Thesis New Format Rams Chapter 1

DR.YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.
School of Mechanical Engineering Department

Modified Solar-Powered Portable Air Cooler (MSPP-AC)
MODIFIED SOLAR-POWERED PORTABLE AIR COOLER
A Project Study Presented to the Faculty of
DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.
Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan
“Its portable size and weight makes this possible. Powered by rechargeable USB
capable solar battery and evaporative cooling system, space cooling can improve work
productivity and beat the heat naturally.”
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering
Angeles, Patrick
Bernardo, Christian SD.
Dimagiba, Bryan Migelle M.
Francisco, Prince Ronald S.
Fuentes, Jacob G.
Pagtalunan, Raymond Michael C.
FEBRUARY 2019
CHAPTER I
The Problems and Its Background
Now that the weather is changing, people are stuck in something of a temperature
purgatory. The nights are just a bit too warm to sleep without a cooling breeze, but still
not quite warm enough to justify installing enormous window unit or cranking up the AC.
Imagine having the comfiest sleep by having a device that can cool up the space and make
living nice and comfortable, we have thought of an idea that changes the air conditioning
units that we have been using, by thinking of a more convenient and portable device that
could help us in maintaining the right comfort and have an air conditioning on hand and
at an easiest way possible.
With the improvement of standard living air conditioning has been widely applied.
Health associated with air-conditioning systems and indoor air quality appears more
frequently. In this paper recent research is reviewed on air-conditioning systems and
indoor air quality control for human health. The problems in the existing research are
summarized. A further study is suggested on air-conditioning systems.
In tropical countries like the Philippines, it has five types of climates: tropical
rainforest, tropical savannah, tropical monsoon, humid subtropical, and oceanic, both are
in higher-altitude areas characterized by relatively high temperature, oppressive humidity
and plenty of rainfall.
INTRODUCTION
As summer approaches, with its soaring temperatures and unbearable

humidity, millions of people will use that wunderkind discovery and creation – the air
conditioner. Air conditioning units are the end products of nearly a century of engineering
development in cooling, thermodynamics, controls, and energy efficiency. It was indeed
the one of the marvellous invention.
Air conditioning systems have been used in many parts of the world. The most
common purpose of this system is to provide thermal comfort an acceptable air quality
indoor. As the standard of living improves so did the occupants’ need for a more
comfortable and healthier indoor environment. Researchers said people who live in urban
areas tend to spend 90% of their time indoors. Because of this, indoor environment
greatly affects human health and people’s work efficiency.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It is said that the concept of air conditioning originated in ancient Egypt, where
reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of
water cooled the air blowing through the window. This process also made the air more
humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. The second century China, where
an inventor named Ding Huane made a manually powered rotary fan. Due to continued
research, the first modern air conditioner was invented by Willis Haviland Carrier in 1902.
Using the same concept, Carrier’s system sent air through coils filled with cold water,
cooling the air while at the same time removing moisture to control room humidity. Up to
this day, air conditioners operate on the same fundamental science as Carrier’s.
Through the years, air-conditioning manufacturers have begun to stretch the

capabilities of the standard wall thermostat, producing different variations.
Today there are a few different solutions if you want to cool down a room with an AC unit.
1. Split AC - The split AC is mounted in a room and needs to be connected to a fan

that transports the hot air out. The fan is mounted outdoors, on the façade of the
house.
2. Window AC - A window AC is mounted directly inside a window. Half the unit is

inside the room and the other half is outdoors, allowing hot air to go outside.
3. LCAC (Light commercial AC) - A LCAC is an integrated solution in a home or a

business (usually mounted in the ceiling). It is a bit more discrete but needs a
system in the ceiling for transporting air to the air pump that leads the hot air
outside.
4. Portable AC (Project Study Reference) - A portable AC is a freestanding unit that

can be moved around and needs no permanent installation. When not needed, it
can be stored away. The unit needs a hose that can lead the hot air outside. This is
usually connected through a window.
Different Types of AC’s
4
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Related Theories - In the conduct of fabrication and modification of this research project,
the researchers will be guided by the following engineering theories:
Engineering Design is a decision-making process of devising a system,

component, or process to meet desired needs. It is in which basic science, mathematics
and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated
objective.
Air-conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior
of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants. Air conditioning can be used
in both domestic and commercial environments. This process is most commonly used to
achieve a more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans and animals;
however, air conditioning is also used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with heat-
producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, power amplifiers, and even to
display and store some delicate products, such as artwork.
Evaporative Cooling vs. Air Conditioning
While evaporative cooling is one of the oldest forms of climate control still found today,
evaporative coolers remain a highly sought-after alternative to traditional air conditioning.
While very effective and efficient when used properly, these cooling units are not for use
everywhere.
CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
In the fabrication of this project, the researcher followed the IPO (Input-Process-Output)
model.
INPUT PROCESS
1. Technoware
 Grinder
1. Conceptualization research ideas
 Fan
 Cutting equipment 2. Project Design/Layout
 Screws, adhesives, paints
3. Selection and Gathering of
 File
Materials
 Drill
 Fiber glass, plastics 4. Modification
 Electronics (LED, boards)
5. Finishing
 Solar power bank
2. Humanware 6. Initial Testing and evaluation
 CNC Machinist
 Engineer
3. Infoware
 Internet
 Existing Product
OUTPUT
MODIFIED SOLAR-POWERED PORTABLE AIR COOLER
The conceptual framework refers to the process involved in making the bamboo splitting machine.
Input, process, and output are its components.
The input includes the technoware, humanware and infoware. Technoware are
the devices, tools and equipment used in making the project. Humanware, on the other
hand, is the human resources and the skilled workers that will help to fabricate the
project. Lastly, infoware refers to the information taken from reference books, past
theses, and articles on the internet.
The process is the next stage of the framework. The project is conceptualized first,
considering the ideas on how to improve the existing portable air cooler. Secondly, the
design/layout is accomplished. The design will serve as the guide in fabricating the project.
Next, the materials and equipment to be used will be chosen appropriately, followed by
the fabrication of the project. Lastly, the project will be tested and adjustments might be
done to achieve the desired output.
The last stage of the framework is the prototype of the research project called
modified solar powered portable air cooler.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The general problem of the research study is “How to modify the existing portable air
cooler?”
Specifically, the researchers will answer the following questions:
1. What will be the procedures and materials required to produce MSPP-AC?
2. What design/mechanism will be applied to MSPP-AC?
3. What additional new features or modifications will the MSPP-AC have?
4. Will the MSPP-AC acceptable to end-users in terms of:

a) Functionality
b) Cost and maintenance
c) Convenience
d) Efficiency
e) Performance
HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY
 The hypothesis below will be tested for acceptance or further improvement of the
product.
 The Modified Solar-Powered Portable Air Cooler is acceptable to the end users
considering the following parameters: functionality, efficiency, and performance.
SCOPE and DELIMITATIONS
The study will focus on the improvement and modification of portable air cooler.
The researchers chose to enhance the design of the portable air cooler because they
found out that the existing design can be more efficient by putting solar power battery on
the portable air cooler and replacing its case as fibre glass for strength and analysis of its
components as it is operating.
The researchers will only produce a prototype with the use of 10,000maH power
bank with solar capability and 3-switch set up for the speed of fan. The portable air cooler
prototype will have a fibre glass installed as its walls for lightweight portability, strong
reliable USB-connection solar battery for continuous use and 3 adjustable cooling levels
for the comfort of its end user. The researchers also include LED lights for the aesthetics
of the project.
Significance of the Study

This research develops the researcher’s skills on performing researches and
improving the current portable air cooler that we have now.
In this research, the modified portable air cooler will benefit the following end users:
a. Office workers – will help them to be productive and improve comfort in

personal space.
b. Students – the portable air cooler can be placed in study desks to provide
extra comfort in studying and improve space temperature.
c. Future researchers – as a guide for the future researchers in conducting
the similar study.
Definition of Terms
1. Air cooling - is a standard method of system cooling used to method of
dissipate heat. The object being cooled will have a flow of air moving over its
surface. Most air cooling systems use a combination of fans and heat sinks,
which exchanges heat with air.
2. Humidity - Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. Water
vapour is the invisible presence of water in its gaseous state. Humidity is a
significant aspect of the atmosphere because it affects the weather and the
climate.
3. Evaporative cooling - Evaporative cooling is a type of environment cooling
techniques that cools the surrounding air using water evaporation technique.
It is used in data centre and large IT facilities to provide air cooling /
conditioning services. Evaporative cooling is also known as swamp cooling,
desert cooling and wet air cooling.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
History of Evaporative Cooling Technology
Discovery of Evaporative Cooling

We have all experienced the evaporative cooling effect that occurs after exiting a
swimming pool on a hot sunny day. It probably did not take long past the initial discovery
of cloth for early man to take practical advantage of this physical cooling behaviour of
water when living in hot and arid regions.
Frescoes or plaster paintings from about 2500 B.C. show slaves fanning jars of
water to cool rooms for royalty. The earliest archaeological trail of buildings incorporating
mechanisms for evaporative space cooling starts in Ancient Egypt with paths spreading
quickly to other regions having hot and dry climates. These mechanisms include the use
of porous water pots, water ponds, pools, and thin water chutes integrated in various
ways into thick walled and shaded enclosures to yield areas that would have been cool
and provided an escape from the heat of the day. While it is clear that our ancestors took
advantage of evaporative cooling, it wasn't until more recent times that the physics of
evaporation and the hydrological cycle were clearly understood so that components and
features could be effectively engineered to yield improved and repeatable performance
results.
Related Studies
Uncovering the physics behind Evaporative Cooling
The following timeline traces the history of some key scientific discoveries and
developments in the science of psychrometrics.
16th First Leonardo da Vinci at the beginning of the 16th century was credited with
Century Hygrometer inventing the first hygrometer that used a ball of wool to provide this indication
of humidity level.
First Da Vinci was likely the first to use a mechanical air cooler. This air cooler
Mechanical consisted of a hollow water wheel with an air passage constructed to guide the
Air Cooler air from the water wheel to his patron's wife's boudoir. The air was cooled by the
splashing and evaporation of water during operation of the water wheel. Motive
power was provided to move the air by the water turning a partially submerged
wheel. Namely, as sections of the wheel would be submerged into the stream
water level moved from the outer edge of wheel toward the center compressing
the air in this chamber and forcing it to move through the passages to the
boudoir.
17th Pascal's Rule Blaise Pascal presented the rule: pressure exerted anywhere on a confined liquid
Century for Liquid is transmitted unchanged to every portion of the interior and to all the walls of
Pressure the containing vessel; and is always exerted at right angles to the walls.
Boyle's Law Robert Boyle developed one of the four principles that govern performance of
evaporative cooling: if the temperature of dry gas is constant, then its volume
varies inversely with the pressure exerted on it.
18th Fluid Bernoulli, Euler, Pitot, Chezy, and others applied the techniques of mathematical
Century Dynamics physics to develop the science of fluid mechanics. John Dalton established the
nature of evaporation, and its importance to the global cycle.
19th Flow through

Century Porous Media Darcy (1856) established an understanding and quantitative characterization of
flow through porous media.
20th Psychrometric Willis Carrier's development of a psychrometric chart similar to ones in use today
Century Charts along with the development of a formula that linked the transformation of
sensible heat into latent heat during the adiabatic (no external heat input or
output) saturation of air.
SYNTHESIS
Evaporative Cooling Equipment Design Challenges

Cooling for commercial applications requires large airflow rates. Early attempts
incorporated larger pads and replaced the water drip application systems with slinger
wheels, spray systems, or rotary pads. This step was necessary since drip systems
distributed water poorly. This condition existed in small coolers limiting their
performance and was amplified in larger pads. In the slinger wheel configuration, a
partially submerged, rotating wheel produces a sheet of water in the plane of the wheel.
Evaporation takes place as air moves through this sheet of water and in the pads where
the un-evaporated water is caught.
CHAPTER II
Research methods
Generally the mechanical design process will be applied on the project. The
project will be initiated with a product assessment discovery where researchers in this
specific case have established a need for new explorations within the portable air
conditioner area.
This will be followed by a project planning where an overall project outline will be
made with problem description, purpose, goals and boundaries. Time and resource
management will be taken into account.
A product definition will then be made where a comprehensive investigation of

the existing products will take place in order to define the functions, requirements and
product challenges. The product definition will take place through observations and
research of existing portable air conditioners on the market and physical models that will
be observed and disassembled. Also a benchmarking analysis will be made in order to get
an overview of the product market. Finally user surveys will be performed in order to get
valuable insight in user behaviour and opinions regarding the product. This will be
followed by an internet based questionnaire in order to gain further valuable quantitative
information from users. In addition user interviews will be made for qualitative
input. The product definition will end up with a compilation of interesting areas to focus
on in order to create a user fulfilling product.
The product definition phase will be followed by a conceptual design phase,

known in this project as the general concept. In this phase, brainstorming, sketching and
mock-ups will be made in order to come up with the general design outline of the new
product. Simultaneously, a general assembly for the main inner components will be made.
Furthermore a workshop is planned to be used in order to collect further design ideas for
specific exploration areas within the portable air conditioner.
When the general design is established, a product development of the new design
will be made. In this phase, the features and inner components of the air conditioner will
be further explored and developed in order to match the new concept. In order to
develop a realistic assembly and feasible components, literature will be studied focusing
on the specific component and interviews with relevant experts will be held.
Research Design
Casing Design
Grille
Fan Blade
Water Container
Evaporation Pads
Fiber Glass
Data Gathering Procedure
Temperature and Relative Humidity Table
T(℃)/rH (%)
25 30 35 40
30 9.6 11 12.4 13.7
40 8.1 9.1 10.2 11.2
50 6.6 7.5 8.3 9.1
60 5.3 5.9 6.5 7.1
70 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.4
Principles of Evaporative Cooling
As water is evaporated, energy is lost from the air, reducing the temperature. Two
temperatures are important when dealing with evaporative cooling systems.
Dry Bulb Temperature

This is the temperature that we usually think of as air temperature, measured by a regular
thermometer exposed to the air stream.
Wet Bulb Temperature
This is the lowest temperature that can be reached by the evaporation of water only.
When considering water evaporating into air, the wet-bulb temperature, as compared to
the air's dry-bulb temperature is a measure of the potential for evaporative cooling. The
dry and wet bulb temperature can be used to calculate the relative humidity.
Evaporation will take place when the humidity is below 100% and the air begins to absorb
water. Any given volume of air can hold a certain amount of water vapour and the degree
of absorption will depend on the amount it is already holding.
The term humidity describes how much water is already in the air; relative to the amount
it is capable of holding. Air is saturated when it cannot hold any more water. Imagine it as
a sponge, if the sponge held half as much water as it was capable of holding, it would be
50% saturated. In the case of air, we would describe the Relative Humidity as being 50%.
Energy is required to change water from liquid to vapour. This energy is obtained in an
adiabatic process from the air itself. Air entering an evaporative air cooler gives up heat
energy to evaporate water. During this process, the dry bulb temperature of the air
passing through the cooler is lowered.
Statistical treatment of Data
The researchers will examine the data by determining the average of the answers of the
respondents. This information will vital to guide the researchers to conduct different
modification according from their ideas and remark.
Environmental considerations
Home owners are starting to realize that evaporative cooling systems offer a smarter,
safer, and a more energy efficient alternative to traditional air conditioning systems. The
high efficiency in evaporative coolers is attributable to the fact that they mostly use water
which is readily available and has excellent thermodynamics and chemical
properties. Evaporative coolers use up to 75% less electricity, possess no harsh or
dangerous chemicals, and only require a limited amount of water to work.

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Thesis New Format Rams Chapter 1

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DR.YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.

School of Mechanical Engineering Department

MODIFIED SOLAR-POWERED PORTABLE AIR COOLER

A Project Study Presented to the Faculty of

School of Mechanical Engineering Department

DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.

Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Bernardo, Christian SD.

Dimagiba, Bryan Migelle M.

Francisco, Prince Ronald S.

Pagtalunan, Raymond Michael C.

The Problems and Its Background

As summer approaches, with its soaring temperatures and unbearable

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Through the years, air-conditioning manufacturers have begun to stretch the

1. Split AC - The split AC is mounted in a room and needs to be connected to a fan

2. Window AC - A window AC is mounted directly inside a window. Half the unit is

3. LCAC (Light commercial AC) - A LCAC is an integrated solution in a home or a

4. Portable AC (Project Study Reference) - A portable AC is a freestanding unit that

Different Types of AC’s

Engineering Design is a decision-making process of devising a system,

Evaporative Cooling vs. Air Conditioning

MODIFIED SOLAR-POWERED PORTABLE AIR COOLER

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

4. Will the MSPP-AC acceptable to end-users in terms of:

SCOPE and DELIMITATIONS

Significance of the Study

a. Office workers – will help them to be productive and improve comfort in

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

History of Evaporative Cooling Technology

Discovery of Evaporative Cooling

19th Flow through

Evaporative Cooling Equipment Design Challenges

A product definition will then be made where a comprehensive investigation of

The product definition phase will be followed by a conceptual design phase,

Data Gathering Procedure

Temperature and Relative Humidity Table

Principles of Evaporative Cooling

Dry Bulb Temperature

Wet Bulb Temperature

Statistical treatment of Data

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