 2 .5639 5. 1*62
.2 7 9 0 .2933 1 . 81*3 .9511 3 .0 7 9 3 .2 3 7 . 91*20 .3089 3 .6 8 6 1 9.93 1 9 .9 6 .5925 .5635 5. 1*56
.2 8 0 0 . 291*2 1 . 81*9 .9516 3 .0 9 7 3 . 251* . 91*23 .3073 3.697 20.16 2 0 .1 8 .5917 •5631 5. 1i 5o
.2 8 1 0 .2 9 5 1 1 . 851* .9521 3 .1 1 5 3 .2 7 2 . 91*26 .3057 3 .7 0 9 20.39 20. 1*1 .5 9 1 0 .5627
.2 8 2 0 .2 9 6 0 1 .8 6 0 .9526 3 .1 3 3 3 .2 8 9 •91*30 . 301*0 3 .7 2 0 20.62 20. 61* .5902 .5623 .5 ».L 38
v
.2 8 3 0 .2 9 6 9 1 .8 6 6 .9532 3 .152 3.307 . 91*33 . 3021* 3.731 20.85 2 0 .8 7 .5 8 9 5 .5 6 1 9 5 . U32
. 281*0 .2978 1 .8 7 1 .9537 3 .1 7 1 3 .3 2 5 . 91*36 .3008 3 . 71*2 21.0 9 2 1 .1 1 .5887 .5 6 1 5 5 . 1*26
.2850 ,2987 1 .8 7 7 . 951*2 3 .1 9 0 3 . 31*3 . 91*1*0 .2992 3 . 751* 21.33 2 1 .3 5 .5 8 8 0 .5611 5 . 1*20
.2 8 6 0 .2996 1 .8 8 2 . 951*7 3 .2 0 9 3 .3 6 1 . 91*1*3 .2976 3 .7 6 5 21.57 2 1 .5 9 .5873 .5607 5 . 1*11 *
.2 8 7 0 .3 0 0 5 1 .8 8 8 .9552 3 .2 2 8 3 .3 7 9 . 91*1*6 .2 9 5 9 3 .7 7 6 21.82 2 1 . 81* .5866 .5603 5 . 1*09
.2 8 8 0 . 3011* 1 .8 9 3 .9557 3 . 21*6 3 .3 9 6 , 91*1*9 . 291*1* 3.787 22.05 2 2 .0 7 .5 8 5 9 •5600 5 . 1*03
.2 8 9 0 .3022 1 .8 9 9 .9562 3 . 261* 3 . 1*11* . 91*52 .2 9 2 9 3.798 2 2.30 2 2 .3 2 .5852 .5596 5.397
.2 900 .3 0 3 1 1 .9 0 5 .9567 3 . 281* 3 . 1*33 . 91*56 .2913 3 .8 0 9 22. 51* 2 2 .5 7 . 581*5 .5592 5 .3 9 2
.2 9 1 0 . 301*0 1 .9 1 0 .9572 3 .3 0 3 3 . 1*51 . 91*59 .2898 3.821 22.81 2 2 .8 3 .5838 .5 5 6 6 5 .3 6 6
.2920 . 301*9 1 .9 1 6 ,9 5 7 7 3 .3 2 3 3 . 1*71 . 91*63 .2882 3 .8 3 2 23.07 2 3 .0 9 .5831 . 5561* 5 .3 8 0
.2 9 3 0 .3 0 5 8 1 .9 2 2 .9581 3 . 31*3 3 . 1*90 . 91*66 .2866 3 . 81*3 23.33 2 3 .3 5 . 5821* •5560 5 .3 7 5
. 291*0 .3067 1 .9 2 7 .9585 3 .3 6 2 3 .5 0 8 •91*69 .2851 3.855 23.60 2 3 .6 2 .5817 .5576 5.3 7 1
.2 9 5 0 .3 0 7 6 1 .9 3 3 .9590 3.382 3 .5 2 7 . 91*73 .2835 3 .8 6 6 23.86 2 3 .8 8 .5 8 1 0 .5572 5.3 6 6
.2 9 6 0 .3 0 8 5 * v 938 . 9591* 3 . 1*02 3 . 51*6 . 91*76 .2820 3.877 21*.12 2!*. l 5 . 5801* •5568 5.3 6 1
.2 9 7 0 . 3091* 1 . 91*1* .9599 3 . 1*22 3 .5 6 5 . 91*80 .2 8 0 5 3.888 21* .1*0 21* .1*2 .5797 . 5561* 5.3 5 6
.2980 .3 1 0 3 1 .9 5 0 .9603 3 . 1*1*2 3 .5 8 5 . 91*83 .2 7 9 0 3 .9 0 0 21*.68 21*. 70 .5 7 9 0 .55 6 0 5.351
.2 9 9 0 .3112 1 .9 5 5 .9607 3 . 1*62 3 . 601, . 91*86 .2 7 7 5 3.911 2l*.96 21*. 98 . 5781* .5556 5 . 3 U7
.3000 .3121 1.961 .9611 3 . 1*83 3 . 621* . 91*90 .2760 3 .9 2 2 25. 21* 2 5 .2 6 .5777 .5552 5. 31*2
.3010 .3 1 3 0 1 .9 6 7 .9616 3 .5 0 3 3 . 61*3 . 91*93 . 271*5 3 .9 3 3 25.53 2 5 .5 5 .5771 5.337
. 551*9
.3020 .3 1 3 9 1 .9 7 2 .9620 3 . 521* 3 .6 6 3 . 91*96 .2730 3 . 91*5 25.82 2 5 .8 3 . 5761, . 551*5 5.3 3 2
.3030 . 311*8 1 .9 7 8 . 9621* 3 . 51*5 3 .6 8 3 . 91*99 .2715 3.956 26.12 26. 11* .5758 . 551*1 5.326
. 301*0 .3157 1 . 981* .9629 3 .5 6 6 3 .7 0 3 .9502 .2700 3.968 26. 1*2 26. 1*1* .5751 .5538 5.323
.3050 .3166 1 .9 8 9 .9633 3 .5 8 7 3 . 721* ,9505 .2685 3.979 26.72 26. 71* . 571*5 .5531 5 .3 1 8
.3060 .3175 1 .9 9 5 .9637 3.609 3 . 71*5 .9509 .2670 3 .9 9 0 27.02 27. 01» .5739 .5530 5. 311*
.3070 •318 li 2 .0 0 1 . 961*1 3 .6 3 0 3 .7 6 5 .9512 .2656 1*.002 27.33 2 7 .3 5 .5732 .5527 5.3 0 9
,3080 .3193 2.007 . 961*5 3 .6 5 1 3.786 .9515 . 261*1 1*.013 27.65 2 7 .6 6 .5726 .5523 5 .3 0 5
.3090 .3202 2.012 . 961*9 3.673 3.80 6 .9518 .2627 l*.02 l* 27.96 2 7 .9 8 .5 7 2 0 .5519 5 .3 0 0
.3100 .3211 2.018 .9653 3 . 691* 3.827 •9522 .2613 lt .0 3 6 28.28 2 8 .3 0 . 5711* .5515 5 .2 9 6
.3110 .3220 2 .0 2 3 .9656 3.716 3 . 81*8 .9525 .2599 ll . 0 l*7 28.60 2 8 .6 2 .5708 .5511 5.2 9 2
.3120 .3230 2.029 .9660 3.738 3 .8 7 0 .9528 . 2581* l*.058 28.93 2 8 .9 5 .5701 .5507 5.288
.3130 .3239 2 .0 3 5 . 9661» 3 .7 6 0 3 .8 9 1 •9531 .2570 I1.070 29.27 2 9 .2 8 .5695 . 5501* 5. 281*
. 311*0 . 321*8 2 . 01*1 .9668 3.782 3.912 .9535 .2556 l*.08 l 29.60 2 9 .6 2 .5 6 8 9 .5500 5 .2 8 0
.3150 .3257 2 . 01*6 .9672 3.805 3 . 931* .9538 . 251*2 1*.093 29. 91* 2 9 .9 6 .5683 . 51*97 5 .2 7 6
.3160 .3266 2.052 .9676 3.828 3.956 . 951*1 .2528 It. lO l * 30.29 3 0 .3 1 .5678 . 51*91* 5.272
.3170 .3275 2.058 .9679 3.851 3.978 . 951*1* . 2511* I1. I I 6 30. 61» 3 0 .6 5 .5672 . 51*90 5.2 6 8
.3180 . 3281* 2 .0 6 3 .9682 3.873 1*.000 . 951*7 .2500 1*.127 30.99 3 1.0 0 .5666 . 51*66 5. 261*
.3190 . 3291* 2 .0 6 9 .9686 3 .8 9 6 1*. 022 .9550 . 21*86 1*.139 31.35 31.37 .5660 . 51*83 5 .2 6 0
.3200 .3302 2 .0 75 .9690 3.919 l*.ol*5 .9553 . 21*72 !*.150 31.71 31.72 .5 6 5 5 . 51*79 5.256
.3210 .3311 2 .0 8 1 .9693 3 . 91*3 1*.068 .9556 . 21*59 1*.161 32.07 3 2 .0 8 . 561*9 . 51*76 5.252
.3220 .3321 2 .0 8 6 .9696 3.966 1*.090 .9559 . 21*1*5 1*.173 32. 1*1* 32. 1*6 . 561*3 . 51*72 5. 21*9
.3230 .3330 2 .0 9 2 .9700 3 .9 9 0 l* . l l l * .9562 . 21*31 1*.185 32.83 32. 81* .5637 •51*68 5 . 21*5
. 321*0 .3 3 3 9 2 .0 9 8 .9703 U. 011* 1*.136 .9565 . 21*18 lt .196 33.20 3 3 .2 2 .5632 . 51*65 5. 21*1
.3 2 5 0 , 331*9 2 . 101* .9707 1*.038 1*.160 .9568 . 21*01* lt .208 33.60 3 3 .6 1 .5627 . 51*62 5.237
.3260 .3357 2 .1 1 0 .9710 1*.061 U. 183 .9571 .2391 1*.219 33.97 3 3 .9 9 .5621 . 5 U58 5. 231*
.3 2 7 0 .3367 2 .1 1 5 .9713 1* .08 S 1*. 206 . 9571* .2378 1*.231 31*. 37 31*. 38 .5 6 1 6 . 51*55 5.231
.3 2 8 0 .3 3 7 6 2 .1 2 1 .9717 lt.n o 14.230 .3577 . 2361* 1*. 21*2 31*. 77 31*. 79 .5 6 1 0 . 51*51 5 .227
.3 2 9 0 .3385 2.127 .9720 l* . i 35 i . 251* .9580 .2351 1. . 251* 35.18 3 5 .1 9 .5605 . 51*1*8 S.22 3

C-l
 Table C - l - Continued
h fT d/L SINH COSH n Cq / C M
SINH COSH K
d /L d /L 2JT d /L TANK
8 ’ 7’d / L 87T d /L
o 2fT d / L Z V d Jl 2fT d / L

.2338 8.2 6 5 35 .5 8 35.59 .5599 .5888 5.220

.3300 .3391* 2.133 .9723 8.3.59 1*.277 .9583
.9586 .2325 8.277. 35.99 36.00 .5598 .5881 5.217
.3310 .31*03 2.1 3 8 .9726 8.1 8 8 8 .3 0 1
.2312 8 .2 8 8 36.82 36.83 .5589 .5838 5.218
?.ll*l* .9729, 8.209 8 .3 2 6 .9589 5.210
.3320 .31*13 8 .3 0 0 36 .8 8 36.85 .5588 .5838
2'. 150 .97321 8.2 3 8 U.35<|> .9592 .2299
.3330 .31*22 .2286 8 .3 1 1 37.25 37.27 .5578 .5831 5.207
2*156 .9735 U.259 lt.375 .9595
.3380 .31*31
.2273 8.323 37 .7 0 37.72 .5573 .5827 5.208
.3350 .31*1*0 2.1 6 1 .9738 U. 281* 8 .3 9 9 .9598
.2260 8 .3 3 5 38.18 3 8.15 .5568 .5828 5.201
2.167 .971*1 8.3 1 0 l*.l*2l* .9601
.3360 .31*1*9 8 .3 8 6 38.59 3 8 .6 0 .5563 .5821 5.198
.971*1* 1*.336 l*.l*5o .9608 .2287
.3370 .3U59 2.173 39.02 39.08 .5558 .5817 5.198
.971*7 8.361 It.l*7l* .9607 .2235 8 .3 5 8
.3380 .31*68 2.179 39-88 39-Í-9 .5553 . 5818 5.191
.9750 8.3 8 8 !*.5oo .9610 .2222 8.3 6 9
.3390 .31*77 2.1 8 5
.2210 8.3 8 1 39-95- 39.96 .5588 .5811 5.188
.31*00 . 31*68 2 .1 9 0 .9753 1*.1*13 1*.525 .9613
U.550 .2198 8.3 9 2 80.8O 8 0 .8 1 .5588 .5808 5.185
.31*10 .31*95 2.1 9 6 .9756 1*.1*39 .9615
U.576 .2185 8.808 80.87 8 0.89 .5539 .5805 5.182
.31*20 .3501* 2.202 .9758 8.8 6 6 .9618
1*.602 .2173 8 .8 1 6 81.36 81.37 .5538 .5802 5.179
.31*30 .35H* 2.208 .9761 1*.1*92 .9621 5.176
¡*.630 .9623 .2160 8.827 81 .8 5 8 1 .8 8 .5529 .5399
.31*1*0 .3523 2.211* .9761* It. 521

.9626 .2188 8.8 3 9 82.33 8 2 .3 8 .5528 .5396 5.173

.31*50 .3532 2.2 2 0 .9767 1*.51*7 It .656
.2136 8 .8 5 1 82.83 8 2 .8 8 .5519 .5392 5.171
.31*60 .351*2 2.225 •9769 8 .5 7 5 8.682 .9629 5.168
It.602 1*.709 .9632 .2128 8.8 6 2 83 .3 8 83.35 .5515 .5389
.31*70 .3551 2.231 .9772 83.86 .5510 .5386 5.165
8.6 2 9 8 .7 3 6 .9635 .2111 8 .8 7 8 83.85
.31*80 .3 5 6 0 2.2 3 7 .9175 8 8 .8 0 .5505 .5383 5.162
lt.657 lt.763 .9638 .2099 8 .8 8 6 88.37
.31*90 .3 5 7 0 2.21*3 .9777
.9680 .2087 8.898 88.89 8 8 .8 0 .5501 .5380 5.159
.3500 .3579 2.21*9 .9780 8 .6 8 5 8.7 9 1 5.157
8 .8 1 8 .9683 .2076 8 .5 0 9 85 .8 2 85.83 .5896 .5377
.3 5 1 0 .3 5 8 8 2.2 5 5 .9782 U.713 5.158
8 .8 8 5 .9686 .2068 8.521 85 .9 5 8 5 .9 6 .5892 .5378
.3 5 2 0 .3598 2.2 6 0 .9785 i*.7 ia 5.152
u.770 .9688 .2052 8.533 86 .5 0 8 6 ,5 1 .5887 .5371
.3530 .3607 2.2 6 6 .9787 8 .8 7 3 5.189
.2080 8.5 8 8 87.03 8 7 .0 8 .5883 .5368
.351*0 .3616 2.2 7 2 .9790 8.7 9 8 8.9 0 1 .9651

.2029 8.5 5 6 87 .5 9 8 7 .6 0 .5879 .5365 5.187

.3550 .3 6 2 5 2.278 .9792 it.827 8.9 2 9 .9658
.2017 8 .5 6 8 88.15 8 8 .1 6 .5878 .5362 5.1 8 8
.3560 .3635 2.281* .9795 U.856 8.957 .9657
.2005 8.579 88.72 8 8 .7 3 .5870 .5359 5.181
.3570 .361*1» 2.2 9 0 .9797 U.885 8.987 .9659
.9662 .1998 8.591 89.29 8 9 .3 0 .5866 .5356 5.139
.3580 .3653 2 .2 9 6 .9799 l*.9ll* 5.015 5.137
.9665 .1983 8.603 89 .8 8 8 9 .8 9 .5861 .5353
.3590 .3663 2.3 0 1 .9801 l*.9l*lt 5 .0 8 8

.1972 8 .6 1 5 50.87 50.88 .5857 .5350 5.1 3 8

.3600 .3672 2.307 .9801* l*.97l* 5.0 7 2 .9667
.9670 .I9 6 0 8.6 2 7 51.08 51.09 .5853 .5387 5.132
.3610 .3682 2.313 .9806 5.001* 5.1 0 3
.1989 8.6 3 8 51.67 51.67 .5889 .5388 5.130
.3620 .3691 2.319 .9808 5.031* 5.132 .9673
5.1 6 1 .1938 8 .6 5 0 52.27 52.28 .5885 .5382 5.1 2 7
.3 6 3 0 .3700 2.3 2 5 .9811 5.063 .9675
.9677 .1926 8 .6 6 1 52.89 5 2 .9 0 .5881 .5339 5.1 2 5
.361*0 .3709 2.331 .9813 5.09U 5.191

5.2 2 1 .9680 .1915 8 .6 7 3 53.52 5 3.53 .5837 .5336 5.123

.3650 .3719 2.337 .9815 5.121*
5 .2 5 1 .9683 .1908 8.6 8 5 58.15 5 8.16 .5833 .5333 5.121
.3660 .3728 2.3l*2 .9817 5.155
5.186 5 .2 8 1 .1898 8.697 58.78 5 8.79 .5829 .5330 5 .1 1 8
.3670 .3737 2 .3 1 *8 .9819 .9 6 6 6
5.1 1 6
5.217 5.312 .9688 .1883 8.7 0 8 55.82 5 5.83 .5825 .5327
.3680 .371*7 2.351* .9821
5.21*8 5.3 8 3 .9690 .1872 8.7 2 0 56 .0 9 5 6 .1 0 .5821 .5325 5.118
.3690 .3756 2.3 6 0 .9823

5.2 8 0 5 .3 7 8 .1861 8.732 56.76 56.77 .5817 .5322 5.112

.3700 .3766 2.3 6 6 .9825 .9693 5 ,1 1 0
5.8 0 6 .9696 .1850 8.788 57.83 5 7 .8 8 .5813 .5319
.3710 .3775 2.372 .9827 5.312
5.8 3 8 .9698 .1839 8.756 58.13 5 8 .1 8 .5809 .5317 5.107
.3720 .3785 2.378 .9830 5.31*5
.9700 .1828 8.768 58.82 5 8.83 .5805 .5318 5.105
.3730 .3791* 2.381* .9832 5.377 5.8 6 9
5 .ia o 5.5 0 2 .9702 .1818 8.7 8 0 59.52 5 9.53 .5802 .5312 5.103
.371*0 .3801* 2.3 9 0 .9831*
.1807 8.792 6 0 .2 8 6 0 .2 5 .5398 .5309 5.101
.3750 .3813 2 .3 9 6 .9835 5 .¥ * 3 5 .5 3 8 .9705
5.566 .9707 .1797 8.803 60.95 6 0 .9 5 .5398 .5306 5.099
.3760 .3822 2.1*02 .9837 5.1*75
5.508 5.5 9 8 .1786 8.815 61.68 6 1 .6 8 .5390 .5308 5.097
.3770 .3832 2.1*08 .9839 .9709
5.6 3 1 .1776 8.827 62 .8 1 6 2 .8 2 .5387 .5301 5.095
.3780 .381*1 2.1*13 .981a 5.51a .9712
5.6 6 1 .1766 8.838 63 .1 3 6 3 .1 8 .5383 .5299 5.093
.3790 .3850 2.1*19 .981*3 5.5 7 2 .9718
.1756 8.851 6 3 .9 1 6 3 .9 1 .5380 .5296 5.091
.3800 .3860 2.1*25 .981*5 5.6 0 9 5.697 .9717
.1785 8.862 68.67 68.67 .5376 .5298 5.0 9 0
.3810 .3869 2.1*31 .981*7 5.61*3 5.7 3 1 .9719 5.0 8 8
5.677 5.7 6 5 .9721 .1735 8.875 65 .8 5 6 5 .8 6 .5372 .5291
.3820 .3879 2.1*37 .981*8 5.0 8 6
5.7 9 8 .9728 .1725 8.885 66.16 6 6 .1 7 .5369 .5288
.3830 .3888 2.1*1*3 .9850 5.712 5.088
5.71*6 5.833 .9726 .1715 8.898 67.02 6 7 .0 3 .5365 .5286
.381*0 .3898 2.1*1*9 .9852

5.8 6 6 .1705 8.9 1 0 6 7 .8 0 6 7 .8 1 .5362 .5288 5.082

.3850 .3907 2.1*55 ,.9851* 5 .7 8 0 .9728
5 .9 0 0 .1695 8.922 6 8 .6 1 6 8 .6 2 .5359 .S281 5.081
.3860 .3917 2.1*61 .9855 5.811* .9730
5 .8 5 0 5.9 3 5 .9732 .1685 8.938 69 .8 5 6 9 .8 6 .5355 .5279 5.079
.3870 .3926 2.1*67 .9857
5.8 8 6 5 .9 7 0 .1675 8 .9 8 6 70 .2 8 7 0 .2 9 .5352 .5276 5.077
.3880 .3936 2.1*73 .9859 .9735
.1665 8.958 71.12 71.13 .5389 .5278 5.076
.3890 .391*5 2.1*79 .9860 5.921 6 .0 0 5 .9737

C-l 2
 Table C—1 — Continued
d/ L0 TANH SINH COSH K 1*77 d/L SINH COSH n c_/c H
277‘d/L 2 n d / i 217 d/L 1*77d/L G 0
It^ d/L

.3900 .3955 2.1*85 .9662 5.957 6 .01*0 .9739 .1656 U.970 71.97 71.98 . 531*5 .5271 5 .071*
.3910 . 3961* 2.1*91 . 9861* 5.993 6.076 .971*1 .161*6 1*.982 72.85 72.86 . 531*2 .5269 5.072
.3920 •3971* 2.1*97 .9865 6.029 6.112 .971*3 .1636 !*.993 73.72 73.72 .5339 .5267 5.071
•3930 .3983 2.503 .9867 6.066 6.11*8 .971*5 .1627 5.005 71*. 58 71*.59 .5336 .5265 5.069
. 391*0 .3993 2.509 .9869 6.103 6.185 .971*8 .1617 5.017 75.1*8 75. 1*9 .5332 .5262 5.067
. 39SO ,1*002 2.515 .9870 6 .11*0 6.221 .9750 .1608 5.029 76. 1*0 76.1*0 .5329 .5260 5.066
.3960 .1*012 2.521 .9872 6.177 6.258 .9752 .1598 5 .01*1 77.31 77.32 .5326 .5258 5 .061*
.3970 . 1*021 2.527 .9873 6.215 6.295 . 9751* .1589 5.053 78. 21* 78. 21* .5323 .5255 5.063
.3980 .1*031 2.532 . 9871* 6.252 6.332 .9756 .1579 5.065 79.19 79.19 .5320 .5253 5.062
.3990 .1*01*0 2.538 .9876 6.290 6.369 .9758 .1570 5.077 80.13 80.13 .5317 .5251 5.060
.1*000 . 1*050 2. 51*1* .9877 6.329 6 .1*07 .9761 .1561 5.089 81.12 81.12 . 5311* . 521*8 5.058
.1*010 . 1*059 2.550 •9879 6.367 6 .1*1*5 .9763 .1552 5.101 82.07 82.08 .5311 . 521*6 5.056
.1*020 .1*069 2.556 .9880 6 . 1*06 6 .1*83 •9765 .151*2 5. H 3 83.06 83.06 .5308 .521,1* 5.055
. 1*030 .1*078 2.562 .9882 6 .144* 6.521 .9766 .1533 5.125 81*.07 81*.07 .5305 . 521*2 5.053
.1*01*0 .1*088 2.568 .9883 6 .1*81* 6.561 .9768 .1521* 5.137 85.11 85.12 .5302 . 521*0 5.052
.1*050 .1*098 2.575 .9885 6.525 6.601 .9770 .1515 5 .11*9 86.11* 86. 11* .5299 .5238 5.050
.1(060 .1*107 2.581 .9886 6 .561* 6 .61*0 .9772 .1506 5.161 87.17 87.17 .5296 .5236 5 . 01*9
.1*070 .1*116 2.586 .9887 6.603 6.679 • 9771* .11*97 5.173 88.19 88.20 .5293 . 5231* 5 .01*8
.1*080 .1*126 2.592 .9889 6 .614* 6.718 .9776 . 11*88 5.185 89.28 89.28 .5290 .5232 5 .01*6
.1*090 .1*136 2.598 .9890 6 . 681* 6.758 .9778 .11*80 5.197 90.38 90.39 .5287 .5229 5 .01*5
.1*100 .1*11*5 2 . 60I* .9891 6.725 6.799 .9780 .11*71 5.209 91.14* 91. 14* .5285 .5227 5 .014*
.1*110 .1*155 2.610 .9892 6.766 6.839 .9782 .11,62 5.221 92.51* 92.55 .5282 .5225 5 .01*3
.1*120 .1*161* 2.616 .9891* 6.806 6.879 .9781* .11*51* 5.233 93.67 93.67 .5279 .5223 5 . 01*1
. 1*130 .1*171* 2.623 .9895 6 . 81*9 6.921 .9786 . 114,5 5 . 21*5 91*. 83 91*. 83 .5277 .5221 5 . ol*o
.1*11*0 .1*183 2.629 .9896 6.890 6.963 .9788 .11*36 5.257 95.95 95.96 .5271* .5219 5.039
. 1*150 . 1*193 2.635 .9898 6.932 7.001* .9790 .11*28 5.269 97.13 97.13 .5271 .5217 5.037
. 1*160 .1*203 2.61*1 .9899 6. 971* 7.01*6 .9792 .11*19 5.281 98.29 98.30 .5269 .5215 5.036
.1*170 .1*212 2.61*7 .9900 7.018 7.088 .9791* .11*11 5 . 291* 99.52 99.52 .5266 .5213 5.035
.1*180 .1*222 2.653 .9901 7.060 7.130 .9795 .11*03 5.305 100.7 100.7 .5263 .5211 5 .031*
.1*190 .1*231 2.659 .9902 7.102 7.173 .9797 . 1391* 5.317 101.9 101.9 .5261 .5209 5.033
.1*200 .1*21*1 2.665 .9901* 7.11*6 7.215 .9798 .1386 5.329 103.1 103.1 .5258 .5208 5.031
. 1*210 .1*251 2.671 .9905 7.190 7.259 .9800 .1378 5 .31*1 10l*.l* IQU.l* .5256 .5206 5.030
.1*220 .1*260 2.677 .9906 7. 231* 7.303 .9802 .1369 5.353 105.7 105.7 .5253 . 5201*
5.029
. 1*230 .1*270 2.683 .9907 7.279 7.31*9 .9801* .1361 5.366 107.0 107.0 .5251 .5202 5.028
.1*21*0 .1*280 2.689 .9908 7.325 7.392 .9806 .1353 5.378 106.3 106.3 . 521*8 .5200 5.027
.1*250 .1*289 2.695 .9909 7.371 7.1*38 .9808 . 131*5 5.390 109.7 109.7 .521*6 .5198 5.026
.1*260 .1*298 2.701 .9910 7.1*12 7.1*79 .9810 .1337 5.1*02 110.9 110.9 .521*1* .5196
.1*270 .1*308 2.707 5.025
.9911 7.1*57 7.521» .9811 .1329 5.101* 112.2 112.2 .521*1 .5195 5. 021*
.1*280 .1*318 2.713 .9912 7.503 7.570 .9812 .1321 5 .1*26 113.6 113.6 .5239 .5193 5.023
.1*290 .1*328 2.719 .9913 7.550 7.616 . 9811* .1313 5 .1*38 115.0 115.0 .5237 5.022
.5 19 1
.1*300 .1*337 2.725 . 9911* 7.595 7.661 .9816 .1305 5 .1*50 116.1* 116.1* , 5231* 5.021
.5189
.1*310 .1*31*7 2.731 .9915 ?.6 l*2 7.707 .9818 .1298 5 .1*62 117.8 117.8 .5232
.1*320 .1*356 7.688 .5187 5.020
2.737 .9916 7.753 .9819 .1290 5 .1*71* II9 .2 119.3 .5230 .5186 5.019
.1*330 .1*366 2. 71*3 .9917 7.735 7.800 .9821 .1282 5 .1*86 120.7 120.7 .5227 . 5181* 5.018
.1*31*0 .1*376 2. 71*9 .9918 7.783 7.81*7 •9823 . 1271* 5 . 1*99 122.2 122.2 .5225 .5182 5.017
.1*350 .1*385 2.755 .9919 7.831 7.895 .9821* .1267 5.511 123.7 123.7 .5223
.1*360 2.762 .5181 5.016
.1*395 .9920 7.880 7. 91*3 .9826 .1259 5.523 125.2 125.2 .5221
.1*370 .14*05 2.768 .5179 5.015
.9921 7.922 7.991 .9828 .1251 5.535 126.7 126.7 .5218 .5177 5. 011*
.1*380 .14*11* 2. 771* .9922 7.975 8.035 .9829 .121*1* 5 .51*7 128.3 128.3 .5216
.1*390 .14*21* 2.780 .5176 5.013
.9923 8.026 8.088 .9830 .1236 5.560 129.9 129.9 .5211* . 5171* 5.012
.1*1*00 •1*1*31* 2.786 •9921* 8.075 8.136 .9832 .1229 5.572 131.1*
. 1*1*10 131.1* .5212 .5172 5 .0 11
444*3 2,792 •9925 8 .121* 8.185 .9833 .1222 5 .581* 133.0 133.0 .5210 .5171 5.010
.1*1*20 . 14*53 2.798 .9926 8.175 8.236 •9835 .1211* 5.596 13li .7 13l*.7 .5208 .5169
.1*1*30 5.009
. 1*1*63 2. 801* .9927 8.228 8.285 .9836 .1207 5.608 136.3 136.3 .5206 .5168 5.008
.14*1*0 . 14*72 2.810 .9928 8. 271* 8.331* .9838 .1200 5.620 137.9 137.9 .5201* .5166 5.007
.1*1*50 .1*1*82 2.816 .9929 8.326 8.387 .9839 .1192 5.632 139.6 139.7 .5202
.1*1*60 .5165 5.006
.14*92 2.822 .9930 8.379 8.1*38 .981*1 .1185 5 .614* 110 . 1* 11*1 .1* .5200 .5163
.1*1*70 .1*501 2.828 .9930 8.1,86 5.005
8.1*27 . 981*3 .1178 5.657 11*3.1 11*3 .1 .5198 .5161 5 . oo 5
.1*1*80 .1*511 2. 831* .9931 8.1*81 8.51*0 .981*1* .1171 5.669 11*1*.8 l l *l*.8 .5196 .5160
.1*1*90 .1*521 2. 81*0 5 . 001*
.9932 8.532 8.590 . 981*6 . 1161* 5.681 11*6 .6 11*6 .6 .5191* .5158 5.003

C - 13
Table C—1 — Continued
COSH H /H ¿ K 1**7 d / L SINH COSH n C jC M
d /L 2 * d/L WNH su ro
i / Lo 1**7 d/L 1*77d/L “ °
217 d / t 2tr d/L 2 d/L

.981*7 -1 1 5 7 5 .6 9 3 11*8.1* 11*8.1* .5 19 2 .5 1 5 7 5.002

.U50o .1*531 2.81,7 .9933 8 .5 8 5 8.61,3
.981*8 .1 1 5 0 5 .7 0 5 1 5 0 .2 1 5 0 .2 .5 1 9 0 ,5 1 5 6 5 .0 0 1
•i*5io .1*51*0 2.853 .9931» 8 .63 8 8 .6 9 5
6 .7 5 0 .981*9 .U l* 3 5 .7 1 7 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 .5 18 8 .5151* 5.000
.1*520 .1*550 2.859 .9935 8.693
8.801* .9 8 5 1 .1 1 3 6 5 .7 3 0 15 U .0 15 U .0 .5 18 6 .5 15 2 ,5.000
.1*530 .1,560 2.865 .9935 8.71*7
8,851* .9852 .1 1 2 9 5.71*2 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .9 .5181, .5 1 5 1 U.999
.1*51*0 .1,569 2 .8 7 1 .9936 8 .7 9 7

8 .9 1 0 .9853 .1 1 2 2 5.751* 1 5 7 .7 1 5 7 .7 .5 18 2 .SISO U.996

.1*550 .1*579 2.877 .9937 8.8 53
8 .9 6 5 .9855 .1 1 1 5 5 .7 6 6 1 5 9 .7 1 5 9 .7 .5 1 8 1 .$11*8 1*.997
.1*560 .1*589 2.883 .9938 8 .9 1 0
9 .0 2 1 .9857 .1 1 0 9 5 .7 7 9 1 6 1 .7 1 6 1 .7 .5 1 7 9 .511*6 U.997
.1*570 .1*599 2.890 .9938 8 .9 6 5
9 .0 1 6 9 .0 72 .9858 -110 2 5 .7 9 1 1 6 3 .6 1 6 3 .6 .5 1 7 7 .5U *5 U.996
.1*580 .1*608 2.896 .9939
9 .1 2 9 .9859 .10 9 5 5.803 1 6 5 .6 1 6 5 .6 .5 1 7 5 .5U*1* U .995
.1*590 .1*618 2.902 .991,0 9.07U

9 .1 8 6 .9860 .10 89 5 .8 1 5 1 6 7 .7 1 6 7 .7 .5 1 7 3 ,5 lU 3 U.99U

.1*600 .1,628 2.908 .991*1 9 .1 3 2
9.238 .9862 .10 83 5 .6 2 7 1 6 9 .7 1 6 9 .7 .5 1 7 2 .511*1 U.99U
.1*610 .1*637' 2.911* .991*1 9 .1 8 3
9 .2 9 6 .9863 .10 76 5.81,0 1 7 1 .8 1 7 1 .0 .5 1 7 0 .51U0 U.993
.1*620 .1*61*7 2.920 .991*2 9.21,2
.9861* .10 6 9 5 .8 5 2 1 7 3 .9 1 7 3 .9 .5 1 6 8 .$ 13 9 U.992
.1*630 .1,657 2.926 .991*3 9 .3 0 1 9.351»
9.1*06 .9865 .10 6 3 5.861* 1 7 6 .0 1 7 6 .0 .5 1 6 7 .5 13 8 U .991
.1*61*0 .1*666 2.932 .991*1* 9 .3 5 3

9.1*66 .9867 .10 5 6 5 .8 7 6 1 7 8 .2 1 7 8 .2 .5 1 6 5 .5 1 3 6 U .991

.1*650 .1*676 2.938 .991*1* 9.1*13
.9868 .10 50 5.888 180.1* 180.U .5 1 6 3 .5 1 3 5 U.990
.1*660 .I4 8 6 2*91*1* .991*5 9.1*72 9 .5 2 5
.9869 .101*3 5.900 1 8 2 .6 1 8 2 .6 .5 1 6 2 .$13U U.989
.1*670 .1*695 2 .9 5 1 .991*6 9 .5 3 3 9 .5 8 5
9 .6 3 8 .9 8 7 1 .10 3 7 5 .9 1 2 18U .8 18U .8 .5 1 6 0 .$ 13 2 U.989
.1*680 .1*705 2 .957 .991*6 9 .5 8 6
.9872 .1 0 3 1 5 .9 2 5 1 8 7 .2 1 8 7 .2 .5 1 5 8 .5 1 3 1 U.988
.1*690 .1*715 2.963 .991*7 9.61*7 9 .6 9 9

9 .7 6 0 .9873 .10 2 5 5 .9 3 7 1 8 9 .5 1 8 9 .5 .5 1 5 7 .5 1 2 9 U.988

.1*700 .1*725 2.969 .991*7 9 .7 0 9
9 .8 2 1 .9871* .1 0 1 8 5.91*9 1 9 1 .8 1 9 1 .8 .5 1 5 5 .5 1 2 8 U.987
.1*710 .1*735 2 .9 75 .991*8 9.7TO
.9875 .1 0 1 2 5 .9 6 2 19l*.2 19U .2 .S lS U .5 1 2 7 U.986
.1*720 .1*71*1* 2 .9 8 1 .991*9 9 .8 2 6 9 .8 7 7
.9876 .10 0 6 5.971* 1 9 6 .5 1 9 6 .5 .5 1 5 2 .5 1 2 6 U.986
.1*730 .1*751* 2.987 .991*9 9.888 9 .9 3 8
1 0 .0 0 .98 77 .1000 5 .9 8 6 1 9 9 .0 19 9 .O .5 1 5 0 .5 1 2 5 U.985
.1*71*0 .1,761* 2.993 .9950 9 .9 5 1

.9878 .0991*2 5 .9 9 9 201.1* 2 0 1 .U .5 lU 9 .512U U,9$U

.1*750 .1*771* 2.999 .9 9 5 1 1 0 .0 1 10 .0 7
1 0 .1 2 .9880 .09882 6 .0 1 1 20 3.9 20 3.9 .5 lU 7 .5 1 2 2 U.98U
.1*760 .1*783 3.005 .9 9 5 1 1 0 .0 7
1 0 .1 8 .9881 .09820 6.023 20 6.5 20 6 .5 .511*6 .5 1 2 1 U.983
.1*770 .1*793 3 .0 12 .9952 1 0 .1 3
.9882 .09759 6 .0 3 6 209.0 20 9.0 ,5ll*U .5 1 2 0 U.983
.1*780 .1*803 3 .0 18 .9952 1 0 .2 0 1 0 .2 5
.9883 .09698 6.01*8 2 1 1 .7 2 1 1 .7 .511*3 .5 1 1 9 U.982
.1*790 .1*813 3.021* .9953 1 0 .2 6 1 0 .3 1

1 0 .3 7 .9885 .0961*1 6.060 211*. 2 21U .2 .51U2 .5 1 1 7 U.982

.1*800 .1*822 3.030 .9953 1 0 .3 2
.9886 .09583 6 .0 72 2 16 .8 2 16 .8 .5lU 0 .5 1 1 6 U .981
. .1*810 .1*832 3.036 .9951* 1 0 .3 9 10.1*3
10 .5 0 .9887 .09523 6.0 85 2 1 9 .5 2 1 9 .5 .5 13 9 .5 1 1 5 U.980
.1*820 .1*81*2 3.01*2 .9 9 5 5 io .l* S
1 0 .5 7 .9888 .091*61* 6.0 97 222 .2 2 22 .2 .5 1 3 7 .5 11U U.980
.1*830 .1*852 3.01*9 .9 9 5 5 1 0 .5 2
1 0 ,6 3 .9889 .091*05 6 .1 0 9 2 25.0 2 2 5 .0 .5 1 3 6 .5 1 1 3 U.979
.1*81*0 .1*862 3.055 .9956 1 0 .5 9

1 0 .6 9 .9890 .09352 6 .1 2 1 228 .3 228.3 .513U .5 1 1 2 U.979

.1*850 .1*871 3 .0 6 1 .9956 1 0 .6 5
1 0 .7 6 .9891 .09291, 6.131* 230.6 230 .6 .5 13 3 .5 1 1 1 U.978
.1*860 .1*881 3.067 .9957 1 0 .7 1
1 0 .7 8 10 .8 3 .9892 .09236 6.11*6 23 3 .5 2 3 3 .5 .5 13 2 .5 1 1 0 U.978
.1*870 .1*891 3.0 73 .9 9 5 7
1 0 .8 5 1 0 .9 0 .9893 .0 9178 6 .1 5 9 236.1* 236.U .5 13 0 .5 10 9 U .977
.1,880 .1*901 3.079 .9958
1 0 .9 6 .9895 .0 9 12 1 6 .1 7 1 2 3 9 .6 23 9 .6 .5 12 9 .5 1 0 7 U .977
.1*890 .1*911 3.086 .9958 1 0 .9 2

1 1 .0 3 .9896 .09061* 6 .1 8 3 21*2.3 2U2.3 .5 12 8 .5 10 6 U .976

.1*900 .1*920 3.092 .9959 1 0 .9 9
1 1 .0 9 .9897 .09010 6 .1 9 5 21*5.2 21*5.2 .5 12 6 .5 10 5 U.976
.1*910 .1*930 3.098 .9959 1 1 .0 5
1 1 .1 2 1 1 .1 6 .9898 .08956 6.208 21.8.3 2U8.3 .5 1 2 5 .510U U .975
.1*920 .1*91*0 3.101* .9960
11.21* .9899 .08901 6 .2 2 0 2 5 1 .3 2 5 1 .3 .512U .5 10 3 U .975
.1,930 .1*950 3 .1 1 0 .9960 1 1 .1 9
1 1 .2 6 1 1 .3 1 .9899 .0881*5 6 .2 3 2 25U.5 25U.5 .5 12 2 ,$102 U.97U
.1*91*0 .1*960 3 .1 1 7 •9961

1 1 .3 2 1 1 .3 7 .9900 .08793 6.21*5 2 5 7 .6 2 5 7 .6 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 0 1 U.97U

.1*950 .1*969 3 .1 2 2 .9 9 6 1
11.1*0 11.1*1* .990 1 .0871*1 6 .2 5 7 260.8 260.8 .5 12 0 .5 10 0 U.973
.1*960 .1*979 3 .12 8 .9962
1 1 .5 1 .9902 .08691 6.2 6 9 26U.0 26U.0 .5 1 1 9 .5099 U.973
.1*970 .1*989 3 .1 3 5 .9962 11.1*7
.9903 .08637 6 .2 8 2 2 6 7 .3 2 6 7 .3 .5 1 1 8 .5098 U.972
.1,980 .1*999 3.11*1 .9963 11.51* 1 1 .5 9
1 1 .6 1 1 1 .6 5 .9901* .08581* 6.291* 270 .6 2 70 .6 .5 1 1 6 .5097 U.972
.1,990 .5009 3.11*7 .9963

1 1 .6 8 1 1 .7 2 .9905 .08530 6.30 6 27U.0 27U.O .5 1 1 5 .5096 U .971

.5000 .5 0 18 3 .1 5 3 .9961*
.9961* 1 1 .7 5 1 1 .8 0 .9906 .061*77 6 .3 1 9 2 7 7 .5 2 7 7 .5 .511U .5095 U .971
.5 0 10 .5028 3 .1 5 9
1 1 .8 3 1 1 .8 7 .9907 .081*21» 6 .3 3 1 280.8 280.8 .5 1 1 3 .S09U U .971
.5020 .5038 3 .16 6 .9961*
1 1 .9 5 .9908 .0 8 3 71 6.31*3 281*. 3 28U.*3 .5 1 1 2 .5093 U.970
.5030 .501*8 3 .1 7 2 .9 9 6 5 1 1 .9 1
1 2 .0 2 .9909 .08320 6 .3 5 6 2 8 7.9 2 8 7.9 *5110 .5092 U.970
• 501*0 .5058 3 .1 7 8 .9 9 6 5 1 1 ,9 8

.9966 1 2 .0 9 •9909 .08270 6 ,368 291.1* 291.U .510 9 .5092 U.969

.5050 .5067 3.181* 1 2 .0 5
1 2 .1 2 1 2 .1 6 .9 9 10 .08220 6.38 0 295.0 295.0 .510 8 .50 91 U.969
.5060 .5 0 77 3 .1 9 0 .9966
1 2 .2 0 12.21* .9 9 1 1 .08169 6 .3 9 3 298 .7 298 .7 .5 10 7 .5090 U.968
.50 70 .5087 3 .1 9 6 .9967
1 2 .2 8 .9 9 12 .0 8 1 1 9 6.1*05 302.1, 302.U .5 10 6 .5089 U.968
.5080 .50 97 3.20 3 .9967 1 2 .3 2
.9 9 13 .08068 6.1*17 306.2 30 6.2 .5 10 5 .5088 U.967
.5090 .5 10 7 3 .2 0 9 .9968 1 2 .3 5 1 2 .3 9

C - 14
 Table C—1 — Continued
d /L d /L 20" d / L TANH SINH COSH
0 K h ftd /L SINH
217 d /L zrrá/í 277 d / L 00811 n Cp/C II
k * d /L l»*7d/L G 0

.5100 .5117 3 .2 1 5 .9968 12.1*3 12.1*7 .9911, .08022 6.1,30 3 1 0 .0 3 1 0 .0 .5101* »5087 1*.967
.S i l o .5126 3 .2 2 1 .9968 1 2 .5 0 12.51* .9915 .07972 6.10*2 3 1 3 .8 31 3 .8 .5 1 0 3 .5 0 8 6 1**967
.5120 .5136 3 .2 2 7 .9969 1 2 .5 8 1 2 .6 2 .9915 .07922 6.1*51, 317.7 31 7 .7 .5102 .5 0 8 6 U .966
.5130 .511*6 3 .2 3 3 .9 9 6 9 1 2 .6 6 1 2 .7 0 .9916 .07873 6.1,67 321.7 32 1 .7 .5101 .5 0 8 5 !*.966
-51UQ .5156 3.21*0 .9 9 7 0 12.71* 1 2 .7 6 .9917 .07821* 6.1*79 3 2 5 .7 32 5 .7 . 5100 . 5081, U .965
•5i5o .5166 3.21*6 . 9970 12.82 1 2 .8 6 .9918 .07776 6.1*91 329.7
.5160 329 .7 .5098 .5 0 8 3 1*.965
.5176 3 .2 5 2 .9 9 7 0 1 2 .9 0 12.91* .9919 .07729 6.501» 333.8 3 3 3 .8 .5097 .5 0 8 2 1**965
.5170 .5185 3 .2 5 8 .9 9 7 1 1 2 .9 8 1 3 .0 2 .9919 .07682 6 .5 1 6 3 3 7 .9 3 3 7 .9 .5096 .5 0 8 2 1*.961*
.5180 .5 1 9 5 3.261* .9971 1 3 .0 6 1 3 .1 0 .9920 .07631* 6 .5 2 9 31*2.2
.5190 31*2.2 .5 0 9 5 .5 0 8 1 1*.961*
.5205 3 .2 7 0 .9971 13.11* 1 3 .1 8 .9921 .07587 6 .5 l a 31*6.1* 31*6.1* .509!* .5 0 8 0 1*.961»
.5200 .5 2 1 5 3 .2 7 7 .9972 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .2 6 .9922 .0751*0 6 .5 5 3 350.7 3 5 0 .7 .5093 .5 0 7 9 i*.963
.5210 .5225 3 .2 8 3 .9972 13.31 1 3 .3 5 .9923 .071*91* 6 .5 6 6 3 5 5 .1 3 5 5 .1 .5092 ,5 0 7 8 1**963
.5220 .5235 3 .2 8 9 .9972 1 3 .3 9 13.1*3 .9921* .071*1*9 6 .5 7 8 3 5 9 .6 3 5 9 .6 .5092 15077 1*.963
.5230 .S2itl» 3 .2 9 5 .9973 13.1*7 1 3.S 1 .9921* .071*01* 6 .5 9 0 361*.0 361*.0 . 5091 .5077 1*.962
.521*0 .5251* 3 .3 0 1 .9973 1 3 .5 5 1 3 .5 9 .9925 .07358 6 .6 0 3 3 6 8 .5 3 6 8 .5 .50 9 0 .5 0 7 6 1i .9 6 2
.5250 .5261» 3 .3 0 8 .9973 13.61, 1 3 .6 8 .9926 .07312 6 .6 1 5 3 7 3 .1
.5260 3 7 3 .1 .5 0 8 9 .5 0 7 5 1*.962
.5271» 3.311* .9971* 1 3 .7 3 1 3 .7 6 .9927 .07266 6 .6 2 8 3 7 7 .8 37 7 .8 .5088 .5071,
.5 2 7 0 .5281, l* .9 6 l
3 .3 2 0 . 9971* 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .8 5 .9927 .07221 6.61,0 3 8 2 .5
.5 2 8 0 3 8 2 .5 . 5087 . 5071» l* .9 6 l
.5291, 3 .3 2 6 .9971* 1 3 .9 0 13.91* .9928 .07177 6 .6 5 2 3 8 7 .3 38 7 .3 .5 0 8 6 .5073
.5 2 9 0 .5301, l* .9 6 l
3 .3 3 3 .9975 1 3 .9 9 11*. 02 .99 2 9 .07131* 6 .6 6 5 3 9 2 .2 3 9 2 .2 .5 0 8 5 .5072 1*.960
.5 3 0 0 .5311* 3 .3 3 9 .9 9 7 5 1U.07 •ll*.10 .9930 .07091 6 .6 7 7 3 9 7 .0 3 9 7 .0 .5081* .5 0 7 1 1*.960
.5 3 1 0 .5 3 2 3 3.31*5 .9 9 7 5 1I1.I6 11*. 19 .9931 .0701*7 6 .6 9 0 1*02.0 1.02.0 . 5083 . 5070 1*.960
.5 3 2 0 .5333 3 .3 5 1 .9 9 7 6 11*. 25 11*. 28 .9931 .07003 6 .7 0 2 1*06.9 1*06.9 .5082 . 5070 1**959
.5 3 3 0 .531*3 3 .3 5 7 .9976 l l | .3 l i 11*. 37 .9932 .06959 6.711* 1*12.0 l a 2 .0 .50 8 2 .5 0 6 9 1*.959
.531*0 .5353 3 .3 6 3 .9 9 7 6 ll*.l*3 11*.1*6 .9933 .06915 6 .7 2 7 1*17.2 U 7 .2 .5 0 8 1 .5068 1*.959
.5 3 5 0 .5363 3 .3 7 0 .9976 ll*.5 2 H ..55 .9933 .06872 6 .7 3 9 1*22.1* 1,22.1* .50 8 0 .5068 1*.959
.5 3 6 0 .5373 3 .3 7 6 .9977 ll» .6 l 11*.61* .9931* .06829 6 .7 5 2 1*27.7 1*27.7 . 5079 . 5067 1**958
.5 3 7 0 .5383 3 .3 8 2 .9977 ll* .7 0 ll* .7 3 .9935 .06787 6.761* 1*33.1 1,33.1 .5078 . 5066 1**958
.5 3 8 0 .5393 3 .3 8 8 .9977 11*. 79 11*. 82 .9935 .0671*6 6 .7 7 6 1*38.5 1*38.5 .5077 .5 0 6 6 1*.958
.5 3 9 0 .51*02 3.391» .9977 llt.8 8 H».91 .9936 .0 6 7 0 5 6 ,7 8 9 i*i*i*.o IM .O .5077 . 5065 l*.958
.51*00 .51*12 3.1*01 .9978 U *.97 1 5 .0 1 .9936 .06661* 6 .8 0 1 10*9.5 1*1*9.5 .5076 .5 0 6 5 i*.957
,51*10 .51*22 3.1*07 .9978 1 5 .0 7 1 5 .1 0 .9937 .06623 6.81I* 1*55.1 1*55.1 .50 7 5 .5061, 1*.957
.51*20 .51*32 3.1*13 .9978 1 5 ,1 6 1 5 .1 9 .9938 .06582 6 .8 2 6 1*60.7 1*60.7 .5071* .5063 U.957
.51*30 .51*1*2 3.1*19 . 9979 1 5 .2 5 1 5 .2 9 .9938 .0651*2 6 .8 3 8 1*66.1, 1*66.1, .5073 .5 0 6 3 U.9S6
.51*1*0 .51*52 3.1*26 .9979 1 5 .3 5 1 5 .3 8 .9939 .06501 6 .8 5 1 1*72.2 1*72.2 .5073 .5 0 6 2 1**956
.51*50 .51*61 3.1*32 .9979 15.1*5 15.1*8 .991,0 .061*61 6 .8 6 3 1*78.1
.51*60 1*78.1 .5072 .5 0 6 1 1».956
.51*71 3.1*38 .9 9 7 9 15.51» 1 5 .5 8 ,9 9 la .061*20 6 .8 7 6 l»81t.3
.51*70 .51*81 1»8!».3 .5 0 7 1 .5 0 6 0 1*.956
3.1*1*1* .9 9 8 0 15.61* 1 5 .6 7 .99U1 .0 6 3 8 0 6 .8 8 8 1*90.3
.51*80 1*90.3 .5 0 7 0 .5 0 6 0 U .955
.51*91 3.1*50 .9 9 8 0 15.71* 1 5 .7 7 .991*2 .0 6 3 la 6 .9 0 1 1*96.1* 1*96.1* .5070 .5 0 5 9 1**955
.51*9° .5501 3.1*56 .9980 15.81* 1 5 .8 7 .991*2 .06302 6¿913 5 0 2 .5 5 0 2 .5 .5069 .5 0 5 9 1**955
.55oo .5511 3.1*63 .9 9 8 0 15.91* 1 5 .9 7 .991*2 .06263 6 .9 2 5 508.7 5o 8.7 .5068 .5058 1**955
.5510 .5521 3.1*69 .9981 16.01* 1 6 .0 7 .991*2 .06221, 6 .9 3 7 5 1 5 .0
.5520 5 1 5 .0 .5067 .5058 1**951»
.5531 3.1*75 .9981 16.11* 1 6 .1 7 .991*3 .06186 6 .9 5 0 5 2 1 .6
•5530 5 2 1 .6 .5067 .5057 U.951*
.551*1 3.1*81 .9981 16.21* 1 6 .2 7 .991*1* .0611*8 6 .9 6 2 5 2 8 .1
.551*0 5 2 8 .1 .50 6 6 .5056 l*.95U
.5551 3.1*88 .9981 16.31* 1 6 .3 7 .991*1* .06110 6 .9 7 5 53l*.8 531*.8 .50 6 5 .5o56 l*.95t»
•555o .5 5 6 0 3.1*91* .9982 16.10» 16.1*7 .991*5 .06073 6 .9 8 7 510.1* 5 1 a .1* .5 0 6 5 .5 0 5 6 1*.953
.5560 .5 5 7 0 3 .5 0 0 .9982 16.51* 1 6 .5 7 .991*5 .06035 7 .0 0 0 51*8.1 51*8.1 .5061* .5 0 5 5
•5570 .5 5 8 0 3 .5 0 6 .9982 1 6 .6 5 1 6 .6 8 1*.953
.991*6 .05997 7 .0 1 2 551*. 9 55U.9 .5063 .5051*
.5580 .5 5 9 0 3 .5 1 2 .9982 1 6 .7 5 1 6 .7 8 1*.953
.991*7 .05960 7 .0 2 5 5 6 2 .0 5 6 2 .0 .5063 .5053
.5590 .5 6 0 0 3 .5 1 9 .9982 1 6 .8 5 1 6 .8 8 1**953
.991*7 .05923 7 .0 3 7 569.1 5 6 9 .1 .5062 .5053 1**953
,5 6 o o .5 6 1 0 3 .5 2 5 .9983 1 6 .9 6 1 6 .9 9 •991*7 .05887 7 .0 5 0 5 7 6 .1 5 7 6 .1 .5 0 6 1 .5 0 5 3
.5610 .5 6 2 0 3 .5 3 1 .9983 1 7 .0 6 1*.952
1 7 .0 9 •99W) .05850 7 .0 6 2 5 8 3 .3 583 .3 .5061 .5052
.5 6 2 0 .5 6 3 0 3 .5 3 7 .9983 1 7 .1 7 1 7 .2 0 1**952
.991*9 .05811, 7.07I* 590.7 5 9 0 .7 .5060 .5 0 5 1
.5630 .561,0 3.51*3 . 9983 1 7 .2 8 1*.952
1 7 .3 1 .991*9 .05778 7 .0 8 7 5 9 8 .0 5 9 8 .0 .5059 .5 0 5 1
.561*0 .561*9 3 .5 5 0 .9981* 1 7 .3 8 li.952
17.1*1 .99 5 0 .0571*3 7 .0 9 9 6 0 5 .0 6 0 5 .0 .5059 .5 0 5 0 li.9 5 l
.5650 .5 6 5 9 3 .5 5 6 . 9981* 17.1*9 1 7 .5 2 .9 9 5 0 .05707 7 .1 1 2
.5 6 6 0 6 1 3 .2 6 1 3 .2 .5058 .5 0 5 0 l*-9 5 l
.5 6 6 9 3 .5 6 2 .9981* 1 7 .6 0 17.63 .9951 .05672 7.121* 6 2 0 .8
.5 6 7 0 6 2 0 .8 .5057 .501,9 1**951
.5679 3 .5 6 8 .9981, 1 7 .7 1 17.71, .9 9 5 1 .05637 7 .1 3 6 6 2 8 .5
.5680 .5689 6 2 8 .5 .5 0 5 7 . 501*9 l*.9 5 l
3 .5 7 5 .9981* 1 7 .8 2 1 7 .8 5 .9952 .05602 7.11*9 636.1*
.5 6 9 0 636.1* .5056 .501,8 l*.9 S l
.5699 3 .5 8 1 .9985 17.91* 1 7 .9 7 .9952 .05567 7 .1 6 1 61*1*. 3 61*1*.3 .5 0 5 6 .501*8 1».950

C - I5
 Table C - l - Continued
SINH COSÍ n cjc N
2*7*d/L TANK SINH COSH H/H' K UWd/L
d/L d/L It^ d /L 1 *^ d/L G 0
' o 2TTdA 2TTd/L 277 d/L 0

1 8 .0 8 .9953 .05532 7.17U 652.1* 652.1* .505$ .501*7 l*.9$0

.$700 .$709 3.587 .998$ 1 8 .0 $
1 8 .1 9 . 9953 .051*97 7.1 8 6 6 6 0 .5 6 6 0 .5 .SoSlt .501*7 1*.9$0
.$ 7 1 0 .$719 3.593 .998$ 18 .1 6 6 6 8 .8 .$051* .501*6 1*.9$0
18.31 .9951* .051*63 7.1 9 9 6 6 8 .8
.$720 .$729 3.6 0 0 .998$ I8 .2 6
18.1*2 .995U .051*30 7.211 67 7 .2 6 7 7 .2 .$053 .501*6 1*.9$0
.$ 7 3 0 .$738 3.6 0 6 .998$ 18 .3 9 6 8 5 .6 .5053 .501*5 l*.9$0
1 8 .$¡0 1 8.53 .9955 *05396 7.221* 6 8 5 .6
.$7U0 .$71*8 3.612 .998$
18.61* .9955 -05363 7 .2 3 6 691*. 3 69U.3 . 5052 .$01*5 l».9l*9
•$7$0 .5758 3.6 1 8 .9986 18 .6 2
1 8.76 .9956 .05330 7.21*9 70 3 .2 703.2 .$052 . 501*1* l*.9l*9
.$ 7 6 0 .$768 3.621* .9986 18 .7 3
18.88 .99$6 .05297 7.2 6 1 711.9 711.9 .$0$1 .501*1* l*.9l*9
.$770 .$778 3 .6 3 0 .9986 18 .8 $
1 9 .0 0 .9957 .05261* 7.271* 72 0 .8 720.8 .$0$1 .501*3 U.9U9
.$ 7 8 0 .$788 3.637 ,9986 18.97 7 2 9 .9 .$o$o .501,3
19.12 .9957 .05231 7.2 8 6 7 2 9 .9 l*.9l*9
.$ 7 9 0 .$798 3.61*3 .9986 19 .0 9
7 3 9 .0 7 3 9 .0 .$01*9 .501*3 l*.9l*8
.5808 3.61*9 .9987 1 9 .2 1 19.21* .9957 -05198 7.298
.$ 8 0 0 71*8.1 71*8.1 .$01*9 .501*2 l*.9l*8
3.6 5 6 .9987 19 .3 3 1 9 .3 6 . 9958 .05166 7 .3 U
.$ 8 1 0 .$ 8 l8 7 5 7 .$ 7 57.5 .501*8 .5ol*2 l*.9l*8
3.662 .9987 19-1*5 19.1*8 .9958 .05131* 7.323
.$ 8 2 0 .$828 7 6 7 .0 7 6 7 .0 .$01*8 .501*1 l*.9l*8
3.6 6 8 .9987 19.$8 1 9 .6 0 ,99$9 .05102 7.336
.$ 8 3 0 .5838 776.7 7 76.7 .$01*7 .501*1 U.9U8
.581*8 3.671* .9987 1 9 .7 0 1 9 .7 3 .9959 .05070 7.31*8
.$81*0
19.81* .-996O .0$0l*0 7.3 6 1 78 6 .5 7 8 6 .5 . 501*7 .$01*0 U.9U8
.$ 8 $ 0 .5858 3 .6 8 0 .9987 1 9 .8 1 1».91»8
1 9 .9 6 .9960 .05009 7.373 796.1* 796.1* .$01*6 .5ol*0
.$ 8 6 0 .$867 3.6 8 6 .9987 I9.9I* 8 0 6 .5 .$01*6 .$ol*o l*.9l»7
20.06 2 0.09 .9960 .01*978 7 .3 8 6 806.5
.$ 8 7 0 . .$877 3.6 9 3 .9988 U.9U7
2 0.21 .9961 .01*91*7 7.398 81 6 .5 8 1 6 .5 .$0l*$ .5039
.$ 8 8 0 .5887 3.6 9 9 .9988 20.19 826.7 .501*$ .$039 l*.9i*7
.9988 20.31* .9961 .01*916 7.1*11 826.7
.$ 8 9 0 .$697 3 .7 0 $ 20.32
20.1*7 .9962 .01*88$ 7.1*23 8 3 7 .1 8 37.1 .$01*1» .$038 U.9U7
.$ 9 0 0 .$907 3.7 1 2 .9988 20.1*5 81*7.6 .501*1* .5038 l*.9l*7
2 0 .6 0 .9962 .01*85$ 7.1*36 81*7.6
.$ 9 1 0 .$917 3 .7 1 8 .9988 2Ó.57 1*.9|*7
20.73 . 9963 .01*821* 7.1*1*8 858.2 858.2 .$01*3 .$037
.$ 9 2 0 .$927 3.721* .9988 20 .7 0
20.86 .9963 .01*791* 7 . U60 86 8 .9 8 6 8 .9 .$01*3 .$037 l*.9l*6
.$ 9 3 0 .$937 3 .7 3 0 .9989 20.83 l*.9l*6
2 0.99 .9963 .01*761* 7.1*73 8 7 9 .8 8 7 9 .8 .$01*3 .$037
.$91*0 .$91*7 3.737 .9 9 8 9 20.97
8 9 0 .8 8 90.8 .501*2 .5036 l*.9l*6
3.71*3 .9989 21 .1 0 21.12 .9961* .01*73$ 7.1*8$
•$9$0 .5957 9 0 1 .9 9 01.9 .501*2 .5036 l*.9l*6
.9989 21.23 2 1.2$ .9961* .01*706 7.1*98
.$ 9 6 0 .$967 3.71*9 913.1* 913.1* .$010. .$036 l*.9l*6
3.7 5 $ .9989 21 .3 $ 21.37 .9961* .01*677 7 .5 1 0
.$ 9 7 0 .$977 9 2 $ .0 9 2 5 .0 .$01*1 .5035 U.9U6
.$ 9 8 0 .$987 3.7 6 1 .9989 21.1*9 21.51 .996$ .01*61*8 7.$ 2 3
9 3 6 .5 9 3 6 .5 .$01*0 .503$ l*.9l*6
.$996 3.767 .9989 21.62 21.61* .996$ .01*619 7.$ 3 $
.$ 9 9 0
21.78 .996$ .0US91 7.51*8 91*8.1 91*8.1 .$01*0 .503$ l*.9l*S
.6000 .6006 3.77U .9990 21.76
1,071* 1,071* .$036 .5031 U.9UU
.6106 3.836 .9991 23.17 23.19 .9969 .01*313 7 .6 7 3
.6100 21*.68 .9972 .0l*0$2 7.798 1 ,2 1 7 1 ,2 1 7 .5032 .$028 l*.9l*3
.6 2 0 0 .620$ 3.899 .9992 21».66
1 ,3 7 9 1 ,3 7 9 .$029 .$02$ l*.9l*2
.630$ 3.961 .9993 2 6 .2 $ 26.27 .997$ -03806 7.9 2 3
.6300 2 7.97 . 9977 . 03576 8.01*8 1,5 2 7 1 ,5 2 7 .5026 .5023 U.9U1
.61*00 •61*olt l*.02l* .9991* 27.95
1 ,7 7 1 1 ,7 7 1 .5023 .5020 l*.9l*0
.6501* U.086 .9991» 29 .7 $ 2 9.77 .9980 .03359 8.173
.6$00 2,0 0 8 2 ,0 0 8 .5021 .5018 l*.9l*0
U.1U9 .999$ 31.68 3 1.69 .9982 .0315$ 8.2 9 8
.6 6 0 0 .6603 2 ,2 7 $ 2 ,2 7 $ .$019 .5017 U.939
U.212 .9996 33 .7 3 33.71* .9983 -02961. 8.U23
.6700 .6703 2,$ 7 9 2 ,579 .$017 .$015 U.939
l*.27l* •9996 3 5 .9 0 35.92 .998$ .027W* 8.$1*8
.6 8 0 0 .6803 2,9 2 3 2,923 .501$ .5013 I*.938
U.337 .9997 38.23 38.21* .9987 .02615 8.671*
.6 9 0 0 .6902
1*0.72 .9988 .02lt$6 8.799 3,311* 3,311* .$013 .$012 U.938
.7000 .7002 1*.1*00 .9997 1*0.71 lt.937
1*3.3$ .9989 .02307 8 .9 2 $ 3 ,7 5 7 3,757 .$012 .$011
.7 1 0 0 .7102 1*.1*62 .9997 1*3.31* 1*,258 . 5011 .5010 U.937
1*6.11* 1*6.15 . 9990 . 02167 9.050 1*,2$8
.7 2 0 0 .7202 1*. $2$ .9998 1*.828 .$010 .5009 1*.937
1*9.11* .9991 .02035 9.17$ “ It,828
.7 3 0 0 .7302 1*.$88 .9998 1*9.13 lt.937
$2.32 .9992 .01911 9.3 0 1 5,1*73 5,1*73 .$009 .$008
.71*00 .71*01 1*.6$0 •9998 $2 .3 1
6,201* 6,201* .$008 .$007 1*.936
.7501 U.713 .9998 $5 .7 0 5 $ .7 l .9993 .01795 9.1*26
,7500 7,03l* 7,031* .5007 . 5006 lt.936
.7601 U.776 .9999 $9.31 $9.31 .9991* .01686 9.5 5 2
.7600 7 ,9 7 6 7 ,9 7 6 .$006 .500$ 1*.936
.7701 U.839 .9999 6 3 .1 $ 63.16 .9995 .01583 9.677
.7 7 0 0 9,Ol*2- 9,01*2 .$00$ .$001* U.936
.7801 U.902 .9999 67.21* 6 7 .2 $ .9996 .011*87 9.8 0 3
.7 8 0 0 1 0 ,2 5 0 1 0 ,2 5 0 .$00$ .5001* U.936
.7901 U-961* .9999 71 .6 0 7 1 .6 0 .9996 .01397 9.9 2 9
.7900
1 1 ,6 2 0 1 1 ,620 .SOOl* .5001* U.936
.8001 $.027 .9999 76.21» 76.21* .9996 . 01312 1 0 .0 5
.8 0 0 0 13 ,1 8 0 1 3 ,1 8 0 .$ool* .5ool* U.936
.8101 $.0 9 0 .9999 81.18 8 1 .1 9 .9996 .01232 1 0 .1 8
.8 1 0 0 ll*,9l*0 u*,9l»0 .$003 .5003 U.93S
.8200 .8201 $.1 5 3 .9999 86.1*1* 86.1*1* .9997 . 01157 10 .3 1
92.05 .9997 .01086 10.1*3 17,31*0 17,31*0 .$003 .$003 U.935
.8 3 0 0 .8301 $.215 .9999 92. ol* 1 9 ,2 1 0 .5003 .$003 U.93S
98.OO 98.01 .9997 .01020 10 .S 6 1 9 ,2 1 0
.81*00 .81*00 $.2 7 8 1.000

10U.1* .9998 . 009582 1 0 .6 8 21,780 2 1 ,780 .$002 .5002 U»93$

.8 5 0 0 .8500 $.31*1 1.000 IOU.1* U.93$
111.1 .9998 .009000 10.81 21*,690 21*,690 .$002 .5002
.8 6 0 0 .8600 $.1*01* 1.000 111.1
28,000 .$002 .5002 U.93S
118.3 . 9998 .0081*51 10 .9 3 28 ,0 0 0
.8 7 0 0 .8700 $.1*67 1.000 118.3 31,750 .$002 .5002 U.935
12 6 .0 1 2 6 .0 . 9998 .OO793I* 11 .0 6 31,750
.8 8 0 0 .8800 $.$29 1.000
3 6 ,0 0 0 3 6,000 .$002 .$002 U.93$
.8900 $.$ 9 2 1.000 13l*.2 13 ¡4.2 .9998 .0071*51* 1 1 .1 8
.8 9 0 0
C- 16
 Table C—1 — Continued
d /L • d /L 217 d / L TANH SINH 00SH H /H ' K It 17 d / L SINH
0 COSH n M
2 < d /L 2 ir d/L 2 7 T d /L ° It IT d / L I tl7 d /L CG/ C o
mu .9 0 0 0 5.655 1.000 11*2.9 U 2 .9 ,9 9 9 9 .0 0 7 0 0 0 1 1 .3 1 lt0,810 I t0 ,8 l0 . 5001
.9 1 0 0 5 .7 1 8 1.000 1 5 2 .1 .5 o o i It.935
1 5 2 .1 ,9 9 9 9 .0 0657L 1 1 . lilt lt6,280 lt6 ,2 8 0 . 5001
•9200 5 .7 8 1 1.000 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .0 .5 0 0 1 I t.935
.9 9 9 9 .0 0 6 1 7 3 1 1 .5 6 S2,lt70 52,1i 70 . 5001
.9 3 0 0 5.81*1« 1.000 1 7 2 .5 .5 o o i I t.935
1 7 2 .5 .9 9 9 9 .0 0 5 7 9 7 1 1 .6 9 5 9 ,5 0 0 5 9 ,5 0 0 .5 0 0 1
.9U00 5 .9 0 6 1.000 1 8 3 .7 1 8 3 .7 .5 0 0 1 It. 935
.9 9 9 9 .0051*1*5 1 1 .8 1 67,lt70 67 ,l»70 .5 0 0 1 .5 0 0 1 I t.935
.9 5 0 0 .9 5 0 0 5 .9 6 9 1.000 1 9 5 .6 1 9 5 .6 .9 9 9 9 .0 0 5 1 1 4 U .9I1 76,lt90 76,lt90 . 5001 .5 0 0 1
.9 6 0 0 .9 6 0 0 6 .0 3 2 1.000 2 0 8 .2 2 0 8 .2 I t .935
.9 9 9 9 .00lt862 1 2 .0 6 86,71t0 86,71*0 .5 0 0 1 .5 0 0 1
.9 7 0 0 .9 7 0 0 6 .0 9 5 1.000 2 2 1 .7 2 2 1 .7 It.935
.9 9 9 9 .OOltMO 1 2 .1 9 9 8 ,3 4 0 9 8 ,3 4 0 .5 0 0 1
.9 8 0 0 •9800 6 .1 5 8 1.000 .5 0 0 1 It.935
2 3 6 .1 2 3 6 .1 .9 9 9 9 .OOlt23S 1 2 .3 2 1 1 1 ,5 0 0
.9 9 0 0 .9 9 0 0 1 1 1 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 1 .5 0 0 1 lt.9 3 5
6 .2 2 0 1.000 2 5 l.lt 2 5 l.lt 1 .0 0 0 .00 3 9 7 7 12.1*1* 1 2 6 ,5 0 0 1 2 6 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 0 .5o o o lt.935
1.000 1 .0 0 0 6 .2 8 3 1.000 2 6 7 .7 2 6 7 .7 1 .0 0 0 .0 0 3 7 3 5 1 2 .5 7 Ut3,lt00 11*3,1*00 . 5000 .5ooo lt.9 3 5

after Wiegel, R .L ., “ Oscillatory Waves,” U.S. Army, Beach Erosion Board,

Bulletin, Special Issue No. 1, Ju ly 1 9 4 8 .

Table C 2. Functions of d/L for Even Increments of d/L. (from 0.0001 to 1.000 )

d/L d/Lo 2*7d/L TANH SINH COSH H/H£ K l*1Td/L SINH

2fTd/L COSH n Cq /C - M
2TT d/L 2fT d/L l*rr d/L ItlTd/L °
0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 °o 1 .0 0 0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 o 00
.0000000
.0001000 6283 .0006283 .0006283 .0006283 1.0 0 0 0 28.21 1 .0 0 0 .001257 .001257 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .0006283 |12,500,000
.0 0 0 0 0 0
.0002000 251I4 .001257 .001257 .001257 1 .0000
•000000 1 9 .9 5 1 .0 0 0 .002513 .002513 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .001257 3 ,1 2 5 ,0 0 0
.0003000 5655 .001885 .001885 .001885 1 .0 0 0 0 1 6 .2 9 1 .0 0 0 .003770 .003770 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .001885 1 ,3 8 9 ,0 0 0
.00 0 0 0
.0001*000 1005 .002513 .002513 .002513 1.0000 lii.1 0 1 .0 0 0 .005027 .005027 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .002513 781,300
.0 0 0 0 0
.0005000 1571 .00311*2 .00311*2 .00311*2 1.0 0 0 0 1 2 .62 1 .0 0 0 .006283 .006283 1 .0 0 0
.00 0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .00311*2 500,000
.0006000 2262 .003770 .003770 .003770 1 .0 0 0 0 1 1 .52 1 .0 0 0 .00751*0 .00751*0 i.ooo
.00 0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .003770 3lt7,200
.0007000 3079 .001*398 .001*398 .001*398 1 .0 0 0 0
.0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .6 6 1 .0 0 0 .008796 .008797 uooo 1 .0 0 0 .001*398 255,100
.0008000 1*022 .005027 .005027 .005027 1.0 0 0 0 9.971* 1 .0 0 0 .01005 .01005 1 .0 0 0
.00000 1 .0 0 0 .005026 195,300
.0009000 / 5090 .005655 .005655 .005655 1 .0 0 0 0 9.1*03 1 .0 0 0 .01131 .01131 1 .0 0 0 i.o o o .005655 351|,300
.0 0 0 0 0
.001000 6283 .006283 .006283 .006283 1 .0 0 0 0 8 .9 2 1 1 .0 0 0 .01257 .01257 1 .0 0 0
.00 0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .006283 125,000
.001100 7603 .006912 .006911 .006912 1.0 0 0 0 8 .5 0 6 1 .0 0 0 .01382 .01382 1 .0 0 0
.0 0 0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .006911 1 0 3,300
.001200 901*8 .00751*0 .00751*0 .00751*0 1.0000 8.11*1* 1 .0 0 0 .01508 .01508 1 .0 0 0
.001300 .00001062 .008168 •008168 1 .0 0 0 .00751*0 86,8 1 0
.008168 1 .0000 7.821* 1 .0 0 0 +01631* .01631*
.0012*00 .00001231 .008796 1 .000 1 .0 0 0 .006168 7 3 ,9 7 0
.008796 .008797 1 .0 0 0 0 7 .5 3 9 1 .0 0 0 .01759 .01759 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .008796 6 3 ,7 8 0
.001500 .000011*11* .0091*25 •0091*25 .0091*25 1 .0 0 0 0 7.281* 1 .0 0 0 .01885 .01885 1 .0 0 0
>001600 .00001608 .01005 .01005 1 .0 0 0 .0091*21* 5 5 ,5 6 0
.01005 1.0001 7 .052 .9 9 9 9 .02011 .02011 1 .0 0 0
>001700 .00001816 .01068 .01068 .01068 1 .0 0 0 .01005 lt8,830
1.0001 6.81*2 .9 999 .02136 .02136 1 .0 0 0
>001800 .00002036 .01131 •01131 1 .0 0 0 .01068 It3,260
.01131 1.0 0 0 1 6.61*9 ¿ 9999 .02262 .02262 1 .0 0 0
*001900 .00002269 .01191* •01191* 1 .0 0 0 .01131 38,580
.01191* 1.0 0 0 1 6.1*72 . 9999 .02388 .02388 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 .01191* 3L,630

C- I7
Table C - 2 - Continued
COSH H

c
SINH OOSH K SINH

0
TANH k lti/L
d /L d/Lo 21TdA b f fd /t l*fT d/L
2 t r d /t 2fT d/L d/L
2 fT

.02516 1 .0 0 0 .9999 .01257 31,250

.01257 1.0001 6.308 .9999 j 02S13
•002000 H .<0257 .01257 1.000 .9999 .01319 28,350
.01320 1 .0 0 0 1 6 .1 5 6 .9999 .02639 .02639
•002100 .01319 .01319 1.000 .9999 .01382 25,830
.01382 .01382 1 .0 0 0 1 6 .015 .9999 .02765 .02765
i l l

.002200 .01382 5.882 .9999 .02890 1 ,0 0 0 .9999 .01665 23,630

.01665 1.0001 .02891
.002300 .01665 •011*1*5 .03016 1.000 ,9999 .01508 21,700
.01508 .01508 1 .0 0 0 1 5.759 .9999 .03016
. 0021*00 .01508
1.000 .9999 .01571 20 ,0 0 0
.01571 1.0001 5.662 .9999 .0311*2 .03162
.002500 .00003928 .01571 .01571 .03268 1.001 .9999 .01633 1 8 ,690
.01633 .01636 1 .0 0 0 1 5.533 .9999 .03267
.002600 .00001*21*8 .01631* .03396 1.001 .9999 .01696 17,150
.01696 .01697 1.0001 5.629 *9999 .03393
.002700 .00001*579 .01696 .03519 1.001 .9999 .01759 15,950
.01759 1.0002 5.332 .9990 .03S19 16,870
.002800 .00001*925 .01759 .01759 .03665 1.001 .9999 .01822
.01822 .01822 .01822 1.0002 5.239 .9998 .03666
.002900 .00005281*
.03771 1.001 .9999 .01885 13,890
.01885 .01885 1.0002 5.151 .9998 .03770 13,010
.003000 .00005652 .01885 .03897 1.001 .9999 .01967
.0191*8 .0191*8 .01968 1.0002 5.067 .9996 .03896
.003100 .00006039 .06022 1 .0 0 1 .9999 .02010 1 2 ,2 1 0
.02011 .02010 .0 2 (0 1 1.0002 6.987 .9990 .06021
.003200 .000061*35 .06168 1.001 .9999 .02073 1 1 ,6 6 0
.02073 .02073 1.0002 6.911 .9990 .06167
.003300 .oooo68ia .02073 1.001 .9998 .02136 1 0 ,8 2 0
.02136 .02136 1.0002 6.838 .9990 .06273 .06276
. 0031*00 .00007262 .02136
1.001 .9998 .02199 10,210 '
.02199 1.0002 6.769 .9990 .06398 .06399
.003500 .00007697 .02199 .02199 1.001 .9998 .02261 9,668
.02262 .02262 1.0003 6.702 .9997 .06526 .06525
.003600 .0000811*0 .02262 1.001 .9998 .02321* 9,136
.02321* .02325 1.0003 6.638 .9 9 9 7 .06650 .06652
.003700 .00008599 .02325 .06777 1.001 .9998 .02387 8,6 6 0
.02388 .02387 .02388 1.0003 6.577 .9997 .06775
.003800 .00009071 6.518 .9997 .06901 .06903 1.001 .9998 .021*1*9 8,221
.033900 .00009551 .021*50 .021*50 .02651 1.0003
6.662 .9997 .05027 .05029 1.001 .9998 .02$11 7,815
. 001*000 .0001005 .02513 .02513 .02513 1.0003 7,639
6.607 .9997 .05152 .05156 1.001 .9998 .02$7U
.0001056 .02576 .02576 .02576 1.0003 7,090
. 0 0 1 *1 0 0
6.356 .9997 .05278 .05280 1.001 .9998 .02637
. 001*200 .0001108 .02639 .02638 .02639 1.0003 .9998 .02700 6,7 6 6
.02702 1.0001* 6.303 .9996 .05606 .0S606 1.001
. 001*300 .0001161 .02702 .02701 .9997 .02763 6 ,6 6 0
l.OOOl* 6.256 .9996 .05529 .05531 1 .0 0 2
.001*1*00 .0001216 .02765 .02761* .02765
.05658 1.002 .99 9 7 .02 82$ 6,176
.02827 .02827 .02828 l.OOOl* 6.207 .9996 .05655
.001*500 •0001272 6.161 .9996 .0S781 .05786 1.002 .9997 .02888 5,911
.001*600 .0001329 .02890 .02889 .02890 1.0001* 5,662
l.OOOl* 6.116 ,9996 .05906 .05909 1.002 .9997 .02951
.001*700 .0001387 .02953 .02952 .02953 1.002 .9997 .03011* 5,629
.03016 1.0005 6.073 .9995 .06032 .06035
.001*800 .00011*1*7 .03016 .03015 1.002 .9997 .03076 5,209
1 .0005 6.032 .9995 .06158 .06161
.001*900 .0001508 .03079 .03078 .03079

3.991 .999S .06283 .06287 1.0 0 2 .9997 .03139 5,003

.005000 .0001570 .0311*2 .o 3 iia .03163 1 .0005
.06613 1.002 .9997 .03202 6,809
•0001631* .0320b .03203 .03205 1 .0005 3.951 .9995 .06609
.005100 .06539 1.002 .9996 .0326$ 6,626
.005200 •0001698 .03267 .03266 .03268 1.0005 3.913 .9995 .06535
1*0005 3 .876 .9995 .06660 .06665 1,002 .9996 .03328 6,653
.005300 .0001761* .03330 .03329 .03331 6,290
1 .0 0 0 6 3.860 .9996 .06786 .06791 1*002 .9996 .03391
.0051*00 •0001832 .03393 .03392 .03396
1 .0 0 0 6 3.805 .9996 .06911 .06916 1.002 •9996 .03l*$l* 6,135
.005500 •0001900 •03bS6 .031*55 .03657
.03 5 2 0 1.0 0 0 6 3.771 .9996 .07037 .07062 1.002 .9996 .03$17 3,989
•005600 .0001970 .03519 .03517 .9996 .03$79 3,851
.03580 .03582 1.0006 3.738 .9996 .07163 .07169 1.0 0 3
.005700 .o o o 2 o ia .03581 .9996 .0361a 3,719
.0361*2 .03665 1.0007 3.706 .9993 .07288 .07296 1 .003
.005800 .0002112 .0361*1* .999$ .03703 3,596
.03708 1.0007 3.675 .9993 .07616 .07620 1.003
.005900 .0002186 .03707 .03705
1.0007 3.666 .9993 .07560 .07567 1*003 .999$ .03766 3,675
.006000 .0002261 .03770 .03768 .03771 3,363
1*0007 3.616 .9993 .07665 .07672 1.0 0 3 ,999$ .03829
•006100 .0002337 .03833 .03831 .03636
1.0008 3.586 .9992 .07791 .07798 1.003 .999$ .03892 3,255
•006200 .0 0 0 2 lal* .03896 .03891* .03897 3,153
1.0008 3.556 .9992 .07917 .07925 1 .003 .999$ .03951*
.006300 .00021*92 .03958 .03956 .03959 3,055
1.0008 3.528 .9992 .08062 .08050 1.003 .999$ .01*017
•0061*00 .0002570 . 01*021 .01*019 .06022
1.0006 3.501 .9992 .08168 .06177 1 .003 .9991* .01*000 2,962
.01*082 .06085
»838

.006500 ,0b08b
m il

.08303 1.0 0 3 •999b .01*11*2 2,873

• * • . •

•006600 .0blb7 •a la la * .06168 1 .0009 3.675 .9991 .08296

.08628 l.OOi* .9991* -01*201* 2,788
.006700 .01*210 .01*207 .06211 1.0009 3.669 .9991 .08619
.08555 1.001* .9991* .01*267 2,707
.006B00 •Ob273 .01*270 .06276 1.0009 3.623 .9991 .08565
3.398 .9991 .08671 .08681 l.OOi* .9991* .01*330 2,629
.006900 .06335 .01*333 .06336 1.0 0 0 9

3.376 .9990 .08796 .08807 1.001* .9991* .01*392 2,556

.06398 .01*395 .06399 1.0010
¡Mil
lllll

.007000 1.001» .9993 .01*1*$$ 2,683

.061*61 .01*1*58 .06662 1.0010 3.350 .9990 .08922 .08933
.007100 .09060 l.OOi* .9993 .Ol*$l8 2,615
.007200 .06526 .01*521 .06525 1.0 0 10 3.327 .9989 .09068
.09185 l.OOi* .9993 .Ol*$8l 2,369
.007300 .06587 .01*581* .06589 1.0011 3.306 .9989 .09173 2,286
1.0011 3.281 .9989 .09299 .09312 l.OOi* .9993 .01*61*1*
•0071*00 .06650 .01*61*6 .06652
.09638 l.OOi* .9993 .01*706 2 ,2 2 6
.0003532 .06712 .01*709 .06716 1.0011 3.260 .9969 .09625
.007500 .09565 1.0 0 5 .9992 .01*768 2,167
.007600 .0003627 .06775 .01*772 .06777 1.0011 3 .238 .9989 .09550
.09681 1.00$ .9992 .01*830 2,112
.0003722 .01*838 .01*831* .06860 1.0012 3.217 .9988 .09676
.007700 1.005 .9992 .01*893 2,058
.0003820 .06901 .01*897 .06903 1.0012 3.197 .9988 .09802 .09817
.007800 1 .00$ .9992 .Ol*9$6 2,006
.01*960 .06966 1.0012 3.176 .9900 .09927 .09963
•007900 .0003918 .06966

C - 18
 Table C—2 — Continued

d/L d/Lo 21Td/L TANH SINK COSH

2 Wd/h
H/H'o K hlTà/lt SINH OOSH n Co/Qo M
2 7Td/L 2TTdA Ittrd/L k * d/L
•008000 .0001*018 .05027 .05022 .05029 1.0013 3.157 .» 8 7 .1005 .1007 1.005 .» 9 2 .05018 1,956
«008100 .0001*118 .05089 .05085 .05091 1.0013 3.137 .» 8 7 .1018 .1020 1.005 •9»1 .05080 1,909
•006200 .0001*221 •05152 •05ll*7 .05151* 1.0013 3.118 .» 8 7 .1030 .1032 1.005 .9991 .0511*2 1,862
•008300 .0001*321* .05215 .05210 .05217 1.0011* 3.099 .» 8 6 .101*3 .101*5 1.005 •9»1 .05205 1,818
•008100 .0001*1*29 .05278 .05273 .05280 1.0011« 3.081 .» 8 6 .1056 .1058 1.006 • 9»1 •05268 1,775
•008$00 .0001*536 .0531*1 .05336 .0531*3 1.0011* 3.062 .» 8 6 •1068 .1070 1.006 • 9»1 .05331 1,733
•008600 •0001*61*1* .051*01* .05398 .051*06 1.0015 3.01*1* .» 8 5 •1081 •1083 1.006 .» 9 0 .05391* 1,693
•008700 .0001*751 .051*66 .051*61 .051*69 1.0015 3.027 .» 8 5 .1093 .1095 1.006 .995» .051*56 1.6SS
.008800 •0001*860 .05529 .05521* .05533 1.0015 3.010 .» 8 5 .1106 •1108 l!.006 .» 9 0 .05518 1,617
.008900 •0001*972 .05592 •05586 .05595 1.0016 2.993 .9981» .1118 .1121 1.006 .» 9 0 .05580 1,581
.009000 •0005081* .05655 -0561*9 .05658 1.0016 2.977 .»81» .1131 .1133 1.006 .9989 .0561*3 1,5)16
•009100 .0005198 .05718 .05712 .05721 1.0016 2.960 .»81» .111*1* .111*6 1.006 .05706
.» « 9 1,513
.009200 •0005312 .05781 .05771* .05781* 1.0017 2.9I1I* .» 8 3 .1156 .1158 1.007 .» 8 9 .05768 1,1.80
.009300 .00051*27 .0581*3 .05836 .0581*6 1.0017 2.929 .9983 .1169 .1171 1.007 .05830
.0091*00 • »89 1,U»9
.000551*5 .05906 .05899 .05909 1.0017 2.913 .9983 •1181 •1181« 1.007 .» 8 8 .05892 l,la 8
.009500 •0005661* .05969 •05962 .05973 1.0018 2.898 .9982 .II9I* .1196 1.007 .9988 1,388
.05955
•009600 .0005781* .06032 .06025 .06036 1.0018 2.882 .9982 .1206 .1209 1.007 .» 8 8 •06018 1,360
.009700 •0005905 .06095 •06087 .06099 1.0019 2.867 .9981 •1219 •1222 1.007 •9988 •06080
.009800 1,332
.0006027 .06158 •O6150 •06162 1.0019 2.853 .9981 .1232 .1235 1.008 .99*7 •0611*2 1,305
.009900 .0006150 •06220 .06212 •06221* 1.0019 2.839 .9981 .121*1* .121*7 1.008 •06201*
.9 9 6 1 1,279
.01000 •0006275 •06283 .06275 .06287 1.0020 2.825 .9980 .1257 .1260
•01100 1.0079 .9987 .06267 1,253
.0007591 •06912 .O69OI .06917 1.0021* 2.69U .9976 .1382 .1387 1.0096 .9981» .06890 1,036
•01200 .0009031 .0751*0 .07526 .0751*7 1.0028 2.580 .» 7 2 •1508 .1513 l.O lli* .9981 .07511 871.0
.01300 .001060 .08168 .08150 .08177 1.0033 2.1*80 .9967 .1631* .161*1 1.0131* .» 7 8 .08131
•011*00 7M .9
•001228 .08795 .08771* •08808 1.0039 2.389 .9961 .1759 .1768 1.0155 .»71» .08751 6 i» l.l
.01500 .0011*10 .091*25 .09397 .091*39 1.001*1* 2.310 .9956 .188S .1896 1.0178 .» 7 0 .09369 558.9
•01600 •001603 •1005 .1002 .1007 1.0051 2.*38 ,»l»9 .2011 •2021* 1.0203 .9966 - .09986 1*91.6
•01700 .001809 .1068 .1061* -.1070 1.0057 2.172 .» M .2136 .2153 1.0229 .9962 .1060 1*35.8
•01800 •002027 •1131 .1126 .1133 1.0061* 2.112 .» 3 6 .2262 .2281 1.0257 .9958 .1121 389.1
•01900 •002258 •1191* .1188 .1197 1.0071 2.056 .» 2 9 .2388 .21*10 1.0286 .9953 .1183 31*9.5

.02000 •002500 .1257 .1250 .1260 1.008 2.005 .9922 .2513 .251*0 1.032 .»l»7 .121*1* 315.8
•02100 .002755 .1320 .1312 .1323 1.009 1.958 .» H i .2639 .2669 1.035 .» W .1305 266.8
•02200 .003022 .1382 .1371* .1387 1.01Q 1.915 •9905 .2765 •2800 1.038 .9937 .1365
.02300 261.5
.003301 •11*1*5 .11*35 .11*50 1.011 1.873 .9896 .2890 .2931 1.01*2 .9931 .11*25 239.6
•021*00 .003592 .1508 .11*97 .1511* 1.011 1.831* .9887 .3016 .3062 I.OI16 .» 2 5 .11*85 220.3
.02500 .003895 .1571 .1558 .1577 1.012 1.799 .9878 .3162 .3191* 1.050 .9919 .151*5
•02600 203.3
.001*210 .1631* .1619 .161*1 1.013 1.765 .9866 .3267 .3326 1.051* .» 1 2 .1605 188.2
.02700 .001*537 .1697 .1680 .1705 l.OU* 1.733 .9858 .3393 .31*58 1.058 .990S .1665 171*.8
.02800 .001*876 .1759 .171*1 .1768 1.016 1.703 .9817 .3519 .3592 1.063 .9898 .1721* 162.7
•O29OO •005226 .1822 a802 .1832 1.017 1.675 .9836 .3666 .3725 1.067 .9891 .1783 151.9
.03000 .005589 •1885 .1863 .1896 1.018 1.61*8 .9825 .3770 .3860 1.072 .9881» .181*1
•03100 11*2.2
.005963 .191*8 .1921* .I960 I.O I9 1.622 .9813 .3896 .3995 1.077 .9876 .1900 133.1»
•03200 .00631*7 .2011 .1981* .2021* 1.020 1.598 .9801 .6021 .1*131 1.082 .9868 .1958 125.1*
.03300 .00671*6 .2073 .201*1* •2088 1.022 1.575 .9789 .6167 .1*267 1.087 .9860 •2016 118.1
.031*00 .007155 .2136 .2101* .2153 1.023 1.553 .9776 .6273 .1*1*01* 1.093 .9851 .2073 111.1*
.03500 .007575 .2199 .2161* .2217 1.021* 1.532 .9763 .6398 .1*51*1 1.098 .9863 .2130
•03600 .OO8OO7 105.3
.2262 ,2221* •2261 1.026 1.512 •97i»9 .6526 .1*680 1.101* .9831» .2187 99.75
.03700 •0061*50 .2325 .2281* .231*6 1.027 1.1*93 .9736 .6650 - .1*819 1.110 .9821» .221*1* 91*.61
•03800 .008905 .2388 .231*3 •21*10 1.029 1.1*75 .9722 .677 S .1*959 1.116 .9815 .2300 89.88
.03900 .009370 .21*50 .21*03 .2527 1.030 1.1*57 .9708 .6901 .5099 1.123 .9805 .2356 65.50
•01*000 .00981*7 ,2513 .21*62 .251*0 1.032 1.1*1*0 .9693 .5027 .52la I.1 2 9 .9795 •21*11 81.1*3
•01*100 .01033 .2576 .2521 .2605 I.O33 1.1*21* .9677 .5152 .5383 1.136
•01*200 .9785 .21*67 77.67
.01083 .2639 .2579 .2670 1.035 1.1*08 .9662 .5278 .5526 1.11*3 .*775 .2521 71*.17
•01*300 .01131* .2702 .2638 .2735 1.037 1.393 •9666 .5606 .5670 1.150 .9765 .2576 70.91
•01*1*00 •01186 .2765 *2696 .2800 1.039 1.379 .9630 .5529 .5815 1.157 .2630 67.88
.9751»
•ol*5oo .01239 .2827 ,2751* .2865 1.01*0 1.365 .9613 .5655 .5961 1.161* .2681*
•01*600 •97l»3 65.05
•OI29I4 .2890 .2812 .2931 1.01*2 1.352 .9596 .5781 .6108 1.172 .9732 .2737 62.39
.01*700 .0131*9 .2953 .2870 .2996 1.01*1* 1.339 .9579 .5906 .6256 1.180 .2790
•01*800 .9721 59.91
•011*05 •3016 .2928 .3062 1.01*6 1.326 .9562 .6032 .61*01* 1.188 .9109 •281*3 57*. 57
•01*900 •011*63 .3079 .2985 .3128 1.01*8 1.3U* .9561» .6158 •6551* 1.196 .9697 .2895 55.36

C- 19
Table C—2 — Continue«!

SINH COSH H/ H£ K UtrdA SINH COSH n V co M

d/L d/Lo z ir <t/L TAHH Uff d/L Utfd/L
2 ITd/L 2 lfd /t 2tTd/L

. 3191* 1 . 0$0 1.303 .9526 .6283 .6705 1 . 202* .9685 . 291*7 53.32
.05000 .01521 . 31M . 301(2 1.291 .9508 . 61*09 .6857 1.213 .9673 .2998 51.38
.05100 .01580 . 3201) .3099 .3260 1 . 0$2
1 .051* 1.281 . 91*89 .6535 .7010 1.221 .9661 . 301*9 1*9.55
.05200 . 0161*1 . 326? •31S6 .3326
1.270 . 9l|70 .6660 •716I( 1.230 . 96L9 .3099 1*7.82
.01702 .3330 .3212 .3392 1.056
.05300
. 31*58 1.058 1.260 . 9U51 .6786 .7319 1.239 .9636 •311*9 1*6.19
. 051*00 .01765 .3393 .3269
1.060 1.250 . 91*31 .6912 .71(75 1. 22*9 .9623 .3199 1*1*.65
.05500 .01829 . 31(56 •332S .3525 1.258 .9610 . 321*8 1*3.19
.05600 .01893 .3519 .3380 .3592 1.063 1 . 21*1 . 91*11 .7037 .7633
1.065 1.231 .9391 .7163 .7791 1.268 .9597 .3297 1* 1.80 ,
.05700 .01958 .3581 . 31(36 .3658
.7951 1.278 .9583 . 331*6 l*0 . l*9
.02025 •36U» . 3L91 .3726 1.067 1.222 .9371 .7289
.05800
. 370? . 35L6 .3793 1.070 1. 211* .9350 •7l*ll * .8112 1.288 .9570 . 3391* 39. 21*
.05900 .02092
.3770 .3601 .3860 1.072 1.205 .9329 . 751*0 .8275 1.298 :Ì»S56 ■ . 31*1*1 38.06
.06000 .02161 . 9SL2 . 31*88 36.93
.02230 .3833 .3656 .3927 1 . 07U 1.197 .9308 .7666 . 8L39 1.300
.06100
1.189 .9286 .7791 .8601» 1.319 .9528 . 3531* 35.86
.06200 .02300 •38?6 .3710 .3995 1.077
.7917 .8770 1.330 .»Sili .3581 3l*.83
.06300 .02371 .3958 . 376L .1(062 1.079 1.182 .9265
.?L99
. 1(021 . 1(130 1.082 1 . 171* . 921*3 . 801*3 .8938 1 . 32*1 .3626 33.86
. 061*00 . 021(1*1* .3818
1.167 .9220 .8168 .9107 1.353 . 9U8U .3672 32.93
.06500 .02516 . I1O8U .3871 .1099 1.085
1.160 .9198 .8291* .9278 1 . 361* . 9L70 .3716 32. 01*
.06600 .02590 . 101(7 .3925 . L267 1.087 .9L50 1.376 .9L5S .3761 31.19
.06700 .02665 . 1(210 .3978 . 1(335 1.090 1.153 .9175 . 81*19 . 3801*
.1(273 . L030 . 1(1(01» 1.093 1 . 11*7 .9152 . 851*5 . 962l( 1.388 . 91(1(0 30.38
•06800 .02739 1. 1*00 . 9L2l( . 381*8 29.61
.06900 .02817 . 1(335 . 1(083 . 1(1(73 1.095 1 . 11*0 .9128 .8671 .9799

1 . 131* .8796 .9976 1 . 1*12 .9109 .3891 28.86

.07000 .02895 .1(398 .1035 . 1(510 1.098 .9105
1.015 1 . 1*25 .9393 .3933 28.15
.07100 .02973 . lil(6l .1087 .1(611 1.101 1.128 .9081 .8922
27. 1*7
.07200 .03052 . l(521( .1(239 . b660 1 .101* 1.122 .9057 . 90I18 1.033 1 . 1*38 .9378 .3975
1.116 .9033 .9173 1.052 1. 1*51 .9362 . 1*016 26.81
.07300 .03132 . 1(587 . W90 . L7L9 1.107
1.110 .9008 1.070 1 . 1*61* . 931(6 . 1*057 26.18
. 071*00 .03213 . 1(650 . 1(310 . 1(819 1.110 .9299

. W 89 1.113 1.105 . 8981* . 91*25 1.088 1 . 1*78 .9330 . 1*098 25.58

.07500 . 0329U . 1(712 . 1(392 . 95*1 1.107 1 . 1*92 . 93XU , 1*138 25.00
.07600 .03377 . 1(77$ . ti!d(3 . 1(958 1.116 1.099 .8959
1.126 1.506 .9298 . 1*177 21*.!*5
.07700 . 031*60 . 1(838 . 1(1(93 .5029 1.119 1 . 091* . 8931* .9676
1.089 .8909 .9802 1 . 1L5 1.520 .9281 . 1*216 23.92
.07800 . 0351*3 .6901 . 1(51(2 .5100 1.123
1 . 16L 1 . 531* . 9261» . 1*255 23. 1*0
.07900 .03628 . l(96i( . 1(593 .5170 1.126 1 . 081* .8883 .9927

1.079 .8857 1.005 1.183 1 . 51*9 . 921(8 . 1*293 22.90

•08000 -0371U .5027 . 1(61(2 .5210 1.129
1.075 .8831 1.018 1.203 1 . 561* .9231 . 1*330 22. 1*2
.5089 . 1(691 .5312 1.132 . 1*367 21.96
.08100 .03799
. 1(71(0 .5383 1.136 1.070 .8805 1.030 1.223 1.580 . 9211(
.08200 .03887 .5152 1.066 .8779 1 . 01*3 1 . 2b3 1.595 .9197 . 1*1*01* 21.52
.08300 .03975 .5215 . 1(789 . 51(55 1.139
1.061 .8752 1.056 1.263 1.611 .9179 •1*1*1*0 21.09
.081*00 .01*063 .5278 . U837 .5526 1 . 11*3
1 .11*6 1.057 .8726 1.068 1.283 1.627 .9162 . 1*1*76 20.68
.08500 . 01*152 . 531(1 . 1(885 .5598
1.150 1.053 .8699 1.081 1. 30U 1 . 61*3 . 91LS . 1*511 20.28
.08600 . 01*21*2 . 51(0U . 1(933 .5670
1 . 01*9 .8672 1.093 1. 321» 1.660 .9127 . 1*51*5 19.90
.08700 .01*333 .51(66 .1(980 . 571(3 1.153
1. 01*5 . 861*5 1.106 1. 31(6 1.676 .9109 . 1*579 19.53
.08800 . 01*1*21* .5529 .5027 .5815 1.157 . 1*613 19.17
1.160 1 . 01*1 1.118 1.367 1.693 .9092
.5592 •507U .5888 .8 6 1 7
•08900 . 01*516
1 . 161* 1.037 .8590 1.131 1.388 1.711 . 907l( . 1*61*6 18.82
.09000 . 01*608 .5655 .5120 .5961 . 1,679 18. 1*9
. 603l( 1.168 1 . 031* .8562 1 . 11*1* 1. 1(10 1.728 .9056
.09100 .01*702 .5718 .5167
1.030 , 8531* 1.156 1 . 1(31 1 . 7U6 .9038 . 1*711 18.16
.09200 .01*796 .5781 .5213 .6108 1.172 1 . 761* .9020 . 1*71*3 17.85
.6182 1.176 1.027 .8506 1.169 1. L53
.09300 . 01*890 .58U3 .5258
1.180 1.023 . 81*78 1.181 1 . 1(76 1.783 .9002 .1*771* 17.55 .
.091*00 . 01*985 .5906 .5303 .6256
1. 181* 1.020 . 81*50 1 . 19U 1 . 1(98 1.801 . 8981( . 1*805 17.26
.09500 .05081 .5969 . 53M .6330 1.820 .8966 . 1*835 16.97
.6032 .5393 . 6b0l( 1.188 1.017 . 81*21 1.206 1.521
. 1*865
.09600 .05177 1 . 011* .8392 1.219 l.SIdi 1 . 81*0 .89L7 16.69
.09700 .05275 .6095 . 5L38 .61(79 1.192
1.011 . 8361* 1.567 1.859 .8929 . 1*891* 16. 1*2
.6158 . 5U82 . 65S1( 1.196 1.232
•09800 .05372
1.200 1.008 .8335 1 . 21*1* 1.591 1.879 .8910 . 1*923 16.16
.09900 . 051*70 .6220 .5526 .6629
.6705 1. 201* 1.005 . 8306 1.257 1.615 1.899 .8892 .1*952 15.91
.1000 .05569 .6283 .5569
1.208 1.002 ,8277 1.269 1.638 1.920 .8873 .1*980 15.67
.1010 .05668 .631(6 .5612 .6781
.9993 . 821*7 1.282 1.663 1 . 91*0 . 885U .5007 15. 1*3
.1020 .05768 .61(09 .5655 .6857 1.213 .8836 . 5031* 15.20
.61(72 .5698 .6933 1.217 .9966 .8218 1 . 291* 1.687 1.961
.1030 .05869 . 991*0 .8189 1.307 1.712 1.983 .8817 .5061 11* . 98
. 101*0 *05970 .6535 . 571(0 .7010 1.221
1.226 . 9911* .8159 1.319 1.737 2 .001* .8798 .5087 U*.76
.1050 •06071 .6597 .5782 .7087 2.026 .5113 11*.55
1.230 .9891 .8129 1.332 1.762 .8779
•1060 .06173 .6660 •S82l( »7166
.9865 .8100 1. 3U5 1.788 2. 01*9 .8760 .5138 ll *.35
.06276 .5865 . 721(1 1.235
.1070
*1080
*1090
.06378
. 061*82
.6723
.6786
.681(9
.5906
. 59W
.7319
.7397
1.239
1. 21*1*
. 981*1
•9818 .
.8070
801*0
1.357
1.370
ì.e ib
1 . 81(0
2.071
2. 091*
. 871(1
.8722
.5163
.5187
U**15
13.95

c - 2 0
Table C—2 — Continued

d/L d/Lo 2 lT d /t TANK SINH COSH H/h» K !* ffd /t SINH OOSH

v 0 n CL/C li
2TTd/t 2 tfd /L 2ff d/L 1*77d/L l*/7d/L (r 0

»1100 .06586 .6912 .5987 .71*75 1.21*9 .9797 .8010 1.382 1.867 2 .118 .8703 .5211 13.77
.1110 .06690 .6971* .6027 .7551* 1.2 5 3 .9775 .7980 1.395 1.893 2.11*1 •8681*
.1120 »5231* 13.58
.06795 .7037 .6067 .7633 1.2 5 8 .9753 .791*9 1.1*07 1 .9 2 0
.1130 .06901 .7100
2.1 6 5 .8665 .5257 13 .la
.6107 .7712 1.263 .9731 .7919 1.1*20 1.91*8 2.189 •861*5 .5279 13.23
.111*0 .07006 .7163 .611*6 .7791 1.2 6 8 .7888 1.1*33 2.211*
.9711 1.975 .8626 .5301 1 3.06
.1 1 5 0 .07113 .7226 .6185 .7871 1 .273 •9691 .7858 1.1*1*5 2.003
.1160 2 .2 3 9 .8607 .5323 12.90
.07220 .7289 .6221* .7951 1.2 7 8 .9672 .7827 1.1*58 2.032 2.261,
.1170 .8587 .531*1* 12.71*
.07327 .7351 .6262 .8032 1.283 .9651* .7797 1.1*70 2.060 2 .2 9 0 .8568
.1180 .071*31* .5365 12.59
.71*11* .6300 .8112 1.288 •9635 •7766. 1.1*83 2.089 2.316
.1190 .851*9 .5386 12.1*3
.0751*2 .71*77 .6338 .8193 1.293 .9617 .7735 1.1*95 2.118 2.31*3 .8 5 2 9 •51*06 1 2 .2 9
.1200 .07650 .751*0 .6375 .8275 1.2 9 8 •9600 .7701* 1.508 2.11*8
.1210 2.369 .8510 .51*25 12.11*
.07759 .7603 .61*12 .8357 1 .3 0 3 .9583 .7673 1.521 2.178
.1220 .07868 2.397 .81*91 .51*1*1* 12 .0 0
.7666 .61*1*9 .81*39 1.3 0 9 .9567 .761*2 1.533 2.208 2.1*21*
.1230 .07978 .81*71 .51*63 11.87
.7728 .61*86 .8521 1.311* .9551 .7612 1.51*6
• 121*0 .0808$ 2.239 2.1*52 .81*52 .51*82 11.73
.7791 .6520 .8601* 1 .3 1 9 .9535 .7581 1.558 2.270 2.1*80 .81*32 .5500 1 1.61
• 12$0 .08198 .7851* .6558 .8687 1 .3 2 5 •9520 .751*9 1.571 2.301
.1260 2.509 .81*13 .5517 11.1*8
.08308 .7917 .6591* .8770 1 .3 3 0 .7518 1.583
.9505 2.333 2.538 .8393 .5531* 11 .3 5
.1270 •081*19 .7980 .6629 .8851* 1.3 3 6 .91*90 .71*87 1.5 9 6 2.365 2.568 .8371* .5551 11.23
¿1280 .08530 .801*3 .6661* .8938 1.31*1 .91*76 .71*56 1.609 2.398
.1290 .0861*2 2.5 9 8 .8351* .5568 11.11
.8105 .6699 .9022 1.31*7 .91*63 71*21* 1.621 2.1*30 2.6 2 8 .8335 .5581* 11.00
.1300 .08753 .8168 .6733 .9107 1.353 •9l*5o .7393 1.631* 2.1*61* 2.659 .8316 .5599 1 0.89
.1310 .08866 .8231 .6768 .9192 1.358 .7362
•91*37 1.61*6 2.1*97 2.690 .8296 .5611* 10.78
.1320 .08978 .8291* .6801 .9278 1.361* .91*21* • .7331 1.659 2.531 2.722 .8277 .5629 10.67
.1330 .09091 .8357 .6835 .9361* 1.3 7 0 .91*12 .7299 1.671 2.566 2.751* .8257 .561*1* 10.56
.131*0 •09201* .81*20 .6868 .91*50 1.3 7 6 .7268 1.681*
.91*01 2.600 2.786 .8238 .5658 10.1*6
.1350 .09317 .81*62 .6902 .9537 1.382 1.696
•9389 .7237 2.636 2.819 .8218 .5672 1 0.36
.1360 .091*31 .851*5 .6931* *9621* 1.388 .720$
.9378 1.709 2.671 2.852 .8199 .5685 10.26
.1370 .0951*1* .8608 .6967 .9711 .7171* 1.722
1.391* •9367 2.707 2.886 .8179 .5698 10.17
.1380 .09659 .8671 .6999 .9799 1.1*00 .711*2
-9357 1.731* 2.71*1» 2.9 2 0 .8160 .5711 10.07
.1390 .09773 .8731* .7031 .9887 1.1*06 .7111
.931*7 1.71*7 2.781 2.955 .811*1 .5721* 9.983
. 11*00 .09888 .8797 .7063 .9976 1.1*12 .9337 .7080 1.759 2.818 .8121
2.990 .5736 9.891*
.11*10 .1000 .8859 .7091* 1.0 0 6 1.1*19 .9327 .701*8 1.772 2.856 3 .0 *6 •8102 .571*8 9.806
. 11*20 .1012 .8922 .7125 1.015 1.1*25 .9318 .7017 1.781* 2.891* 3.062
. 11*30 .8083 .5759 9.7 2 1
.1023 .8985 .7156 1.021*
• 11*1*0 .1035 .901*8 .7186 1.033
1.1*32
1.1*38
.9309
.9300
.6985
.6951*
1.797
1.810
2.933
2.972
3 .099
3.1 3 6
.8061*
.801*1*
.5770
.5781
9.638
9 .556
. 11*50 .101*6 .9111 .7216 1.01*2
. 11*60 .1058 .9171* .721*7 1 .052
1.1*1*5
i.l* 5 l
.9292
•9281*
.6923
.6891
1.822
1.835
3.012
3.052
3.173
3.211
.8025
•8006
.5791
.5801
9.1*76
9.398
.11*70 .1070 .9236 .7276 1.0 6 1 1.1*58 .9276 .6860 1.81*7 3.092 3.250 .7987 .5811 9.321
. 11*80 .1081 .9299 .7306 1 .0 7 0 1.1*61* •9268 .6829 1.860 3.133 3.289 .7968 .5821 9.21*6
.11*90 .1093 .9362 .7335 1.0 7 9 1.1*71 .9261 .6797 1.872 3.175 3.329 .791*9 .5830 9.173
.1500 .1105 .91*25 .7361* 1.088 1.1*78 .9251* .6766 1.885 3.217
.1510 3.369 .7930 .5839 9.101
.1116 .91*88 .7392 1 .0 9 8 1.1*85 .921*7 .6731* 1.898 3.260 3.1*10 .7 9 H .581*8 9.031
.1520 .1128 .9551 .71*21 1.107 1.1*92 •921*0 .6703 1.910 3.303 3.1*51 .7892 .5856 8.962
.1530 .111*0 .9613 .71*1*9 1 .116 1.1*99 .6672 1.923 3.31*6
.9231* 3.1*93 .7873 .5861* 8.691*
.151*0 .1151 .9676 .71*77 1 .1 2 6 1.5 0 6 .9228 .661*1 1.935 3.391 3.535 .7851* .5872 8.828
.1550 .1163 .9739 .7501* 1 .1 3 5 1.513 •9222 .6610 1.91*8 3.1*35 3.578 .7835 .5880 8.763
.1560 .1175 .9802 .7531 1.11*5 1 .520 .9216 .6579 1.960 3.1*81 3.621 .7816 .5887 8.700
.1570 .1187 .9865 .7558 1.151* 1.527 .9211 .651*7 3.526
1.973 3.665 .7797 .5893 8.638
.1580 .1199 .9928 .7585 1.161* 1.535 .6516 1.985
.9205 3.573 3.710 .7779 .5900 8,577
.1590 .1210 .9990 .7612 1.171* 1.51*2 •9200 ¿61*85 1.998 3.620 3 .755 .7760 .5907 8.517
.1600 .1222 1.005 .7638 1 .183 1.51*9 .9196 .61*51* 2,011 3.667 3.801 .771*1 .5913 8.1*59
.1610 .1231* 1.012 .7661* 1.1 9 3 1.557 .61*23 2.023
.9191 3.715 3.81*7 .7723 .5919 8.1*01
.1620 •121*6 1 .018 .7690 1.2 0 3 1.561* •9186 .6392 2.036 3.761* 3.891* .7701* .5925 8.31*5
.1630 *1258 1.021* .7716 1.213 1.572 •9182 .6361 2.01*8 3.813 3.91*2 •7686 .5930 6 .290
•161*0 .1270 1 .030 .771*1 1 .2 2 3 1.5 8 0 .6331 2.061
.9179 3.863 3.9 9 0 .7667 .5935 8.236
.1650 •1281 1.037 .7766 1 .233 1.587 .6300
.9175 2.073 3.913 1*.039 .761*9 .591*0 8 .183
•1660 .1293 1.01*3 .7791 1.21*3 1 .595 .6269 2.086 3.961* U.088
.9171 .7631 .591*5 8 .131
.1670 .1305 1.01*9 .7815 1 .253 1.603 .9167 .6239 2.099 1*.016 1*.138 .7613 .5950 8 .079
•1680 .1317 1.056 .781*0 1 .263 1.611 •9161* .6208 2.111 1*.068
.1690 1*.189 .7595 .595*1 8.029
.1 3 2 9 1.062 .7861* 1 .2 7 3 1.619 •9161 .6177 2.121* 1*.121 14.21*1 .7576 .5958 7 .9 8 0

C-21
Table C—2 - Continued

LIT d/L 8INH COSH n Cq/ C0 U

d /L o 2 ft d / t TANK SIHH COSH h/ H* *
d/L ItfTd/L l* ffd /L
2-rrd /t 2« d/L 2 i f d /L
2.136 ll . l 75 lt .293 .7558 .5962 7.932
1 .068 .7867 1 .2 8 3 1.6 2 7 . 9 X58 . 611*7 7.885
.1700 . 131*1 L .229 L . 3L6 . 751*0 .5965
1 . 071» .7911 1 .2 9 3 1 .6 3 5 . 9 X55 .6117 2. 11*9
.1710 .1353 2.161 I4. 28I1 14.399 .7523 . 59*9 7.838
1 .081 .m s 1 . 30 l| 1 . 61*3 .9153 .6086
.1720 .1365 2. 171» 1* .3U0 I4. I4SI* .7505 .5972 7 .7 9 3
1.087 .7958 1 . 311* 1 .651 .9150 .6056 7 . 71*8
.1730 .1377 2.187 li .396 I4.508 . 71*87 .5975
1 .093 .7981 1 . 32 S 1 .6 6 0 . 911*8 .6026
. 17 U0 .1389
1*.1*53 14. 561* . 71*69 .5978 7 . 701*
1 .1 0 0 . 800I1 1 .3 3 5 1 .668 . 911*6 .5995 2.199 7.661
.1750 . 11*01 2.212 ll .511 14.620 .71451 .5980
1 .10 6 .8026 1 . 31*5 1 .6 7 6 . 911*1* .5965 7 .6 1 9
.1760 . 11*13 2 . 221* ll .569 L .677 . 7 L3l4 .5983
.1770 •11*25 1.112 . 801*8 1 .3 5 6 1 .6 8 5 . 911*2 . S 93 S 7.577
. 911*0 .5905 2.237 tl.628 L .735 . 7I4I6 .5985
.1780 . 11*37 1 .118 .8070 1.367 1 .6 9 3 7 .5 3 6
1 .7 0 2 .9138 . S87 S 2 . 21*9 1.680 L .793 .7399 .5987
.1790 . 11*1*9 1.1 2 5 . 809? 1 .3 7 7
2.262 l».853 .7382 .5989 7 . 1*96
. 8111» 1 .3 8 8 1 .7 1 1 .9137 . 581*5 l».7l»9
.1800 . 11*60 1 .1 3 1 I1. 8IO lt.9 10 . 7361* .5991 7 . 1*57
.8135 1 .3 9 9 1 .7 2 0 .9136 .5816 2.275
.1810 . 11*72 1.137 1».872 14. 971* . 731*7 .5992 7 . 1*19
.8156 1 . 1*10 1.7 2 8 .9135 .5786 2.287
.1820 •11*81* 1 . 11*1* 5.035 .7 330 . S993 7.381
1 . 1*20 1.737 . 9131* .5757 2 .3 0 0 L .935
.1830 . 11*96 1.150 .8177 5.098 .7313 . S995 7 . 31*3
.8198 1 . 1*31 1 . 71*6 .9133 .5727 2.312 L .999
•18 U0 •1508 1 .1 5 6
5.063 $ .161 .7296 .5996 7.307
.1520 1 .162 .8218 1 . 1*1*2 1 .7 5 5 .9132 .5697 2 .3 2 5
.1850 S .129 5 .225 .7279 .5997 7.271
.8239 1 . 1*51* 1 . 761* .9131 .5668 2.337
.1860 .1532 1 .1 6 9 $ .290 .7262 .5997 7.235
1 . 1*65 1 .7 7 3 .9131 .5639 2.350 5.195
.1870 •15 U1* 1.175 .8259 5.262 5.356 . 721*5 .5998 7.201
1.181 .8278 1 . 1*76 1.7 8 3 .9131 .5610 2.362
.1880 .1556 5 . 1*22 .7228 .5998 7.167
1.1 8 8 .8298 1 . 1*87 1 .792 .9130 .5581 2.375 5.329
.1890 .1568
2.388 5.398 5 . 1*90 .7212 .5996 7.133
.1900 .1580 1 . 191» .8318 1 . 1*98 1 .8 0 1 .9130 .5551 7.100
1.811 .9130 .5522 2. 1*00 5 . 1*67 5 .558 .7195 .5998
.1910 .1592 1 .2 0 0 .8337 1 .5 1 0 7.068
1 .820 .9130 . 51*93 2 . 1*13 5.538 5 .6 2 5 .7179 .5998
.1920 . 1601* 1 .206 .8356 1 .5 2 1 5.697 .7162 .5998 7.036
.8375 1 .5 3 3 1 .8 3 0 .9130 . 51*65 2 . 1*25 5.609
.1930 •1616 1.213 5 .7 6 8 . 711*6 .5998 7.005
1 . 81*0 .9131 . 51*36 2. 1*36 5.681
•19 U0 .1628 1.219 .8393 1 . 51*1*
2. 1*50 S . 75 U S . 8I4O .7129 »5997 6 . 971*
.1950 . 161*0 1 .2 2 5 •81*12 1 .5 5 6 1 . 81*9 .9131 . 51*08
2 . 1*63 5.827 $.913 .7113 .5997 6 . 91*1)
. i 960 .1652 1 .232 . 81.30 1.5 6 7 1 .8 5 9 .9131 .5379 6 . 911»
.9132 .5350 2 . 1*76 5.902 5 .9 8 8 .7097 .5996
.1970 . 1661* 1.238 . 81*1*8 1 .5 7 9 1 .8 6 9 6 .6 8 5
.9133 .5322 2 . 1*88 5.970 6 .0 6 1 .70 8 1 .5995
.1980 .1676 1 . 21*1«. . 61*66 1 .5 9 1 1.8 7 9 6 .8 5 6
1.8 8 9 .9133 . 5291» 2.501 6.055 6.137 .7065 . 5991*
.1990 .1688 1.250 . 81401. 1 .6 0 3

6.132 6 .213 . 701*9 .5993 6.826

.8501 1 . 6U * 1.0 9 9 . 9131* .5266 2 . S13
.2000 .1700 1.257 6.211 6 .2 9 1 .7033 .5992 6 .8 0 1
1 .6 2 6 1 .9 0 9 .9135 .5238 2.526
.2010 .1712 1.263 .8519 6 .3 6 9 .7018 .5990 6 . 771»
1 .6 3 8 1.9 2 0 .9137 .5210 2 .5 3 8 6.290
•2020 . 1721* 1 .2 6 9 .8535 6 . 141*9 .7002 .5986 6 . 7l»7
1 .6 5 1 1 .9 3 0 .9138 .5182 2.551 6.371
.2030 .1736 1.276 .8552 6 .5 2 9 .6987 .5987 6.720
1 .2 8 2 .8570 1 .6 6 3 1 . 9 tt > .9139 . 5151* 2 . 561* 6 . 1*52
. 201*0 . 171*8
2.576 6.535 6 .611 .6971 ,5986 6 . 691»
.2050 .1760 1.288 .8586 1 .6 7 5 1 .9 5 1 . 911*0 .5127
6 .6 1 9 6 . 691* .6956 . 5981» 6.669
.1772 1 . 291* .8602 1.687 1 .9 6 1 . 911*1 .5099 2.589
.2060 6.777 . 69 U . .5982 6 . 6I4I4
1.301 1 .7 0 0 1 .972 . 911*2 .5071 2.601 6.703
.2070 . 1781* .8619 6 .8 6 2 .6925 .5980 6.619
.8635 1.712 1.9 8 3 •911*1* . 50 bl* 2 . 611* 6.789
•2080 .1796 1.307 6 .8 7 6 6 . 91*8 .6910 .5978 6 . 591*
1 .7 2 5 1 . 991* . 911*6 .5016 2.626
.2090 •1808 1.313 .8651
6.963 7 .035 .6895 .5976 6 .5 7 0
.2100 •1820 1.3 2 0 .8667 1.7 3 7 2 . 001* . 911*7 . 1*989 2.639
2.652 7.052 7.123 .6880 .5973 6.517
.2110 .1832 1.326 .8682 1 .7 5 0 2.015 . 911*9 . 1*962
2 . 661» 7 . 11*3 7.219 .6865 . S971 6 . 521»
.2120 •781*1* 1.332 .8697 1.7 6 2 2.026 .9151 . 1*935 6 .5 0 1
.9153 . 1*908 2.677 7. 23 L 7 .302 . 68 SO .5969
.2130 .1856 1 .338 .8713 1 .7 7 5 2.037 6 . 1.79
1.7 8 8 2. 01*9 .9155 . 1*881 2.689 7 .3 2 6 7 . 391* .6 835 .5966
. 211*0 .1868 1 . 3 U5 .8 7 2 8
2.702 7 . 1*20 7 . 1*87 .6 8 2 1 .5963 6 . 1.57
.2150 •1880 1.351 . 87 U3 1 .8 0 1 2 .0 6 0 .9157 . 1*851*
2 . 7U * 7. S1 L 7 .580 .6806 .5960 6 . 1.35
•2160 .1892 1.357 .8757 I . 81I1 2 .0 7 1 .9159 >1*828
2.727 7 .6 1 0 7.675 .6792 .5958 6 . U .3
.2170 . 1901* 1 . 361* .8772 1.827 2.083 '.9161 .1*801
2.739 7.707 7.772 .6777 .5955 6.393
.2180 .1915 1.3 7 0 .8786 1 . 81*0 2 . 09 U , 916 !i . 1*775
2.752 7.805 7.8 6 9 .6763 .5952 6.372
.2 19 0 .1927 1 .3 7 6 .8801 1 .8 5 3 2.1 0 6 .9166 «1*71*9

2.765 7.905 7 .968 . 671*9 . 591*9 6.351

•2200 1 .382 .8815 1.867 2.1 1 8 .9168 . 1*722
.1939 2.777 8.006 8.068 .6735 . 591*6 6.331
.2210 1.3 8 9 .8829 1 .8 8 0 2 .129 .9170 . 1*696
.1951 8 .10 8 8 .1 6 9 .6720 . 591*3 6.312
1.3 9 5 . 881*2 1 .8 9 3 2. 1U1 .9173 . 1*670 2 .7 9 0
.2220 .1963 8.211 8 .272 .6706 .5939 6 . 292.
1 . 1*01 .8856 1 .9 0 7 2 .153 .9175 «1*61*1* 2.802
.2230 .1975 8.316 8.375 .6692 .5936 6.273
.8869 1 .9 2 0 2 .1 6 5 .9178 . 1*619 2.615
. 221*0 .1987 1 . 1*07
2.827 8 . 1i22 8 . 1*81 .6679 .5933 6 . 251»
.2250 •1999 1 . 1*11* .8883 1 . 931» 2.177 .9181 . 1*593
2 . 8 L0 8.529 8.587 .6665 .5929 6 .2 3 6
•2260 .2 0 1 1 1 . 1*20 .8896 1 . 91*8 2 .189 .9183 . 1*567 6.218
1.9 6 2 2 .202 .9186 . 1*51*2 2.853 8.637 8 .695 .6651 .5925
.2270 •2022 1 . 1*26 .8909 6 .2 0 0
2. 211* ,9189 «1*516 2.865 8.756 8 .800 .6637 .5921
•2280 . 2031* 1 . 1*33 .8922 1 .9 7 5 6.182
2.227 .9191 >1*1*91 2.878 8.859 8.915 *6621* .5918
•2290 •201*6 1 . 1»39 .8935 1 .9 8 9

C - 22
 Table C—2 — Continued

d/li d/L° 2X d /L TANH SINH COSH H/** K ll^ d /l SINH GOSH

2T7 d/k> 2TTd/L 2lTd/L • Nd/U l*ffd /t
n u

.2300 .2058 1.M *5 .891*7 2.0 0 3 2 .2 3 9 •9191* .1*1*66 2 .8 9 0 8 .9 7 1 9 .0 2 7 .6611 .$91$ 6 .1 6 $

.2310 .2070 i .l* 5 i .8 9 6 0 2 .0 1 7 2 .2 5 2 .9197 ,l*14a 2.903 9 .0 8 5 9.11*0 .6597 .5911 6.11*8
.2320 .2082 1.1*58 .8972 2.032 2.261* •9200 .U tl6 2 .9 1 $ 9 .2 0 1 9 .2 5 5 .6581* .5907 6 .1 3 1
.233*0 .2093 1.1*61* .8981* 2.01*6 2 .2 7 7 •9203 .1,391 2 .9 2 8 9 .3 1 8 9 .3 7 2 .6571 .5901* 6.111*
.231*0 .2105 1.1*70 .8 9 9 6 2 .0 6 0 2.29O •9206 .1,366 2.91,1 9.1*37 9.1*89 .6558 .5900 6 .0 9 7
.2350 .2117 1.1*77 .9008 2 .0 7 5 2 .3 0 3 •9?09 .1*31*2 2 .9 5 3 9.557 9 .6 0 9 .651*$ .5896 6 .0 8 1
.2360 .2129 1.1*83 .9 0 2 0 2 .0 8 9 2 .3 1 6 •9212 .1,318 2 .9 6 6 9.678 9 .7 3 0 .6532 .$892 6 .0 6 6
.2370 .211*1 1.1*89 .9032 2.101* 2 .329 .9215 .1,293 2 .9 7 8 9 .8 0 1 9 .8 5 2 .6519 .5888 6 .0 $ 0
.2380 .2152 1.1*95 .901.3 2 .1 1 8 2.31*3 .9218 .1,269 2.991 9 .9 2 6 9 .9 7 6 .6507 . 5881* 6.031*
•2390 .2161* 1.502 .9 0 5 5 2 .1 3 3 2.3 5 6 .9221 .b2U i 3.003 1 0 .0 5 1 0 .1 0 .61*91* .5880 6 .0 1 9
.2 1*00 .2176 1 .5 0 8 .9066 2.11*8 2 .3 7 0 •9225 .1,220 3 .0 1 6 10.18 1 0 .2 3 •61*81 .5876 6.001*
.21*10 .2188 1.511* •9077 2 .1 6 3 2 .383 •9228 .1,196 3.029 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .3 6
•2120 .61*69 . 5872 5 .9 9 0
.2 1 9 9 1 .5 2 1 .9088 2 .1 7 8 2 .3 9 7 .9231 .1,172 3 .0 1 a 10.1,1* 10.1,9 .61*56 .5868
.21*30 .2211 5 .9 7 6
1 .527 .9 0 9 9 2 .1 9 3 2.1*10 •9231* .1,11,9 3.051, 10.57 1 0 .6 2 .61*1*1* .5863
•21*140 5.961
.2223 1 .533 .9 1 1 0 2 .2 0 8 2.1*21* .9238 .la 2 S 3.066 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .7 5 .61,32 .5859 5.91*7
.21*50 .2231) 1 .5 3 9 .9120 2.221* 2.1*$8 .921*1 .1,101 3 .0 7 9 10.61«
.21*60 IO .89 .61*20/ .5855 5 .9 3 3
.221*6 1.51*6 .9131 2 .2 3 9 2.1*52 •921*1* .1*078 3.091 10.98
.21*70 1 1 .0 3 .61*08 . 5851 5 .9 1 9
.2258 1 .552 .91I1I 2 .2 5 5 2.1*66 .9 2 1 * .1*055 3.101* 11.12
.21*80 1 1 .1 7 .6 3 9 6 .581*6 5 .9 0 6
.2270 1 .5 5 8 .9151 2 .2 7 0 2.1*80 .9251 .1,032 3 .1 1 6 11.26
.21*90 1 1 .3 1 .6381* .$81*2 5 .8 9 3
.2281 1 .5 6 5 .9162 2 .2 8 6 2.1*95 •925S .1,008 3.129 11.1*0 11.1*5 .6372 .5838 5 .8 8 0
.2 5 0 0 .2293 1.5 7 1 .9172 2 .3 0 1 2.5 0 9 .9258 . 398S 3.11*2 1 1 .5 5 1 1 .5 9 .6 3 6 0 .5833 5.867
.2510 .2305 1.577 .9182 2.317 2.521* .9262 .3962 3.151* 1 1 .7 0
.2 5 2 0 .2316 11.71* .631*8 .5829 5.851*
1 .583 .9191 2 .3 3 3 2 .5 3 8 •926S .391*0 3.167 11.81* 1 1 .8 9
.2530 .2328 .6337 .5821* 5.81*1
1 .5 9 0 .9201 2.31*9 * .5 5 3 .9269 .3917 3 .1 7 9 12.01*
.251*0 11.99 .6 3 2 5 .5820 5 .8 2 9
.2339 1 .5 9 6 .9 2 1 0 2 .3 6 5 2 .568 .9273 .3891* 3 .1 9 2 12.15 1 2 .1 9 .6311* .5815 5.817
.2 5 5 0 .2351 1 .6 0 2 .9 2 2 0 2 .3 8 1 2.583 .9 276 .3872 3.201, 1 2 .3 0 12.31* .6303 .5811 5 .8 0 $
•2$60 .2363 1 .6 0 9 •9229 2 .3 9 8 2 .5 9 8 .9280 .381,9 3.217 12.1*6 1 2 .5 0 .6291 .5807 $.793
.2570 .2371* 1 .6 1 5 .9239 2.1*11* 2 .6 1 3 .9283 .3827 3 .2 3 0 12.61 1 2 .6 5 .6280 .5802 $ .782
.2580 .2386 1 .6 2 1 .921*8 2.1*30 2.628 .9287 .3 8 0 5 3.21,2 12.77 1 2 .8 1 .6269 .5797 $ .7 7 0
.2590 .2398 1 .627 .9257 2.1*1*7 2.61*3 .9291 .3 783 3.255 12.91* 1 2 .9 8 .6258 .5793 $ .7 $ 9
.2600 •2i»09 1.631* .9266 2.1*61* 2.659 •9291* .3761 3.267 13.10 13.11* .621.7 .5788 $.71*8
.2610 .21*21 1.61*0 .9275 2.1*80 2.671* .9298 .3739 3.280
.2620 13.27 1 3 .3 1 .6236 .5781* 5.737
.21*32 1.61*6 .9283 2.1*97 2 .690 .9301 .3717 3.292
•2630 13.1*1* 13.1*7 .6225 .5779 5 .7 2 6
•21*1*1* 1.653 .9292 2.511* 2.706 .9305 .3696 3 .3 0 5 13.61 13.61* ,6 215 .5775 5 .716
•26UO .21*55 1.659 .9301 2.5 3 1 2.722 .9309 .3671* 3.318 13.78 13.81 .6201, .5770 5.705
.2650 .21*67 1 .665 .9309 2.51*8 2.737 •9313 .3653 3 .3 3 0
.2660 .21*78 13.95 13.99 .6193 .5765 5 .695
1 .671 .9317 2 .5 6 6 2.751* •9316 .3632 3.31,3
.2670 .9 3 2 6 U i.13 ll».17 .6183 .5761 5.68$
.21*90 1.678 2 .583 2.770 .9320 .3 610 3 .3 5 5
•2680 1I1.31 U*.31i .6 1 7 2 .57S6 $.67$
.2501 1.681* .9331* 2 .6 0 0 2.786 .9321* .3 589 3.368
•2690 ll*.Ü9 lk .5 3 .6162 .5752 5.66$
•2S13 1 .6 9 0 .931*2 2.618 2.803 .9328 .3568 3 .3 8 0 lit.6 7 H i.71 .61S2 .S7l*7 $ .6 $ $
.2 7 0 0 .2521* 1.697 •93S0 2 .6 3 6 2 .8 1 9 .9331 .351*7 3.393 11*.86 H1.89 .611,2 .571,2 $.61*$
.2710 .2536 Í.7 0 3 .9357 2.653 2.8 3 5 .9335 .3527 3.1*05
.2720 15.05 15.06 .6132 .5737 $.636
.251*7 1 .7 0 9 .9365 2.671 2.852 .9339 .3 506 3.1a8
.2730 15.21* 15.27 .6122 .5733 $.627
.2SS9 1 .7 1 5 .9373 2.6 8 9 2.6 6 9 •931*3 .31*85 3.1,31
.271*0 15.1*3 15.1*6 .6112 .5728 $.617
.2570 1.7 2 2 .9381 2.707 2.886 .931*6 .31*65 3.U*3 15.63 1 5 .6 6 .6102 .5721, $.608
.2750 .2582 1.728 .9388 2 .726 2.903 .9350 .31*1*1» 3.1*56
.2760 .9396 15.83 1 5 .8 6 .6092 .5719 $ .5 9 9
.2593 1.731* 2.71*1* 2.920 .9351* .31*21* 3.1*68
.2770 .2605 16.03 1 6 .0 6 .6082 .5711* 5 .590
1.71*0 .91*03 2 .7 6 2 2.938 .9358 .31*01* 3 .t e l
.2780 .2616 .91*10 16.23 1 6 .2 6 .6072 .5710 5.582
1.71*7 2.781 2 .955 ,9362 .3381, 3.1*93
.2790 16.1*3 16.1*7 .6063 .5705 5.573
.2627 1.753 .91*17 2.7 9 9 2.973 .9366 .3361, 3 .5 0 6 16.61* 16.67 .6053 .5701 5 .56$
•2800 .2639 1.759 .9!i21* 2.818 2.990 .9369 .331*1* 3 .5 1 9 16,85 16.88 .6010, .5696 5.556
•2810 .2650 1 .766 .91*31 2.837 3.008 .9373 .3321* 3.531 17.07 1 7 .1 0 .6035 .5691 $•$1*8
.2820 .2662 1.772 .91*38 2.8 5 6 3 .026 .9377 .3 3 0 5 3.51*1* 17.28 17.31 .6 025 .5687 $.51*0
•2830 .2673 1.778 .91*1*5 2 .8 7 5 3.01*1* .9381 .3285 3.556 17.50 1 7 .5 3 .6016 .5682 $.$32
•281*0 .2681. 1.781* .91*52 2.891* 3.062 .9381* .3266 3 .5 6 9 17.72 1 7 .7 5 ,6007 .$677 5.521*
.2850 .2696 1.791 .91*58 2.913 3 .080 .9388 .321*7 3.581 17.95 17.98 .5998 .5673 $.516
•2860 .2707 1.797 .91*65 2.933 3 .0 9 9
.2870 .9392 .3227 3.591* 16.18 1 8 .2 0 .5989 .5666 $.$09
.2718 1.803 .91*72 2.952 3.117 .9396 .3208 3.607
•2880 .2730 1.810 .91*78 16,1*0 16.1*3 .5980 .5661, $.$01
2.972 3.136 .91,00 ,3 189 3 .6 1 9 18.61*
#2890 .271*1 1.816 .91*81* 2 .992 18.67 .5971 .5659 $.1*93
3.151* .91*01, .3 1 7 0 3.632 18.88 1 8 .9 0 .5962 .$651. $.1*86

C-23
Table C—2 — Continued 0
sinh cosh
tánh sinh cosh
2ird 4 trd 4ird 4trd
2nd . 2tfd 2ffd H/H* CG * o
0 K L L ~ L W M
dA dA 0 L L I L

3 .6 4 4 19. Í 1 1 9 .1 4 .5 9 5 3 .5 6 5 0 5 .4 7 9
1 .8 2 2 .9 4 9 1 3 .0 1 2 3 .1 7 3 .9 4 0 7 .3151
.2 9 0 0 .2 7 5 2 .5 6 4 5 5 .4 7 2
3 .1 9 2 .9 4 1 1 .3 1 3 3 3 .6 5 7 1 9 .3 6 1 9 .3 8 .5 9 4 5
.2 7 6 4 1 .8 2 8 .9 4 9 7 3 .0 3 2 5 .4 6 5
.2 9 1 0 .9 4 1 5 .3 1 1 4 3 .6 6 9 1 9 .6 0 1 9 .6 3 .5 9 3 6 .5641
.2 7 7 5 1 .8 3 5 .9 5 0 3 3 .0 5 2 3 .2 1 1 5 .4 5 8
.2 9 2 0 .9 4 1 9 .3 0 9 5 3 .6 8 2 1 9 .8 5 1 9 .8 7 .5 9 2 7 .5 6 3 6
.2 7 8 6 1 .8 4 1 .9 5 0 9 3 .0 7 2 3 .2 3 1
.2 9 3 0 .9 4 2 2 .3 0 7 7 3 .6 9 5 2 0 .1 0 2 0 .1 3 .5 9 1 9 .5 6 3 2 5 .4 5 1
.2 7 9 7 1 .8 4 7 .9 5 1 5 3 .0 9 3 3 .2 5 0
.2 9 4 0
9
2 0 .3 6 2 0 .3 8 .5 9 1 1 .5 6 2 7 5 .4 4 4
.9 5 2 1 3 .1 1 3 3 .2 6 9 .9 4 2 6 .3 0 5 9 3 .7 0 7
.2 9 5 0 .2 8 0 9 1 .8 5 4 2 0 .6 4 .5 9 0 2 .5 6 2 2 5 .4 3 7
3 .1 3 3 3 .2 8 9 .9 4 3 0 .3 0 4 0 3 .7 2 0 2 0 .6 1
.2 9 6 0 .2 8 2 0 1 .8 6 0 .9 5 2 7 .5 8 9 4 .5 6 1 8 5 .4 3 1
3 .3 0 9 .9 4 3 4 .3 0 2 2 3 .7 3 2 2 0 .8 7 2 0 .9 0
,2 9 7 0 .2 8 3 1 1 .8 6 6 .9 5 3 2 * .1 5 4 .5 6 1 4 5 .4 2 4
.9 4 3 7 .3 0 0 4 3 .7 4 5 2 1 .1 4 2 1 .1 6 .5 8 8 6
.2 8 4 2 1 .8 7 2 .9 5 3 8 3 . 175. 3 .3 2 9 5 .4 1 8
.2 9 8 0 3 .7 5 7 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .4 3 .5 8 7 8 .5 6 1 0
1 .8 7 9 .9 5 4 4 3 .1 9 6 3 .3 4 9 .9 4 4 1 .2 9 8 6
.2 9 9 0 .2 8 5 4
3 .7 7 0 2 1 .6 8 2 1 .7 0 .5 8 7 0 *5605 5 .4 1 2
.9 5 4 9 3 .2 1 7 3 .3 6 9 .9 4 4 5 .2968
.3 0 0 0 .2 8 6 5 1 .8 8 5 2 1 .9 7 .5 8 6 2 .5 6 0 1 5 .4 0 5
3 .2 3 8 3 .3 8 9 .9 4 4 9 .2951 3 .7 8 2 2 1 .9 5
.3 0 1 0 .2 8 7 6 1 .8 9 1 .9 5 5 5 .5 8 5 4 .5 5 9 6 5 .3 9 9
3 .4 1 0 .9 4 5 2 .2 9 3 3 3 .7 9 5 2 2 .2 3 2 2 ,2 5
.3 0 2 0 .2 8 8 7 1 .8 9 8 *9 5 6 0 3 . 26Q .5 5 9 2 5 .3 9 3
.9 4 5 6 .2 9 1 5 3 .8 0 8 2 2 ,5 1 2 2 .5 3 .5 8 4 6
.2 8 9 8 1 .9 0 4 .9 5 6 6 3 .2 8 1 3 . 4 30 5 .3 8 7
.3 0 3 0 3 .8 2 0 2 2 .8 0 2 2 .8 2 .5 8 3 8 .5 5 8 7
1 .9 1 0 .9 5 7 1 3 .3 0 3 3 .4 5 1 .9 4 5 9 .2 8 9 8
.3 0 4 0 .2 9 1 0
3 .8 3 3 2 3 .0 8 2 3 .1 1 .5 8 3 0 .5 5 8 3 5 .3 8 1
1 .9 1 6 .9 5 7 6 3 .3 2 5 3 .4 7 2 .9 4 6 3 .2 8 8 0
.3 0 5 0 .2 9 2 1 2 3 .3 8 2 3 .4 0 .5 8 2 3 .5 5 7 9 5 .3 7 6
.9 5 8 1 3 .3 4 7 3 .4 9 3 .9 4 6 7 .2 8 6 3 3 .8 4 5
.3 0 6 0 .2 9 3 2 1 .9 2 3 2 3 .6 9 .5 8 1 5 .5 5 7 4 5 .3 7 0
3 .3 6 8 3 .5 1 4 .9 4 7 1 .2 8 4 6 3 .8 5 8 2 3 .6 7
.3 0 7 0 .2 9 4 3 1 .9 2 9 .9 5 8 6 .5 8 0 7 .5 5 7 0 5 .3 6 4
3 .5 3 5 .9 4 7 4 .2829 3 .8 7 0 2 3 .9 7 2 3 .9 9
.3 0 8 0 .2 9 5 4 1 .9 3 5 .9 5 9 2 3 .3 9 1 .5 5 6 6 5 .3 5 9
.9478 .2 8 1 2 3 .8 8 3 2 4 .2 8 2 4 .3 0 .5 8 0 0
.2 9 6 5 1 .9 4 2 .9 5 9 7 3 .4 1 3 3 .5 5 6
.3 0 9 0
2 4 .5 8 2 4 .6 0 .5 7 9 2 .5 5 6 2 5 .3 5 3
.9 6 0 2 3 .4 3 5 3 .5 7 8 .9 4 8 2 .2 7 9 5 3 .8 9 6
.3 1 0 0 .2 9 7 7 1 .9 4 8 2 4 .9 1 .5 7 8 5 .5 5 5 7 5 .3 4 8
3 .4 5 8 3 .6 0 0 .9 4 8 5 .2 7 7 8 3 .9 0 8 2 4 .8 9
.3 1 1 0 .2 9 8 8 1 .9 5 4 .9 6 0 6 .5 7 7 8 .5 5 5 3 5 .3 4 2
3 .6 2 1 .9 4 8 9 .2 7 6 1 3 .9 2 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .2 3
.3 1 2 0 .2 9 9 9 1 .9 6 0 .9 6 1 1 3 .4 8 1 .5 7 7 0 .5 5 4 9 5 .3 3 7
3 .6 4 3 .9 4 9 3 .2 7 4 5 3 .9 3 3 2 5 .5 3 2 5 .5 5
.3 1 3 0 .3 0 1 0 1 .9 6 7 .9 6 1 6 3 .5 0 3 .5 5 4 5 5 .3 3 2
.9 4 9 6 .2 7 2 8 3 .9 4 6 2 5 .8 5 2 5 .8 7 .5 7 6 3
.3 0 2 1 1 .9 7 3 .9 6 2 1 3 .5 2 6 3 .6 6 5
.3 1 4 0
*2 6 .1 8 2 6 .2 0 .5 7 5 6 .5 5 4 0 5 .3 2 7
.9 6 2 5 3 .5 4 9 3 .6 8 8 .9 5 0 0 .2 7 1 2 3 .9 5 8
.3 1 5 0 .3 0 3 2 1 .9 7 9 2 6 .5 3 .5 7 4 9 .5 5 3 6 5 .3 2 1
3 .5 7 3 3 .7 1 0 >.9504 .2 6 9 5 3 .9 7 1 2 6 .5 1
.3 1 6 0 .3 0 4 3 1 .9 8 6 .9 6 3 0 2 6 .8 6 .5 7 4 2 .5 5 3 2 5 .3 1 6
3 .5 9 6 3 .7 3 3 .9 5 0 8 .2 6 7 9 3 .9 8 4 2 6 .8 4
.3 1 7 0 .3 0 5 4 1 .9 9 2 .9 6 3 4 .5 7 3 5 .5 5 2 8 5 .3 1 1
3 .7 5 5 .9 5 1 1 .2 6 6 3 3 .9 9 6 2 7 .1 8 2 7 .2 0
.3 1 8 0 .3 0 6 5 1 .9 9 8 .9 6 3 9 3 .6 2 0 .5 5 2 4 5 .3 0 7
.95141 *2 8 4 7 3 .0 0 9 2 7 .5 3 2 7*55 .5 7 2 8
.3 1 9 0 .3 0 7 6 2 .0 0 4 .9 6 4 3 3M S 3^ 7*T8

4 .0 2 1 2 7 .8 8 2 7 .8 9 .5 7 2 1 .5 5 2 0 5 .3 0 2
.9 6 4 8 3 .6 6 7 3 .8 0 1 .9 5 1 8 .2 6 3 1
.3 2 0 0 .3 0 8 7 2 .0 1 1 2 8 .2 5 .5 7 1 4 .5 5 1 6 5 .2 9 7
3 .8 2 4 .9 5 2 1 .2 6 1 5 4 .0 3 4 2 8 .2 3
.3 2 1 0 .3 0 9 8 2 .0 1 7 .9 6 5 2 3 .6 9 1 .5 7 0 8 .5 5 1 2 5 .2 9 2
3 .8 4 7 .9 5 2 5 .2 5 9 9 4 .0 4 6 2 8 .5 9 2 8 .6 0
.3 2 2 0 .3 1 0 9 2 .0 2 3 .9 6 5 6 3 .7 1 5 .$ 7 0 Í .5 5 0 8 5 .2 8 8
.9 5 2 8 .2 5 8 3 4 .0 5 9 2 8 .9 5 2 8 .9 7
.3 2 3 0 .3 1 2 0 2 .0 3 0 .9 6 6 1 3 .7 3 9 3 .8 7 1 5 .2 8 3
.9 5 3 2 4 .0 7 2 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .3 3 .5 6 9 4 .5 5 0 4
2 .0 3 6 .9 6 6 5 3 .7 6 4 3 .8 9 4 .2 5 6 8
.3 2 4 0 .3 1 3 1
4 .0 8 4 2 9 .6 9 2 9 .7 0 .5 6 8 8 .5 5 0 0 5 .2 7 9
2 .0 4 2 .9 6 6 9 3 .7 8 8 3 .9 1 8 .9 5 3 5 .2 5 5 2
.3 2 5 0 .3 1 4 2 3 0 .0 6 3 0 .0 8 .5 6 8 1 .5 4 9 6 5 .2 7 4
.9 6 7 3 3 .8 1 3 3 .9 4 2 .9 5 3 9 ,2537 4 .0 9 7
.3 2 6 0 .3 1 5 3 2 .0 4 8 3 0 .4 6 .5675 .5 4 9 2 5 .2 7 0
3 .8 3 8 3 .9 6 6 .9 5 4 2 .2 5 2 1 4 .1 0 9 3 0 .4 4
.3 2 7 0 .3 1 6 4 2 .0 5 5 .9 6 7 7 .5 6 6 9 .5 4 8 8 5 .2 6 6
.9 5 4 5 .2 5 0 6 4 .1 2 2 3 0 .8 3 3 0 .8 4
.3 2 8 0 .3 1 7 5 2 .0 6 1 .9 6 8 1 3 .8 6 3 3 .9 9 0 .5 4 8 4 5 .2 6 1
.9 5 4 9 .2 4 9 1 4 .1 3 4 3 1 .2 2 3 1 .2 3 .5 6 6 2
.3 2 9 0 .3 1 8 6 2 .0 6 7 .9 6 8 5 3 .8 8 8 4 .0 1 5

4 .1 4 7 3 1 .6 1 3 1 .6 3 .5 6 5 6 .5 4 8 0 5 .2 5 7
.9 6 8 9 3 .9 1 3 4 .0 3 9 .9 5 5 2 .2 4 7 6
.3 3 0 0 .3 1 9 7 2 .0 7 4 3 2 .0 3 .5 6 5 0 .5 4 7 6 5 .2 5 3
3 .9 3 9 4 .0 6 4 .9 5 5 5 .2 4 6 1 4 .1 5 9 3 2 .0 1
.3 3 1 0 .3 2 0 8 2 . Q80 .9 6 9 2 .5 6 4 4 .5 4 7 2 5 .2 4 9
4 .0 8 8 .9 5 5 9 .2 4 4 6 4 .1 7 2 3 2 .4 2 3 2 .4 3
.3 3 2 0 .3 2 1 9 2 .0 8 6 .9 6 9 6 3 .9 6 4 .5 4 6 8 5 .2 4 5
.9 5 6 2 .2 4 3 1 4 .1 8 5 3 2 .8 3 3 2 .8 4 .5 6 3 7
.3 2 3 0 2 .0 9 2 .9 7 0 0 3 .9 9 0 4 .1 1 4 5 .2 4 1
.3 3 3 0 4 .1 9 7 3 3 .2 4 3 3 .2 6 .5 6 3 1 .5 4 6 4
2 .0 9 9 .9 7 0 4 4 .0 1 6 4 .1 3 9 .9 5 6 6 .2 4 1 6
.3 3 4 0 .3 2 4 1
3 3 .6 6 3 3 .6 8 .5 6 2 5 .5 4 6 1 5 .2 3 7
.9 7 0 7 4 .0 4 2 4 .1 6 4 .9 5 6 9 .2 4 0 2 4 .2 1 0
.3 3 5 0 .3 2 5 2 2 .1 0 5 2 4 .1 0 .5 6 1 9 .5 4 5 7 5 .2 3 3
4 .0 6 9 4 .1 8 9 .9 5 7 2 .2 3 8 7 4 .2 2 2 3 4 .0 9
.3 3 6 0 .3 2 6 3 2 . 11Í .9 7 1 1 .5 6 1 3 .5 4 5 3 5 .2 2 9
4 .2 1 5 .9 5 7 6 .2 3 7 3 4 .2 3 5 3 4 .5 2 3 4 .5 3
.3 3 7 0 .3 2 7 4 2 .1 1 7 .9 7 1 5 4 .0 9 5 .5 4 4 9 5 .2 2 5
.9 5 7 9 .2 3 5 8 4 .2 4 7 3 4 .9 6 3 4 .9 7 .5 6 0 8
.3 2 8 5 2 .1 2 4 .9 7 1 8 4 .1 2 1 4 .2 4 1 5 .2 2 2
.3 3 8 0 .9 5 8 2 4 .2 6 0 3 5 .4 0 3 5 .4 1 .5 6 0 2 .5 4 4 6
.9 7 2 2 4 .1 4 8 4 .2 6 7 .2 3 4 4
.3 3 9 0 .3 2 9 6 2 .1 3 0
4 .2 7 3 3 5 .8 5 3 5 .8 6 .5 5 9 6 . 5442' 5 .2 1 8
2 .1 3 6 .9 7 2 5 4 .1 7 5 4 .2 9 3 ¿9585 .2 3 2 9
.3 4 0 0 .3 3 0 7 3 6 .3 0 3 6 .3 1 .5 5 9 0 .5 4 3 8 5 .2 1 4
.9 7 2 8 4 .2 0 2 4 .3 1 9 .9 5 8 9 .2 3 1 5 4 .2 8 5
.3 4 1 0 .3 3 1 7 2 .1 4 3 3 6 .7 7 .5 5 8 5 *5435 5*.2 l l
.9 7 3 2 4 .2 2 9 4 .3 4 6 .9 5 9 2 .2 3 0 1 4 .2 9 8 3 6 .7 6
,3 4 2 0 .3 3 2 8 2 .1 4 9 3 7 .2 2 3 7 .2 4 .5 5 7 9 .5 4 3 1 5 ;2 0 7
.9 7 3 5 4 .2 5 6 4 .3 7 2 .9 5 9 5 .2 2 8 7 4 .3 1 0
.3 4 3 0 .3 3 3 9 2 .1 5 5 3 7 .7 1 .5 5 7 3 .5 4 2 7 5 .2 0 4
4 .2 8 4 4 .3 9 9 .9 5 9 8 .2 2 7 3 4 .3 2 3 3 7 .7 0
.3 4 4 0 .3 3 5 0 2 .1 6 1 .9 7 3 8
3 8 .1 7 3 8 .1 9 *5568 .5 4 2 4 5 .2 0 0
.9 7 4 2 4 .3 1 2 4 .4 2 6 .9 6 0 1 .2 2 5 9 4 .3 3 5
.3 4 5 0 .3 3 6 1 2 .1 6 8 3 8 .6 7 .5 5 6 2 .5 4 2 0 5 .1 9 7
4 .3 4 0 4 .4 5 4 .9 6 0 4 .2 2 4 5 4 .3 4 8 3 8 .6 5
.3 4 6 0 .3 3 7 2 2 .1 7 4 .9 7 4 5 3 9 .1 6 .5 5 5 7 .5 4 1 7 5 .1 9 3
4 .4 8 1 .9 6 0 8 .2 2 3 2 4 .3 6 1 3 9 .1 4
.3 4 7 0 .3 3 8 3 2 .1 8 0 .9 7 4 8 4 .3 6 8 .5 5 5 2 .5 4 1 3 5 .1 9 0
4 .5 0 9 .9 6 1 1 .2 2 1 8 4 .3 7 3 3 9 .6 4 3 9 .6 5
.3 4 8 0 .3 3 9 3 2 .1 8 7 .9 7 5 1 4 *3 9 6 .5 4 1 0 5 .1 8 7
.9 6 1 4 .2 2 0 5 4 .3 8 6 4 0 .1 4 40*1 5 .5 5 4 6
.3 4 9 0 .3 4 0 4 2 .1 9 3 .9 7 5 4 4 .4 2 4 4 .5 3 6

C - 24
Table C - 2 — Continued
tanh sin h cosh sin h cosh
2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 4nd 4nd 4nd
d /L <*A0 L L L L H/H0 * K L L L n CG/C0 M

.3 5 0 0 .3 4 1 5 2 .1 9 9 .9 7 5 7 4 ,4 5 3 4 .5 6 4 .9 6 1 7 .2 1 9 1 4 .3 9 8 4 0 .6 5 4 0 .6 6 .5 5 4 1 .5 4 0 6 5 .1 8 4
J3 5 1 0 .3 4 2 6 2 .2 0 5 .9 7 6 0 4 .4 8 2 4 .5 9 2 .9 6 2 0 .2 1 7 8 4 .4 1 1 4 1 .1 6 4 1 .1 7 .5 5 3 6 .5 4 0 3 5 .1 8 1
.3 5 2 0 .3 4 3 7 2 .2 1 2 .9 7 6 3 4 .5 1 1 4 .6 2 0 .9 6 2 3 .2 1 6 4 4 .4 2 3 4 1 .6 8 4 1 .7 0 *5531 .5 4 0 0 5 .1 7 7
.3 5 3 0 .3 4 4 7 2 .2 1 8 .9 7 6 6 4 .5 4 0 4 .6 4 9 .9 6 2 6 .2 1 5 1 4 .4 3 6 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .2 2 .5 5 2 5 .5 3 9 6 5 .1 7 4
.3 5 4 0 .3 4 5 8 2 .2 2 4 .9 7 6 9 4 .5 6 9 4 .6 7 8 .9 6 2 9 .2 1 3 8 4 .4 4 9 4 2 .7 4 4 2 .7 6 .5 5 2 0 .5 3 9 3 5 .1 7 1
.3 5 5 0 .3 4 6 9 2 .2 3 1 .9 7 7 2 4 .6 0 0 4 .7 0 6 .9 6 3 2 .2 1 2 5 4 .4 6 1 4 3 .2 8 4 3 .3 0 .5 5 1 5 .5 3 8 9 5 .1 6 8
.3 5 6 0 .3 4 8 0 2 .2 3 7 .9 7 7 4 4 .6 2 8 4 .7 3 5 .9 6 3 5 .2 1 1 2 4 .4 7 4 4 3 .8 3 4 3 .8 4 .5 5 1 0 .5 3 8 6 5 .1 6 5
.3 5 7 0 .3 4 9 1 2 .2 4 3 .9 7 7 7 4 .6 5 8 4 .7 6 4 .9 6 3 8 .2 0 9 9 4 .4 8 6 4 4 .3 9 4 4 .4 0 .5 5 0 5 .5 3 8 3 5 .1 6 2
.3 5 8 0 .3 5 0 1 2 .2 4 9 ,9 7 8 0 4 .6 8 8 4 .7 9 4 .9 6 4 1 .2 0 8 6 4 .4 9 9 4 4 .9 5 4 4 .9 6 .5 5 0 0 .5 3 7 9 5 .1 5 9
.3 5 9 0 .3 5 1 2 2 .2 5 6 .9 7 8 3 4 .7 1 9 4 .8 2 3 .9 644 ,2 0 7 3 4 .5 1 1 4 5 .5 2 4 5 .5 3 .5 4 9 6 .5 3 7 6 5 .1 5 6
.3 6 0 0 ¿3523 2 .2 6 2 .9 7 8 5 4 .7 4 9 4 .8 5 3 .9 6 4 7 .2 0 6 0 4 .5 2 4 4 6 .0 9 4 6 .1 0 .5491 .5 3 7 3 5 .1 5 4
.3 6 1 0 .3 5 3 4 2 .2 6 8 .9 7 8 8 4 .7 7 9 4 .8 8 3 .9 6 5 0 .2 0 4 8 4 .5 3 6 4 6 .6 8 4 6 .6 9 .5 4 8 6 .5 3 7 0 5 .1 5 1
.362.0' .3 5 4 4 2 .2 7 5 .9 7 9 1 4 .8 1 0 4 .9 1 3 .9 6 5 2 .2 0 3 5 4 .5 4 9 4 7 .2 7 4 7 .2 8 .5 4 8 1 .5 3 6 7 5 .1 4 8
.3 6 3 0 -.3 5 5 5 2 .2 8 1 .9 7 9 3 4 .8 4 0 4 .9 4 3 .9 6 5 5 .2 0 2 3 4 .5 6 2 4 7 .8 6 4 7 .8 7 .5 4 7 7 .5 3 6 3 5 .1 4 5
.3 6 4 0 .3 5 6 6 2 .2 8 7 .9 7 9 6 4 .8 7 2 4 .9 7 4 r .9 6 5 8 .2 0 1 0 4 .5 7 4 4 8 .4 7 4 8 .4 8 .5 4 7 2 .5 3 6 0 5 .1 4 3
.3 6 5 0 .3 5 7 6 2 .2 9 3 .9 7 9 8 4 .9 0 4 5 .0 0 5 .9 6 6 1 .1 9 9 8 4 .5 8 7 4 9 .0 8 4 9 .0 9 .5 4 6 7 .5 3 5 7 5 .1 4 0
.3 6 6 0 .3 5 8 7 2 .3 0 0 .9 8 0 1 4 .9 3 5 5 .0 3 5 .9 6 6 4 .1 9 8 6 4 .5 9 9 4 9 .7 0 4 9 .7 1 .5 4 6 3 .5 3 5 4 5 .1 3 7
.3 6 7 0 .3 5 9 8 2 .3 0 6 .9 8 0 3 4 .9 6 7 5 .0 6 7 .9 6 6 7 .1 9 7 4 4 .6 1 2 5 0 .3 3 5 0 .3 4 .5 4 5 8 .5 3 5 1 5 .1 3 5
.3 6 8 0 .3 6 0 9 2 .3 1 2 .9 8 0 6 4 .9 9 9 5 .0 9 8 .9 6 7 0 .1 9 6 2 4 .6 2 4 5 0 .9 7 5 0 .9 8 .5 4 5 4 .5 3 4 8 5 .1 3 2
.3 6 9 0 .3 6 1 9 2 .3 1 9 .9 8 0 8 5 .0 3 1 5 .1 2 9 .9 6 7 2 .1 9 5 0 4 .6 3 7 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .6 2 .5 4 4 9 .5 3 4 5 5 .1 3 0
.3 7 0 0 .3 6 3 0 2 .3 2 5 .9 8 1 1 5 .0 6 3 5 .1 6 1 .9 6 7 5 .1938 4 .6 5 0 5 2 .2 7 5 2 .2 8 .5 4 4 5 .5 3 4 2 5 .1 2 7
.3 7 1 0 .3 6 4 1 2 .3 3 1 .9 8 1 3 5 .0 9 6 5 .1 9 3 .9 6 78 .1 9 2 6 4 .6 6 2 5 2 .9 3 5 2 .9 4 .5 4 4 0 .5 3 3 9 5 .1 2 5
.3 7 2 0 .3 6 5 1 2 .3 3 7 .9 8 1 5 5 .1 2 9 5 .2 2 5 .9 6 8 0 .1 9 1 4 4 .6 7 5 5 3 .6 0 5 3 .6 1 .5 4 3 6 .5 3 3 6 5 .1 2 2
.3 7 3 0 .3 6 6 2 2 .3 4 6 .9 8 1 7 5 .1 6 1 5 .2 5 7 .9 6 8 3 .1 9 0 2 4 .6 8 7 5 4 .2 7 5 4 .2 8 .5 4 3 2 .5 3 3 3 5 .1 2 0
.3 7 4 0 .3 6 7 3 2 .3 5 0 .9 8 2 0 5 .1 9 5 5 .2 9 0 .9 6 8 6 .1 8 9 0 4 .7 0 0 5 4 .9 9 5 4 .9 7 .5 4 2 7 .5 3 3 0 5 .1 1 8
.3 7 5 0 .3 6 8 3 2 .3 5 6 .9 8 2 2 5 .2 2 8 5 .3 2 2 .9 6 8 8 .1 8 7 9 4 .7 1 2 5 5 .6 6 5 5 .6 6 .5 4 2 3 .5 3 2 7 5 .1 1 5
.3 7 6 0 .3 6 9 4 2 .3 6 3 •9824 5 .2 6 2 5 .3 5 6 .9 6 9 1 .1 8 6 7 4 .7 2 5 5 6 .3 6 5 6 .3 7 .5 4 1 9 .5 3 2 4 5 .1 1 3
.3 7 7 0 .3 7 0 5 2 .3 6 9 .9 8 2 6 5 .2 9 5 5 .3 8 9 .9 6 9 4 .1 8 5 6 4 .7 3 8 5 7 .0 7 5 7 .0 8 .5 4 1 5 .5 3 2 1 5 .1 1 1
.3 7 8 0 .3 7 1 5 2 .3 7 5 .9 8 2 9 5 .3 2 9 5 .4 2 2 .9 6 9 6 .1 8 4 4 4 .7 5 0 5 7 .7 9 5 7 .8 0 .5 4 1 1 .5 3 1 8 5 .1 0 9
.3 7 9 0 .3 7 2 6 2 .3 8 1 .9 8 3 1 5 .3 6 3 5 .4 5 6 .9 6 9 9 .1 8 3 3 4 .7 6 3 5 8 .5 3 5 8 .5 3 .5 4 0 7 .5 3 1 5 5 .1 0 6
.3 8 0 0 .3 7 3 6 2 .3 8 8 .9 8 3 3 5 .3 9 8 5 .4 9 0 .9 7 0 2 .1 8 2 2 4 .7 7 5 5 9 .2 7 5 9 .2 7 .5 4 0 3 .5 3 1 3 5 .1 0 4
.3 8 1 0 .3 7 4 7 2 .3 9 4 .9 8 3 5 5 .4 3 2 5 .5 2 4 .9 7 0 4 .1 8 1 0 4 .7 8 8 6 0 .0 1 6 0 .0 2 .5 3 9 9 .5 3 1 0 5 .1 0 2
.3 8 2 0 .3 7 5 8 2 .4 0 0 .9 8 3 7 5 .4 6 7 5 .5 5 8 .9 7 0 7 .1 7 9 9 4 .8 0 0 6 0 .7 7 6 0 .7 8 .5 3 9 5 .5 3 0 7 5 .1 0 0
.3 8 3 0 .3 7 6 8 2 .4 0 7 .9 8 3 9 5 .5 0 2 5 .5 9 3 .9 7 0 9 .1 7 8 8 4 .8 1 3 6 1 .5 4 6 1 .5 5 .5 3 9 1 .5 3 0 4 5 .0 9 8
.3 8 4 0 .3 7 7 9 2 .4 1 3 .9 8 4 1 5 .5 3 7 5 .6 2 7 .9 7 1 2 .1 7 7 7 4 .8 2 6 6 2 .3 2 6 2 .3 3 .5 3 8 7 .5 3 0 1 5 .0 9 6
.3 8 5 0 .3 7 9 0 2 .4 1 9 .9 8 4 3 5 .5 7 3 5 .6 6 2 .9 7 1 4 .1 7 6 6 4 .8 3 8 6 3 .1 1 6 3 .1 2 .5 3 8 3 ;5 2 9 9 5 .0 9 4
.3 8 6 0 .3 8 0 0 2 .4 2 5 .9 8 4 5 5 .6 0 9 5 .6 9 7 .9 7 1 7 .1 7 5 5 4 .8 5 1 6 3 .9 1 6 3 .9 1 *5380 .5 2 9 6 5 .0 9 2
.3 8 7 0 .3 8 1 1 2 .4 3 2 .9 8 4 7 5 .6 4 5 5 .7 3 2 .9 7 1 9 .1 7 4 4 4 .8 6 3 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 .5 3 7 6 .5 2 9 3 5 .0 9 0
.3 8 8 0 .3 8 2 1 2 .4 3 8 .9 8 4 9 5 .6 8 1 5 .7 6 8 .9 7 2 1 *1734 4 .8 7 6 6 5 .5 3 6 5 .5 4 .5 3 7 2 .5 2 9 1 5 .0 8 8
.3 8 9 0 .3 8 3 2 2 .4 4 4 .9 8 5 0 5 .7 1 7 5 .8 0 4 .9 7 2 4 .1 7 2 3 4 .8 8 9 6 6 .4 0 6 6 .4 0 .5 3 6 8 .5 2 8 8 5 .0 8 6
.3 9 0 0 .3 8 4 2 2 .4 5 0 .9 8 5 2 5 .7 5 3 5 .8 4 0 .9 7 2 6 .1 7 1 2 4 .9 0 1 6 7 .2 0 6 7 .2 1 .5 3 6 5 .5 2 8 5 5 .0 8 4
.3 9 1 0 .3 8 5 3 2 .4 5 7 .9 8 5 4 5 .7 9 0 5 .8 7 6 .9 7 2 9 .1 7 0 2 4 .9 1 3 6 8 .0 5 6 8 .0 6 .5 3 6 1 .5 2 8 3 5 .0 8 2
.3 9 2 0 .3 8 6 4 2 .4 6 3 .9 8 5 6 5 .8 2 7 5 .9 1 3 .9 7 3 1 .1 6 9 1 4 .9 2 6 6 8 .9 1 6 8 .9 2 .5 3 5 7 .5 2 8 0 5 .0 8 0
.3 9 3 0 .3 8 7 4 2 .4 6 9 .9 8 5 8 5 .8 6 5 5 .9 4 9 .9 7 3 3 .1 6 8 1 4 .9 3 9 6 9 .7 8 6 9 .7 9 .5 3 5 4 «5278 5 .0 7 8
.3 9 4 0 .3 8 8 5 2 .4 7 6 .9 8 6 0 5 .9 0 2 5 .9 8 8 .9 7 3 6 .1 6 7 0 4 .9 5 1 7 0 .6 7 7 0 .6 7 .5 3 5 0 .5 2 7 5 5 .0 7 7
.3 9 5 0 .3 8 9 5 2 .4 8 2 .9 8 6 1 5 .9 4 0 6 .0 2 4 .9 7 3 8 .1 6 6 0 4 .9 6 4 7 1 .5 6 7 1 .5 7 .5 3 4 7 .5 2 7 3 5 .0 7 5
.3 9 6 0 .3 9 0 6 2 .4 8 8 .9 8 6 3 5 .9 7 8 6 .0 6 1 .9 7 4 0 .1 6 5 0 4 .9 7 6 7 2 .4 7 7 2 .4 7 .5 3 4 3 .5 2 7 0 5 .0 7 3
.3 9 7 0 .3 9 1 6 2 .4 9 4 .9 8 6 5 6 .0 1 6 6 .0 9 9 .9 7 4 3 .1 6 4 0 4 .9 8 9 7 3 .3 8 7 3 .3 9 .5 3 4 0 .5 2 6 8 5 .0 7 1
.3 9 8 0 .3 9 2 7 2 .5 0 1 .9 8 6 6 6 .0 5 4 6 .1 3 7 .9 7 4 5 .1 6 3 0 5 .0 0 1 7 4 .3 1 7 4 .3 2 .5 3 3 7 .5 2 6 5 5 .0 7 0
.3 9 9 0 .3 9 3 7 2 .5 0 7 .9 8 6 8 6 .0 9 3 6 .1 7 5 .9 7 4 7 .1 6 1 9 5 .0 1 4 7 5 .2 5 7 5 .2 6 .5 3 3 3 .5 2 6 3 5 .0 6 8
.4 0 0 0 .3 9 4 8 2 .5 1 3 .9 8 7 0 6 .1 3 2 6 .2 1 3 .9 7 4 9 .1 6 0 9 5 .0 2 7 7 6 .2 0 7 6 .2 1 .5 3 3 0 .5 2 6 0 5 .0 6 6
.4 0 1 0 .3 9 5 8 2 .5 2 0 .9 8 7 1 6 .1 7 2 6 .2 5 2 .9 7 5 2 .1 6 0 0 5 .0 3 9 7 7 .1 6 7 7 .1 7 .5 3 2 7 .5 2 5 8 5 .0 6 4
.4 0 2 0 .3 9 6 9 2 .5 2 6 .9 8 7 3 6 .2 1 0 6 .2 9 0 .9 7 5 4 .1 5 9 0 5 .0 5 2 7 8 .1 4 7 8 .1 5 ,5 3 2 3 «5256 5 .0 6 3
.4 0 3 0 .3 9 7 9 2 .5 3 2 .9 8 7 4 6 .2 5 0 6 .3 3 0 .9 7 5 6 .1 5 8 0 5 .0 6 4 7 9 .1 3 7 9 .1 4 *5 320 .5 2 5 3 5 .0 6 1
.4 0 4 0 .3 9 9 0 2 .5 3 8 .9 8 7 6 6 .2 9 0 6 .3 6 9 .9 7 5 8 .1 5 7 0 5 .0 7 7 8 0 .1 3 8 0 .1 4 .5 3 1 7 .5 2 5 1 5 .0 6 0
.4 0 5 0 .4 0 0 0 2 *5 4 5 .9 8 7 8 6 .3 3 0 6 .4 0 9 .9 7 6 0 .1 5 6 0 5 .0 8 9 8 1 .1 4 8 1 .1 5 .5 3 1 4 .5 2 4 9 5 .0 5 8
.4 0 6 0 «4011 2 .5 5 1 .9 8 7 9 6 .3 7 1 6 .4 4 9 .9 7 6 3 .1 5 5 1 5 .1 0 2 8 2 .1 7 8 2 .1 8 .5 3 1 0 .5 2 4 6 5 .0 5 6
.4 0 7 0 .4 0 2 1 2 .5 5 7 .9 8 8 1 6 .4 1 2 6 .4 8 9 .9 7 6 5 .1 5 4 1 8 3 .2 1
5 .1 1 5 8 3 .2 1 .5 3 0 7 .5 2 4 4 5 .0 5 5
.4 0 8 0 .4 0 3 2 2 .5 6 4 .9 8 8 2 6 .4 5 2 6 .5 2 9 .9 7 6 7 .1 5 3 2 5 .1 2 7 8 4 .2 5 8 4 .2 6 .5 3 0 4 .5 2 4 2 5 .0 5 3
.4 0 9 0 .4 0 4 2 2 .5 7 0 .9 8 8 3 6 .4 9 3 6 .5 7 1 .9 7 6 9 .1 5 2 2 5 .1 4 0 8 5 .3 3 8 5 .3 3 .5 3 0 1 .5 2 3 9 5 .0 5 2

C - 25
Table C - 2 - Continued
tan h s in h cosh 4nd s in h cosh
2nd 2nd H/H0 # K L 4nd 4 ltd n cG ^o M
d /L d /L 0 2nd 2nd
L L L L L L

6.535 6.611 .9771 .1513 5.1 5 2 86.41 86.41 .5298 .5 2 3 ? 5 .0 5 0

.4100 .4053 2 .5 7 6 .9885
6.577 6 .653 .9773 .1503 5.1 6 5 8 7 .5 0 8 7 .5 0 .5295 .5235 5.049
.4110 .4063 2 .5 8 2 .9886
6.619 6.694 .9775 .1494 5.1 7 7 88 .6 1 88.61 .5292 .5233 5.048
.4120 .4074 2.589 .9888
6.661 6 .736 .9777 .1485 5 .1 9 0 8 9.73 8 9 .7 3 .5289 .5231 5 .046
.4130 .4084 2 .5 9 5 .9889
6.703 6 .7 7 7 .9779 .1476 5 .2 0 2 9 0 .8 7 90.87 .5 286 .5228 5.045
.4140 .4095 2 .601 .9891

6 .819 .9781 .1466 5 .2 1 5 9 2 .0 2 92.02 .5283 .5226 5.043

.4150 .4105 2.608 ,9892. 6.746
6.862 .9783 .1457 5.228 9 3.18 93,18 .5281 .5224 5 .0 4 2
.4160 .4 1 1 6 2.614 .9893 6.789
6.832 6.905 .9785 .1448 5 .2 4 0 9 4 .3 6 9 4 .3 6 .5278 .5222 5.041
.4170 .4 1 2 6 2 .6 2 0 .9895 5.039
6 .876 6.948 .9787 .1439 5 .2 5 3 95.55 95.55 .5275 .5220
.4180 .4136 2 ,6 2 6 .9896
6 .9 9 2 .9789 .1430 5 .2 6 5 9 6 .7 6 9 6 .7 6 .5272 .5218 5.038
.4190 .4147 2.6 3 3 .9897 6.920

6.963 7 .0 3 5 .9791 .1422 5.278 97.98 97.98 .5269 .5216 5 .037

.4200 .4 1 5 7 2.639 .9899
7.008 7 .079 .9793 .1413 5.2 9 0 9 9 .2 2 9 9 .22 .5267 .5214 5 .035
.4210 .4168 2 .645 .9900
7.052 7 .123 .9795 .1404 5 .3 0 3 100.5 100.5 .5264 .5212 5.034
.4220 .4178 2 .6 5 2 .9901
7 .1 6 7 .9797 .1395 5 .3 1 6 101.7 101.7 .5261 .5210 5.0 3 3
.4230 .4189 2.658 .9902 7 .097
7.2 1 2 .9799 .1387 5.328 1 03.0 103.0 .5259 .5208 5.0 3 2
.4240 .4199 2.664 .9903 7.143

7 .257 .9801 .1378 5.341 104.3 104.3 .5256 .5 2 0 6 5.0 3 0

.4250 .4 2 1 0 2 .6 7 0 .9905 7.188
7.233 7 .3 0 2 .9803 .1370 5 .3 5 3 105.7 105.7 .5253 .5204 5.029
.4260 .4220 2 .6 7 7 .9906
7.280 7 .3 4 8 .9804 .1361 5 .3 6 6 107.0 107.0 .5251 .5202 5.028
.4270 .4 2 3 0 2 .683 .9^07
7.394 .9806 .1352 5.378 108.3 108.3 .5248 .5200 5.0 2 7
.4280 .4241 2.6 8 9 .9908 7 .3 2 6
7 .4 4 0 .9808 .1344 5.391 109.7 109.7 .5246 .5198 5 .026
..4290 .4251 2 .6 9 6 .9909 7 .373

7 .4 8 7 .9 8 1 0 .1336 5.4 0 4 111.1 111.1 .5243 .5196 5.025

.4300 .4262 2 .7 0 2 .9910 7 .420
7.5 3 4 •9811 .1327 5 .4 1 6 112.5 112.5 .5241 .5194 5.023
.4310 .4272 2.708 .9912 7.467
.9813 .1319 5 .429 113.9 113.9 .5238 .5193 5.022
.4320 .4 2 8 2 2.714 .9913 7.514 7 .5 8 0
.9815 .1311 5.441 115.4 115.4 .5 236 .5191 5.021
.4330 .4293 2.721 .9914 7.562 7 .628
7 .6 7 3 .9817 .1303 5 .4 5 4 116.8 116.8 .5233 .5189 5 .020
.4340 .4303 2 .7 2 7 .9915 7.6 1 0

7.7 2 3 .9818 .1295 5 .4 6 6 118.3 118.3 .5231 .5 1 8 7 5.019

.4350 .4313 2 .733 .9916 7.659
7 .7 7 2 .9820 .1287 5 .479 119.8 119.8 .5229 .5185 5.018
.4360 .4324 2 .7 4 0 .9917 7.707
7.821 .9822 .1279 5 .492 121.3 121.3 ¿5226 .5183 5.017
,4370 .4334 2 .7 4 6 .9918 7.756
7.8 6 9 .9823 .1271 5.504 122.8 122.8 .5224 .5182 5 .016
.4380 .4345 2.752 .9919 7.805
7.918 .9825 .1263 5.5 1 7 124.4 124.4 .5222 .5180 5.015
.4390 .4355 2.758 .9920 7.855

7.968 .9827 .1255 5.529 126.0 126.0 .5219 .5178 5.014

.4400 .4365 2.7 6 5 .9921 7.905
8 .0 1 8 .9828 .1247 5.5 4 2 127.6 127.6 .5217 .5177 5.013
.4410 .4376 2 .7 7 1 .9922 7.955
.9830 .1239 5 .554 129.2 129.2 .5215 .5175 5.012
.4420 .4386 2 .7 7 7 .9923 8 .0 0 6 8 .0 6 8
8 .0 5 7 8 .1 1 9 .9831 .1232 5.5 6 7 130.8 130.8 .5213 .5173 5.011
.4430 .43 9 6 2*784 .9924
8 .1 6 9 .9833 .1224 5.579 132.6 132.6 .5210 .5171 5 .0 1 0
.4440 .4 4 0 7 2 .7 9 0 .9925 8 .1 0 7

8 .2 2 0 .9835 .1217 £•592 134.1 134.1 .5208 .5170 5.009

.4450 .4417 2 .7 9 6 .9926 8 .159
8 .2 7 2 .9836 .1209 5.605 135.8 135.8 .5206 .5168 5.008
.4460 .4427 2 .802 .9927 8.2 1 1
8 .3 2 2 .9838 .1202 5 .6 1 7 1 37.6 137.6 .5204 .5166 5.0 0 7
.4470 .4438 2.809 .9928 8 .263
8 .3 7 6 .9839 .1194 5 .6 3 0 139.3 139.3 .5202 .5165 5 .006
.4480 .4448 2.815 .9929 8 .3 1 6
8.3 6 9 8 .4 2 8 .9841 .1186 5 .6 4 2 141.1 141.1 .5200 .5163 5.005
.4490 .4458 2 .821 .9929

8.421 8 .4 8 0 .9842 .1179 5 .655 142.8 142.8 .5198 .5162 5.004

.4500 .4469 2.8 2 7 .9930 5 .003
8.4 7 5 8 .534 .9844 .1172 5 .667 144.7 144.7 .5196 .5160
.4510 .4 4 7 9 2.834 .9931
8 .5 8 7 .9845 .1165 5 .6 8 0 146.5 146.5 .5194 .5159 5.003
.4520 .4489 X 840 .9932 8.5 2 9
♦.9847 .1157 5.6 9 3 148.3 148.3 .5192 .5157 5.002
.4530 .4 5 0 0 2 .8 4 6 .9933 8 .5 8 3 8 .6 4 1
8 .6 9 5 .9848 .1150 5 .7 0 5 150.2 150.2 .5 1 9 0 .5156 5.001
.4540 .4 5 1 0 2 .853 .9934 8.638
.9850 .1143 5.718 152.1 152.1 .5188 .5154 5 .0 0 0
.4550 .4 5 2 0 2.859 .9935 8 .6 9 2 8 .7 5 0
8.804 .9851 .1136 5 .7 3 0 154.0 154.0 .5186 .5153 4.999
.4560 .4531 2 .8 6 5 .9935 8 .7 4 7
.9852 .1129 5 .7 4 3 156.0 156.0 .5184 .5151 4.999
.4570 .4541 2.8 7 1 .9936 8 .8 0 3 8 .8 5 9
.9854 .1122 5.755 1 5 8.0 158.0 .5182 .5150 4.998
.4580 .4551 2.878 .9937 8.859 8 .9 1 5
.9855 .1115 5.768 159.9 159.9 .5 1 8 0 .5148 4 .9 9 7
.4590 .4561 2.884 .9938 8 .915 8 .9 7 1

9 .0 2 2 .9857 .1108 5.781 162.0 162.0 .5178 .5147 4 .9 9 6

. .4600 .4572 2 .8 9 0 .9938 8 .9 7 2
9 .0 8 4 .9858 .1101 5.793 1 64.0 164.0 .5177 .5145 4 .995
.4610 .4582 2.8 9 7 .9939 9.029
9 .1 4 0 .9859 .1094 5 .8 0 6 166.1 166.1 .5175 .5144. 4 .9 9 5
.4620 .4 5 9 2 2.903 .9940 9.085
.9861 .1087 5.818 168.2 168.2 .5173 .5142 4 .994
.4630 .4603 2 .909 .9941 9.1 4 3 9 .1 9 7
.9862 .1080 5 .8 3 1 170.3 170.3 .5171 .5141 4.993
.4640 .4613 2 .9 1 5 .9941 9.201 9 .2 5 5

.9863 .1074 5 .8 4 3 172.5 172.5 .5169 .5140 4 .992

.4650 .4623 2 .9 2 2 .9942 9 .2 6 0 9*313
9 .3 7 2 .9865 .1067 5 .8 5 6 174.7 174.7 .5168 .5138 4 .9 9 2
.4660 .4633 2.928 .9943 9.318
9 .4 3 1 .9866 .1060 5 .8 6 9 176.9 176.9 ¿5166 .5137 4 .991
.4670 .4644 2 .9 3 4 .9944 9.378
.9867 .1054 5.8 8 1 179.1 179.1 .5164 .5136 4 .9 9 0
.4680 .4654 2 .9 4 1 .9944 9 .4 3 6 9 .4 8 9
9 .5 4 9 .9868 .1047 5.894 181.4 181.4 .5 1 6 2 .5134 4 .9 9 0
.4690 .4664 2 .9 4 7 .9945 9 .4 9 6

C - 26
Table C—2 —Continued
tanh sin h cosh sinh cosh
d/L dA0 2nd 2nd 2nd 2trd H/H0 * K 4ffd 4trd 4wd n c c /c 0 M
L L l’ L L L L

.4700 .4675 2.953 .9946 9 .5 5 7 9.609 .9870 .1041 5.906 183.7 18 3 .7 .5161 .5133 4 .9 8 9
.4710 .4685 2 .959 .9946 9 .6 1 7 9.669 .9871 .1034 5.919 186.0 1 8 6 .0 .5159 .5131 4 .9 8 8
.4720 .4695 2 .9 6 6 .9947 9.678 9 .7 3 0 .9872 .1028 5.931 188.3 1 88.3 .5157 .5130 4 .9 8 7
.4730 .4705 2 .972 .9948 9 .7 4 0 9.791 .9873 .1021 5.944 190.7 1 9 0.7 .5156 .5129 4 .9 8 7
.4740 .4716 2.978 .9948 9 .8 0 1 9.852 .9875 .1015 5.956 193.1 193.1 .5154 .5128 4 .9 8 6

.4750 .4726 2 .9 8 5 .9949 9 .8 6 3 9.914 .9876 .1009 5.969 195.6 1 9 5 .6 .5153 .5126 4 .9 8 6
.4760 .4736 2 .991 .9950 9 .9 2 6 9 .9 7 6 .9877 .1002 5 .982 198.0 1 9 8 .0 .5151 .5125 4 .9 8 5
.4770 .4746 2 .9 9 7 .9950 9.989 10.04 .9878 .09961 5.994 200.5 2 0 0 .5 .5149 .5124 4 .9 8 4
.4780 .4757 3 .003 .9951 10.05 10.10 .9880 .09899 6.007 203.1 2 0 3 .1 .5148 .5123 4 .9 8 4
.4790 .4767 3 .0 1 0 .9952 10.12 10.17 .9881 .09838 6.019 2 0 5 .6 2 0 5 .6 .5146 .5121* 4 .9 8 3

.4800 .4777 3 .0 1 6 .9952 10.18 10.23 .9882 .09776 6.032 208.2 2 0 8 .2 .5145 .5120 4 .9 8 3
.4810 .4787 3 .022 .9953 10.24 10.29 .9883 .09715 6.044 210.9 2 1 0 .9 .5143 .5119 4 .9 8 2
.4820 .4798 3.029 .9953 10.31 10.36 .9884 .09655 6.057 213.5 2 1 3 .5 .5142 .5118 4 .9 8 1
.4830 .4808 3.035 .9954 1 0.37 10.42 .9885 ,09595 6.070 2 16.2 2 1 6 .2 .5140 .5117 4 .9 8 1
.4840 .4818 3.041 .9954 10.44 10.49 .9887 .09535 6.082 21 9 .0 2 1 9 .0 .5139 .5115 4 .9 8 0

.4850 .4828 3 .0 4 7 .9955 10.51 10.55 .9888 .09475 6.095 221.7 2 2 1 .7 .5137 .5114 4 .9 8 0
.4860 .4838 3.054 .9956 10 ¿57 10.62 .9889 ,09416 6 .107 224.5 2 2 4 .5 • 5136 • 5113 4.9 7 9
.4870 .4849 3 .060 .9956 10.64 10.69 ..9890 .09358 6.120 227.4 2 2 7 .4 .5135 .5112 4 .9 7 8
.4880 .4859 3.066 .9957 10.71 10.75 .9891 .09300 6.132 230.3 23 0 .3 .5133 .5111 4 .9 7 8
.4890 .4869 3.073 .9957 10.77 10.82 .9892 .09241 6.145 23 3 .2 2 3 3 .2 .5132 .5110 4 .9 7 7

.4900 .4879 3.079 .9958 10.84 10.89 .9893 .09183 6.158 236.1 2 3 6 .1 .5130 .5109 4 .9 7 7
.4910 .4890 3.085 .9958 10.91 10.96 .9894 .09126 6.170 2 3 ? .l 2 3 9 .1 .5129 .5108 4 .9 7 6
.4920 .4900 3.091 .9959 10.98 11.03 .9895 .09069 6.183 242.1 2 4 2 .1 .5128 .5107 4 .9 7 6
.4930 .4910 3.098 .9959 11.05 11.10 .9896 .09013 6.195 2 4 5 .2 2 4 5 .2 .5126 .5106 4 .9 7 5
.4940 .4920 3.104 .9960 11.12 11.17 .9897 .08957 6.208 2 4 8.3 2 4 8 .3 .5125 .5104 4 .9 7 5

.4950 .4930 3.110 .9 960 11.19 11.24 .9898 .08901 6 .2 2 0 251.4 2 5 1 .4 .5124 .5103 4.9 7 4
.4960 .4941 3.117 .9961 11.26 11.31 .9899 .08845 6.233 2 54.6 25 4 .6 .5122 .5102 4 .9 7 4
.4970 .4951 3.123 .9961 11.33 11.38 .9900 .08790 6.246 257.8 2 5 7 .8 .5121 .5101 4 .9 7 3
.4980 .4961 3.129 .9962 11.40 11.45 .9901 .08736 6.258 261.1 2 6 1 .1 .5120 .5100 4 .9 7 3
.4990 .4971 3.135 .9962 11.48 11.52 .9902 .08681 6.271 264.4 2 6 4 .4 .5119 .5099 4 .9 7 2

.5000 .4981 3 .142 .9963 11.55 11.59 .9903 .08627 6.283 267.7 2 6 7 .7 .5117 .5098 4 .9 7 2
.5010 .4992 3.148 .9963 11.62 11.67 .9904 .08573 6.296 271.1 27 1 .1 t5116 .5097 4 .9 7 1
.5020 .5002 3.154 .9964 11.70 11.74 .9905 .08519 6.308 274.5 2 7 4 .5 .5115 .5096 4 .9 7 1
.5030 .5012 3 .1 6 0 .9964 11.77 11.81 .9906 .08466 6.321 278.0 2 7 8 .0 .5114 .5095 4 .9 7 1
.5040 .5022 3 .167 .9965 11.84 11.89 .9907 .08413 6.333 281.5 2 8 1 .5 .5112 .5094 4 .9 7 0

.5050 .5032 3.173 .9965 11.92 11.96 .9908 .08361 6.346 285.1 2 85.1 .5111 .5093 4 .9 7 0
.5060 .5043 3.179 .9965 11.99 12.03 .9909 .08309 6.359 2 8 8 .7 2 8 8 .7 .5110 .5092 4 .9 6 9
.5070 .5053 3 .186 .9966 12.07 12.11 .9910 .08257 6.371 292.4 2 9 2 .4 .5109 .5092 4 .9 6 9
.5080 .5063 3 .1 9 2 .9966 12.15 12.19 .9911 .08205 6.384 296.1 2 9 6 .1 .5108 .5091 4 .9 6 8
.5090 .5073 3.198 .9967 12.22 12.26 .9911 .08154 6.396 299.8 2 9 9 .8 .5107 .5090 4 .9 6 8

.5100 .5083 3.204 .9967 12.30 12.34 .9912 .08103 6.409 303.6 3 0 3 .6 .5106 .5089 4 .9 6 7
.5110 .5093 3.211 .9968 12.38 12.42 .9913 .08053 6.421 307.4 307.4 .5104 .5088 4 .9 6 7
.5120 .5104 3.217 .9968 12.46 12.50 .9914 .08002 6.434 311.3 3 1 1 .3 .5103 .5087 4 .9 6 7
.5130 .5114 3.223 .9968 12.53 12.57 .9915 .07952 6.447 315.4 3 15.4 .5102 .5086 4 .9 6 6
.5140 .5124 3 .2 3 0 .9969 12.62 12.65 .9916 .07903 6.459 319.2 3 1 9 .2 .5101 .5085 4 .9 6 6

.5150 .5134 3 .2 3 6 .9969 12.70 12.74 .9917 .07853 6.472 323.3 3 2 3 .3 .5100 .5084 4 .9 6 5
.5160 .5144 3.2 4 2 .9970 12.77 12.81 .9917 .07804 6.484 327.4 3 2 7 .4 .5099 .5084 4 .9 6 5
.5170 .5154 3.248 .9970 12.86 12.89 .9918 .07756 6.497 331.5 3 3 1 .5 .5098 .5083 4 .9 6 5
.5180 .5165 3 .2 5 5 .9970 12.94 12.98 .9919 .07707 6.509 335.7 3 3 5 .7 .5097 .5082 4 .9 6 4
.5190 .5175 3 .261 .9971 13.02 13.06 .9920 .07659 6.522 339.9 3 3 9 .9 .5096 .5081 4 .9 6 4

.5200 .5185 3 .2 6 7 .9971 13.10 13.14 .9921 .07611 6.535 344.2 3 4 4 .2 .5095 .5080 4 .9 6 4
.5210 .5195 3.274 .9971 13.18 13.22 .9921 .07564 6.547 3 48.2 34 8 .2 .5094 .5079 4 .9 6 3
.5220 .5205 3 .2 8 0 .9972 13.27 13.30 .9922 .07517 6.560 3 5 3 .0 3 5 3 .0 .5093 .5079 4 .9 6 3
.5230 .5215 3 .286 .9972 13.35 13.38 .9923 .07469 6.572 357.5 3 5 7 .5 .5092 .5078 4 .9 6 3
.5240 .5226 3 .2 9 2 .9972 13.44 13.47 .9924 .07422 6.585 3 6 2.0 3 6 2 .0 .5091 .5077 4 .9 6 2

.5250 .5236 3.299 .9973 13.52 13.56 .9925 .07376 6.597 366.6 3 6 6 .6 .5090 .5076 4 .9 6 2
.5260 .5246 3 .3 0 5 .9973 13.61 13.64 .9925 .07330 6.610 371.2 3 7 1 .2 .5089 .5076 4 .9 6 2
.5270 .5256 3.311 .9974 13.69 13.72 .9926 .07284 6.622 375.9 3 7 5 .9 .5088 .5075 4 .9 6 1
.5280 .5266 3.318 .9974 13.78 13.81 .9927 .07239 6.635 380.3 3 8 0 .3 .5087 .5074 4 .9 6 1
*5290 .5276 3.324 .9974 13.86 13.89 .9928 .07194 6.648 385.5 3 85.5 .5086 .5073 4 .9 6 1

C - 27
Table C—2 — Continued
s in h c o sh s in h co sh
tanh
¿lid 2ffd 2ird 2nd H/Mo* K 4ird 4nd 4ird n cG/c 0 M
dA dA0 ,!í L L L
L L L L

.9 9 2 9 .0 7 1 4 9 6 .6 0 0 3 9 0 .3 3 9 0 .3 .5 0 8 5 .5 0 7 2 4 .9 6 0
*5 3 0 0 .5 2 8 6 3 .3 3 0 .9 9 7 4 1 3 .9 5 1 3 .9 9
.0 7 1 0 4 6 .6 7 3 3 9 5 .3 3 9 3 .3 .5084 .5 0 7 2 4 .9 6 0
.5 2 9 7 3 .3 3 6 .9 9 7 5 1 4 .0 4 1 4 .0 8 .9 9 2 9
.5 3 1 0 4 0 0 .3 4 0 0 .3 .5084 .5 0 7 1 4 .9 6 0
3 .3 4 3 .9 9 7 5 1 4 .1 3 1 4 .1 7 .9 9 3 0 .0 7 0 5 9 6 .6 8 5
.5 3 2 0 .5 3 0 7 4 0 5 .3 .5 0 8 3 .5 0 7 0 4 .9 5 9
1 4 .2 2 1 4 .2 5 .9 9 3 1 .0 7 0 1 6 6 .6 9 8 4 0 5 .3
.5 3 3 0 .5 3 1 7 3 .3 4 9 .9 9 7 5 .5 0 8 2 .5 0 6 9 4 .9 5 9
1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 4 .9 9 3 1 .0 6 9 7 2 6 .7 1 0 4 1 0 .5 4 1 0 .5
.5 3 4 0 .5 3 2 7 3 .3 5 5 .9 9 7 6

.9 9 3 2 .0 6 9 2 8 6 .7 2 3 4 1 5 .6 4 1 5 .6 .5 0 8 1 .5 0 6 9 4 .9 5 9
.5 3 5 0 .5 3 3 7 3 .3 6 2 .9 9 7 6 1 4 .4 0 1 4 .4 3
.9 9 3 3 .0 6 8 8 5 6 .7 3 6 4 2 0 .9 4 2 0 .9 .5 0 8 0 .5 0 6 8 4 .9 5 8
.5 3 6 0 .5 3 4 7 3 .3 6 8 .9 9 7 6 1 4 .4 9 1 4 .5 2
.9 9 3 3 ,0 6 8 4 2 6 .7 4 8 4 2 6 .2 4 2 6 .2 .5 0 7 9 .5 0 6 7 4 .9 5 8
.5 3 7 0 .5 3 5 7 3 %374 .9 9 7 7 1 4 .5 8 1 4 .6 2
.9 9 3 4 .0 6 7 9 9 6 .7 6 1 4 3 1 .6 4 3 1 .6 .5 0 7 8 .5 0 6 7 4 .9 5 8
.5 3 8 0 .5 3 6 8 3 .3 8 0 .9 9 7 7 1 4 .6 7 1 4 .7 1
.9 9 3 5 .0 6 7 5 7 6 .7 7 3 4 3 7 .1 4 3 7 .1 .5 0 7 7 .5 0 6 6 4 .9 5 8
.5 3 9 0 .5 3 7 8 3 .3 8 7 .9 9 7 7 1 4 .7 7 1 4 .8 0

.9 9 3 5 .0 6 7 1 5 6 .7 8 6 4 4 2 .6 4 4 2 .6 .5 0 7 7 .5 0 6 5 4 .9 5 7
.5 4 0 0 .5 3 8 8 3 .3 9 3 .9 9 7 7 1 4 .8 6 1 4 .8 9
.9 9 3 6 .0 6 6 7 3 6 .7 9 8 4 4 8 .2 4 4 8 .2 .5 0 7 6 .5 0 6 5 4 .9 5 7
.5 4 1 0 .5 3 9 8 3 .3 9 9 .9 9 7 8 1 4 .9 5 1 4 .9 9
.0 6 6 3 1 6 .8 1 1 4 5 3 .9 4 5 3 .9 .5 0 7 5 .5 0 6 4 4 .9 5 7
.5 4 0 8 3 .4 0 5 .9 9 7 8 1 5 .0 5 1 5 .0 8 .9 9 3 7
.5 4 2 0 4 5 9 .6 4 5 9 .6 .5 0 7 4 .5 0 6 3 4 .9 5 6
3 .4 1 2 .9 9 7 8 1 $ .1 4 1 5 .1 8 .9 9 3 7 .0 6 5 8 9 6 .8 2 4
.5 4 3 0 .5 4 1 8 4 6 5 .4 4 6 5 .4 .5 0 7 3 .5 0 6 3 4 .9 5 6
.9 9 7 9 1 5 .2 5 1 5 .2 7 .9 9 3 8 .0 6 5 4 8 f 6 .8 3 6
.5 4 4 0 .5 4 2 8 3 .4 1 8

.9 9 3 9 .0 6 5 0 7 6 .8 4 9 4 7 1 .2 4 7 1 .2 .5 0 7 3 .5 0 6 2 4 .9 5 6
.5 4 5 0 .5 4 3 8 3 .4 2 4 .9 9 7 9 1 5 .3 4 1 5 .3 7
.9 9 3 9 6 .8 6 1 4 7 7 .2 4 7 7 .2 ,5 0 7 2 .5 0 6 1 4 .9 5 6
.5 4 6 0 .5 4 4 9 3 .4 3 1 .9 9 7 9 1 5 .4 3 1 5 .4 6 .0 6 4 6 7
.9 9 4 0 .0 6 4 2 6 6 .8 7 4 4 8 3 .3 4 8 3 .3 .5 0 7 1 .5 0 6 1 4 .9 5 5
.5 4 7 0 .5 4 5 9 3 .4 3 7 .9 9 7 9 1 5 .5 3 1 5 .5 6
.9 9 4 1 .0 6 3 8 6 6 .8 8 6 4 8 9 .4 4 8 9 .4 .5 0 7 0 .5 0 6 0 4 .9 5 5
.5 4 8 0 .5 4 6 9 3 .4 4 3 .9 9 8 0 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 6
.9 9 4 1 .0 6 3 4 6 6 .8 9 9 4 9 5 .6 4 9 5 .6 .5 0 7 0 .5 0 5 9 4 .9 5 5
.5 4 9 0 .5 4 7 9 3 .4 4 9 .9 9 8 0 1 5 .7 3 1 5 .7 6

.9 9 4 2 .0 6 3 0 6 6 .9 1 2 5 0 1 .9 5 0 1 .9 .5 0 6 9 .5 0 5 9 4 .9 5 5
.5 5 0 0 .5 4 8 9 3 .4 5 6 .9 9 8 0 1 5 .8 3 1 5 .8 6
.9 9 4 2 .0 6 2 6 7 6 .9 2 4 5 0 8 .2 5 0 8 .2 .5068 ,5 0 5 8 4 .9 5 4
.5 5 1 0 .5 4 9 9 3 .4 6 2 .9 9 8 0 1 5 .9 3 1 5 .9 6
.9 9 4 3 .0 6 2 2 8 6 .9 3 7 5 1 4 .6 5 1 4 .6 .5 0 6 7 .5 0 5 8 4 .9 5 4
.5 5 2 0 .5 5 0 9 3 .4 6 8 .9 9 8 1 1 6 .0 3 1 6 .0 6
.9 9 4 4 .0 6 1 8 9 6 .9 4 9 5 2 1 .1 5 2 1 .1 .5 0 6 7 .5 0 5 7 4 .9 5 4
.5 5 3 0 .5 5 1 9 3 .4 7 5 .9 9 8 1 1 6 .1 3 1 6 .1 6
.9 9 4 4 .0 6 1 5 0 6 .9 6 2 5 2 7 .7 5 2 7 .7 .5 0 6 6 .5 0 5 6 4 .9 5 4
.5 5 4 0 .5 5 3 0 3 .4 8 1 .9 9 8 1 1 6 .2 3 1 6 .2 6

.9 9 4 5 .0 6 1 1 2 6 .9 7 4 5 3 4 .4 5 3 4 .4 «5065 .5 0 5 6 4 .9 5 3
.5 5 5 0 .5 5 4 0 3 .4 8 7 .9 9 8 1 1 6 .3 3 1 6 .3 6
.0 6 0 7 4 6 .9 8 7 5 4 1 .2 5 4 1 .2 .5 0 6 5 .5 0 5 5 4 .9 5 3
3 .4 9 3 .9 9 8 2 1 6 .4 4 1 6 .4 7 .9 9 4 5
.5 5 6 0 .5 5 5 0 5 4 8 ,0 .5 0 6 4 .5 0 5 5 4 .9 5 3
.9 9 8 2 1 6 .5 4 1 6 .5 7 .9 9 4 6 .0 6 0 3 6 6 .9 9 9 5 4 8 .0
.5 5 7 0 .5 5 6 0 3 .5 0 0 .5 0 6 3 .5 0 5 4 4 .9 5 3
1 6 .6 7 .9 9 4 6 .0 5 9 9 8 7 .0 1 2 5 5 4 .9 5 5 4 .9
.5 5 8 0 .5 5 7 0 3 .5 0 6 .9 9 8 2 1 6 .6 4 4 .9 5 3
.9 9 4 7 .0 5 9 6 0 7 .0 2 5 5 6 1 .9 5 6 1 .9 .5 0 6 3 .5 0 5 4
.5 5 9 0 .5 5 8 0 3 .5 1 2 .9 9 8 2 1 6 .7 5 1 6 .7 8

7 .0 3 7 5 6 9 .1 5 6 9 .1 .5 0 6 2 .5 0 5 3 4 .9 5 2
3 .5 1 9 .9 9 8 2 1 6 .8 5 1 6 .8 8 .9 9 4 8 .0 5 9 2 3
.5 6 0 0 .5 5 9 0 5 7 6 .3 5 7 6 .3 .5 0 6 1 .5 0 5 2 4 .9 5 2
.9 9 8 3 1 6 .9 6 1 6 .9 9 .9 9 4 8 .0 5 8 8 6 7 .0 5 0
.5 6 1 0 .5 6 0 0 3 .5 2 5 5 8 3 .5 .5 0 6 1 .5 0 5 2 4 .9 5 2
.9 9 8 3 1 7 .0 7 1 7 .1 0 .9 9 4 9 .0 5 8 4 9 7 .0 6 2 5 8 3 .5
.5 6 2 0 .5 6 1 0 3 .5 3 1 .5 0 6 0 .5 0 5 1 4 .9 5 2
1 7 .2 0 .9 9 4 9 .0 5 8 1 3 7 .0 7 5 5 9 0 .9 5 9 0 .9
.5 6 3 0 .5 6 2 1 3 .5 3 7 .9 9 8 3 1 7 .1 7 4 .9 5 1
.9 9 5 0 .0 5 7 7 6 7 .0 8 7 5 9 8 .4 .598.4 .5 0 5 9 .5 0 5 1
.5 6 4 0 .5 6 3 1 3 .5 4 4 .9 9 8 3 1 7 .2 8 1 7 .3 1

.9 9 5 0 .0 5 7 4 0 7 .1 0 0 6 0 6 .0 6 0 6 .0 .5 0 5 9 ,5 0 5 0 4 .9 5 1
.5 6 5 0 .5 6 4 1 3 .5 5 0 .9 9 8 4 1 7 .3 9 1 7 .4 2
.9 9 5 1 .0 5 7 0 4 7 .1 1 3 6 1 3 .6 6 1 3 .6 .5 0 5 8 .5 0 5 0 4 .9 5 1
.5 6 6 0 .5 6 5 1 3 .5 5 6 .9 9 8 4 1 7 .5 0 1 7 .5 3
.9 9 5 1 .0 5 6 6 9 7 .1 2 5 6 2 1 .4 6 2 1 .4 .5 0 5 7 .5 0 4 9 4 .9 5 1
.5 6 7 0 .5 6 6 1 3 .5 6 3 .9 9 8 4 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .6 4
.9 9 5 2 .0 5 6 3 3 7 .1 3 8 6 2 9 .2 6 2 9 .2 .5 0 5 7 .5 0 4 9 4 .9 5 1
.5 6 8 0 .5 6 7 1 3 .5 6 9 .9 9 8 4 1 7 .7 2 1 7 .7 5 4 .9 5 0 ’
.9 9 5 2 .0 5 5 9 8 7 .1 5 0 6 3 7 .3 6 3 7 .3 .5 0 5 6 .5 0 4 8
.5 6 9 0 .5 6 8 1 3 .5 7 5 .9 9 8 4 1 7 .8 4 1 7 .8 6

.9 9 5 3 .0 5 5 6 3 7 .1 6 3 6 4 5 .2 6 4 5 .2 .5 0 5 6 .5 0 4 8 4 .9 5 0
.5 7 0 0 .5 6 9 1 3 .5 8 1 .9 9 8 5 1 7 .9 5 1 7 .9 8
.9*953 .0 5 5 2 8 7 .1 7 5 6 5 3 .4 6 5 3 .4 .5 0 5 5 .5 0 4 7 4 .9 5 0
.5 7 1 0 .5 7 0 1 3 .5 8 8 .9 9 8 5 1 8 .0 6 1 8 .0 9
.9 9 5 4 .0 5 4 9 4 7 .1 8 8 6 6 1 .7 6 6 1 .7 .5 0 5 4 .5 0 4 7 4 .9 5 0
.5 7 2 0 .5 7 1 1 3 .5 9 4 .9 9 8 5 1 8 .1 8 1 8 .2 0 4 .9 5 0
.9 9 5 4 .0 5 4 5 9 7 .2 0 1 6 7 0 .0 6 7 0 .0 .5 0 5 4 .5 0 4 6
.5 7 3 0 • 5722 3 .6 0 0 .9 9 8 5 1 8 .2 9 1 8 .3 2
.0 5 4 2 5 7 .2 1 3 6 7 8 .5 6 7 8 .5 .5 0 5 3 .5 0 4 6 4 .9 4 9
.5 7 3 2 3 .6 0 7 .9 9 8 5 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .4 3 *9955
.5 7 4 0
.0 5 3 9 1 7 .2 2 6 6 8 7 .1 6 8 7 .1 .5 0 5 3 .5 0 4 5 4 .9 4 9
.5 7 4 2 3 .6 1 3 .9 9 8 6 1 8 .5 2 1 8 .5 5 .9 9 5 5
.5 7 5 0 6 9 5 .8 6 9 5 .8 .5 0 5 2 .5 0 4 5 4 .9 4 9
.9 9 8 6 1 8 .6 4 1 8 .6 7 .9 9 5 6 .0 5 3 5 8 7 .2 3 8
.5 7 6 0 .5 7 5 2 3 .6 1 9 .5 0 5 1 .5 0 4 4 4 .9 4 9
1 8 .7 8 .9 9 5 6 .0 5 3 2 4 7 .2 5 1 7 0 4 .6 7 0 4 .6
.5 7 7 0 .5 7 6 2 3 .6 2 5 .9 9 8 6 1 8 .7 6 .5 0 4 4 4 .9 4 9
.9 9 5 7 .0 5 2 9 1 7 .2 6 3 7 1 3 .5 7 1 3 .5 .5 0 5 1
.5 7 8 0 .5 7 7 2 3 .6 3 2 .9 9 8 6 1 8 .8 8 1 8 .9 0 4 .9 4 9
.9 9 5 7 .0 5 2 5 8 7 .2 7 6 7 2 2 .5 7 2 2 .5 .5 0 5 0 .5 0 4 3
.5 7 9 0 .5 7 8 2 3 .6 3 8 .9 9 8 6 1 8 .9 9 1 9 .0 2

.9 9 5 7 7 .2 8 9 7 3 1 .6 7 3 1 .6 .5 0 5 0 .5 0 4 3 4 .9 4 8
.9 9 8 6 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .1 4 .0 5 2 2 5
.5 8 0 0 .5 7 9 2 3 .6 4 4 7 4 0 .9 .5 0 4 9 .5 0 4 3 4 .9 4 8
1 9 .2 3 1 9 .2 6 .9 9 5 8 .0 5 1 9 2 7 .3 0 1 7 4 0 .9
.5 8 1 0 .5 8 0 2 3 .6 5 1 .9 9 8 7 .5 0 4 9 .5 0 4 2 4 .9 4 8
1 9 .3 8 .9 9 5 8 .0 5 1 6 0 7 .3 1 4 7 5 0 .3 7 5 0 .3
.5 8 2 0 .5 8 1 2 3 .6 5 7 .9 9 8 7 1 9 .3 6 .5 0 4 2 4 .9 4 8
.9 9 5 9 .0 5 1 2 7 7 .3 2 6 7 5 9 .8 7 5 9 .8 .5 0 4 8
.5 8 3 0 .5 8 2 2 3 .6 6 3 .9 9 8 7 1 9 .4 8 1 9 .5 0 4 .9 4 8
.9 9 5 9 .0 5 0 9 5 7 .3 3 9 7 6 9 .4 7 6 9 .4 .5 0 4 8 .5 0 4 1
.5 8 4 0 .5 8 3 2 3 .6 6 9 .9 9 8 7 1 9 .6 0 1 9 .6 3

.9 9 6 0 7 .3 5 1 7 7 9 .1 7 7 9 .1 .5 0 4 7 .5 0 4 1 4 .9 4 8
.9 9 8 7 1 9 .7 3 1 9 .7 5 .0 5 0 6 3
.5 8 5 0 .5 8 4 3 3 .6 7 6 7 8 8 .9 .5 0 4 7 .5 0 4 0 4 .9 4 7
1 9 .8 5 1 9 .8 7 .9 9 6 0 .0 5 0 3 2 7 .3 6 4 7 8 8 .9
.5 8 6 0 .5 8 5 3 3 .6 8 2 ,9 9 8 7 .5 0 4 6 .5 0 4 0 4 .9 4 7
.9 9 6 0 .0 5 0 0 0 7 .3 7 6 7 9 8 .9 7 9 8 .9
.5 8 7 0 .5 8 6 3 3 .6 8 8 .9 9 8 8 1 9 .9 7 2 0 .0 0 4 .9 4 7
.9 9 6 1 .0 4 9 6 9 7 .3 8 9 8 0 9 .0 8 0 9 .0 .5 0 4 6 .5 0 3 9
.5 8 8 0 .5 8 7 3 3 .6 9 5 .9 9 8 8 2 0 .1 0 2 0 .1 3 4 .9 4 7
.9 9 6 1 .0 4 9 3 8 7 .4 0 2 8 1 9 .3 8 1 9 .3 .5 0 4 5 .5 0 3 9
.5 8 9 0 .5 8 8 3 3 .7 0 1 .9 9 8 8 2 0 .2 3 2 0 .2 5

C - 28
 Table C—2 — Continued

tanh sin h cosh •in h cosh

dA d/Lo 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd JC 4nd 4nd> 4nd V) c„/c M

i
o
L L L L L L Cr o
L

,5900 .5893 3.707 .9988 2 0 .3 6 20.38 .9962 .04907 7.414 829. 6 8 2 9 .6 .5045 .5039 4 .9 4 7
.5910 .5903 3.7 13 .9988 20.48 2 0 .5 1 .9962 .04876 7 .4 2 7 840. 1 8 4 0 .1 .5044 .5038 4 .9 4 7
.5920 .5913 3 .7 20 .9988 20.61 2 0.64 .9962 .04$46 7 .439 8 50. 7 8 5 0 .7 .5044 .5038 4 .9 4 6
.5930 .5923 3 .7 2 6 .9988 20.74 2 0 .7 7 .9963 .04815 7.452 861. 5 8 6 1 .5 .5043 .5037 4 .9 4 6
.5940 .5933 3 .732 .9989 2 0 .8 7 2 0 .9 0 .9963 .04785 7.464 872. 4 8 7 2 .4 .5043 .5037 4 .9 4 6
,,d
.5950 .5943 3.739 .9989 21.01 21.03 .9964 .04755 7 .4 7 7 883. 4 8 8 3 .4 .5042 .5037 4 .9 4 6
.5960 .5953 3 .7 45 .9989 21.14 2 1 .1 6 .9964 .04725 7 .4 9 0 894. 6 8 9 4 .6 .5042 .5036 4 .9 4 6
.5970 .5963 3.751 .9989 21 .2 7 2 1 .3 0 .9964 .04696 7.502 905. 9 9 0 5 .9 .5041 .5036 4 .9 4 6
.5980 .5974 3 .7 5 7 .9989 21.41 2 1 .4 3 .9965 .04667 7.515 917. 3 9 1 7 .3 .5041 .5036 4 .9 4 6
.5990 .5984 3 .764 .9989 2 1 .54 2 1 .55 .9965 .04639 7.5 2 7 9 29. 0 9 2 9 .0 .5041 .5035 4 .9 4 5
.6000 .5994 3 .7 7 0 .9989 21.68 2 1 .7 0 .9966 .04609 7 .540 940. 7 9 4 0 .7 .5040 .5035 4 .9 4 5
.6100 .6094 3 .8 33 .9991 23.08 2 3.11 «*9970 ,04328 7 .666 1067. 1067. .5036 .5031 4 .944
.6200 .6195 3 .8 9 6 .9992 24.58 2 4 .6 0 ¿9972 .04065 7.791 1210. 1210. .5032 .5028 4.9 4 3
.6300 .6295 3.9 58 .9993 26.18 2 6 .2 0 .9975 .03817 7 .9 1 7 1371. 1371. .5029 4 .9 4 2
.5025
.6400 .6396 4 .0 21 .9994 27 .8 8 « 2 7.89 .9978 .03585 8 .0 4 3 1555. 1555. .5026 .5023 4.9 4 1
.6500 .6496 4.0 84 .9994 2 9.69 2 9 .7 0 .9980 .03367 8.163 1754. 1754. .5023 .5020 4 .9 4 1
.6600 .6597 4 .1 4 7 .9995 31.61 31.63 .9982 .03162 8.294 1999. 1999. .5021 .5018 4 .9 4 0
.6700 .6697 4 .2 1 0 .9996 3 3 .6 6 33.68 .9984 .02969 8.419 2267. 2267. .5019 .5016 4 .9 3 9
.6800 .6797 4 .2 7 3 .9996 3 5.85 3 5.86 .9985 .02789 8 .5 4 5 2571. 2 571. .5017 .5015 4 .9 3 9
.6900 .6898 4 .3 3 5 .9997 3 8 .1 7 38.18 .9987 .02619 8.6 7 1 2915. 2915. .5015 .5013 4.938
.7000 .6998 4.3 98 .9997 4 0 .65 4 0 .6 6 .9988 .02459 8 .7 9 6 3305. 3305. .5013 .5012 4 .938
.7100 .7098 4 .4 6 1 .9997 43.29 4 3 .3 0 .9989 .02310 8 .9 2 2 3748. 3748. .5012 .5011 4 .9 3 8
.7200 .7198 4.5 24 .9998 4 6.09 4 6 .1 0 .9990 .02169 9.048 4250. 4250. .5011 .5010 4 .9 3 7
.7300 .7299 4 .5 8 7 .9998 49.08 4 9.09 .9991 .02037 9 .1 7 3 4819. 4 8 19. .5010 .5009 4 .9 3 7
.7400 .7399 4 .6 5 0 .9998 52.27 52.28 .9992 .01913 9 .299 5464. 5464. .5009 .5008 4 .9 3 7
.7500 .7499 4 .7 1 2 .9998 5 5.66 5 5.66 .9993 .01796 9.425 6195. 6195. .5008 .5007 4 .9 3 6
.7600 .7599 4 .7 75 .9999 59.26 5 9 .2 7 .9994 .01687 9 .5 5 0 7025. 7025. .5007 .5006 4 .9 3 6
.7700 .7699 4.8 38 .9999 63.11 63.12 .9995 .01584 9 .6 7 6 7966. 7966. .5006 .5005 4 .9 3 6
.7800 .7799 4.9 01 .9999 67.20 67.21 .9995 .01488 9 .802 9032. 9032. .5005 .5005 4 .9 3 6
.7900 .7899 4 .9 64 .9999 7 1 .5 6 7 1.56 .9996 .01397 9 .9 2 7 10240. 10240. .5005 .5004 4 .9 3 6
.8000 .7999 5 .0 2 7 .9999 76.21 76.21 .9996 .01312 10.05 11610. 11610. .5004 . .5004 4 .9 3 6
.8100 .8099 5 .0 89 .9999 8 1.14 81.14 .9997 .01232 10.18 13170. 13170. ¿5004 .5004 4 .9 3 6
.8200 .8199 5.1 52 .9999 8 6 .4 0 8 6 .4 0 .9997 .01157 1 0 .3 0 » 14930; 14930. .5003 .5003 4 .9 3 6
.8300 .8300 5.2 15 .9999 92.01 92.01 .9997 .01087 10.43 16930. 16930. .5003 .5003 4 .9 3 5
.8400 .8400 5 .278 1.000 97.98 97.98 .9998 .01021 1 0.56 19200. 19200. .5003 .5003 4 .9 3 5
.8500 .8500 5 .3 41 1.000 104.3 104.3 .9998 .009585 10.68 21770. 21770. .5002 .5002 4 .9 3 5
.8600 .8600 5.404 1.000 111.1 111.1 .9998 .009000 1 0 .8 1 . 24680. 24680*. .5002 .5002 4 .9 3 5
.8700 .8700 5 .4 6 6 1.000 118.3 118.3 .9998 .008453 10.93 27990. 27990. .5002 .5002 4 .9 3 5
.8800 .8800 5 .5 2 9 1.000 126.0 126.0 .9998 .007939 11.06 31730. 31730. .5002 .5002 4 .9 3 5
.8900 .8900 5 .5 9 2 1.000 134.1 134.1 .9999 .007455 11.18 35980. 35980. .5002 .5002 4 .9 3 5
.9000 .9000 5 .6 5 5 1.000 142.8 142.8 .9999 .007001 11.31 40800. 4 0 8 0 0 .. .5001 .5001 4 .9 3 5
.9100 .9100 5.7 18 1.000 152.1 152.1 .9999 .006575 11.44 46260. 46260. .5001 .5001 4 .9 3 5
.9200 .9200 5.781 1.000 162.0 162.0 .9999 .006174 1 1.56 52460. 52460. .5001 .5001 4 .9 3 5
.9300 .9300 5 .8 4 3 1.000 172.5 172.5 .9999 .005798 11.69 59480. 59480. .5001 .5001 4 .9 3 5
.9400 .9400 5 .9 0 6 1.000 183.7 183.7 .9999 .005445 11.81 67450. 67450. .5001 .5001 4.9 3 5
.9500 .9500 5.969 1.000 195.6 195.6 .9999 .005114 11.94 76480. 76480. .5001 .5001 4 .9 3 5
.9600 .9600 6 .032 1.000 2 08.2 2 0 8 .2 .9999 .004802 1 2 .0 6 86720. 86720. .5001 .5001 4 .9 3 5
.9700 .9700 6 .0 95 1.000 2 2 1 .7 2 2 1 .7 .9999 .004510 12.19 98340. 98340. .5001 .5001 4 .9 3 5
.9800 .9800 6.158 1.000 236.1 236.1 .9999 .004235 12.32 111500. .111500. .5001 .5001 4 .9 3 5
.9900 .9900 6 .2 20 1.000 2 5 1 .4 ' 251.4 1,0000 .003977 12.44 126400. 126400, ,5000 .5000 4 .9 3 5
1.000 1.000 6.2 83 1.000 2 6 7 .7 2 6 7 .7 1*40000 .003735 1 2 .5 7 143400. 143400. .5000 .5000 4 .9 3 5

after Wiegel, R.L., “ Oscillatory Waves,” U.S. Army, Beach Erosion Board,
Bulletin, Special Issue No. 1, July 1948.

C -29
 Table C -3 . Deepwater Wave Length (Lc ) and Velocity (Cc ) as A Function o f Wave Period.

T T C0 Co to T Co
T Co Co to C° Co 1*° L0 •
(F e e t) (Seco n d s) ( F t ./ S e c ) (K nots) ( F e e t ; i.Seconds) (F t./fe e c ) (.Knots) ( F e e t;
( F t ./ 5 e c ) (K nots) (F o o t) [Seconds) ( F t . / S e c ) 1K n ots)
CO

1
• •

1 2 .2 6 2 .4 3 7 .0 762 1 6 .8 8 6 .0 5 0 .9 1444
1 5 .4 9 .1 4 6 .1 7 .6 3 8 .9 2 3 .9 296
2323222225333332323323333222322223353233222322

1 2 .3 6 3 .0 3 7 .3 775 1 6 .9 8 6 .5 5 1 .2 1461
1 5 .9 9 .4 4 9 .2 7 .7 3 9 .4 2 3 .3 304 1479
1 2 .4 6 3 .5 3 7 .6 787 1 7 .0 8 7 .0 5 1 .5
1 6 *4 9 .7 5 2 .4 7 .8 3 9 .9 2 3 .6 312
1 2 .5 6 4 .0 3 7 .9 800 1 7 .1 8 7 .5 5 1 .8 1496
1 6 .9 1 0 .0 5 5 .8 7 .9 4 0 .4 2 3 :9 320
1 2 .6 6 4 .5 3 8 .2 813 1 7 .2 8 8 .0 5 2 .1 1514
1 7 .4 1 0 .3 5 9 .2 8 .0 4 0 .9 2 4 .2 328
1 2 .7 6 5 .0 3 8 .5 826 1 7 *3 8 8 .3 5 2 .4 1531
1 7 .9 1 0 .6 6 2 .7 8 .1 4 1 .4 2 4 .5 336 I
1 2 .8 6 5 .5 3 8 .8 839 1 7 .4 8 9 .0 5 2 .7 154»
1 8 .4 1 0 .9 6 6 .4 8 .2 4 2 .0 2 4 .8 344 5 3 .0 1567
1 2 .9 6 6 .0 3 9 .1 852 1 7 .5 8 9 .6
1 8 .9 1 1 .2 7 0 .1 8 .3 4 2 .5 2 5 .1 353 1585
1 3 .0 6 6 .5 3 9 .4 865 1 7 .6 9 0 .1 5 3 .3
1 9 .4 1 1 .5 7 3 .9 8 .4 4 3 .0 2 5 .4 361 5 3 .6 1603
1 3 .1 6 7 .0 3 9 .7 879 1 7 .7 9 0 .6
2 0 .0 1 1 .8 7 7 .9 8 .5 4 3 .5 2 5 .7 370 5 3 .9 1621
1 3 .2 6 7 .6 4 0 .0 892 1 7 .8 9 1 .1
2 0 .5 1 2 .1 8 1 .9 8 .6 4 4 .0 2 6 .1 379 1639
1 3 .3 6 8 .1 4 0 .3 906 1 7 .9 9 1 .6 5 4 .2
2 1 .0 1 2 .4 8 6 .1 8 .7 4 4 .5 2 6 .4 388 5 4 .5 1658
1 3 .4 6 8 .6 4 0 .6 919 1 8 .0 9 2 .1
2 1 .5 1 2 .7 9 0 .3 8 .8 4 5 .0 2 6 .7 397 1677
1 3 .5 6 9 .1 4 0 .9 933 1 8 .1 9 2 .6 5 4 .8
2 2 .0 1 3 .0 9 4 .7 8 .9 4 5 .6 2 7 .0 406 5 5 .1 1695
1 3 .6 6 9 .6 4 1 .2 947 1 8 .2 9 3 .1
2 2 .5 1 3 .3 9 9 .1 9 .0 4 6 .1 2 7 .3 415 5 5 .4 1714
1 3 .7 7 0 .1 4 1 .5 961 1 8 .3 9 3 .6
2 3 .0 1 3 .6 104 9 .1 4 6 .6 2 7 .6 424 9 4 .2 6 5 .8 1732
1 3 .8 7 0 .6 4 1 .8 975 1 6 .4
2 3 .5 1 3 .9 108 9 .2 4 7 .1 2 7 .9 433
1 3 .9 7 1 .1 4 2 .1 989 1 8 .5 9 4 .7 5 6 .1 1751
2 4 .0 1 4 .2 113 9 .3 4 7 .6 2 8 .2 442 5 6 .4 1770
1 4 .0 7 1 .6 4 2 .4 1004 1 8 .6 9 5 .2
2 4 .6 1 4 .5 118 9 .4 4 8 .1 2 9 .5 452 5 6 .7 1789
1 4 .1 7 2 .2 4 2 .7 1018 1 8 .7 95 ;7
2 5 .1 1 4 .8 123 9 .5 4 8 .6 2 8 .8 461 9 6 .2 5 7 .0 1809
1 4 .2 7 2 .7 4 3 .0 1032 1 8 .8
2 5 .6 1 5 .2 128 9 .6 4 9 .1 2 9 .1 471
1 4 .3 7 3 .2 4 3 .3 1047 1 8 .9 9 6 .7 • 5 7 .3 1828
2 6 .1 1 5 .5 133 9 .7 4 9 .6 2 9 .4 491 1847
1 4 .4 7 3 .7 43.6' 1062 1 9 .0 9 7 .2 5 7 .6
2 6 .6 1 5 .8 138 9 .8 5 0 .2 2 9 .7 491 1867
1 4 .5 7 4 .2 4 3 .9 1076 1 9 .1 9 7 .8 5 7 .9
2 7 .1 1 6 .1 144 9 .9 5 0 .7 3 0 .0 502 1886
1 4 .6 7 4 .7 4 4 .2 1091 1 9 .2 9 8 .3 5 8 .2
2 7 .6 1 6 .4 149 1 0 .0 5 1 .2 3 0 .3 512 1906
1 4 .7 7 5 .2 4 4 .5 1106 1 9 .3 9 8 .8 5 8 .5
2 8 .1 1 6 .7 155 1 0 .1 5 1 .7 3 0 .6 522 1926
1 4 .8 7 5 .7 4 4 .8 1121 1 9 .4 9 9 .3 5 8 .8
2 8 .7 1 7 .0 • 161 1 0 .2 5 2 .2 3 0 .9 533
1 4 .9 7 6 .2 4 5 .1 1137 1 9 .5 9 9 .8 5 9 .1 1946
2 9 .2 1 7 .3 166 1 0 .3 5 2 .7 3 1 .2 543
1 5 .0 76.8 4 5 .4 1152 1 9 .6 1 0 0 .3 5 9 .4 1$66
2 9 .7 1 7 .6 172 1 0 .4 5 3 .2 3 1 .5 554 1986
1 5 .1 7 7 .3 4 5 .8 1167 1 9 .7 1 0 0 .8 5 9 .7
3 0 .2 1 7 .9 178 1 0 .5 5 3 .7 3 1 .8 564
1 5 .2 7 7 .8 4 6 .1 1183 1 9 .8 1 0 1 .3 6 0 .0 2006
3 0 .7 1 8 .2 184 1 0 .6 5 4 .2 3 2 .1 575 2027
1 5 .3 7 8 .3 4 6 .4 1199* 1 9 .9 1 0 1 .8 6 0 .3
3 1 .2 1 8 .5 191 1 0 .7 5 4 .8 3 2 .4 586 2047
1 5 .4 7 8 .8 4 6 .7 1214 2 0 .0 1 0 2 .4 6 0 .6
3 1 .7 1 8 .8 197 1 0 .8 5 5 .3 3 2 .7 597 2257
1 5 .5 7 9 .3 4 7 .0 1230 2 1 .0 1 0 7 .5 6 3 .6
3 2 .2 1 9 .1 203 1 0 .9 5 5 .8 3 3 .0 608 2477
1 5 .6 7 9 .8 4 7 .3 1246 2 2 .0 1 1 2 .6 6 6 .7
3 2 .8 1 9 .4 210 1 1 .0 5 6 .3 3 3 .3 620
1 5 .7 8 0 .4 4 7 .6 1263 2 3 .0 1 1 7 .7 6 9 .7 2707
3 3 .3 1 9 .7 216 1 1 .1 5 6.8 3 3 .6 631
642 1 5 .8 8 0 .9 4 7 .9 1277 2 4 .0 1 2 2 .8 7 2 .T 2948
3 3 .8 2 0 .0 223 1 1 .2 5 7 .3 5 3 .9
654 1 5 .9 81. 4 8 .2 1293 2 5 .0 1 2 8 .0 75.7: 3199
3 4 .3 2 0 .3 230 1 1 .3 5 7 .8 3 4 .2
1 6 .0 8 1 .9 4 8 .5 1310 2 6 .0 1 3 3 .1 7 8 .8 3460
3 4 .8 2 0 .6 237 1 1 .4 5 8 .3 3 4 .5 665
1 6 .1 8 2 .4 4 8 .8 1326
35*3
3 5 .8
2 0 .9
2 1 .2
244
251
1 1 .5
1 1 .6
5 8 .9
5 9 .4
3 4 .8
3 5 .1
677
689 1 6 .2 8 2 .9 4 9 .1 1343 to ■ sL
- i ! IT » 5.:12 T2
16*3 8 3 .4 4 9 .4 1359
3 6 .3 2 1 .5 258 1 1 .7 5 9 .9 3 5 .4 701
1 6 .4 8 3 .9 4 9 .7 1376 ? T
3 6 .8 21 .8 265 1 1 .8 6 0 .4 3 5 .8 713
3 7 .4 2 2 .1 273 1 1 .9 6 0 .9 3 6 .1 725 1 6 .5 8 4 .4 5 0 .0 1393
1410
co - H&
737 1 6 .6 8 5 *0 5 0 .3
3 7 .9 2 2 .4 280 1 2 .0 6 1 .4 3 6 .4 1427
750 ie .7 8 5 .5 5 0 .6
3 8 .4 2 2 .7 288 1 2 .1 6 1 .9 - 3 6 .7
 25

O
i
oj

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

WQV6 Length Feet after Wiegel, R.L., “ Oscillatory Waves/’ U.S. Army, Beach Erosion Board,
Bulletin, Special Issue No. 1, July 1948.

Plate C-2. Relationship Between Wave Period, Length and Depth

 Period-Seconds

C - 32
Wave Velocity - Feet/Sec.

after Wiegel, R .L., “ Oscillatory Waves,” U.S. Army, Beach Erosion Board,
Bulletin, Special Issue No. 1, July 1948.

Plate C-4. Relationship Between Wave Period, Velocity, and Depth

C - 33
Wave Energy, E, Per Foot of Crest, Ft. Lbs./Ft.

Plate C - 5 . Relationship Between Wave Ener gy, Wave Length and Wave Height

C-34
 60 ° 65 *70 ° 75° 80 °
80 °

70 °

60 °

50 °

a0 40 ° 40° a0
- 35

30 °
.. . Shoreline,.:;:. ;;;;

_ J __
depth(d)
£ -
s 20 °

Dept h_C j)n^ou r _ _ _

_______

Deep Water
0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06
gT
Plate C-6. Change in Wave Direction and Height Due to Refraction on Slopes with Straight,
Parallel Depth Contours Including Shoaling
 Table C—4. Values Used for Plotting Orthogonals.

gfciiLJifflr* —--- r——

- rrzr
if&Yi p e r io d (T) * 5 secon d s Wave p e r io d (T) ■ 6 secon d s Wave p e r io d (T) * 1' secon d s Wave p e r io d (T) « 8 seconds
Deep w a te r wave le n g th (LQ) » 128 f e e t Deep w a te r wave le n g th ■ (L 0) = 1 8 4 .2 f t . Deep w ater wave le n g th (L q) i• 251 f e e t Deep w ater wave le n g th (l*Q)1 » 327 f e e t
Depth A L /la T C d /*V C s/V Depth A t .A a, c .A d * Depth Depth C g/Cd*
°d /V A L /t-av Cd / V C. / V A t A a , C d /es *
( fathom s J tfathom s, ( fath om s ) ( fath om s )
10 15 21 27
0 *0 0 3 1 .0 0 4 0 .9 9 6 0 .0 0 5 1 .0 0 5 0 .9 9 5 0 .0 0 6 1 .0 0 6 0 .9 9 4 e .0 0 6 1 .0 1 5 0 .9 8 6
9 13 1 7 .5 20
0 .0 0 7 1 .0 0 7 0 .9 9 3 0 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .9 8 9 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0^990 0 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 0 .9 8 7
8 11 15 1 7 .5
0 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 2 0 .9 8 8 0 .0 0 9 1 .0 0 9 0 .9 9 1 0 .0 1 4 1 .0 1 5 0 .9 8 5 0 .0 2 1 1 .0 2 1 0 .9 7 9
7 10 13 15
0 .0 1 9 1 .0 2 0 0 .9 8 0 0 .0 1 4 1 .0 1 3 0 .9 8 7 0 .0 2 5 1 .0 2 5 0 .9 7 6 0 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 2 0 .9 8 8
6 9 11 14
0 .0 3 2 1 .0 3 4 0 .9 6 8 0 .0 1 9 1 .0 1 9 0 .9 8 1 0 .0 1 8 1 .0 1 8 0 .9 8 2 0 .0 1 4 1 .0 1 4 0 .9 8 6
5 8 10 13
0 .0 5 2 1 .0 5 5 0 .9 4 8 0 .0 2 6 1 .0 2 6 0 .9 7 4 0 .0 2 3 1 .0 2 3 0 .9 7 7 0 .0 1 6 1 .0 1 7 0 .9 8 3
-36

4 7 9 12
0 .0 8 5 1 .0 9 0 0 .9 1 7 0 .0 3 7 1 .0 3 7 0 .9 6 4 0 .0 2 9 : 1 .0 3 0 0 .9 7 1 0 .0 2 0 1 .0 2 1 0 .9 8 0
3 6 8 U
0 .1 4 5 1 .1 5 8 0 .8 6 4 0 .0 5 0 1 .0 5 2 0 .9 5 0 0 .0 3 7 1 .0 3 9 0 .9 6 4 • 0 .0 2 5 1 .0 2 5 0 .9 7 6
Z 5 7 10
0 .2 9 0 1 .3 4 1 0 .7 4 6 0 .0 7 4 1 .0 7 5 0 .9 3 0 0 .0 4 7 1 .0 4 9 0 .9 5 3 0 .0 3 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .9 7 0
Ï 4 6 9
0 .0 9 3 1 .1 1 1 0 .9 0 0 0 .0 6 4 1 .0 6 5 0 .9 3 9 0 .0 3 8 1 .0 3 7 0 .9 6 4
3 5 8
0 .1 5 4 1 .1 8 0 0 .8 4 7 0 .0 8 2 1 .0 8 6 0 .9 2 1 0 .0 4 6 1 .0 4 6 0 .9 5 6
2 4 7
0 .3 3 0 1 .3 6 3 0 .7 3 4 0 .1 1 7 1 .1 2 3 0 .8 9 0 0 .0 5 6 1 .0 5 9 0 .9 4 6
1 3 6
0 .1 7 5 1 .1 9 2 0 .8 3 9 0 .0 6 9 1 .0 6 9 0 .9 3 3
2 5
0 .3 1 0 1 .3 7 8 0 .7 2 6 0 .0 9 0 1 .0 9 5 0 .9 1 4
4 V o te s- Cd i s th e wave v e l o c i t y in d eep e r w a te r ; Cg i s th e wave v e l o c i t y x
in sh a llo w e r w a te r . When an o rth o g o n al i s b e in g drawn from deep t o 1 4
0 .1 2 4 1 *1 3 1 0 .8 4 4
sh a llo w w ater» C ^ / C 0 * Cn/c 2 * When an o rth o g o n al i s b e in g drawn from
sh a llo w tò deep w a te r , Cg/fcd ■ C i/C % . 1 3 0 .1 8 3 1 .1 9 9 0 .8 3 4
1H 9
6
0 .3 0 1 .3 8 9 0 .7 2 0
I 1
 Table C—4 — Continued
W are -p e rio d (T) * 9 second? 7/ave p e r io d (T) * 1 0 seco n d s Wave p e r io d (T). s-,11 seconds Wave p e r io d (T) = 12 seconds
P eep w a te r wave l e n g t h (L Q) = 415 f e e t Deep w a te r wave l e n g th (L0) * 512 f e e t Deep w a te r wave le n g t h (L 0) ■ 620 f e e t Deep w a te r■ wave le n g th (L q ) ■« 737 f e e t
D epth vW v D ep th Cd/Cs \
D ep th ALAav CdAs* c « / 5d* D epth AL/liav Cd/Ja* c s/fcd* a C d / V °s/fcd* A L / ïia v c s/^d*

(fath o m s) (fath o m s) ( fath o rn s)

{fathom s
43 50 61
55
0 .0 1 1 .0 1 0 0 .9 9 0 0 .0 0 7 1 .0 0 7 0 .9 9 4
0.011 1 .0 0 5 0 .9 9 5 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 0 7 0 .9 9 3
40 50
50 35
1.011 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 0 .9 8 9 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 0 7 0 .9 9 3
0 .0 1 2 1.011 0 .9 8 9 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 8 9
35 45
25 30
0 .9 7 5 0 .0 2 0 1 .0 2 1 0 .9 7 9 0 .0 2 1 .0 1 9 0 .9 8 2 0 .0 0 8 1 .0 1 1 0 .9 8 9
0 .0 2 5 1 .0 2 6
30 40
20 25
0 .9 6 2 0 .0 3 1 .0 3 2 0 .9 6 9 0 .0 1 2 1 .0 1 8 0 .9 8 3
0 .0 2 2 1 .0 2 2 0 .9 7 8 0 .0 4 0 1 .0 4 0
25 3£
1 7 .5 20
0 .0 5 1 .0 5 3 0.95© 0 .0 3 2 1 .0 2 7 0 .9 7 4
0 .0 3 3 1 .0 3 2 0 .9 6 9 . 0 .0 2 9 1 .0 3 1 0 .9 7 0
1 7 .5 20 30
15
1 .0 4 2 0 .9 6 0 0 .0 4 1 .0 3 7 0 .9 6 4 0 .0 4 0 1 .0 4 2 0 .9 6 0
0 .0 1 5 1 .0 1 7 0 .9 8 3 0 .0 4 1
1 7 .5 25
14 15
1 .0 2 0 0 .9 8 0 0 .0 5 1 .0 4 9 0 .9 5 3 0 .0 6 5 1 .0 6 2 0 .9 4 1
0 .0 1 9 1 .0 1 9 0 .9 8 1 0.021
15 20
IS 14
1 .0 2 3 0 .9 7 8 0 .0 2 0 1 .0 2 3 0 .9 7 8 0 .0 4 4 1 .0 4 3 0 .9 5 9
O.Q22 1 .0 2 2 ^ 0 .9 7 8 0 .0 2 3
14 1 7 .5
12 13
0 .0 2 6 1 .0 2 6 0 .9 7 5 0 .0 2 7 1 .0 2 6 0 .9 7 5 0 .0 5 1 1 .0 5 4 0 .9 4 9
0 .0 2 5 1 .0 2 6 0 .9 7 5
13 15
11 12
0 .0 2 9 1 .0 2 9 0 .9 7 2 0 .0 2 4 1 .0 2 5 0 .9 7 6
-37

0 .0 2 9 1 .0 3 1 0 .9 7 0 0 .0 2 9 1 .0 3 0 0 .9 7 1
12 14
10 11
1 .0 3 4 0 .9 6 7 0 .0 3 2 1 .0 3 3 0 .9 6 8 0 .0 2 7 1 .0 2 8 0 .9 7 3
0 .0 3 5 1 .0 3 6 0 .9 6 6 0 .0 3 4
11 13
9 10
0 .9 5 9 0 .0 3 9 1 .0 4 0 0 .9 6 2 0 .0 3 8 1 .0 3 7 0 .9 6 4 0 .0 3 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .9 7 0
0 .0 4 3 1 .0 4 2
10 12
8 9
0 .9 5 6 0 .0 4 4 1 .0 4 3 0 .9 5 9 0 .0 3 5 1 .0 3 4 0 .9 6 7
0 .0 4 8 1 .0 5 1 0 .9 5 2 0 .0 4 5 1 .0 4 6
9 11
7 8
0 .9 4 8 0 .0 5 0 1 .0 4 9 0 .9 5 4 0 .0 3 9 1 .0 3 9 0 .9 6 2
0 .0 6 4 1 .0 6 2 0 .9 4 1 0 .0 5 4 1 .0 5 5
B 10
6 7
1 .0 6 6 0 .9 3 8 0 .0 5 8 1 .0 5 8 0 .9 4 7 0 .0 4 4 1 .0 4 4 0 .9 5 8
0 .0 7 1 1 .0 7 7 0 .9 2 9 0 .0 6 3
6 7 9
5
0 .9 2 5 0 .0 7 0 1 .068 0 .9 3 6 0 .0 4 9 1 .0 5 1 0 .9 5 1
0 .0 9 8 1 .1 0 0 0 .9 0 9 0 .0 7 8 1 .0 8 1
6 8
4 5
0 .9 0 6 0 .0 2 5 1 .0 8 4 0 .9 2 3 0 .0 5 7 1 .0 5 9 0 .9 4 4
0 .1 3 6 1 .1 3 6 0 .8 8 1 0 .1 0 0 1 .1 0 3
5 7
.5 4
0 .8 7 8 0 .1 0 5 1 .1 0 5 0 .9 0 5 0 .0 6 8 1 .0 7 0 0 .9 3 5
0 .1 9 6 1 .2 0 6 0 .8 2 9 0 .1 3 2 1 .1 4 0
4 6
2 3
0 .1 3 7 1 .1 4 3 0 .8 7 5 0 .0 8 3 1 .0 8 6 0 .9 2 1
0 .3 5 0 1 .3 9 0 0 .7 2 0 0 .1 8 9 1 .2 1 1 0 .8 2 6
3 5
1 2
0 .7 1 6 0 .2 0 3 1 .2 0 8 0 .8 2 5 0 .1 0 5 1 .1 0 8 0 .9 0 4
0 .3 2 6 1 .3 9 7
2 4
1 0 .7 1 4 0 .1 3 5 1 .1 4 8 0 .8 7 1
0 .3 2 5 1 .4 0 0
1 3
0 .2 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .8 2 9
69
0 .3 3 1 .4 0 6 0 .7 0 9
1
 Table C—4 — Continued
Wav® period (T) » 13 seconds Wave period (T) • 14 seconds
Deep water wave length (L q) = 865 fe e t Deep wateir wave le ngth (L0) • 1,003.5 fe e t
Depth ^d/38* Depth M-Aav c,/cd* Depth ¿L A a* C<j/fcs * CsAi* Depth c d/fc»* c«/fcd*
(fathoms, l fathoms) ( fathoms)
72 (fathoms)
12 85 13
0.006 1.006 0.994 0.036 1.036 0.966 0.006 1.007 0.993
60 0.033 1.033 0.967
11 70 12
0.013 1.013 0.987 0.040 1.041 0.961 0.030 1.030 0.970
50 0.037 1.037 0.964
10 50 11
0.012 1.011 0.989 0.045 1.046 0.956 0.038 1.038 0.963
45 0.041 1.042 0.960
9 40 10
0.016 1.017 0.984 0.051 1.052 0.950 0.029 1.030 0.971
40 0.046 1.047 0.955
8 35
-38

9
0.024 1.024 0.977 0.059 1.061 0.942 0.040 1.041 0.961
35 0.052 1.054 0.949
7 30 8
0.033 1.034 ,0.967 0.070 1.071 0.933 0.055 1.056 0.947
30 0.058 1.062 0.942
6 25 7
0.048 1.049 0.953 0.085 1.088 0.919 0.075 1.078 0.928
25 0.070 1.073 0.932
5 20 6
0.070 1.072 0.933 0.103 1.109 0.902 0.049 1.050 0.952
20 0.085 1.089 0.918
4 17.5 5
0.047 1.047 0.955 0.135 1.147 0.872 0.059 1.061 0.942
17*5 0.105 1.109 0.902
3 15 4
0.055 1.058 0.945 0.200 1.213 0.824 0.028 1.029 0.972
15 0.144 1.148 0.871
2 14 3
0.027 1.027 0.974 0.341 1.410 0.709 0.030 1.031 0.970
14 0.188 1.217 0.822
1 13 2
0.029 1.029 0.972
13 0.338 1.405 0.712
1
0.032 1.033 0.968
12
 Table C—4 — Continued

Wave p e r io d (T) ■ 15 seconds Wave p e r io d (T) « 16 seconds

Deep w a te r wave le n g th (L0) = 1,152 fleet Deep w a te r wave le n g th (L0) :* 1 ,3 1 0 f e e t
D epth D epth
¿A av Cd / V Ca / V D epth
Cd / * V c « /c d*
A L /L „ Cd/V c»/fcd* D epth Cd/fc«* Cs/fcd»
Tftrtham s) ( fathom s) (fathom s
(fathom s 1 109 12
•96 12
0 .0 6 0 1 .0 6 0 0 .9 4 4 0.038 1.038 0 .9 6 3 0.028 1.028 0.9 7 3 0.038 1 .0 3 9 0.962
50 11 70 11
0 .0 4 7 1 .0 4 8 0 .9 5 4 0.043 1.0 4 3 0 .9 5 9 0 .0 5 5 1 .0 5 7 0.946 0.0 4 2 1 .0 4 4 0.958
40 50 10
10 0 .0 5 5 1.0 5 6 0 .9 4 7 0.0 4 6 1 .0 4 9 0.953
0 .0 8 0 1 .0 8 3 0.9 2 3 0 .0 4 7 Ì.0 4 8 0 .9 5 4
30 9 40 9
-39

0 .0 5 9 1.0 6 1 0.9 4 2 0 .0 5 3 1 .0 5 4 0.948 0.0 3 8 1 .0 3 9 0 .9 6 2 0.053 1.056 0 .9 4 7

25 8 35 8
0 .0 8 0 1 .0 8 4 0.9 2 3 0 .0 6 1 1 .0 6 3 0.9 4 1 0 .0 4 9 1 .0 5 0 0 .9 5 2 0.063 1.0 6 3 0 .9 4 1
20 7 30 7
0 .0 5 0 1 .0 5 3 0 .9 4 9 0 .0 7 3 1.076 0 .9 3 0 0 .0 6 5 1.066 0 .9 3 8 0 .0 7 4 1 .0 7 5 0 .9 3 0
1T .5 6 25 6
0 .0 6 3 1 .0 6 4 0 .9 4 0 0 .0 8 0 1 .0 8 9 0.918 0 .0 8 4 1.088 0 .9 1 9 0.088 1 .0 9 0 Ó.917
15 5 20 5
0 .0 2 9 1 .0 2 9 0.972 0 .1 0 6 1 .1 1 2 0 .8 9 $ 0.051 1.0 5 5 Ò.948 0.108 1.114 0.898
14 4 1 7 .5 4
0 .0 3 1 1 .0 3 2 0 .9 6 9 0 .1 3 8 1.148 0 .8 7 1 0 .0 6 7 1.066 0.938 0.133 1 .1 4 9 0 .8 7 0
13 3 15 3
0 .0 3 4 1.0 3 5 0 .9 6 6 0 .1 9 7 1 .2 1 8 0.8 2 1 0 .0 3 0 1 .0 3 0 0 .9 7 1 0.2 0 0 1.215 0.823
12 2 14 2
0 .3 3 6 1.4 0 5 0.712 0.0 3 3 1.032 0 .9 6 9 0 .3 4 4 1.4 0 7 0 .7 1 1
1 13 1
0 .0 3 5 1.0 3 5 0.966
12
.
 Table C—4 — Continued
Wave p e r io d (T) * 17 secon d s Wave p e r io d (T) » 18 secon d s
Deep w ate r wave le n g th (L Q) * 1 ,4 8 0 fe e t Deep w ate r wave le n g th (L 0) * 1 ,6 5 9 f t .

Depth LA a v Gd/fcs * c »^d* D epth c d/^s* c 8/ c d *

(fath o m s) ( f a thorns i
123 138
0 .0 0 7 1 .0 0 8 0 .9 9 2 0 .0 1 5 1 .0 1 6 0 .9 8 4
100 100
0 .0 3 6 1 .0 3 7 0 .9 6 5 0 .0 4 7 1 .0 4 8 0 .9 5 4
70 70
0 .0 6 7 1 .0 7 0 0 .9 3 5 0 .0 7 9 1 .0 8 1 0 .9 2 5
50 50
0 .0 6 0 1 .0 6 3 0 .9 4 1 0 .0 6 7 1 .0 6 9 0 .9 3 5
40 40
0 .0 4 4 1 .0 4 3 0 .9 5 9 0 .0 9 9 1 .1 0 6 0 .9 0 4
35 30
0 .0 5 2 1 .0 5 4 0 .9 4 9 0 .0 6 9 1 .0 7 3 0 .9 3 2
30 25
0 .0 6 5 1 .0 6 9 0 .9 3 5 0 .0 9 5 1 .0 9 5 0 .9 1 3
-40

25 20
0 .0 9 1 1 .0 9 2 0 .9 1 6 0 .1 2 5 1 .1 3 2 0 .8 8 4
20 15
0 .0 5 5 1 .0 5 7 0 .9 4 6 0 .1 8 1 1 .1 9 9 0 .8 3 4
1 7 *5 10
0 .0 6 5 1 .0 6 8 0 .9 3 7 0 .1 0 6 1.111 0 .9 0 0
15 8
! ' ' 0 .0 7 7 1 .0 8 3 0 .9 2 3 0 .1 2 6 1 .1 4 5 0 .8 7 3
1 2 .5 6
0 .1 0 2 1 .1 0 6 0 .9 0 4 0 .1 1 7 1 .0 9 1 0 .9 1 7
10 5
0 .1 3 5 1 .1 4 2 0 .8 7 6 0 .1 0 1 .1 1 2 0 .8 9 9
7 .5 4
0 .1 9 5 1 .2 1 1 0 .8 2 6 0 .1 4 1 .1 5 5 0 .8 6 6
5 3
0 .1 1 2 1 .1 1 5 0 .8 9 7 0 .2 0 1 .2 1 9 0 .8 2 0
4 2
0 .1 4 0 1 .1 4 7 0 .8 7 2 0 .7 3 1 .4 0 9 0 .7 1 0
3 1
0 .1 8 9 1 .2 2 2 0 .8 1 9
n
C
0 .3 3 9 1 .4 0 0 0 .7 1 4
1
 Table C—5. Conversion Factors — British to Metric Units o f Measurement

The following conversion factors adopted by the Bureau of Reclamation are those published by the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM Metric Practice Guide, January 1964) except that addi­
tional factors (*) commonly used in the Bureau have been added. Further discussion of definitions of
quantities and units is given on pages 10-11 of the ASTM Metric Practice Guide.

The metric units and conversion factors adopted by the ASTM are based on the "International System
of Units" (designated SI for Systeme International d ’Unites), fixed by the International Committee for
Weights and Measures; this system is also known as the Giorgi or MKSA (meter-kilogram (mass)-second-
ampere) system. This system has been adopted by the International Organization for Standardization in
ISO Recommendation R 31.

The metric technical unit of force is the kilogram-force; this is the force which, when applied to a
body having a mass of I kg, gives it an acceleration of 9.80665 m/sec/sec, the standard acceleration of
free fall toward the earth’s center for sea level at 45 deg latitude. The metric unit of force in SIunits
is the newton (N), which is defined as that force which, when applied to a body having a mass of I kg, gives
it an acceleration of I m/sec/sec. These units must be distinguished from the (inconstant) local weight of
a body having a mass of I kg; that is, the weight of a body is that force with which a body is attracted to
the earth and is equal to the mass of a body multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. However, because
it is general practice to use "pound" rather than the technically correct term "pound-force," the term
"kilogram" (or derived mass unit) has been used in this guide instead of "kilogram-force" in expressing the
conversion factors for forces. The newton unit of force willfind increasing use, and is essential in SI
units.

QUANTITIES AND UNITS OF SPACE

Multiply_____________________________ By________________________________ To obta in

_____ LENGTH

Mil. . 25.4 (exactly) . . . . Micron

Inches 25.4 (exactly) . . . . Mill imeters
2.54 (exactly)* . . . . Centimeters
Feet . 30.48 (exactly) . . . . Centimeters
0.3048 (exactly)* . . . . Meters
0.0003048 (exactly)* . . . . Kilometers
Yards . 0.9144 (exactIy) . . . . . Meters
Miles (statute) ,609.344 (exactly)* . i Meters
1.609344 (exactly) . . . . Kilometers

AREA

Square inches ................... 6.4516 (exactly) ................... Square centimeters

Square feet . .................... 929.03 (exactly)* . ............. Square centimeters
...................... 0.092903(exactly) .................. Square meters
Square yards ................... 0.836127 ................... . . Square meters
Acres ......................... 0.40469* ......................... Hectares
......................... 4,046.9* ............................ Square meters
......................... 0.0040469* .......................... Square kilometers
Square miles ................... 2.58999 ................ Square kilometers

VOLUME

Cubic inches ................... 16.3871 ......................... Cubic centimeters

Cubic f e e t ...................... 0.0283168 ......................... Cubic meters
Cubic yards ...................... 0.764555 ......................... Cubic meters

CAPACITY

Fluid ounces (U.S.) . . . . 29.5737 ......................... Cubic centimeters

. . . . 29.5729 ................ Mi IIiI iters
Liquid pints (U.S.) . . . . 0.473179 ......................... Cubic decimeters
.............. 0.473166 ......................... Liters
Quarts (U.S.) ................ 9,463.58 .. ......................... Cubic centimeters
................ 0.946358 ................ . . . Liters
Gallons (U.S.) ................ 3,785.43* ............................ Cubic centimeters
. . . . . . 3.78543 ............................. Cubic decimeters
................ 3.78533 . . . . ................ Liters
. . . . . . 0 . 0 0 3 7 8 5 4 3 * ............. ... Cubic meters
Gallons (U.K.) ................ 4.54609 ............................ Cubic decimeters
................ 4.54596 . . . . . ............. Liters
Cubic f e e t ................... 28.3160 ............................ Liters
Cubic yards ................... 764.55* ............................ Liters
Acre-feet ................... 1,233.5* . . . . ................... Cubic meters
................... 1 , 2 3 3 , 5 0 0 * ................................ Liters

C-4 1
 Table C—5 — Continued
QUANTITIES AND UNITS OF MECHANICS

Multiply By To Obtain

MASS

Grains (1/7,000 lb) . . . . . . 64.79891 (exactly) ................. Milligrams

Troy ounces (480 grains) . . . 31.1035 .......................... Grams
Ounces (avdp) ............ . . . 28.3495 .......................... Grams
Pounds (avdp) ............ . . . 0.45359237 (exactly) .............. Kilograms
Short tons (2,000 lb) 907.185 .......................... Kilograms
0.907185 .......................... Metric tons
Lonq tons (2,240 lb) . . . . 1,016.05 . ........................... Kilograms

FORCE/AREA
Pounds per square inch . 0 070307 ................. Kilograms per sq. centimeter
0 689476 . . . . . . . Newtons per sq. centimeter
Pounds per square foot . 4.88243 .......................... m log rams per »u . ihb ici
47 8803 ....................... Newtons per sq. meter

MASS/VOLUME (DENSITY)
1 72999 . . . . Grams per cubic centimeter
Ounces per cubic inch
16 0185 ................. Kilograms per cubic meter
Pounds per cubic foot
0 0160185 . .............. Grams per cubic centimeter
Tons (lonq) per cubic yard I . . . . . brams per ujui t tcm imcici

MASS CAPACITY
7 4893 ....................... Grams per liter
Ounces per gallon (U.S.)
Ounces per gallon (U.K.) 6 2362 .......................... Grams per liter
Pounds per gallon (U.S.) IIQ 029 ................. Grams per liter
Pounds per gallon (U.K.) qq 779 .................... Grams per liter

BENDING MOMENT OR TORQUE

Inch-pounds ............ 0011521 .......................... Meter-kilograms
1 17985 y I06 .................... Centimeter-dynes
Foot-pounds ............ 0 138255 .......................... Meter-kilograms
1 35587 y 1 0 ? .............. . . Centimeter-dynes
- ..« i
5 4431 Pftri+ i
uenTimeier r.Li\iiIao 10,113 DPT
iuh HCI
Foot-pounds per inch
centimeter
Ounce-inches . . . . . 72 008 ................. Gram-centimeters

VELOCITY
Feet per second . . . . 30.48 (exactly) ............ . . . Centimeters per second
. . 0.3048 (exactly)* ................. Meters per second
n riicen? i ron+ imP+PTS nfiT SSCOnd
Feet per year . . . .
Miles per hour . . . i.609344 (exactly) .............. Kilometers per hour
. . 0.44704 (exactly) ................. Meters per second

ACCELERATION*
Feet per second2 . . . . 0 3048* ................. Meters per second2

FLOW
Cubic feet per second (second-feet). 0.028317» ................. .. • Cubic meters per second
Cubic
L/UU I L feet ner
1C C 1 p ci mi
III M In
U u
1 Ct e •............
• C . 4 7 I 9 .......................... Liters per second
Gallons (U.S.) per minute 0 06309 .................... Liters per second

FORCE
Pounds ................. 0 453592* .................... Kilograms
4 4482* ....................... Newtons
. . . 4.4482 x I O 5 * .................... Dynes

C - 42
 Table C—5 — Continued
QUANTITIES AND UNITS OF MECHANICS (Con+.)

Multiply _______________ By____ To Obta in

WORK AND ENERGY*

British thermal units (Btu) . . . 0.252* . . . . . . Kilogram calories

. . 1,055.06 . . . . . . Joules
Btu per pound ................... . . Joules per gram
Foot-pounds ...................... . . 1.35582*. . . . . . Joules

POWER

Horsepower ............................ 745.700 ................ Watts

Btu per h o u r ............................ 0 . 2 9 3 0 7 1 .............Watts
Foot-pounds per second ................ 1.35582 ................ Watts

HEAT TRANSFER

Btu in/br ft2 deg F (k, thermal

conductivity) . . . . 1.442 . . . . . . Mi 11iwatts/cm deg C
0.1240 . . . . . . Kg cal/hr m deg C
Btu ft/hr ft2 deg F . . 1.4880* . . . . . . Kg cal m/hr m2 deg C
Btu ft2 deg F (C, thermal
conductance) 0.568 . . . . . . Mi 11iwatts/cm2 deg C
4.882 . . . . . . Kg cal/hr m2 deg C
Deg F hr ft2/Btu (R, thermal
resistance)............. 1.761 . . . . . . Deg C cm2/mi11 iwatt
Btu/lb deg F (c, heat capacity) 4.1868 . . . . . . J/g deg C
Btu/lb deg F ............ '. 1.000* . . . . . . Cal/gram deg C
Ft2/hr (thermal diffusivity) 0.2581 . . . . . . Cm2/sec
0.09290* . . . . . M2/hr

WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION

Grains/hr ft2 (water vapor

transmission) ................... 16.7 ................ Grams/24 hr m2
Perms (permeance) ...................... 0.659 ................ Metric perms
Perm-inches (permeability) ............. 1.67 . . . . . . Metric perm-centimeters

OTHER QUANTITIES AND UNITS

Multiply Sl To Obtain

Cubic feet per square foot per day

(seepage) ................... 304.8* ................ Liters per square meter per day
Pounds-seconds per square foot
(viscosity) ................ 4.8824* . . . . . . Kilogram second per square meter
Square feet per second (viscosity) 0.02903* (exactly) . . Square meters per second
Fahrenheit degrees (change)*. 5/9 exactly ......... Cel si us or Kelvin degrees (change)*
Volts per mil ................... 0.03937 ................Kilovolts per mi IIimeter
Lumens per square foot (foot-candles) 10.764 ................ Lumens per square meter
Ohm-circular mils per foot 0.001662* ............. Ohm-square millimeters per meter
Millicuries per cubic foot . 35.3147* ................ Millicuries per cubic meter
Milliamps per square foot 1 0 . 7 6 3 9 * ................Mi I Iiamps per square meter
Gallons per square yard . . . . 4.527219* ............. Liters per square meter
Pounds per inch ................. 0.17858* ................ Kilograms per centimeter

C-43
 Table C—6. Determination o f Wind Speed by Sea Conditions

Wind Probable
force wave
D e sc rip ­ (B eau ­ height
Knots tive Sea Conditions fort) in ft.

0-1 Calm S ea sm ooth and m irro r-lik e . 0 -

1-3 Light air S cale-lik e rip p les without foam c r e s t s . 1 1/4

4-6 Light S m all/ short w avelets; c r e s t s have a g la ss y a p p e a r­ 2 1/2

breeze ance and do not break.

7-10 Gentle L a rg e w avelets; som e c r e s ts begin to b reak; foam of 3 2

b reeze g la ss y appearan ce. O ccasional white foam c r e s t s .

11-16 M oderate Sm all w aves, becoming longer; fa irly frequent white 4 4

breeze foam c r e s t s .

17-21 F resh M oderate w aves, taking a m ore pronounced long form ; 5 6

b reeze many white foam c r e sts ; there m ay be som e sp ray .

22-27 Strong L a rg e w aves begin to form ; white foam c r e s t s a re m ore 6 10

breeze extensive everyw here; there may be som e sp ray .

28-33 N ear gale Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking w aves begin 7 14
to be blown in stre a k s along the direction of the wind;
spindrift begin s.

34-40 Gale M oderately high waves of g re a te r length; ed ges of c r e s t s 8 18

b reak into spindrift; foam i s blown in w ell-m ark ed
stre a k s along the direction of the wind.

41-47 Strong High w aves; dense stre a k s of foam along the direction 9 23
gale of the wind; c r e sts of w aves begin to topple, tum ble, and
ro ll over; sp ra y may reduce visib ility .

48-55 Storm V ery high w aves with long overhanging c r e s t s . The r e ­ 10 29

sulting foam in great patches i s blown in dense white
stre a k s along the direction of the wind. On the whole,
the su rfa ce of the se a i s white in appearan ce. The
tum bling of the se a becom es heavy and shocklike.
V isib ility i s reduced.

56-63 Violent Exceptionally high w aves that m ay o b scu re sm all and 11 37

storm m edium -sized sh ip s. The se a is com pletely covered
with long white patches of foam lying along the direction
of the wind. Everyw here the ed ges of the wave c r e s t s
a re blown into froth. V isibility reduced.

64-71 H urricane The a ir i s filled with foam and sp ray . Sea com pletely 12 45
white with driving sp ray ; v isib ility very much reduced.

from Weather Bureau Observing Handbook No. 1, Marine surface Observations,

supersedes the Manual of Marine Meteorological Observations, Circular M,
Twelfth Edition, March 1964.

C-44
 EXPLANATION OF TABLE C-7

CONVERSION CHART FOR PHI VALUES TO DIAMETERS IN MILLIMETERS

Table C-7 was reproduced from the Journal of Sedimentary Petrology

with the permission of the author and publisher. It was taken from the
Harry G. Page, "Phi-Millimeter Conversion Table," published in Volume 25,
pp. 285-292, 1955. Includes that part of the table from -5.99 (about
63 mm) to +5.99 (about 0.016 mm) which provides a sufficient range for
beach.deposits. The complete table extends from about -6.65 (about
100 mm) to +10.00 (about 0.001 mm).

The first column of the table shows the absolute value of phi. If
it is positive, the corresponding diameter value is shown in the second
column. If phi is negative, the corresponding diamter is shown in the
third column of the table. In converting diameter values in millimeters
to their phi equivalents, the closest phi value to the given diameter may
be selected. It is seldom necessary to express phi to more than two
decimal places.

The conversion table is technically a table of negative logarithms

to the base 2, from the defining equation of phi: <j> = - log2 d, where
d is the diameter in millimeters.

C - 45
 Table C—7. Phi-Millimeter Conversion Table

- f - ”

( 4 *^ ) (-♦ > (+ ♦ > (-♦ )■ (+ ^ ) (-♦ )

0 </> mm. mm. * mm. mm.
mm. mm.

1 .0 0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 0 0 .5 0 0 .7 0 7 1 1 .4 1 4 2 1 .0 0 0 .5 0 0 0 2 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0
0070 51 7022 4241 01 4965 0139
01 0 .9 9 3 1
9862 0140 52 6974 4340 02 4931 0279
02
9794 0210 53 6926 4439 03 4897 0420
03
9718 0285 54 6877 4540 04 4863 0562
04

05 9659 0355 55 6830 4641 05 4841 0705

9593 0425 56 6783 4743 06 4796 0849
06
9526 0498 57 6736 4845 07 4763 0994
07
9461 0570 58 6690 4948 08 4730 1140
08
9395 0644 59 6643 5052 09 4697 1287
09

9330 0718 0 .6 0 6598 5157 1 .1 0 4665 1435

0 .1 0
11 9266 0792 61 6552 5263 11 4633 1585
9202 0867 62 6507 5369 12 4601 1735
12
9138 0943 63 6462 5476 13 4569 1886
13
9075 1019 64 6417 5583 14 4538 2038
14

9013 1096 65 6373 5692 15 4506 2191

15
8950 1173 66 6329 5801 16 4475 2346
16
8890 1251 67 6285 5911 17 4444 2501
17
8827 1329 68 6242 6021 18 4414 2658
18
8766 1408 69 6199 6133 19 4383 2815
19

8705 1487 0 .7 0 6156 6245 1 .2 0 4353 2974

0 .2 0
8645 1567 71 6113 6358 21 4323 3134
21
8586 1647 72 6071 6472 22 4293 3295
22
8526 1728 73 6029 6586 23 .4263 3457
23
8468 1810 74 5987 6702 24 4234 3620
24

8409 1892 75 5946 6818 25 4204 3784

25
8351 1975 76 5905 6935 26 4175 3950
26
8293 2058 77 5864 7053 27 4147 4116
27
8236 2142 78 5824 7171 28 4118 4284
28
2226 79 5783 7291 29 4090 4453
29 8179

8123 2311 0 .8 0 5743 7411 1 .3 0 4061 4623

0 .3 0
2397 81 5704 7532 * 31 4033 4794
31 8066
2483 82 5664 7654 32 4005 4967
32 8011
2570 83 5625 7777 33 3978 5140
33 7955
7900 2658 84 5586 7901 34 3950 5315
34

2746 85 5548 8025 35 3923 5491

35 7846
2834 86 5510 8150 36 3896 5669
36 7792
7738 2924 87 5471 8276 37 3869 5847
37
7684 3014 88 5434 8404 38 3842 6027
38
7631 3104 89. 5396 8532 39 3816 6208
39

7579 3195 0 .9 0 5359 8661 1 .4 0 3789 6390

0 .4 0
3287 91 5322 8790 41 3763 6574
41 7526
3379 . 92 5285 8921 42 3729 6759
42 7474
7423 3472 93 5249 9053 43 3711 6945
43
3566 94 5212 9185 44 3686 7132
44 7371

3660 95 5176 9319 45 3660 7321

45 7321
3755 96 5141 9453 46 3635 7511
46 7270
3851 97 5105 9588 47 3610 7702
47 7220
3948 98 5070 9725 48 3585 7895
48 7170
4044 99 5035 9862 49 3560 8089
49 7120

C -46
Table C—7 — Continued

'w '
( 4 *^)
*
(+♦ >
mm.
(-♦ )
mm. + mm. * (+^)
mm. mm.

•
1 .5 0 *0 .3 5 3 6 2 .8 2 8 4 J2 .0 0 0 .2 5 0 0 4 .0 0 0 0 2 .5 0 0 .1 7 6 8 5 .6 5 6 9
51 3511 8481 01 2483 0278 51 1756 6962
52 3487 8679 Ò2 2466 0558 52 1743 7358
53 3463 8879 03 2449 0840 53 1731 7757
54 3439 9079 04 2432 1125 54 1719 8159

55 3415 9282 05 2415 1411 55 1708 8!>63

56 3392 9485 06 2398 1699 56 1696 8971
57 3368 9690 07 2382 1989 57 1684 9381
58 3345 9897 08 2365 2281 58 1672 9794
59 3322 3 .0 1 0 5 09 2349 2575 59 1661 6 .0 2 1 0

1 .6 0 3299 0314 2 .1 0 2333 2871 2 .6 0 1649 0629

61 3276 0525 11 2316 3169 61 1638 1050
62 3253 0737 12 2300 3469 62 1627 1475
63 3231 0951 13 2285 3772 63 1615 1903
64 3209 1166 14 2269 4076 64 1604 2333

65 3186 1383 15 2253 4383 65 1593 2767

66 3164 1602 16 2238 4691 66 1582 3203
67 3143 1821 17 2222 5002 67 1571 3643
68 3121 2043 18 2207 5315 68 1560 408 6
69 3099 2266 19 2192 5631 69 1550 4532

1 .7 0 3078 2490 2 .2 0 2176 5948 2 .7 0 1539 498 0

71 3057 2716 21 2161 6268 71 1528 5432
72 3035 2944 22 2146 6589 72 1518 5887
73 3015 3173 23 2132 6913 73 1507 63 4 6
74 2994 3404 24 2117 7240 74 1497 6807

75 2973 3636 25 2102 7568 75 1487 7272

76 2952 3870 26 2088 7899 76 1476 7740
77 2932 4105 27 2073 8232 77 1466 8211
78 2912 4343 28 2059 8568 78 1456 8685
79 2892 4581 29 2045 8906 79 1446 9163

1 .8 0 2872 4822 2 .3 0 2031 9246 2 .8 0 1436 96 4 4

81 2852 5064 31 2017 9588 81 1426 7 .0 1 2 8
82 2832 5308 32 2003 9933 82 1416 06 1 6
83 2813 5554 33 1989 5 .0 2 8 1 83 1406 1107
84 2793 5801 34 1975 0631 84 1397 1602

85 2774 6050 35 1961 0983 85 1387 2100

86 2755 6301 36 1948 1337 86 1377 2602
87 2736 6553 37 1934 1694 87 1368 3107
88 2717 6808 38 1921 2054 88 1358 3615
89 2698 7064 39 1908 2416 89 1350 4110

1 .9 0 2679 7321 2 .4 0 1895 2780 2 .9 0 1340 4643

91 2661 7581 41 1882 3147 91 1330 5162
92 2643 7842 42 1869 3517 92 1321 5685
93 2624 8106 43 1856 3889 93 1312 6211
94 2606 8371 44 1843 4264 94 1303 6741

95 2588 8637 45 1830 4642 95 1294 7275

96 2570 8906 46 1817 5022 96 1285 7812
97 2553 9177 47 1805 5404 97 1276 8354
98 2535 9449 48 1792 5790 98 1267 8899
99 2517 9724 49 1780 6178 99 1259 9447

C - 47
Table C—7 — Continued

(+ ♦ ) (-♦ ) (+ 0 ) (-♦ ) (+0) (-o

0 0 mm. 0 mm. mm.
mm. nim. mm.

3 .0 0 0 .1 2 5 0 8 .0 0 0 0 3 .5 0 0 .0 8 8 4 1 1 .3 1 4 4 .0 0 0 .0 6 2 5 1 6 .0 0 0
01 1241 0556 51 0878 392 01 0621 111
02 1233 1117 52 0872 472 02 0616 223
03 1224 1681 53 0866 551 03 0612 336
04 1216 2249 54 0860 632 04 0608 450

05 1207 2821 55 0854 713 05 0604 564

06 1199 3397 56 0848 794 06 0600 679
07 1191 3977 57 0842 876 07 0595 795
08 1183 4561 58 0836 959 08 0591 912
09 1174 5150 59 0830 1 2 .0 4 2 09 0587 1 7 .0 3 0

3 .1 0 1166 5742 3 .6 0 0825 126 4 .1 0 0583 148

11 1158 6338 61 0819 210 11 0579 268
12 1150 6939 62 0813 295 12 0575 388
13 1142 7544 63 0808 381 13 0571 509
14 1134 8152 64 0802 467 14 0567 630

15 1127 8766 65 0797 553 15 0563 753

16 1119 9383 66 0791 641 16 0559 877
17 m i 9 .0 0 0 5 67 0786 729 17 0556 18.001
18 1103 0631 68 0780 817 18 0552 126
19 1096 1261 69 0775 906 19 0548 252

3 .2 0 1088 1896 3 .7 0 0769 996 4 .2 0 0544 379

21 1081 2535 , 71 0764 1 3 .0 8 6 21 0540 507
22 1073 3179 72 0759 178 22 0537 635
23 1066 3827 73 0754 269 23 0533 765
24 1058 4479 74 0748 361 24 0529 896

25 1051 5137 75 0743 454 25 0526 1 9 .0 2 7

26 1044 5798 76 0738 548 26 0522 160
27 1037 6465 77 0733 642 27 0518 293
28 1029 7136 78 0728 737 28 0515 427
29 1022 7811 79 0723 833 29 0511 562

3 . 30‘ 1015 8492 3 .8 0 0718 929 4 .3 0 0508 698

31 1008 9177 81 0713 1 4 .0 2 6 31 0504 835
32 1001 9866 82 0708 123 32 0501 973
33 0994 10.0561 83 0703 221 33 0497 2 0 .1 1 2
34 0988 1261 84 0698 320 34 0494 252

35 0981 1965 85 0693 420 35 0490 393

36 0974 2674 86 0689 520 36 0487 535
37 0967 3388 87 0684 621 37 0484 678
38 0960 4107 . 88 0679 723 38 0480 821
39 0954 4831 89 0675 825 39 0477 966

3 .4 0 0947 5561 3 .9 0 0670 929 4 ,4 0 0474 2 1 .1 1 2

41 0941 6295 91 0665 1 5 .0 3 2 . 41 0470 259
42 0934 7034 92 0661 137 42 0467 407
4Ì 0928 7779 93 0656 242 43 0464 556
44 0921 8528 94 0652 348 44 0461 706

45 0915 9283 95 0647 455 45 0458 857

46 0909 1 1 .0 0 4 3 96 0643 562 46 0454 2 2 .0 0 9
47 0902 0809 97 0638 671 47 0451 162
48 0896 1579 98 0634 780 48 0448 316
49 0890 2356 99 0629 889 49 0445 471

C - 48
Table C—7 — Continued

SÍ (-* )
mm. 4>
(+<£)
mm.
(-♦)
mm.
(+<£)
mm.
(-0)
mm.
4 .5 0 0.0442 22.627 5.00 0.0313 32.000 5.50 0.0221 45.255
51 0439 785 01 0310 223 51 0219 570
52 0436 943 02 0308 447 52 0218 886
53 0433 23.103 03 0306 672 53 0216 46.206
54 0430 264 04 0304 900 54 0215 527
55 0427 425 05 0302 33.128 55 0213 851
56 0424 588 06 0300 359 56 0212 47.177
57 0421 752 07 0298 591 57 0211 505
58 0418 918 08 0296 825 58 0209 835
59 0415 24.084 09 0294 34.060 59 0208 48.168
4 .6 0 0412 251 5.10 0292 297 5.60 0206 503
61 0409 420 11 0290 535 61 0205 840
62 0407 590 12 0288 776 62 0203 49.180
63 0404 761 13 0286 35.017 63 0202 522
64 0401 933 14 0284 261 64 0201 867
65 0398 25.107 15 0282 506 65 0199 50.213
66 0396 281 16 0280 753 66 0198 563
67 0393 457 17 0278 36.002 67 0196 914
68 0390 634 18 0276 252 68 0195 51.268
69 0387 813 19 0274 504 69 0194 625
4 .7 0 0385 992 5.20 0272 758 5.70 0192 984
71 0382 26.173 21 0270 37.014 71 0191 52.346
72 0379 355 22 0268 271 72 0190 710
73 0377 538 23 0266 531 73 0188 53.076
74 0374 723 24 0265 792 74 0187 446
75 0372 909 25 0263 38.055 75 X )186 817
76 0369 27.096 26 0261 319 76 0185 54.192
77 0367 284 27 0259 586 77 0183 569
78 0364 474 28 0257 854 78 0182 948
79 0361 665 29 0256 39.124 79 0181 55.330
4 .8 0 0359 858 5.30 0254 397 5.80 0179 715
81 0356 28.051 31 0252 671 81 0178 56.103
82 0354 246 32 0250 947 82 0177 493
83 0352 443 33 0249 40.224 83 0176 886
84 0349 641 34 0247 504 84 0175 57.282
85 0347 840 35 0245 786 85 0173 680
86 0344 29.041 36 0243 41.070 86 0172 58.081
87 0342 243 37 0242 355 87 0171 485
•88 0340 446 38 0240 643 88 0170 892
89 0337 651 39 0238 933 89 0169 59.302
4 .9 0 0335 857 5.40 0237 42.224 5.90 0167 714
91 0333 30.065 41 0235 518 91 0166 60.129
92 0330 274 42 0234 814 92 0165 548
93 0328 484 43 0232 43.111 93 0164 969
94 0326 696 44 0230 411 94 0163 61.393
95 0324 910 45 0229 713 95 0162 820
96 0321 31.125 46 0227 44.017 96 0161 62.250
97 0319 341 47 0226 426 97 0160 683
98 0317 559 48 0224 632 98 0158 63.119
99 0315 779 49 0223 942 99 0157 558

C - 49
Table C-^-8. Values of Slope Angle 0 and Cot 0 for Various Slopes
,X
X X ^ T i9
Slope Angle 0 cot 0 am a on X)
Slope i

45°00' 1.0 1 on 1.0

42°16' ia 1 on 1.1
39°48' 1.2 1 on 1.2
38°40' 1.25 1 on 1.25
37°34' 1.3 1 on 1.3
35°321 1.4 1 on 1.4
33°41• 1.5 1 on 1.5
32°00 * 1.6 1 on 1.6
29°45 * 1.75 1 on 1.75
26°34' 2.0 1 on 2.0
23°58' 2.25 1 on 2.25
21°48’ 2.5 1 on 2.5
19°59' 2.75 1 on 2.75
18°26' 3.0 1 on 3.0
17°06' 3.25 1 on 3.25
15°57' 3.5 1 on 3.5
14°56 * 3.75 1 on 3.75
14°02' 4.0 1 on 4.0
13°14' 4.25 1 on 4.25
12°32 *■ 4.5 1 on 4.5
11°53' 4.75 1 on 4.75
11°19' 5.0 1 on 5.0
10°18' 5.5 1 on 5.5
9°28' 6.0 1 on 6.0
8°49' 6.5 1 on 6.5
8°08' 7.0 1 on 7.0
7°36' 7.5 1 on 7.5
7°08' 8.0 1 on 8.0
6°43' 8.5 1 on 8.5
6°20' 9.0. 1 on 9.0
6°01' 9.5 1 on 9.5
5°43' 10.0 1 on 10.0

C - 50
 APPENDIX D

SUBJECT
INDEX
MUSTANG ISLAND, TEXAS - 16 November 1972
 APPENDIX D
SUBJECT INDEX
-----A ------
Absecon Inlet, New Je rse y .............................................4-90
Adjustable groins ............................................................. 5-33
Airy ................................................................................... 2-2
Airy Wave T heory.................. 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-34, 4-40
Akmon (precast armor u n it)...................................... 7-194
Algae (coralline).................................................... 4-21
Alongshore transport (see Longshore transport)
American beach grasses....................................................6-43
Anaheim Bay, California.........................................4-90, 5-9
Analysis (sediment)...................................... 4-26
Anchorage, Alaska ........................... 3-86
Angle of internal friction ............................................. 7-220
Angular frequency ..................................................2-9, 3-33
Antinode.................................. ....................2-115, 3-92, A-l
Armor units (see also Precast concrete armor units;
Rubble-mound structures; Stability coefficient) * 7-180
concrete ............................................... 7-190, 8-68, 8-69
stability coefficient.................................................... 7-181
types.............................................................................7-194
-----B
Backshore........................................................... ............. 1-3
dune protection ......................................... 1-2,1-4, 5-21
dunes, protective.................................. 1-14, 4-124, 5-21
Backshore protection.................................. 1-2,1-14, 5-18
sand dunes .......................1-2,1-14, 4-115, 4-124, 5-21
Baie Comeau, Quebec, C anada.....................................6-93,6-95
Ballona Creek, California ......................... 5-49
B a r ..................................................................................... A-2
inner bar (inlet)............................................................. 1-12
longshore ............................4-11, 4-43, 4-56, 4-57, 4-78
offshore bar (beach).....................................................1-2,4-78
outer bar (inlet) ............................................... .1-12, 5-24
Barnegat Inlet, New Jerse y ................................ 4-90
Barrier
littoral (see Littoral barrier)
Barrier beach..............................................1-5,1-6, 4-1, 4-3
inlets, effects of ...........................................................1-12
Barrier island (see also Barrier beach) 4-1, 4-3, 4-21, 4-111
deflation plain...................................4-111, 4-112, 4-113
Barrow, A laska..................................................................4-38
Bathystrophic Storm Tide Theory .............................3-120
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi.................... 3-128
Beach (see also Backshore; Dunes).......................1-3, A-3
b erm ................................ 1-2,1-3,1-13,4-56, 4-78, A-3
characteristics.............................................................. 1-9
com position................................................................ 1-9
deflation plain......................... 4-111, 4-112, 4-113
effects of development................................................1-13
erosion ra te ..............................................4-11, 4-115, 5-8
feed er............................................................................ A-13
gravel beach (see also Shingle) ................................... 1-9
long-term changes............................................... 4-6
natural protection....................................................... 1-2
offshore bar ........................................................... 1-2
pocket beach........................................................... 4-1, 4-3
profile (see also Beach profile) .1-3, 4-1, 4-2, 4-6, 4-54,
......................................... 4-55, 4-56, 4-70, 4-147, A-45
D-l
Armor units—Continued
unit w eight..................................................................7-190
Artificial beach nourishment (see also Protective beach)
..............................................................1-18,5-7,6-16,8-129
beach fill s lo p e ............................................................. 5-20
borrow areas.....................................................6-16, 6-32
borrow material selection......... 5-8, 6-28, 6-32, 8-129,
..............8-130, 8-131
ero sio n ............................ ..............................6-28
profile stabilization.............. .....................6-28,6-29
Asbury Park, New Jersey . . . . ........... .. .4-90,6-83
Asphalt groin ............................ ............................... 6-83
Astronomical tid e s .................. .........3-82, 3-83, 3-84
water level statistics............ .3-87, 8-18, 8-19, 8-20
Atlantic Beach, North Carolina ............................... 4-90
Atlantic City, New Jersey .. .1-13,4-12, 4-17,4-34,4-36,
.............................................................................. 4-70,4-72
Avalon, New Jersey 6-9
Beach—Continued
profile accuracy ..........................................................4-57
profile term s.................................. . ........................... A-45
protection (see Beach protection)
protective (see also Protective beach) . . . 1-2, 5-7, 6-16
borrow material ............................................. 5-9, 6-16
borrow material selection...................5-9, 6-28, 6-32
restoration example ................................................6-16
shingle...................................................................1-9, A-32
shoreline m ovem ent....................................................4-11
short-term changes........................................................ 4-6
stability...........................................................................1-13
storm effects................................1-12, 4-37, 4-70, 4-115
surveying.........................................................................4-57
closure e rro r............................................................. 4-57
sounding error...........................................................4-57
spacing e rro r............................................................. 4-57
temporal variations................................ 4-58
wave reflection........................................................... 2-117
Beach erosion ......................... ............................. 4-70, 4-115
Beach face.......................................................4-11, 4-71, A-3
Beach fill (see Artificial beach nourishment)
Beach grasses.................................................. 4-5, 6-37, 6-43
effects o f .........................................................................6-37
planting sum m ary.........................................................6-45
seeding...........................................................................6-43
transplanting.................. 6-43
Beach Haven, New Je rse y ..................................................4-8
Beach profile (see also Beach, Profile)
deflation plain...............................................4-111, 4-112
stabilized profile (with g ro in s)............5-39, 5-40, 5-42
structure effect prediction .................... 5-5
Beach protection (see also Protective beach;
Shore protection; structure headings)
artificial nourishment (see also Artificial beach
nourishment) ......................................... 1-18, 5-7, 5-20
 B —Continued
Beach protection—Continued
beach restoration
artificial ...................................... 1-18,1-20, 5-7, 6-16
natural . . . . 1-2,1-10,1-14, 4-70, 4-75,4-115, 6-36
breakw ater................................... 1-16, 5-25, 5-49, 6-88
bulkhead....................................................... 1-16, 6-1,6-6
grasses (see Beach grasses)
g ro in s...................................................... 1-17, 5-31,6-76
groin field, ineffective................................................ 6-56
je t t i e s ............................................1-17, 5-24, 5-46, 6-84
m e th o d s.......................................................................1_14
revetm ent..................................................... 1-16, 5-3,6-1
seawall ..........................................................1-16, 5-3,6-1
seawall, in effective............................. ................. • • 6-56
vegetation (see Beach grasses)
Beach restoration (natural) (see also Artificial beach
nourishment; Dunes) . . . . 1-10,1-14, 4-70, 4-75,4-115
Beach r o c k ...................................... ......................4-21, 4-22
Bedload (see also Load) ........................... 4-53, 4-54, A-20
Benedict, Maryland......................................................... 6-13
Berm (beach) .................... 1-2,1-3,1-13, 4-56,4-78, A-3
elevation (in planning analysis)................................. 5-18
storm ..................................................... 6-18
width (in planning analysis) ..................................... 5-18
Borrow areas......................................................... 6-16, 6-17,6-32
Borrow material selection......................................5-9, 6-17,6-32
Boston, Massachusetts................. 5-85
Boston Harbor, Massachusetts..................................... 4-123
Bottom friction......... 2-66,3-42, 3-46, 3-77,3-80, 3-122,
.................................................................................4-28, 4-48
bottom friction coefficient ( K ) .................. 3-122, 3-134
bottom friction factor (ff) (see also Friction factor;
Friction loss parameter) 3-46, 3-57, 3-80, 3-122, 4-48
Bottom velocity
Airy T h e o ry .....................................................2-12, 2-34,4-61
Solitary Theory............................................................2-60
Stokes Theory............................... 2-37
Breaker (see Breaking wave)
Breaker height in d ex........................................... 2-121, 7-7
Breaker travel d ista n ce ............... 7-4
Breaking depth (w aves)........... .........................................7-5
Breaking point (w a v e s).....................................................7-3
Caisson
cellular steel sheet-pile .......................... 6-83, 6-88, 6-93
co n crete........................................ 6-93,6-95, 8-95, 8-96
rubble foundation stab ility ......................................7-212
stability................6-96, 7-212, 8-96,8-99, 8-101, 8-106
wave forces (nonbreaking) ........................................8-96
Camp Pendleton, California ..........................................4-90
C anyon..................................................................
submarine........................................................ 4-127, A-5
Cape Cod, Massachusetts. . .4-22, 4-38, 4-72, 4-74, 4-116,
...........................................................................................6-37
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina .......................4-116, 4-124
Cape Henlopen, Delaware........................... 4-129, 8-4,8-5
Cape Lookout, North C arolina.......................4-116, 4-124
Cape May, New Jersey ..................................4-74, 8-4, 8-5
Breaking w ave............. 1-10, 2-120,4-42, 7-3, 7-156, A-4
breaker travel distance ............................................. 7-4
breaking d e p t h .......................................................... 7-5
breaking p oin t................................................ 7-3
deep water ................................................................ 2-120
f o r c e s ............................................................................ 7-1,7-74
forces on p ile s..................................7-132, 7-135, 7-137
forces on walls ............................. . 7-156, 7-157, 7-163
geometery, definitions ...................... 7-4
height (solitary w a v e )......... .. .2-60, 2-62, 2-120, 2-121
height, design breaker............................................... 7-8
height lim it s ................................................ 7-92
shoaling w ater............................................................2-121
ty p e s................................ 2-125,2-126,4-42,4-43, A-47
Breakwater .1-16, 5-25, 5-26, 5-49, 5-50,6-54,6-88,6-96
concrete c a isso n ......... ............................................... 6-93
legal aspects ................. 5-31
offshore ................................................. 1-16, 5-50,6-96
effect on littoral transport .............. 5-50, 5-54, 5-56
h e ig h t................... 5-55, 7-52
offshore, s e r ie s ........... ................................................5-55
offshore, t y p e s ........................................................... 6-96
caisson ......................................... ...............8-95, 8-96
cellular steel sheet-pile ............................ 6-96
rubble-mound......................................................... 6-96
precast concrete armor units ......................... 6-88, 7-193
rubble-mound..............................6-84,6-89,6-96, 7-178
example cross se c tio n ............................................6-97
sand impoundment (see also Sand impoundment) 1-16
sheet piling .................................................................. 6-93
shore-connected....................................1-16, 5-49,6-88
effect on littoral transport ............................. 5-50
shore-connected, types . . . . . ........ 6-88
cellular steel sheet-pile ..........................................6-93
concrete c a isso n ........... .........................................6-93
rubble-mound . ....................................................... 6-89
stone-asphalt........... ................................................6-89
Broken wave fo rces.................................... 7-1, 7-74, 7-168
Buffalo, New Y o r k ........................................... 3-159, 3-160
Bulkheads........... .................................. • • • • 1-16, 5-3, 6-1
co n crete..................................................................... 5-6
steel sheet-pile........................................................6-6,6-8
timber sheet-pile................................................... 6-6, 6-9
Bypassing
sand (see Sand bypassing)
C --
Capillary wave..........................................................2-5, A-5
Carbonate production................................................ 4-123
Carolina Beach, North Carolina---- 6-16,6-17,6-24, 6-25
Casagrande size classification ....................................... 4-11
C a u stic ........................................................... A-5
Cedarhurst, M aryland................. 6-14
Celerity (wave) (see Wave, celerity)
A-5 Cellular steel sheet-pile breakwater (shore-connected) 6-93
Central pressure index........................................ 3-103, A-6
Channel
control structure fa c to rs............................................ 5-48
revetment sta b ility ................................................... 7-213
shoaling prevention................................................ 5-46
stabilization ................................................................5-46
wave reduction ........................................................... 5-46
D-2
 C —Continued
Channel Islands Harbor, California (Port Hueneme)
............................. 1-17, 2-82, 5-51, 5-52, 6-59,6-61,6-62
offshore breakw ater..................1-16,1-17, 5-51, 5-52
sand bypassing ............................................... 1-16,1-17
Chesapeake Bay ........................................ — 3-78,4-146
Chesapeake Bay, M aryland............................................6-11
Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel, Virginia.................... 3-3
Chezy co efficien t................................................. 3-122
Chincoteague Inlet, V irginia....................................... 8-118
Clapotis.........................................2-113, 2-114, 7-138, A-6
crest height at wall (see also Seiche; Standing wave)
............................................ 7-139
Clatsop Spit, Oregon.................... 4-115,6-51,6-53, 6-54
Clay ..................................................................... 4-19, 4-20
Cnoidal Wave T h e o r y ...........................2-2, 2-3, 2-47, A-6
Coast................................................................................. 1-3
Coastal engineering.........................Vol. I-ii, 1-1, 4-52, 5-1
planning analysis........................................ 5-1, 5-2
problem s........................................................ 4-52, 5-1
Coastal zone (see also Shore z o n e ) ............................. 1-3
Coastline.......................................................................... A-7
Coefficient
bottom friction ( K ) ....................................3-122, 3-134
C h ez y ......................................................................... 3-122
diffraction.....................................................................2-81
drag............................................................................. 7-110
drag (steady flo w ).....................................................7-114
energy........................................................................ A-12
expansion of i c e ....................................................... 7-216
friction (soil) ( / l ) ....................................................... 7-223
inertia (mass) .................... 7-110,7-119,7-120
Isb a sh ......................................................................... 7-215
l^yer co efficien t............................. 7-208, 7-209, 7-210
lif t ................................................ 7-107,7-108
reflection ........................ 2-110,7-138
refractio n .................................... 2-67, 2-70, 8-41, A-28
shoaling................................ 2-30, 2-67, 8-41, A-33, C-3
sorting.......................................................................... A-34
stability................................ 7-180, 7-181, 7-186, 7-189
selection ................................................................ 7-186
surface friction (see Coefficient, wind stress)
---- D
d /L —Tables of F un ctions....................................C-5, C-17
Darcy-Weisbach Friction F a c t o r .................................3-122
Datum p la n e ................................................................... A-9
Daytona Beach, Florida ................................................ 1-10
Decay (wave) ......................... 1-7, 3-17, 3-42,3-58, A-10
wave period.................................................................. 3-42
Decay d ista n c e .......................................... 1-7, 3-42, A-10
Deep water, definition ........................................ 2-9, A-10
wave prediction.......................................... 3-33
Deflation......................................................4-5, 4-129, 6-36
Deflation p la in ....................................4-111, 4-112,4-113
Delaware B a y .................... .................................4-146,8-1
Delaware Breakwater, D elaw are.......................... 8-32
Density (See also Mass density)
energy density (w ave)................................................ 2-27
Design breaker h e ig h t................................................... 7-8
Design hurricane............................................................. A-18
Design practices—Construction..................................... 6-98
D-3
Coefficient—Continued
transm ission.......................................... 2-110, 7-60
wind stress ( k ) ................................. 3-122, 3-123, 3-158
Cold Spring Inlet, New Je rse y ........................... 4-90, 8-118
Concrete armor units
(see also Precast concrete armor u nits)................. 7-193
ty p e s.......................................................................... 7-194
Concrete bu lkhead...................................................6-6, 6-7
Concrete caisson breakwater (shore-connected) . . . . 6-93
Concrete caisson design..6-89,6-93,8-95, 8-96
Concrete groin ................................. 6-81, 6-83
Concrete interlocking blocks..............6-6, 6-12,6-13, 6-14
Construction
design practices............................................................6-98
Construction materials ...................................................6-96
Continental Shelf............................................................... A-7
Convergence...................................................................... A-7
Conversion factors, British to m etric............................ C-41
Coquina ........................................................................... 4-22
C oral.................................................................................. 4-21
Coralline algae.................................................................. 4-21
Core Banks, North Carolina . . . . 4-113, 6-39, 6-48, 6-50,
......................................................................6-51, 6-52, 6-54
Coriolis parameter........................................ 3-21, 3-73
Corpus Christi, T e x a s ................................................... 3-120
Crane Beach, Ipswich, M assachusetts................ 4-75,4-76
Cresent City, California........................... 6-89,6-90, 7-202
Crest height (wave) above Stillw ater.............................7-82
C rib......... .......................................................................... 5-49
Cube, modified (precast armor u n it)............7-181, 7-193,
...............................................................7-194, 7-200, 7-208
Current
littoral............................................................................. A-8
longshore ................................. 1-9,4-4, 4-45,4-48, A-8
nearshore ........................... 4-39,4-43,4-44, A-8, A-23
onshore-offshore......................................................... 4-43
r i p ........................................................ 1-9, 4-5,4-45,4-46
tidal ............................... 1-9,3-83,4-5, 4-43,8-21, A-9
wind generated..................................................... 1-7, 4-5
Cycloidal w a v e ..................................................................A-9
Design sto rm .................................................................3-107
Design wave .......................................................... 7-2, 8-63
selection factors . . 4-29,4-30, 7-3, 7-188, 7-212, 8-63
Design wave height
selection ............... 4-29,4-30, 7-3, 7-188, 7-212, 8-63
Diablo Canyon, California.............................................7-202
Diffraction (wave).................................... 2-79, 8-93, A-10
calculations, single breakwater .....................2-81,8-93
calculations, small g a p s ...............................................2-98
Diffraction coefficient ................................................... 2-81
Dispersive m ed iu m ..........................................................2-27
Dispersive wave ................................................................ 2-27
Diurnal tid e ................................................... .. A-10, A-39
Dolos (precast armor unit) . . 7-181, 7-188, 7-193, 7-194,
.............................................................. 7.199, 7-202, 7-208
Drag coefficient ....................................................... 7-110
Drag coefficient (steady flow )......................................7-114
 D —Continued
D redging................................................... 4-129,5-27,6-54
discharge line ............................................................ 5-28
flo a tin g .......................................... 5-28, 5-51, 6-56,6-59
land-based............................................... 5-27, 5-30,6-56
Drift, litto ra l........... ............................................M O. A-20
Drum Inlet, North Carolina................4-124, 4-125, 4-149
D u n e s ................ 1-2,1-4,1-14, 4-115, 4-124, 5-21, 6-36,
................................................... A -ll, A-50
‘ construction-sand fencing i ! ’. ..................................6-37
p ro file .......................................................... 6-40,6-41
construction-vegetation............................................. 6-43
profile ...........................6-47,6-48, 6-49,6-50,6-53
effects of lev elin g ................................................... • 1-14
-----E -----
Earth forces ........................................ 7-220, 8-100, 8-102
active . , .................. ................................................ 7-220
hydrostatic ! ’. ! ! ! ! ............................. 6-6, 7-224, 8-100
rtQccivp ................ 7-223
submerged material's i i i i 1 ! 1! ! i 1 i ! ................7-224
East Pass, F lo r id a ............................................... 6-59, 6-73
Eddy shedding
f OTCGS ............................................... 7-106
El Segundoi Caiifoniia' i i i i i i !!'. ii i i i i i ................. 4-90
Energy (wave) (see also Wavee n e rg y )............................ 2-27
related to wavelength and wave h e ig h t.................. C-34
sp e c ific ......................................................................2-27
total, oscillatory w ave............................................... 2-27
Energy coefficient........................................................... A-12
- - F- -
FaH velocity (sediment) ................................................ 4-81
Fans (refraction)................................................. 2-73, 7-13
Feeder beach ..................................................................... A-13
W atio n 5-20
FemandinaBeach, Florida’ ......................................6-5,6-83
Fetch (or Fetch a r e a ) ...................... 1-7, 3-27, 3-34, A-13
d e lin e a tio n .................................................................. 3-27
effective ...................................... 3-29, 8-26, 8-27
minimum length I ! '. '. '. ! ......................... • •• 3-38,3-78
........................................................................... 3-40,3-70
length ’ ................................................. 3-29,3-30
width ............................................. 3-29, 3-30
Filter blanket (rubble-mound structure) ................7-211
Finite Amplitude Theory (see also Wave, Trochoidal
Theory; Wave, Stokes T h e o ry )......... 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 2-36,
........................................ 7-81, 7-82, 7-83
Fire island Inlet, New Y o i k 4-149, 6-59, 6-70
First-Order Wave Theory (see Wave, Airy Theory)
Fixed bypass p l a n t ............................................. 5-27,6-56
Flexible structures ............................................................7-2
Flourescent tra c e r........................................................4-151
Forces
active e a r t h ...............................................................7-220
eddv shedding......................................
eddy -heddin"th f° rCe^ .. • • • • • • • 7-106
h y d ro s ta tic ..................... i ™ 'bo'ttomVric'tion ¿oefficient ( K ) ......................................................... 3-122, 3-134
! * ■ ■ ! ................................. 7-216
| ift .............................. 7-106
passive earth ................................................. 7-223
D-4
Dunes-Continued
foredunes (see Foredunes)
fo rm a tio n .................................. ^ • • • • • • — •
migration ............................• • 4' 129' 4‘130’ f 21’ ^ 22
natural, protective . . . . . . 1-2,1-4,1-14, 4-113 4-115
...........................* V V * V ^ A«
profile . .4-112, 6-40,6-41,6-47, 6-48, 6-49,6-50,6-53
stabilization ................................ 5-21, 5-22,6-37,6-43
trapping capacity .................. 4-115,4-124, 5-21,6-51
Duration
wind (over fetch) .............................................. T "
Durban, Natal, South A fric a ......................................... 6-50
Dutch Harbor, Unalaska Island, A laska...................... 3-86
Energy density (w ave)..................................... .. • - 2-27
Engineering (coastal)...................................... A"A*
Environmental considerations....................................... 5-57
Erosion (see also Longshore transport)
beach .................... 1-5,1-11,4-70, 4-115,4-121, 5-21
cliffs .......................................................................... , 28
fill p ro je c t....................................
structure-caused.................. ................. 6-59, o-ol, o-oo
Erosion rate (beach) ............................................
E stu a ry ............................................................................
European beach grass .............................................. ■
Evanston, Illinois ................................................ 4-90 6-79
Extratropical storm ......................• • • • • • • • .............' 3' . „
Extreme events (see also Storm;T sunam i)....................4-37
Forces-Continued
submerged m a je n a k ...............................................-
submerged e a rth fills............................................... 7-224
tran sv erse................................................................. r-iuo
velocity ..................................................................... 7-213
Forces (wave) (see Wave forces)
Forecasting (see also Wave prediction;Hindcashng) . 3-1
deepwater areas...................................... 3-54, 5-55, 5- i i
.............................................................. , 1 ?
P-N-J M e th o d ........................................................... - 3-34
shaUow water a re a s ........................3-42,3-54,8-26,8-30
S-M-B Method ...................................................... 3-34
Wave Spectra Method .................. • • • • 3-11,3-13
Foredunes (see also D u n es)............4-5,4-113,6-30, A-13
d e stru c tio n ............................................................ • •
fo rm a tio n .......................................................... o-do
trapping capacity ............................................. • ft_4 -115
F o re ru n n e r...................................................... • S-iU ri A-io
Foreshore ..................................................... 1-3, 4-56, A-13
sand sizes .....................................................................£ £
Fort Pierce F lo rid a.....................................................^ 6 - 1 6
Frequency (w av e)................................................... 2-4 2-9
angular ................................................. .............2-9, 3-33
bottom fric tio n .......... 2-66,3-42,3-46,3-56,3-77,3-80,
........................... 3_122) 4 .28
bottom friction factor (ff). 3-46, 3-56, 3-80, 3-122, 4-48
friction coefficient (soil) Q i ) .................................... 7-223
friction factor (K f)....................... 2-66, 3-56, 3-80,4-28
 F —Continued
F riction—Continued Friction coefficient (soil) ( J J ) .............................7-222
friction loss parameter ................. ................. 3-57,3-80 Friction factor ( K f ) ............... 2 -6 6,3-56,3-80,4-28
surface (wind stress coefficient) (k ). 3-21, 3-29, 3-122, Friction loss p aram ete r.......... ................... 3-57,3-80
.............................3-158 Fully arisen s e a ........................ ............................. .. 3-34
— G —
Galveston, Texas . . 3-85, 3-104, 3-105, 3-107, 4-34,4-90, Groins—Continued
................. 4-150,6-2 groin field—ineffective . . . ............................... 6-56
Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, M assach usetts............ 4-21 groin o p eratio n .................... ................... 5-33, 5-35
Geostrophic w in d ............................... ............................. 3-21 im perm eable........................ ............................... 5-33
c o rre c tio n s...................................... ............................. 3-24 impermeable rubble .......... ............................... 6-83
Gerstner . .............................................. ............................. 2-3 legal aspects ........................ ............................... 5-46
Glossary of T e rm s............................... ............................. A-l lim itations............................. ............................... 5-44
Gradient w in d ....................................... ----- 3-21, 3-71, 8-10 p erm eab le............ ................. ............................... 5-32
Grading (sediments) permeable rubble ............... ............................... 6-83
poorly-graded.................................. .............................4-15 selection of t y p e ................. ................... 6-76,6-84
w ell-graded....................................... ............................. 4-15 stabilized beach profile . . . ..........5-38,5-40, 5-42
Grand Marais, Michigan...................... ............................. 6-87 stabilization of beach . . . . ............................... 6-29
Graphic m e a su r e s............................... ................. ........... 4-16 structural d e s ig n ................. ............................... 6-76
mean size ......................................... ................. 4-16,5-10 t y p e s ....................................... ................... 5-32,6-76
median s i z e ....................................... ............................. 4-16 a d ju sta b le ........................ ............................... 5-33
standard deviation................ . . . . ............................. 5-10 asphalt ................... .... . . ............................... 6-83
Grasses (beach) (see Beach grasses) c o n c r e te ........................... ................... 6-81,6-83
Gravel beach (see also Shingle) . . . . ....................1-9,4-19 high .................................. .. ............................... 5-33
Gravity w a v e......................................... ....................2-4, A-l 5 l o w ............................... .... ............................... 5-33
Greyhound Rock, C aliforn ia............ ...............4-142, 4-144 im perm eable.................... ............................... 5-32
Groins (see also Groins, types) . . . 1-17, 5-31, 5-35, 6-76 impermeable rubble . . . ...............................6-83
a lig n m e n t......................................... ............................. 5-41 p erm eab le........................ ............................... 5-32
artificial filling ............................... ............................. 5-7 permeable rubble .......... ............................... 6-83
beach fill stabilization example . . ............................. 6-29 rubble-m ound................. ................... 6-82,6-83
d e fin itio n ......................................... ................. 5-31, A-15 steel .................................. 6 -7 6 ,6 -7 8 ,6 -7 9 ,6 -8 0
d im e n sio n s....................................... ............................. 5-34 tim b e r............................... ..........6 -7 6,6-77,6-78
economic ju stification ................... ............................. 5-44 Groin field ............................... ............................... 5-32
functional design ............................. ................. 5-31,5-32 in effective................... .. . . . ............................... 6-56
groin f i e l d ......................................... .............................5-32 Group v e lo c ity ............ ............ ................... 2-24, A-15
H
H/H q —Shoaling c o e ffic ie n t............. ___ 2-67, A-33, C-3 Hurricane
Hamlin Beach, New Y o r k ................. ...........................2-112 d e fin e d .............. .............. .................3-102, A-16
Hampton Roads, V irg in ia ................. ............................. 3-85 d e s ig n .................................... ...............................A-18
Harbor p ro tec tio n ............................... ................. 5-49, 5-50 design p aram e te rs............... ............................... A-l 7
Harrison County, M ississippi............ 6-4, 6-16, 6-26, 6-27 effects on beach (see also Storm ) ............................. 1-12
Harvey Cedars, Long Beach Island, New Je r s e y ..........6-84 probable maximum hurricane . . .................3-119, A-18
H eadland................................................ ............................. A-15 probable maximum wave . ................... 3-76,8-54
Heavy m in e ra ls.................................... . . . ......................4-19 standard p r o je c t ................. ................. 3-119, A -l 7
Height, wave (see Wave height) storm t r a c k s ................. 3-72, 3-104, 3-117, 3-129, 8-11
Hexapod (precast armor u n it ).......... 7-181, 7-193, 7-194, wave prediction.................... ................... 3-67,8-53
...............7-201, 7-208 wind f i e l d ............................. ............................... 3-70
Hillsboro Inlet, F lo r id a ..........4-90, 5-25, 6-59, 6-65, 6-66 Hurricane surge (see Storm surge)
Hindcasting (see also Forecasting; Wave prediction) . 3-1, Hurricane surge hydrograph . 3-105, 3-118, 3-128, 3-134,
4-36, 7-2, 8-37, A-16 . . . . 3-137, 8-15,8-16
Holland, M ichigan............................... . . ................. . . . 4 - 7 7 Hurricane w a v e s ...................... ................................3-67
Honeymoon State Park, Oregon . . . ............................. 1-4 probable m axim u m ............ ................................3-76
Honolulu, H a w a ii............................... ............................. 3-88 Hydrograph (water level) . . . 3-105, 3-118, 3-128, 3-134,
Humboldt Bay, C aliforn ia................. . . . 6-86,6-88,7-202 ..............................................3-137, 3-159, 3-160, 8-15,8-16
Huntington Beach, C alifo rn ia.......... ....................3-3, 4-34 Hydrostatic uplift forces . . . . ....6 - 6 ,7 - 2 2 4 ,8 - 1 0 0
I
Ice forces . . . . .................................... ...........................7-216 Impermeable gro in s................. ............................... 5-33
Ijmuiden, The N eth erlan ds...............__________ 6-89,6-92 Inertia c o effic ie n t.................... . . 7-110, 7-119, 7-120
Immersed weight (littoral materials) ...........................4-102 Initial se tu p ............................... ............................. 3-124
Im pact f o r c e s ...................................... ...........................7-216 Initial water level .................... ............................. 3-107

D -5
 I —Continued
4-124, 4-146, 5-24 Inner bar (inlet) .................. ............ 1-12
Inlets............................................. . . . 1-3, A-18
barrier beach (barrier islands) ...................... 1-5 In sh ore.............................
effect on barrier beaches---- M2 Instrumentation (wave data) ................. 7-2
inner b a r .................................. M2 Interlocking concrete blocks ... 6-6 , 6-12
jetties, use o f ......... ................. 5-24 Internal friction an gle......... .7-220, 7-222
middleground sh oal................ M 2 , 4-124, 5-24, A-22 Internal w aves...................... ........... A-18
outer b a r .................................. ...................... 1-12, 5-24 Irrotational wave ................. ........... A-18
stabilization (by j e t t y ) ......... ........... .. .5-46, 6-65 ........... 7-215
Isbash coefficien t................
tidal ........................................ ................................ A-38 ..............3-22
ty p e s........................................ . . . 4-147, 4-148, 4-149 Is o b a r....................................

J e ttie s .................................... 1-17, 5-24, 5-46,6-84 Tetties—Continued , \ '

ty p e s............................................ 5-25, 5-26, 5-46,6-84
definition ......................... ..................5-46, A-19
rubble-mound......................................................... 6-84
effect on littoral transport .............................. 5-24
sheet-pile.................................................................. 6-88
effect on shoreline ......... ............. .................5-48 u se s................................................................................6-24
functional planning......... .............................. 5-46 w eir.............................................................................. ...
inlet stabilization ........... .................... 5-46, 6-65 Johnston Island, H aw aii................................................ 3-88
legal aspects ..................... ............................... 5-30 Jones Beach, Long Island, New York . . 4-12,4-71, 4-72,
.................... 5-24, 5-46 .............................................................................. 4-74,4-115
purpose o f .........................
shoreline e f f e c t s ............. .................... 5-48, 5-49 Jones Beach State Park, New Y o r k ................................. 1-6
structural d e sig n ............. .................... 6-84, 6-88 Jupiter Island, Florida.....................................................6-12
K ----
.6-89, 7-202 KeyWest, Florida ........................................................ • 3-85
Kahului, Hawaii . .
........... 4-90 Kinetic energy (w a v es)............................. 2-27, A-19
Kenosha, Wisconsin
........... 3-86 Kinematic viscosity....................7-75, 7-107, 7-110, 7-113
Ketchikan, Alaska .
L ----
L a g o o n ................................................. ................. 1“6* A.-19 Littoral materials—Continued
immersed weight......................................................4-102
Laguna Point, California..................................4-129, 4-130
occurrence ( U .S .) ...........................................4-22, 4-24
La Jolla, California .......................................................4-127 . 4-119
Lake Erie . . . . .3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 3-156, 3-157, 3-161 origin
T alrp IpvpIc 3-89 properties................................................................... 4-60
sam pling........................................................4-24, 4-147
Great Lake¿! ’. ’. ! ! ! ! ! ................3-89, 3-90, 3-91, 3-147
Lake Okeechobee, Florida . . . 3-71, 3-145, 3-148, 3-149 sand sizes ...................................................................4-78
.................................................................................... 7-42 sin k s ............................... ................. 4-117,4-124,4-125
size distribution ............. 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-68, 4-102
Lake Worth, F lo rid a .......................................................4-34
Littoral transport (see also Longshore transport) . . 1-10,
Lake Worth Inlet, Florida ............................. • . 6-56, 6-58
.................................... 4-4,4-11,4-50, 4-131, 4-153, A-20
Land-based vehicles (sand bypassing) . . . 5-30, 6-56,6-76
bedload................................................... 4-53, 4-54, A-20
Layer coefficient...................... 7-207, 7-208,7-209, 7-210
longshore com ponent............................ 1-10,4-11
Legal asp ects................................................... 6-30
onshore-offshore . 1-10, 4-52, 4-60, 4-70, 4-121, 4-127,
breakw ater.................................................................. 6-31 ....................................................................................4-153
...................................................5-46
g ro in s.................................................................
.................................................. 5-30 r a t e .......................................... .................................
jetties ...............................................................
seaward lim it................................................................^“66
sand bypassing ..............................................................
.......................... 5-30
sediment b u d g e t............................. 4-116, 4-131,4-154
Length
.3-29 suspended load ..................................................4-53, 4-54
fe tc h .................... ............................................
tracers......... ........................................... 4-150
waves (see Wavelength)
wave climate ...................... ................. 4-27, 4-28,4-29
Lewes, D elaw are............................... 8-17, 8-19, 8-20, 8-32
Littoral trap (see Sand, impoundment)
Lift co efficien t............................................... 7-107, 7-108 Littoral z o n e ........................... 4-4,4-43,4-52,4-70, A-20
Lift fo rc es........................................................ 7-106 long-term changes......... ............................................ 4-6
Linear wave theory (see Wave, Airy Theory) short-term ch an ges................................................... 4-6
Littoral barrier (see also Sand, impoundment). 5-48, 5-50, L o a d ................................................................................. ^ 6
...........................................................................................6-54 Long Beach, C alifornia................................................. 6-96
ty p e s.................. 6-55 Long Beach Island, New Je rse y .........................4-12, 4-72
Littoral current.............................................................. A-8 Long Branch, New J e r s e y .............................................. 4-70
Littoral d r if t ............................................... 1-10, 4-88, A-20 Long Island, New Y o rk ................................................. 6-82
• * ......................................................................... 4-119 Long Island, New York (south shore) . . 4-51, 4-58,4-59,
origin 11117 ................................................................4-146,4-150
prop erties.................................................................... 4-60
s in k s ........................................ 4-117,4-124,4-125 Longshore b a r ........................ 4-11, 4-43, 4-56, 4-57, 4-78
Longshore current. . . . 1-9,1-10, 4-4, 4-5, 4-45,4-48, A-8
Littoral materials (see also Sand) .......................4-11, 4-20
composition .......................................... 4-18, 4-20, 4-21 velocity................................................... 4-45, 4-47,4-48

D-6
 L —Continued
Longshore energy . 4-89,4r92, 4-94, 8-107, 8-110, 8-111,
............................................................................. 8-122
Longshore energy flux f a c t o r ............................. 4-96
Longshore transport (see also Littoral transport) . . .1-10,
1-12, 4-37, 4-52, 4-88, 4-89, 4-90, 4-108, 4-131, 5-8, 5-24,
........................................ 5-27, 8-107, 8-115, 8-118, 8-128
direction............................. 1-12, 4 -37 , 4-140, 5-8,6-27
direction reversals.............................................1-12, 5-8
energy................ 4-89, 4-92, 4-94,8-107, 8-111, 8-122
engineering problems ................................................ 4-52
gross rate...................... 1-12, 4-88, 4-108, 8-117, 8-128
---- M -----
Malaga Cove (Redondo Beach), California . . . 5-29, 6-16,
............................................................................... 6-32, 6-34, 6-35
.
Manasquan, New Jersey ...................................... 4-69,4-90
Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts................................. 4-22
Masonboro Inlet, North Carolina . 1-18,1-19, 6-59, 6-65,
.............................................................................. 6-67, 6-83
weir-jetty ...........................................................1-18,1-19
Mass density (see also Unit weight; Specific gravity) 2-6,
...........................................................................................7-75
sand ........................................................................... 8-116
water...................................................... 2-22, 7-77, 8-116
Mass transport (w a v e s)..............2-4 , 2-38, 4-4 , 4-42, A-21
Materials
construction............................................
Maximum probable wave ...............................................3.77
hurricane............................................
Maximum surge.............................................................. 3-116
Mean annual wave height .............................................. 4-33
Mean diameter (s a n d ).................... 4-15, 4-16, 5-10, A-14
Nags Head, North C arolina........................ 3-14, 4-34, 6-84
Nantucket Island, Massachusetts......................... 4 -22, 6-8
Naples, F lo rid a ............................................................. 4.34
Nauset Beach, Massachusetts ........................................4-113
Nautical m ile....................................................... A-23
Nawiliwili, Hawaii............................................... 6-89, 6-91
Neap tide ...................................................................... A-23
Nearshore current (see also Littoral current; Littoral
tran sport)............................. 4-39, 4-43,4-44, A-8, A-23
Nearshore profile ........................................4-54, 4-55, 4-56
Nearshore zone ...........................................1-3, 4-70, A-23
New Buffalo, M ichigan................................................ 4-142
Newport, Rhode Island ............................................... 4-21
New York Bight ...................................... 4-51, 4-71, 4-146
New York, New Y o r k ..................................................... 3-85
Nodal zones (longshore transport) ................. 4-142
N od e.......................................................... 2-113, 3-92, A-24
Ocean City, Maryland................ 4-90,6-84,8-107,8-129
Ocean City, New Jersey ...................4-90,6-16,6-18,6-19
Oceanside Harbor, California ..............................6-59, 6-71
Ocracoke Island, North Carolina..................... 6-47,6-54
O ffsh ore.................................................... 1-3,A-24Outer Banks, North Carolina...................... ..
Offshore b a r ............................................................. 1-2,4-78
Offshore breakwater (see also Breakwater). . . 5-50, 6-96
Offshore isla n d ...................................... 8-2
Offshore z o n e .................................................................. 4.53
Onshore-Offshore current (see also Nearshore current;
Littoral cu rrent)............................................................4.43
D-7
Longshore transport—Continued
net r a t e .......................................1-12,4-88,8-117,8-128
nodal zo n es................................................................ 4-142
rate, d e fin ed ................................................... 1-12, A-20
rate (exam ples)............................................................ 4.11
rate determination ---- 4-88, 4-152,6-17, 6-56, 8-115
tracers......................................................................... 4.159
Longshore wave energy . . 4-89, 4-92,4-94, 8-107,8-110,
............................................................... 8 -111 , 8-122
Ludlam Island, New J e r s e y .................. 4-12,4-46, 4-72
LooP ................................................................................. A-21
Mean wave height ............................................................ 3.10
Median diameter ........................................ 4 -11, 4 . 15, A-22
Miami Beach, F lo r id a ....... ..............................................1-13
Michell (wave steepness)................................. 2-39, 2-120
Miche-Rundgen Theory..................................7-138, 7-139
Middleground shoal..............1-12 , 4-124, 5-24, 6-57, A-22
M illibar............................................................................. 3.22
Millimeters to phi conversion ta b le .............................. C-45
Milwaukee County, Wisconsin........................................4-90
Minikin Th eory.............................................................. 7-157
Misquamicut Beach, Rhode Island ..................4-12, 4-72
Mixed tid e........................................................................ A-23
Modified cube (precast armor u n it). .7-181, 7-193, 7-194,
6_96 .......................................................................... 7-200,7-208
Mokuoloe Island, Hawaii................................................. 3-88
3.77 M o le ................................. A-23
Monochromatic waves .................................................... A-23
Mustang Island, T e x a s...................................... 4-115,4-116
Myrtle Beach, Connecticut............................................ 4-12
Nonbreaking wave forces ........... 7-1, 7-74, 7-125, 7-132,
................................................. 7-136, 7-138, 7-150, 7-153
Nonbreaking waves
forces on p iles.................................... 7-75, 7-125, 7-132
noncircular............................................................7-136
nonvertical............................................................7-132
forces on walls ............................... 7-138, 7-150, 7-153
Nonbreaking wave heights
lim its............................................................................. 7.92
Nonfully arisen s e a ..........................................................3.34
Nonlinear deformation (w aves)..................................... 4-28
Nonlinear Wave Theory (see Wave, Finite Amplitude
Theory)
Norfolk, Virginia.............................................................. 3.78
Northeaster
d e fin ed .............................................................3-103,4-29
Nourishment (beach) (see also Artificial beach
nourishment) ......................................................1_18, 5-7
Onshore-Offshore transport (see Littoral transport)
O rthogonal.................... .......................... 2-64, 2-65, A-24
Oscillatory wave (see also Wave, Airy Theory) . . 1-7, 2-4,
.......................................................................................... A-25
4-70, 6-46
Outer bar ( in le t)................................................. M 2 , 5-24
Overtopping (wave).................................. 5-18, 7-42, A-25
graphic relationship (empirical)................................. 7-44
overwash......................................................4-116, 4-124
rubble structure ........................................................ 7-207
Overwash .......................................................... 4-160,4-182
Oxnard Plain Shore, C alifornia..................................... 4-90
 __p
Padre Island, Texas . . . 4-112, 4-113, 4-114, 4-115, 4-129
........................... 4-142,6-39,6-40,6-41,6-49,6-52, 6-54
Palm Beach, F lo r id a .............................................4-90, 5-9
Panama City, Florida ............... 4-68
Panic beach grasses ....................................................... 6-43
Partially arisen se a ........................................................... 3-34
Pass Christian, M ississippi.................. 3-111, 3-135, 3-145
Passive earth fo rc e..........................................................7-223
Peahala, New J e r s e y ...................................................... 4-9
Peak su rge.......................................................................3-116
Peat.................................................................................... 4-20
Pensacola, F lo rid a........................................................... 3-85
Percolation................................................. 2-66,3-42, 3-46
Perdido Pass, Alabama . ................ 4-90, 6-59, 6-65, 6-68
Period
t i d a l ......... ...................................................................A-38 Presque Isle, Pennsylvania.............................................. 6-80
wave (see Wave period)
Permeable gro in s....................................................5-32, 5-33
Phase velocity (see also Wave, celerity)................2-7, A-26
Phi u n it s ........................................................................... 4-13
Phi conversion to m illim eters........................... .......... C-45
Piles
breaking wave forces.......................7-132, 7-135, 7-137
bulkheads.......................................................................6-6
nonbreaking wave forces . . . 7-75, 7-125, 7-132, 7-136
sh e e t........................................................ 6-76, 6-88,6-93
wave fo rc e s...................................................................7-75
Pile group
wave fo r c e s................................................................ 7-125
Pioneer Point, Cambridge, Maryland............................ 6-10
Pismo Beach, California .............................................4-129
Planning analysis
case stu d y ........................................................ .. 8-1 Probable maximum wave .................................... 3-77, 8-54
environmental considerations................................... 5-57
P-N-J Wave Forecasting Method (see also Forecasting;
Wave prediction)........................................................... 3-34
Pocket beach.......................................................... .. 4-1, 4-3
Point Arguello, California............................................ 4-129
Point Barrow, Alaska ................................................... 4-38
Point Conception, California.................... ................. 4-151
Point Mugu, C alifornia..............4-10, 4-127, 4-142, 4-143
Point Reyes, California...................................................4-10
Point Sur, California....................................................... 4-10
Pompano Beach, F lorida........................ 6-16
Ponce de Leon Inlet, Florida............................. 6-59, 6-72
Poorly-graded sediment...................................................4-15
Poorly-sorted sedim ent........................................ 4-15
Porosity of armor u n its................................................7-208,7-209
Port Hueneme, California . . 1-17, 4-90, 5-25, 5-52, 6-59,
.................................................................................6-60,6-61
Port Sanilac, Michigan.................................... .. • 6-93, 6-94
Portsmouth Island, North Carolina............................ 4-126
Potential energy (w aves)............................... • • 2-27, A-27
Power (see also Wave energy)
longshore (w ave)............................... 4-89, 8-110, 8-111
w a v e ................................................................. 2-27, 2-66
wave tra in .....................................................................2-28
Precast concrete armor units (see also Armor units)
# _ ........................................................ 7-181, 7-193,8-68
akm on......................................................................... 7-194
D-8
Precast concrete armor units—Continued
d o lo s............ 7-181, 7-193, 7-194, 7-199, 7-202, 7-208
h e x a p o d .................. 7-181, 7-193, 7-194, 7-201, 7-208
hollow sq u a r e ................................................. .. • • • 7-194
hollow tetrahedron.................................................. 7-194
interlocking b lo c k s............................................ 6-6, 6-12
modified c u b e ......... 7-181, 7-193, 7-194, 7-200, 7-208
quadripod . . . 6-85,7-181, 7-193, 7-194, 7-197, 7-202,
.. ................................................................................. 7-208
stab it...........................................................................7-194
svee-block..................................................................7-194
te tra p o d ......... 5-50,6-90,7-181, 7-193,7-194, 7-196,
................................................. 7-202, 7-208, 8-68, 8-71
tribar . . 5-50,6-91,7-181, 7-193, 7-194, 7-198, 7-202,
...............................................................7-208,8-68, 8-70
Prediction, Wave (see Wave prediction)
Pressure
breaking waves on w a ll............................................7-156
broken wave on w a ll................................. 7-169, 7-171
effect of angle of approach..................................... 7-175
effect of face s lo p e .................................................. 7-175
nonbreaking waves on w a ll.....................................7-140
subsurface
Airy Theory ........................................................... 2-22
Cnoidal T h eory....................................................... 2-48
Solitary Theory................................................. .. • 2-60
Stokes Theory......................................................... 2-39
Pressure gradient..............................................................3-21
Pressure p u ls e .................................................................3-15
Pressure response f a c t o r ......................................2-22, C-3
Pria, Terceria, A z o re s.................................................. 7-208
Probable Maximum Hurricane (P M H )........... 3-119, A-18
hurricane......... . ................. ....................................... 3-77
Profile
accu racy ...................................................................... 4-57
beach or shore (see also Beach profile; Dunes, profile)
. . 1-3, 4-1, 4-2, 4-6, 4-54,4-55, 4-56,4-70,4-147, A-45
g ro in ................................................... 5-39, 5-40, 5-42
b o tto m .......................................... 3-133, 3-156, 8-8, 8-9
closure e r r o r ................................................................4-57
dune construction
beachgrass...................... 6-47,6-48, 6-49, 6-50, 6-53
sand fen ce................................... 6-40, 6-41
nearshore ................................. 4-54, 4-55, 4-56
s h e l f ......................................................... 4-54,4-55,4-56
sounding error............................................................. 4-57
spacing e rro r................................................................4-57
temporal variations............... 4-58
Profile (w a v e )............. ................... 2-8, 2-42, 2-114, 2-121
group ......................................................................... ^
Progressive w a v e ...............................................................2-4,A-27
Protective beach (see also Artificial beach nourishment;
Beach; Dunes) .1-2, 4-70, 4-71, 4-75, 4-78, 4-113, 4-115,
................................................. 5-7, 5-18, 5-21, 6-16, 8-129
artificial nourishment.................... 1-18, 5-7, 6-16, 6-17
backshore p ro tec tio n ......... 1-2,1-14, 4-71, 4-78, 5-18
beach fill slope ....................................... 5-20, 6-17, 6-29
berm elevation ................................... 3-18
 P —Continued
Protective beach—Continued
berm w idth ................................................................. 543
borrow material selection ......... 5-9, 6-16, 6-17, 8-129,
..........................................................................8-130, 8-131
e ro sio n ..............................................................6-61,6-63
— Q
Quadripod (precast armor unit) .........6-85, 7-181, 7-193,
................................................. 7-194, 7-197, 7-202, 7-208
---- R -----
Racine County, Wisconsin.......................................... 4-90
Radioiosotope tracing.................................................. 4-151
Radioisotopic Sand Tracing (RIST) .........................4-152
Rayleigh distribution .......................................... 3-5, 4.30
Redondo Beach (Malaga Cove), California . . . 4-90, 5-29,
.......................................................... 6-16,6-32,6-34,6-35
Reefs (o rgan ic)................................................................ 4-21
Reflection (wave) (see Wave reflection)
Reflection coefficient....................................2-110, 7-138
Refraction (wave) (see Wave refraction)
Refraction coefficient.................... 2-67, 2-70, 8-41, A-28
Refraction template ....................................................... 2-68
Relative depth................................................................. 2-9
Resonant waves..............................................................2-115
Revetment ...........................................1-16, 5-3, 6 -1, A-29
channel (d e sig n )............... 7-213
fle x ib le ............................................. 6-6,6-11,6-12,6-13
purpose.......................................................... 5-3, 5-5, 6-1
rigid ......................................................................6-6 , 6-10
ty p e s............................................................................ 6-6
Reynolds Number...................... 4-15, 7-107, 7-110, 7-187
Ridge-.and-runnel system .............................................. 4-75
Rigid structure .............................................................. 7-2
Rincon Beach, California .............................................. 4-10
Rincon Island, California ............................................7-202
Rip cu rren ts............................... 1-9, 4-5, 4-45, 4-46, A-30
R ipple...............................................................................A-30
R I S T ............................................................................... 4-152
Rock (in littoral zone) .................................................. 4-21
Rubble foundations ...................................... 7-212,7-213
design w ave...................................................... 7-2 , 7-212
stability.......................................................................7-213
wave fo rc e s................................................. 7-153, 7-163
- - S
Sabellarid worms .............................................................. 4-22
Sainflou Method (nonbreaking wave fo rc es).............7-138
Salina Cruz, Mexico ....................................................... 5.55
Saltation (see also Sand movement (w ind))................ A-31
Sampling sediment ......................................................... 4-24
Sand (see also Littoral materials)
borrow a re a s................................................................6-16
com position................................................... 4_18, 4-20
conservation................................................................ 1_21
heavy minerals ........................................................... 4-19
impoundment . .1-16, 4-5, 5-24, 5-26,5-27, 5-30, 5-32,
.................................. 5-48, 5-50, 6-36, 6 4 6 , 6-51, 6-54
normal size distribution ............................................4-15
origin ................................................................. 1-5,4-119
sin k s................................................4-117,4-124
size classification (see Soil classification)
D-9
Protective beach—Continued
feeder beach lo c a tio n ................................................. 5-20
groins (artificial fillin g)............................................. 5.7
restoration exam ples...................................................6-16
Protection of beaches (see Beach protection)
Quarrystone (weights and dim ensions)...................... 7-210
Q u ay................................................................................. A-27
Rubble-Mound structures. . . 5-4, 6-83, 6-84, 6-89, 6-96,
......................................................................................... 7 -178,8-66
.
armor units (see also Precast concrete armor units)
.................................................................................... 7-180
breakw ater.............................................................. 5. 49 ,5.50
cross-section example (see also Breakwater) . . . 6-97
concrete armor u n its.................................................7-193
concrete c a p ................................... 7-207
cross-section ex am p le........... 6-97 , 7-203, 7-204, 8-66
d e sig n ............................................... 7-202 , 7-205, 7-206
core volume ............. .................................8-78, 8-83
crest width ........................ 7-207
economic evaluation . . . . 7-1, 8-63, 8-83, 8-85, 8-91
layer thicknesses...................................... 7-209, 8-76
layer v o lu m es........................ 8-69, 8-78, 8-79, 8-81
number of armor u n i t s ........................... 7-209, 8-76
weight of armor units . .. 7-180, 7-213, 7-214, 8-67,
.................................................................................8-68
design w ave............................... ...........7-2, 7-188, 7-212
filter blanket.............................................................. 7-211
g ro in .................................................................5-31, 6-83
perm eability............................................................6-83
jetties .............................................................. 5-46,6-84
runup ........................................................................... 7-24
sc o u r............................................................................ 5.5
stability........................................................ 7-178,7-213
u se s.................. 5-46, 5-49, 5-50, 6-83, 6-84, 6-89, 6-96
Rubble toe protection
stability of ................................................................7-213
Rudee Inlet (Virginia Beach), Virginia ........................6-56
Runup (w ave)......................................................7-15, A-30
composite slop es.......................................................... 7-33
scale effects......................................................7-17, 7-23
Sand—Continued
size distribution, c o a sta l...................... 4 -22, 4-23, 4-24
unit w eigh t.................... 4-19
Sand bypassing . . 1-16,1-17, 5-21, 5-24, 5-28, 5-51, 6-54
fixed bypassing plant ....................................5-27, 6-56
Lake Worth Inlet, F lo rid a ............................... 6-59
South Lake Worth Inlet, F lorida...........................6-56
floating bypass p lan t............................. 5-28, 6-56, 6-59
Channel Islands Harbor, California...................... 6-61
Hillsboro Inlet, F lo rid a ..........................................6-65
Masonboro Inlet, North Carolina ........................ 6-65
Perdido Pass, Alabama .......................................... 6-65
Port Hueneme, C alifornia..................................... 6-61
Santa Barbara, California ..................................... 6-63
land-based veh icles................................5-30, 6-56, 6-76
Shark River Inlet, New Je rse y ...............................6-76
 S —Continued
Sand bypassing-Continued
legal aspects ................................................................j™:
m echanical......................................................... .. • • • ” 4
m ethods........................................................... 6-54
* bedload (see also L oad)....................... 4-53, 4-54, A-20
natural ......................................................................... 5' 24
Sand dune (see Dunes)
Sand fence .......................................................................
recommendations................• ....................................
Sand impoundment (see Sand, impoundment)
Sand movement (longshore transport)
(see also Longshore transport)............................ ...... • • ^
Sand movement (w ind)................ 4-5,4-123, 4-129, 6-36
deflation.................................................. ^ 4-129,6-36
saltation .6-37
surface creep................................................................. *|-37
suspension....................................................................•
Sand tracers ............. 4-13U
Sand transport (water) (see Littoral transport)
Sand transport (w ind)......... 4-5, 4-123,4-129, 6-36,6-37
Sand trap (see Sand, impoundment)
Sandy Hook, New Jersey. 4-51, 4r72, 4-90, 4-127, 4-128,
............................................................4-140, 4-141, 4-153
San Francisco, California .....................................3-86, 6-3
San Onofre, California ..............................; •• •
Santa Barbara, California .. 1-16, 4-70,4-90, 5-51, 6-59,
............................................................6-63,6-64
sand bypassing ............................................................
shore-connected breakw ater............................ 1-16, 5-51
Santa Cruz, California..............................6-85, 6-88, 7-202
Santa Monica, California............................4-90, 5-54,6-96
offshore breakw ater...................................................
Savannah Coast Guard Light T o w e r.............................3-14
Savannah River, Georgia..................................................3-85
Scale effect
wave runup corrections.....................................7-17, 7-23
Scripps Beach, California .................................. 4-10’ 4-44
Scripps Pier, California..............................4-10, 4-44, 4-80
Scour ......................................................................... 5 4 ’ ^
Sea Girt, New Jersey....................... 6-16, 6-29, 6-30, 6-31
Sea Isle City, New Jersey ................................ 1-13, 8-120
storm destruction . 1-15
Sea level changes.................................................. 4“^* 4-131
Seal Beach, California . . . ..............................................^-81
Sea oats. 6-43
Seas.................................................................................1-7, 2-4
fully arisen sea ............................................................8-84
Seattle, Washington.........................................................
Seawall ...................................................1-16, 5-3, 6-1, A-32
curved-face..............................................................6-1, 6-2
functional planning.....................................................
ineffective (failure to stabilize)................................ 6-56
purpose............................................................3-3, 5-5, 6-1
rubble-mound.................................................6-1, 6-5,6-6
stepped...................................• • • • • ....................il'i’ ftl:
stepped and curved face com bination............... o-i, o-o
structural design............................. 6-1
types........................................................................
Sediment analysis............................................................
6:}
Sediment budget.......................4-70, 4-116,4-131,4-154
sources......................................................... 4-117,4-119
point and lin e ........................................................ 4-117
sinks................................................................ 4-117,4-124
point and lin e ........................................................ 4-117
D-10
Sediment classification (see Soil classification)
Sediment distribution (U.S. coasts)......... 4-22, 4-23, 4-24
Sediment load
suspended lo a d ..................................... 4-53, 4-54, A-37
Sediment motion
iniation.................................................................... • • 4'61
maximum velocity ................................ 4-61, 4-62,4-63
Sediment sam pling..............................................4-24,4-147
Sediment sin k s...................................................4-117,4-124
Sediment sources .......................................................... 4-119
Sediment tracers (see also T racers).............................4-150
Sediment transport (see Littoral transport; Longshore
transport; Sand movement (wind))
Seiche (see also Clapotis; Standing wave) .. 2-115,2-116,
..............................................................3-82,3-83, 3-91, A-32
antinode................................................ 2-115, 3-92, A-l
forced ............................................................................. 3-92
fre e ..................................................................................^ 2
n o d e ............................................ . . . 2-113, 3-92, A-24
Seismic sea wave (see also Tsunami) ................ 3-84, A-32
Semirigid structures ....................................................... ^’2
Setdown (wave) ......................................... 3-94, 3-95, 3-96
Setdown (wind) ............................................................
Settling tube analysis ....................................................
sand ............................................................................... 4’26
Setup (see also Surge)
hydrograph . 3-105, 3-118, 3-128, 3-134, 3-135, 3-146,
......................................................... 3-159, 3-160, 8-15, 8-16
initial ............................................................ •
wave ..............................3-82, 3-83, 3-93, 3-94, A-32
wind . .............. ............. .1-7,1-9, 3-101, 3-147, A-44
lakes and reservoirs............................................... 3-145
Shallow water (defined).........................................2-9, A-32
Shallow water wave prediction................3-42, 8-26,8-30
Shark River Inlet, New Jersey . . . . 4-90,6-74,6-75, 6-76
Sheet-pile groin................................................................. 6-76
Sheet-pile je tty ................................................................. 6-88
Shelf p ro file..................................................4-54,4-55,4-56
Shingle......................................................... 1-9, 4-19, A-32
Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, New York .. .4-124,4-146
Shipbottom, New Jersey................................................ 4‘7
Shoal (defined)....................................................... •; '* *
Shoal (middleground)......... 1-12,4-124, 5-24,6-57, A-22
Shoaling (inlet)
prevention.................................................................. ..
Shoaling coefficient .............. 2-30, 2-67, 8-41, A-33, C-3
Shw i f effe.C.t e .....................................................2-121,4-28
Shore (defined).......................................................I '8» ^-33
Shore-connected breakwater (see also Breakwater) . . 5-49
Shoreface (defined)................................................I ’8» ^-33
Shoreline...........................................................................
Shoreline m ovem ent..............................................4-6, 4-11
Shoreline statistics (national)....................................... I’8
Shore protection (see also Beach protection)
defined.........................................................................
m ethods........................................................................ ^ 4
Shore zone
general .................................................................. 1-2
influence of m an ......................................................... 1-10
 S — Continued
Sieve size an aly sis.......................................................... 4-26
sand ............................................................................ 4-26
Significant height 3-2
Significant period ......................... 3-2
Significant w a v e ......... 3-2, 3-72, 7-1, A-33
hurricane . . . ........... ...........................3-72
Significant wave height . . . .3-2, 4-34, A-33
distribution.............. ............. 4-34,4-35
Significant wave period ................3-5, A-33
S i l t ........... .......................................................................4-20
Size a n a ly sis.............................................................. 4-26
Size classification (sediments) (see Soil classification)
Skewness...............................................................4-18, 5-12
Small Amplitude Wave Theory (see Wave, Airy Theory)
S-M-B Wave Prediction M eth od ................................... 3-34
Soil classification ....................................4-11, A-34, A-35
unified soil classification............................... 4-14, A-35
Wentworth size classification ............. 4-11, 4-14, A-35
Solitary Wave T h eo ry .........................2-2, 2-3, 2-59, A-34
Sorting coefficient .........................................................A-34
Sorting (sediments)
poorly-sorted ............. 4-15
well-sorted .................................................................. 4-15
South Lake Worth Inlet, Florida........... 4-150, 6-56, 6-57
Specific en ergy ................................................................ 2-27
Specific gravity (see also Mass density; Unit weight)
littoral m aterial.............................................4-19, 4-102
littoral materials (immersed)..................................... 4-60
rock ...............................................................7-186,7-207
sand ................................................................. 4-19,8-116
Speed, wind (conversion ta b le )..................................... C-44
Spring tid e s...................................................................... A-36
Stability
beach ................................................................. 1-13, 5-38
caisson .............. 6-96,7-212,8-96,8-99,8-101,8-106
channel........................................ 5-46
dunes ................................................................. 5-21, 6.-37
inlet ................................................................... 5-46, 6-65
rubble foundation s................................................... 7-212
rubble-mound structures.......................................... 7-178
sliding.......................................... ............... 8-101, 8-106
toe protection........................................................... 7-212
Stability coefficient ............. 7-180, 7-181, 7-186, 7-189
selection .....................................................................7-186
Standard deviation (sediment) ......................... 4-16, 5-10
Standard Project Hurricane (SP H )............. .... 3-119, A-17
Standing waves (see also Clapotis; Seiche) . . . 2-4, 2-113,
............................................................ .3-91, 7-138, A-36
an tin o de............................................... 2-115, 3-92, A-l
crest height at w a l l.................................................. 7-139
n o d e .................... .................................2-113,3-92, A-24
Staten Island, New Y o rk ...............................4-142, 4-145
Stationary wave (see also Standing w av e )................... A-36
Steel groin......................................................................... 6-76
Steel sheet-pile bulkhead................................. .. 6-6,6-8
Steepness (w ave)....................................2-39, 2-120, 2-121
Stevensville, Michigan...................................................4-115
Stillwater Level (S W L )........................................ 3-1, A-36
Stockpile (see Artificial beach nourishment; Feeder beach)
Sto k es.............................................................. 2-2, 2-3, 2-36
D-ll
Stokes Wave T h e o ry ...................................... 2-2, 2-3, 2-36
Stone-asphalt breakwater (shore-connected)............... 6-89
Stone weight and dimension tab le............................... 7-210
Storm
design storm ..............................................................3-107
effect on b each ................1-10,1-11,1-12, 4-37, 4-115
extratropical.............................................................. 3-102
extreme e v e n ts............................................................ 4-37
northeaster.......................................................3-103,4-29
trop ical....................................................................... 3-102
Storm attack (on beaches) . . 1-5,1-11, 4-37, 4-70,4-71,
.................................................................4-115, 5-21,5-23
Storm berm .......................................................... ...........5-18
Storm surge (see also Surge) .1-9, 3-82, 3-83, 3-101, 4-29,
............................................................................ 8-10, A-36
Bathystrophic Storm Tide Theory ................ .. 3-120
design example (Nomograph M ethod).................... 8-10
prediction . . 3-103, 3-107,3-111, 3-115, 3-120, 3-134,
................................. ....................................3-145, 3-159
Storm tide (see Storm surge)
Storm tracks (hurricane) . 3-72, 3-104, 3-117, 3-129, 8-11
Storm wave attack (on beaches) . . . 1-5,1-11, 4-29, 4-37,
............................................. 4-70,4-71,4-115 5-21,5-23
Stream Function Wave T h e o ry .................................... 2-62
Stress, wind.................. 3-113, 3-114, 3-120, 3-122, 3-158
Structures
design (see Structure design (economic evaluation))
fle x ib le ........................................................................ 7-2
rigid ............. 7-2
sc o u r...............................................................................5-4,5-5
sem irigid...................................................................... 7-2
Structure d a m a g e ............................................................. 7-2,7-3
progressive ................................................................. 7-3
Structure design (economic evaluation)
(see also Rubble-mound structures) . . . . 7-1, 8-63, 8-65
Submarine canyon ............................................... 4-127, A-5
Subsurface pressure
Airy Wave T h eory........................................................2-22
cnoidal w av e ................................................................ 2-48
solitary w ave.................................................................2-60
Stokes Wave Theory ....................................................2-39
Summary of Synoptic Meteorological Observations
(SSM O )................................................... 3-42, 4-35, 4-107
Surface friction (wind stress) ( k ) ........... 3-21, 3-29, 3-122,
.......................................................................................3-158
Surf zone ........................................ ...................... 4-53, 4-54
Surge..................................................................................A-37
hurricane (see Storm surge)
hydrograph . . 3-105, 3-118,3-128, 3-134,3-135, 8-15,
.......................................................... ..........................8-16
m axim um ....................................................... 3-116
p e a k ......... ....................................... 3-116
prediction . . 3-103, 3-107,3-111,3-115,3-120, 3-134,
..................................................................... 3-145, 3-159
storm ............. 1-9, 3-82, 3-83, 3-101, 4-29, 8-10, A-36
Survey (b e a c h ).................................................4-57, 4-147
Suspended lo a d ...........................................4-53, 4-54, A-37
Sw ell................................................. ............... 1-7, 2-4, 3-34
travel tim e........................................................3-42, 3-45
Symbols (list o f ) ............................................................. B-l
Synoptic surface weather ch art.................................... 3-22
 ~T—
Template, R efractio n .....................................................2-68
Terms, Glossary ................................. A-l
Tetrapod (precast armor unit) .. 5-50, 6-90, 7-181, 7-193,
........................... 7-194, 7-196, 7-202, 7-208, 8-68, 8-71
Theories (wave) (see also Wave theories)
regions of validity............... 7-92
Tidal current...................... 1-9, 3-83, 4-5,4-43, 8-21, A-9
Tidal in le t........................................................................ A-38
Tidal period ....................................................................A-38
Tidal wave (see Tide; Tsunam i)............................... .. • A-39
Tide
astronomical ..................................1-5, 3-82, 3-83, 8-18
d e fin e d .......................................................................A-39,A-53 Transmission coefficient .....................................2-110, 7-60
diurnal .................... A-10, A-39
mean tide level ........................................................... A-22
m ix e d ........................................................... ^-23
neap .............................................................................^-23
ranges, U.S. coasts....................................................... 3-87
spring ...........................................................................A.-36
storm (see Storm surge)
Tide-generated currents .. . 1-9, 3-83, 4-5, 4-43, 8-21, A-9
Timber gro in ........... ...........................................
Timber sheet-pile bulkhead......................................6-6, 6-9
--U
Unified soil classification . . ..................... 4-14,A-35
Unit weight (see also Mass density; Specific gravity)
concrete ...............................................• • • • 7-190, 8-67
littoral m aterial........................................................... 4-19
V - —
Variability (w a v e s).................................................3-5, A-41
Vegetation
beach .......................................................4-5, 6-43
dune construction..................................................... 6-43
dune stabilization............................................6-37, 6-43
Velocity
fall velocity (sedim ent).................... ........................4-81
group (airy waves)................................. 2-24, A-15
w a v e .................... ...............2-7, 2-37, A-43, C-30, C-33
--w
Waikiki Beach, Hawaii.....................................................4-90
Wallops Island, Virginia.................................................. 6-77
Walls
breaking wave forces ...................... 7-156, 7-157, 7-163
Minikin T heory................................. 7-157
nonbreaking wave fo rc es................ 7-138, 7-150, 7-153
Miche-Rundgren T h eory ........... ............. 7-138, 7-139
wave forces
incident wave angle........... ..................................7-175
wave reflection ......................................................... 2-113
Walls (nonvertical)
wave fo rc e s................................................................7-175
Water level fluctuations (see also Sea level changes) . 3-82
Waukegan, Illinois .................. 4-90
Wave
Airy T h e o ry ...................... 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-34, 4-40
energy . . . ................................................................ 2-27
energy transmission................................................ 2-31
group velocity......................................................... 2-24
p rofile.............................................................. 2-8, 2-10
D-f2
Toe protection ............................................................ 7-212
Toledo, Ohio................................................... 3-159, 3-160
Tom bolo........................... 4-142, 4-144, 5-55, 5-56, A-39
Total en ergy .....................................................................2-27
oscillatory wave ......................................................... 2-27
Tracers (sediment) ............................................ 4-18,4-150
artificial .................................................................... 4-151
flourescen t........................................................... 4-151
radioactive ............................................................4-151
natural .......................................................................4-120
Transitional zone (transitional water) . . . . . . . . 2-9, A-40
Translatoiy wave...............................................................2-4,A-43
Transmission (wave) ........................................................ *'59
Transport, littoral (see Littoral transport)
Transport, longshore (see Longshore transport)
Transport (wind) (see Sand movement (wind))
Transverse forces................................. 7-106
Travel time (swell) ............................................... 3-42, 3-45
Tribar (precast armor unit) . . . . 5-50,6-91, 7-181, 7-193,
............................. 7-194, 7-198, 7-202, 7-208, 8-68, 8-70
Trochoidal Wave Th eory..................................................2-3,A-40
5-76Tropical storm ..............................................................3-102
T su n am i............. 1-7, 3-82, 3-83, 3-84, 4-39, A-32, A-40
Unit weight—Continued
littoral materials (imm ersed)................................... 4-102
rock ............................................................................. 3-77
w ater...............................................................7-148,7-213
Uplift fo r c e s.......................................... 7-224
Velocity-Continued
wave g r o u p ......................................................2-24, A-15
w in d ......................................................... 3-20, 3-29, C 44
Velocity fo r c e s............................................................ 7-213
Venice, California...................................... 5-56, 6-96,6-97
offshore breakw ater................................................5-56
Ventura, California........... 4-151, 5-51,6-59,6-69,7-202
Virginia Beach, Virginia .4-34, 6-7, 6-16, 6-20, 6-21,6-56
Viscosity (water) (see Kinematic viscosity)
Wave—Continued
angular frequency.............................................2-9, 3-33
breaker (see Breaking wave)
cap illary......................................................... * • • 2-5, A-5
celerity ........... .............................. A-6, C-30, C-33
Airy Theory .......................................................... 2-7
Solitary Theory....................................................... 2-60
Stokes Theory................................... 2-37
characteristics............................................................ 1-3
clapotis (see also Seiche; Standing wave) .............. 2-4
climate (see Wave climate)
Cnoidal Theory..................................2-2, 2-3, 2-47, A-6
c o m p le x ..................................................... 2-4
crest height (above SWL) ..........................................7-82
Cycloidal Theory (see also Wave, Trochoidal Theory)
..................................................................................... A-9
decay ......................... 1-7, 3-17, 3-42, 3-54, 3-58, A-10
deep water (defined)........................................ 2-9, A-10
deepwater prediction ................................................ 3-33
d esign ............................. * ......................................... ?-2
selection factors . 4-29, 4-30, 7-3, 7-188, 7-212, 8-63
 W —Continued
Wave—Continued
diffraction (see Wave diffraction)
dispersive .....................................................................2-27
effects .................................................................— 2-1
general ................................................................... 2-1
on beaches ........................... 1-10,1-11, 4-37,4-115
energy (see also Wave e n e rg y )................................... 2-27
energy spectra................................................. 3-11,3-68
Finite Amplitude Theory (see also Wave, Trochiodal
Theory; Wave, Stokes Theory) . . . 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 2-36
First-Order Theory (see Wave, Airy Theory)
fre q u e n c y .................... . ............................................ 2-4
a n g u la r.................. ........................................2-9, 3-33
frequency of occurrence................ . . 4-110, 8-35, 8-36
fully arisen sea ............................................................3-34
general introduction ........................ 2-1
generation.....................................................................3-15
pressure p u ls e .................... 3-15
gravity waves (d efin e d )........... ....................... 2-4,
internal .................. ...................
s e a s ............................................ ............. 1-7, 2-4,
s w e ll.......................................... ........... .1-7, 2-4,
group velocity............................... ..................2-24,
height (see Wave height)
hurricane.................. ......................____ 3-67, 3-72,
probable maximum wave . . . . ..................3-76,
in te rn a l.................... A-18
irro ta tio n a l..................................................................A-18
kinetic e n erg y .............................................................. 2-27
length (see Wavelength)
Linear Theory (see Wave, Airy Theory)
mass transport....................... 2-4, 2-38, 4-4, 4-42, A-21
Micheli Theory (maximum deepwater steepness)
........................................................................ 2-39,2-120
monochrom atic........................................................... A-23
nonbreaking
forces on piles ................................................. 7-75
forces on w a lls .................................................... 7-138
nonlinear deformation .............................................. 4-28
Nonlinear Theory (see Wave, Finite Amplitude
Theory)
Oscillatory Theory (see also Wave, Airy Theory)
................................................................... 1-7, 2-4, A-25
period (see Wave period)
periodic....................................................... 2-4
phase velocity (see also Wave,celerity).................... 2-7
potential e n e rg y ............. .............. 2-27, A-27
prediction (see Wave prediction)
pressure (see Wave pressure)
pressure pulse wave g en eratio n ................................. 3-15
profile........................................ 2-8, 2-42, 2-114, 2-121
group ................................................... 2-26
progressive ....................................................... 2-4, A-27
refraction (see Wave refraction)
re s o n a n t.....................................................................2-115
seas ................................................................... .... .1-7, 2-4
fully arisen sea ....................................................... 3-34
shallow water (defined)...................................... 2-9, A-32
shoaling e ffe c ts............................................... 2-121,4-28
significant ................................................... 3-2, 7-1, A-33
sim p le.............................................. 2-4
D —13
Wave—Continued
Sinusoidal Theory (see also Wave, Airy Theory) . . . 2-4
Small-Amplitude Theory (see also Wave,
Airy T h e o r y ) ................................................... 2-2, 2-6
Solitary T h eo ry ............................... 2-2, 2-3, 2-59, A-34
standing (see also Clapotis; Seiche) ............2-4, 2-113,
........................................................................3-91, A-36
stationary (see also Standing w av e)..........................A-36
s ta tis tic s ......................... 3-5, 3 -9 ,4-4,4-35,4-36,8-47
steepness.............................................2-39, 2-120, 2-121
maximum (for progressive)....................... 2-39,2-120
Stokes T h eo ry.................... ........................ 2-2, 2-3,2-36
p ro file ............................................ .... 2-37, 2-41, 2-42
Stream Function T heory............................................ 2-62
s w e ll........................................ 1-7, 2-4, 3-34, 3-42, 3-45
theories (see Wave Theories)
tra n sitio n a l..........................................................2-9, A-40
translatory ........................................................ 2-4, A-43
Trochoidal T h e o r y ......... ................................. 2-3, A-40
tsunami .................... 1-7,3-82, 3-83, 3-84, A-32, A-40
ty p ical.................................................................. 3-2, 3-3
v aria b ility ..........................................................3-5, A-41
velocity (see Wave, celerity)
wind g e n e ra te d ................1-5, 2-1, 2-2, 3-15, 3-33,4-29
Wave a tta c k ......... 1-5,1-11, 4-29,4-37,4-70,4-71, 4-115
........................................................................................ 5-21
protection from ................................. 5-49
Wave climate (see also Wave conditions) . 4-27,4-28, 4-38
effect on beaches ................................................. 4-27
nearshore ................................................... 4-29
offshore .......................................................................4-28
prediction (see also Wave p re d ic tio n )......... 4-35,4-36
Wave conditions (see also Wave c lim a te )......................4-28
Wave crest height (above S W L )......... ....................... 7-82
Wave data (recording) ...................................... 3-2, 3-3, 7-2
Wave d e c a y .................... 1-7, 3-17, 3-42, 3-54, 3-58, A-10
deep water ............................ 3-42
restricted a r e a s ...................... .3-54, 3-58
Wave d iffra c tio n ........................................2-79, 8-93, A-10
calculations, single b re a k w a te r....................... 2-81, 8-93
calculations, small gaps .................... 2-98
Wave direction ....................................................... C-35
Wave e n e r g y ......... .................................................2-27,3-11
av e ra g e .......................................... ....................2-27, 3-5
distribution by frequency (surf w a v e s)..................... 2-5
k in etic................................. 2-27
longshore component ____ 4-89, 8-107, 8-111, 8-122
p o te n tia l..................................................... 2-27
related to wavelength and wave h e i g h t ................... C-34
spectra ............................................................... 3-11, 3-68
total (oscillatory w av e).............................................. 2-27
total (solitary).............................................. 2-60
tran sm issio n ...................................... 2-27,2-33, 2-66
Wave field d e c a y ........... .................................................. 3-17
Wave fo rc e s.......................................................................7-74
effect of face s lo p e ................................................... 7-175
incident wave angle.......................... 7-175
Miche-Rundgren T h e o ry ..............................7-138,7-139
Minikin Theory .......................................... 7-157
nonvertical walls . . . . ' . ■............................................ 7-175
 W —Continued
Wave forces (breakin g)......... .................................7-1, 7-74
piles .......................................................... ............... 7-135
w a lls............................................................ 7-156, 7-157
Minikin Th eory.....................................................7-157
walls of low height . . .............................................. 7-163
walls on rubble foundation..................................... 7-163
Wave forces (b r o k e n )............................... 7-1, 7-74, 7-168
Wave forces (nonbreaking)............................................. 7-1,7-74
caisson .........................................................................8"96
piles ................................................... 7-74, 7-132, 7-136
pile g r o u p .................................................................. 7-125
w a lls.......................................................................... 7-138,8-96
walls of low h e ig h t...................................................7-150
walls on rubble foundation............... 7-153
Wave forecasting (see Wave prediction; Forecasting;
Hindcasting)
Wave height................................................. 1-7, A-42, A-46
average ......................................................................... 3-10
average of highest 1 p erc en t.................................... 3-10,3-11
average of highest 10 p e rc e n t..................................3-10,3-11
breaking (see also Breaking wave) . . . 2-35, 2-60, 2-62,
.......................................... 2-120, 2-121, 7-2, 7-8, 7-92
breaking height lim its.................................................7-92
clap o tis....................................................................... 7-139
crest height above Stillw ater ................................• • 7-82
design height . . 4-29, 4-30, 7-2, 7-3, 7-188, 7-212, 8-63
distribution............. 3-5, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 4-34, 8-38, 8-39
finite amplitude effects...............................................7-82
hurricane....................................................................... 3-72
mean ....................................................................3-10, 4-33
mean annual (exam ples)............................................ 4-33
Mitchell Theory ............................................. 2-39,2-120
nonbreaking height lim its..........................................7-92
probable maximum.....................................................3-76
hurricane.................................................................. 3-76
Rayleigh distribution .........................................3-5, 4-30
root-mean-square h eigh t........................ 3-5
significant.................... 3-2, 3-10, 3-11, 4-34, 7-1, A-33
distribution....................................................4-34, 4-35
hurricane......... .........................................................3-72
standing w a v e ............................... 7-139
sta tistic s......................... 3-5, 3-9, 4-4,4-35, 4-36, 8-47
variability..................................................................... 3-5,A-41
Wave hindcasting (see Wave prediction; Forecasting;
Hindcasting)
Wavelength . 1-7, 2-7, 2-37, 2-48, A-20, A-42, A-46, C-30
finite amplitude effects...............................................7-83
related to depth .............................................. C-31, C-32
relative wavelength..................................................... 7-79
Wave number ........... 2-9
Wave overtopping.................................. 4-113,7-42, A-25
graphic relationship (empirical).................................7-44
rubble structure .......................................................7-202
Wave period ....................................1-7, 2-4, 2-9, 3-2, A-42
hurricane.......................................................................3-72
related to depth and wavelength ................. C-31, C-32
related to velocity and depth ................................... C-33
related to wavelength and v e lo c ity .......................... C-30
significant......................................................................3-2,A-33
Wave power.............................................................2-27, 2-66
0-14
Wave prediction ...................... 3-1, 3-15, 3-20, 4-35, 4-36
deepwater areas.................. ................... 3-34, 3-35, 3-72
fetch . . . . 1-7,3-27, 3-29, 3-34, 3-38,3-40,3-70, 3-78,
...............................................................8-26,8-27, A-13
forecasting ................ . . . 3-1, 3-34, 3-35,3-72
hindcasting................ 3-1, 4-36, 7-2, 8-37, A-16
hurricanes.................. ............. 3-64, 3-72, 8-53
P-N-J M e th o d ........... .....................................3-34
shallow w a t e r ........... ............... 3-42, 8-26, 8-30
simplified .................. .....................................3-33
..................................... 3-34
S-M-B M ethod...........
Wave Spectra Method ...........................3-11, 3-13
wind duration........... ..................................... 3-34
Wave pressure
subsurface
Airy T h e o r y ........................................................... 2-22
Cnoidal T h eory....................................................... 2-48
Solitary Theory ....................................................... 2-60
Stokes Theory......................................................... 2-39
Wave reflection...................................... 2-110, 7-138, A-28
beach es........... ..................... 2-117
enclosed b asin ................................................. 2-115, 3-91
reflection coefficient..................................2-110, 7-138
vertical w a lls..................................................2-113,7-138
Wave refraction......... 2-29, 2-62, 2-65, 2-77, 2-98, 2-111,
.................................... 4-28, 7-12, 7-13, 8-41, A-28, C-35
analysis (exam ple)..................................8-37, 8-45, 8-46
computer analysis....................................................... 2-75
fan diagram s...............................................................2-73,7-13
Orthogonal Method..................................... .............2-69
refraction coefficient ................ 2-67, 2-70, 8-41, A-28
refraction tem plate.....................................................2-68
R/J Method.................................................................. 2-73
Template Method ....................................................... 2-71
Wave-Front M eth od............... 2-75
Wave ru nu p.............................................. 4-113, 7-15, A-30
composite slop es......................................................... 7-33
d efin ition ...................... 7-15, A-30
graphic relationship (empirical).................... 7-17, 7-18
rubble structure ....................................................... 7-202
scale effects.................................................................7-17,7-23
Wave setdow n......................................................- ........... 3-94
Wave s e t u p ............................. 3-82, 3-83, 3-93, 3-94, A-32
Wave spectra (energy)................................................... 3-11
Wave Spectra Method (wave prediction)......... 3-11, 3-13
Wave steepness (see Wave, steepness)
Wave theories
regions of validity......... ........................ 2-33, 2-35, 7-92
A iry....................................2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-34, 4-40
c n o id a l........................................ .. • • 2-2, 2-3, 2-47, A-6
cycloidal (see also T roch id al).................................. A-9
finite amplitude (see also Trochoidal; Stokes). . . . 2-3,
........... .......................... 2-6, 2-7, 2-36,7-81, 7-82, 7-83
first-order (see Airy)
linear (see Airy)
nonlinear (see Finite amplitude)
oscillatory (see Airy)
sinusoidal (see Airy)
small-amplitude (see Airy)
 W —Continued
Wave theories—Continued
so lita ry .............................................2-2, 2-3, 2-59, A-34
Stok es............... . . ..................................... 2-2, 2-3, 2-36
stream function............................ 2-62
trochoidal.......................................... 2-3, A-40
Wave tra in ............................ A-43
Wave of translation........................................................ A-43
Wave transmission............................................................7-52
Wave variability............................................ 3-5, A-41
Wave velocity (see Wave, celerity)
W eir-jetty............................... 1-18,1-19, 5-25,6-65, A-43
Well-graded sediment .....................................................4-15
Well-sorted sedim ent................. 4-15
Wentworth size classification .................4-11,4-14, A-35
Westhampton Beach, New Y o r k ___ 2-64,4-1,4-2,4-12,
................................................................................ 4-72
W ind............................................ 1-5
d u ra tio n ............................................................ 3-34, 8-33
estim ation.................................................................... 3-20
frequency distribution .................................... 8-31, 8-34
friction effects ............. 3-21, 3-29
geostrophic.................................................................. 3-21
geostrophic corrections.............................................. 3-24
gradient.................... ................... 3-21, 3-71, 3-73, 8-10
sand transport (see Sand movement (wind))
--Z
Zero Up Crossing Method 3-5
D -15
Wind—Continued
speed......... 3-20,3-21, 3-71, 3-73,3-119, 3-122,8-31,
........................................................................8-32, C-44
Wind currents ..........................................................1-7,4-5
Wind duration ............................................. 3-29, 3-33, 3-34
Wind field
hurricane................... 3-70
Wind roses...................... ..................................... 8-31, 8-32
Wind setdow n................................................................ .3-101
Wind setup (see also Surge) . .1-7,1-9, 3-101, 3-147, A-44
hydrograph................................................. 3-159, 3-160
Wind speed . . .3-20,3-21,3-71, 3-73, 3-119, 3-122,8-31,
..................................................................... .. 8-32, C-44
conversion table ..........................................................C-44
d u ra tio n .......................................................................8-33
frequency distribution .....................................8-31,8-34
Wind speed adjustment................................................... 3-29
Wind s t r e s s ...............................3-113, 3-114, 3-120, 3-122
Wind stress coefficient .................... 3-122,3-158
Wind velocity (see Wind speed)
Wind wave (see Wave, wind generated)
Winthrop Beach, Massachusetts . . . . ____ 5-53, 5-55,6-96
offshore series breakwater......... ................................ 5-53
Wrightsville Beach, North C arolin a..........1-18,1-20,6-16,
...................................................................6-22, 6-23,6-83
restored beach.................................................... 1-18,1-20
☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1 9 7 8 0 -2 5 3 -1 8 7
U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center.
Shore protection manual. 3d ed.--Fort Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Coastal
Engineering Research Center, 1977.
3 v. : ill . , app.
1st ed. published in 1973; 2d printing ... 1974; 2d ed. rev. ... 1975.
A comprehensive manual written for scientists and engineers involved
in planning and designing protective structures for shore stabiliza­
tion and navigation improvements. This manual discusses the inter­
acting functions of structures, sediments, and hydraulics and to a
limited extent their affects on the environment. This manual super­
sedes “ Shore Protection Planning and Design** TR-4, 1954.
1. Coastal engineering. 2. Beach erosion control. 3. Shore protec­
tion. 4. Waves. 5. Harbors. I. Title.
TC .U580s 1977
U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center.
Shore protection manual. 3d ed.--Fort Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Coastal
Engineering Research Center, 1977.
3 v. : ill., app.
1st ed. published in 1973; 2d printing ... 1974; 2d ed. rev. ... 1975.
A comprehensive manual written for scientists and engineers involved
in planning and designing protective structures for shore stabiliza­
tion and navigation improvements. This manual discusses the inter­
acting functions of structures, sediments, and hydraulics and to a
limited extent their affects on the environment. This manual super­
sedes “ Shore Protection Planning and Design** TR-4, 1954.
1. Coastal engineering. 2. Beach erosion control. 3. Shore protec­
tion. 4. Waves. 5. Harbors. I. Title.
TC .U580s 1977
U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center.
Shore protection manual. 3d ed.--Fort Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Coastal
Engineering Research Center, 1977 .
3 v. : ill., app.
1st ed. published in 1973; 2d printing ... 1974; 2d ed. rev. ... 1975.
A comprehensive manual written for scientists and engineers involved
in planning and designing protective structures for shore stabiliza­
tion and navigation improvements. This manual discusses the inter­
acting functions of structures, sediments, and hydraulics and to a
limited extent their affects on the environment. This manual super­
sedes “ Shore Protection Planning and Design** TR-4, 1954.
1. Coastal engineering. 2. Beach erosion control. 3. Shore protec­
tion. 4. Waves. 5. Harbors. I. Title.
TC .U580s 1977
U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center.
Shore protection manual. 3d ed.--Fort Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Coastal
Engineering Research Center, 1977.
3 v. : ill., app.
1st ed. published in 1973; 2d printing ... 1974; 2d ed. rev. ... 1975.
A comprehensive manual written for scientists and engineers involved
in planning and designing protective structures for shore stabiliza­
tion and navigation improvements. This manual discusses the inter­
acting functions of structures, sediments, and hydraulics and to a
limited extent their affects on the environment. This manual super­
sedes “ Shore Protection Planning and Design** TR-4, 1954.
1. Coastal engineering. 2. Beach erosion control. 3. Shore protec­
tion. 4. Waves. 5. Harbors. I. Title.
TC .U580s 1977
U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center. U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center.

Shore protection manual. 3d e d . - - F o r t Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Coastal Shore prot e c t i o n manual. 3d e d . - - F o r t Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Coastal
Engineering Research Center, 1977. E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , 1977 .
3 v. : i l l . , app. 3 v. ; ill., ap p .

1st ed. published in 1973; 2d print i n g ... 19 7 4 ; 2 d ed. rev. ... 1 975. 1st ed. published in 1 9 7 3; 2d p r i n t i n g ... 1974; 2 d e d. rev. ... 1975.

A comprehensive manual written for scientists and engineers involved A comprehensive manual written for s c i e n t i s t s and engineers involved
in pl a n n i n g and designing protective structures for shore stabiliza­ in p l anning and designing protective structures for shore stabiliza­
tion and n a v i g a t i o n improvements. This manual discusses the inter­ tion and navigation improvements. This manual discusses the inter­
a c t i n g f u n c t i o n s of s t r u c t u r e s , s e d i m e n t s , a nd h y d r a u l i c s a n d to a a c t i n g f u n c t i o n s o f s t r u c t u r e s , s e d i m e n t s , a n d h y d r a u l i c s a n d to a
limited extent their affects on the environment. This manual s u p e r ­ l i m i t e d e x t e n t t h e i r a f fects on the e n v i r o n m e n t . This manual su p e r ­
sedes “ Shore Protection Planning and D e s i g n “ TR-4, 1954. sedes “ Shore Protection Planning and D e s i g n “ TR-4, 1954.

1. C o a s t a l e n g i n e e r i n g . 2. Beach erosion control. 3. Shore protec­ 1. C o a s t a l e n g i n e e r i n g . 2. Beach erosion control. 3. Shore protec­
tion. 4. W a v e s . 5. H a r b o r s . I. T i t l e . tion. 4. W a v e s . 5. H a r b o r s . I. T i t l e .

TC .U 5 8 0 s 1977 TC .U580s 1977

U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center. U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center.

Shore p r otection manual. 3d e d . - - F o r t Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Coastal Shore p r otection manual. 3d e d . - - F o r t Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Coastal
Engineering Research Center, 1977. E n g i neering Research Center, 1977.
3 v. : ill., app. 3 v. : ill., a pp.

1st ed. published in 1973; 2d p r inting ... 1 9 74; 2 d ed . re v . ... 1975. 1st e d . published in 1973; 2d p r i n t i n g ... 1974; 2 d ed. rev. ... 1975.

A comprehensive manual written for s c i e n t i s t s and engineers involved A comprehensive manual written for s c i e n t i s t s and engineers involved
in p l a n n i n g and designing protective structures for shore stabiliza­ in p l a n n i n g and designing protective structures for shore stabiliza­
tion and naviga t i o n improvements. T h i s m a n u a l d i s c u s s e s the i n t e r ­ tion and navigation improvements. This m a nual discusses the i n t e r ­
acting functions of struc t u r e s , s e d i m e n t s , a n d h y d r a u l i c s a nd to a a c t i n g f u n c t i o n s of s t r u c t u r e s , s e d i m e n t s , a n d h y d r a u l i c s a n d to a
l i m i t e d e x t e n t the i r affects on the e n v i r o n m e n t . This manual super­ limited extent their affects on the e n v i r o n m e n t . This manual super­
sedes “ Shore Protection P lanning and D e s i g n “ T R - 4 , 1954. sedes “ Shore Protection Planning and D e s i g n “ TR-4, 1954.

1. Coastal engineering. 2. Beach erosion control. 3. Shore protec­ 1. Coastal engineering. 2. Beach erosion control. 3. Shore protec­
tion. 4. W a v e s . 5. Harbors. I. Title. tion. 4. W a v e s . 5. H a r b o r s . I. Title.

TC .U580s 1977 TC ,U580s 1977