UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE-212L FLUID MECHANICS -II LAB

REPORT NO: 03
ROLL NO: 108
SECTION: C
GROUP : C1
DATE OF SUBMITTION: 9 MAY 2018
REGISTRATION NO: 16PWCIV4705
DEPORTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UET PESHAWAR

SUBMITTED TO SIR ENGR. M. SALMAN

Date 9/05/2018
CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

PREFACE
This is fluid mechanics II Lab report which include experimental details of
determination of various hydraulics co-efficient of either case whether provided at
the side or at the bottom of the water tank and the study of jet profile for small
circular orifice. I have tried my best to provide all the necessary information either
theoretical or experimental.

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

Table of Contents
PrefavQce …………………………………………………………………………………………2
Experiment no 7: Determination of hydraulic co-efficients for small circular orifice provided at the
side of the tank..........................................................................................................................................4
Co-efficient of velocity ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4

Co-efficient of contraction………………………………………………………...4
Co-efficient of discharge…………………………………………………………………....5
Apparatus used……………………………………………………………………………...6
Procedure …………………………………………………………………………….……..7
Observation and Calculation………………………………………………………...….......8

Experiment no 8: To determine the hydraulic co-efficients for circular orifice provided at the bottom
of the tank…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
Co-efficient of contraction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Co-efficient of velocity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
Co-efficient of discharge…………………………………………………………………....10
Apparatus used……………………………………………………………………………...11
Procedure……………………………………………………………………………………12
Observation and Calculation………………………………………………………………..13

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

EXPERIMENT NO:07

TO DETERMINE THE HYDRAULIC CO-EFFICIENTS(CV, Cd, CC), FOR A

GIVEN SMALL ORIFICE PROVIDED AT THE SIDE OF THE TANK.

OBJECTIVE:

To find out the hydraulic co-efficients and to study the jet profile for small circular orifice
provided at the side of the water tank issuing from the orifice.

Orifice:An opening at the vessel through which the water flows, is called orifice. In case of
orifice the upstream level of water is above the top edge of opening, where vena-contracta is that
portion of jet where it has least diameter.

Co-efficient of velocity (Cv): It is the ratio between actual velocity of the jet at vena-
contracta to that of theoretical velocity at jet issuing from orifice. i.e.;

𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒕
𝑪𝒗 =
𝑽𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓

√𝟐𝒈𝒉𝒄 𝒙𝟐
Or 𝑪𝒗 =
√𝟐𝒈𝒉𝒐
= √𝟒𝒚𝒉
𝒐

Co-efficient of contraction (Cc):

It is the ratio of area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice, whereas vena-contracta is the
portion of jet where it has least diameter

𝑨 𝑪
𝑪𝒄 = 𝑨𝒄 = 𝑪𝒅
𝒐 𝒗

𝑪𝒅
Or 𝑪𝒄 = 𝟐
√ 𝒙
𝟒𝒚𝒉𝒐

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

Co-efficient of discharge (Cd): It is the ratio of actual discharge through an orifice to that
of theoretical discharge, where Ao is the area of orifice having diameter 6mm.

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
𝑪𝒅 =
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆

The values of the co-efficient of discharge varies with the values of Cc and Cv .

𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
𝑪𝒅 =
𝑸𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒕

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆⁄
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
Or 𝑪𝒅 = 𝑨𝒐
⁄
√𝟐𝒈𝒉𝒐

Where
Ac = Area of the jet at vena-contrecta
Ao = Area of the Orifice
hc = velocity head of jet at vena-contrecta
ho = depth of orifice at the Orifice
Partition inside the water tank or graduated cylander is called barrier to control the turbulence.

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

Apparatus used:
 Constant head inlet tank
 Circular orifice
 Hydraulic Bench
 Clipboard with A3 size paper and needles
 Stopwatch.

A3 sheet on
clipboard

Overflow
pipe

clipboard
Graduated
cylander
Adjustable
needles

Hydraulic bench

Partition inside the water tank or graduated cylander is called barrier to control the turbulence.

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

Procedure:
Step wise procedure is given below;
 Adjust the adjustable overflow accordingly.
 Note the reading of adjustable overflow at at ho.
 Now start the flow, the head tank will fill up till adjustable overflow (Static head).
 Water will come out from orifice.
 Screw up the needles according to the projection of the flow of water
 Mark the points of top of needles accordingly with the help of pencil on A3 size paper
sheet.
 Collect water and measure its time taken to fill up till certain volume in volumetric tank
of hydraulic bench and stop watch.
 Remove the paper and measure x and y distances horizontally and vertically as a
reference to first point.
 Plot y on x-axis and x2 on y-axis in Excel and calculate the slop for Cv.
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
 Similarly, the taken will be used for Cd.
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

Flipboard with adjustable needles

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

Observation and Calculation:

ho Do Vol Time Ao

300mm 6mm 3 lit 76.22 sec 28.27mm2

Do= Diameter of the Orifice

There is equal gap between the needles of 5cm each respectively and it is to be noted that first
needle point is taken as a reference.

S.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

X(cm) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Y(cm) 0 0.75 1.75 3.2 5.0 7.45 10.35 13.3

X2(cm) 0 25 100 225 400 625 900 1225

𝑦 𝑥2
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝 = =
𝑥 𝑦
Now here if we plot graph between X2 and Y we get a slop, which is then used for calculating Cv
Which is given by the formula

𝒙𝟐
𝑪𝒗 = √
𝟒𝒚𝒉𝒐

Here slop = 93.077cm, now putting in the above equation we get the value of Cv.

93.077
𝐶𝑣 = √
4 ∗ 30

𝐶𝑣 = 0.88

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

Now for Cd
𝑣𝑜𝑙⁄
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐶𝑑 =
𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ𝑜

3 𝑙𝑖𝑡
72.22 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐶𝑑 =
28.27√2∗9.8∗300

𝐶𝑑 = 0.57

And for “Cc”.

𝐶𝑑
𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶𝑣

0.57
𝐶𝑐 = 0.88

𝐶𝑐 = 0.64

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

EXPERIMENT:NO :8
To determine the hydraulic co-efficients (CV, Cd, CC) for a circular orifice provided at the bottom
of the Tank.
OBJECTIVE:
To find out the hydraulic co-efficients (CV, Cd, CC) for circular orifice provided at the bottom of
the water tank issuing from the orifice.
Co-efficient of velocity (Cv): It is the ratio between actual velocity of the jet at vena-contracta to
that of theoretical velocity at jet issuing from orifice. i.e.;
𝑉
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑉 𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟

√2𝑔ℎ𝑐 𝑥2
Or 𝐶𝑣 = = √4𝑦ℎ
√2𝑔ℎ𝑜 𝑜

Co-efficient of contraction (Cc): It is the ratio of area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of
orifice, whereas vena-contracta is the portion of jet where it has least diameter.
𝐴 𝐶𝑑
𝐶𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐 =
𝑜 𝐶𝑣

𝐶𝑑
Or 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑥2
√
4𝑦ℎ𝑜

Co-efficient of discharge (Cd): it is the ratio of actual discharge through an orifice to that of
theoretical discharge, where Ao is the area of orifice having diameter 6mm.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

The values of the co-efficient of discharge varies with the values of Cc and Cv .
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆⁄
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
Or 𝐶𝑑 = 𝑨𝒐
⁄
√𝟐𝒈𝒉𝒐

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

Apparatus used:
 Piezometer
 Hydraulic bench
 Pitot tube
 Constant head inlet tank
 Stopwatch

Inlet pipes Graduated Cylinder

Pitot Tube

Scale

Orifice

Hydraulic Bench

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

Procedure:
Stepwise procedure is stated below
 Start up the hydraulic bench
 Water will come out to the head tank by inlet pipe then piezometer.
 The water then will move down the circular orifice at the bottom of the head tank.
 As there is a pitot tube is attached at the bottom of the tank which can be moved by
screws
 Thus after water is passed through pitot tube take the reading of ho and hc by checking the
water level in tubes by scale.
 Now measure the discharge of water.

Observation and calculation:

Do (diameter of the orifice) 14mm
Dc (diameter at vena-contrecta) 13mm
ho (mm) 373mm
hc (mm) 369mm
Volume (lit) 10 lit
Time (sec) 38.27
Cv (co-efficient of velocity) 0.99
Cd (co-efficient of discharge) 0.62
Cc (co-efficient of contraction) 0.88

𝐴𝑐
For “Cc” 𝐶𝑐 = 𝐴𝑜

𝜋𝑑2 4 𝜋(132 )
𝐶𝑐 = (𝜋𝑑𝑐2 ∗ 4) = (𝜋(142 ))
𝑜

𝐶𝑐 = 0.862

for “Cd” we have

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐶𝑑 = 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ𝑜

10 𝑙𝑖𝑡
38.27 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐶𝑑 = 153.86𝑚𝑚2 √2∗9.81∗373

𝐶𝑑 = 0.62

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CE-212L FLUID MECHAINCS II REPORT NO 3

And at last for “Cv”

√𝟐𝒈𝒉𝒄
𝑪𝒗 =
√𝟐𝒈𝒉𝒐

√𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏∗𝟑𝟔𝟗
𝑪𝒗 =
√𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏∗𝟑𝟕𝟑

𝑪𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗

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