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a side track
working on track
so you can
how many
who else?
reason? go ahead.
in big buildings.
from
to avoid
Presumably yes.
and see
whether
and now
leaning over
the bridge
he would die
what became
of the principle
cases is
pushing a person
I guess that
and so
to
who else
can
Well I guess
whereas you may not have control over the trolley car.
thought to turn,
Well I'm not really sure that that's the case, it just still
seems kind of different, the act of actually
that's different
Andrew.
suppose
more wrong.
or but,
that's good,
the five
Now consider
one a kidney,
one a liver
a pancreas.
and then
it occurs to you
and he is
All right.
Certain
moral principles
look like
That's an example
of consequentialist
moral reasoning.
about
patient
reasons
having to do
itself.
categorically wrong
to kill
a person
an innocent person
of saving
in the second
a second
categorical
way
of thinking about
moral reasoning
example of
is the
So we will look
assess them
Books by Aristotle
John Locke
Emanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill,
and others.
we also all
take up
affirmative action,
lives,
for philosophy.
but here
in this way,
as an exercise in self-knowledge,
that philosophy
teaches us
and unsettles us
There's an irony
It works by taking
worked
estranges us
but by inviting
and provoking
once
Self-knowledge
however unsettling
you find it,
it can never
be unthought
or unknown
is that
is about you.
judgment
a better one
is a distancing
even debilitating
activity
Calicles
of philosophizing.
abandon argument
quit philosophizing,
get real
go to business school
and if Aristotle
and Locke and Kant and Mill haven't solved these questions
after all of these years
it
no way of reasoning
that's the
reply:
it's true
may suggest
is no solution
Emanuel Kant
is to awaken
What you
someone has to take the sacrifice, someone has to make the sacrifice
and people can survive. Alright that's good, what's your name? Marcus.
Last time
vulnerable
on reflection
we also noticed something about the substance
of the arguments
We called is consequentialist
moral reason.
in some cases
by the results
sometimes,
many of us felt,
matters morally.
a good result
even
So we contrasted consequentialist
moral principles
Today
versions of consequentialist
moral theory
Jeremy Bentham,
gave first
to the utilitarian
moral theory.
with a lot of
morally
intuitive appeal.
Bentham's idea is
the following
it's to
maximize
utility.
at the principle
of maximizing utility.
He started out by observing
that all of us
We human beings
or whether
as legislators or citizens
of happiness.
With this
a real-life story
the case of
that's famous
and much debated in law schools.
Mignonette.
all men of
excellent character,
tells us.
Richard Parker
He was an orphan
he had no family
the only
were two
cans of preserved
turnips
no fresh water
the turtle
for the next few days and then for eight days
no food no water.
Brooks
refused
principles
True story.
in his diary
Brooks
they claimed
the prosecutor
permissible or not.
How many
would vote
justifies
If you've been
a million charity organizations and this and that and this and that,
I mean they benefit everybody in the end so
but whatever.
what? what if they were going home and turned out to be assassins?
One of the first things that I was thinking was, oh well if they
haven't been eating for a really long time,
maybe
then
you k
0:37:41.249,0:37:45.549
you voted to convict right? yeah
I don't think that they acted in morally
he said,
yes I did
yes
They didn't,
Good, okay
thanks you, and what's your name?
Britt? okay.
who else?
I'm wondering if Dudley and Stephens had asked for Richard Parker's
consent in, you know, dying,
if that would
That's interesting, alright consent, now hang on, what's your name?
Kathleen.
so in the story
he says, Parker,
Then, then
Parker
in his semi-stupor
says okay
consent idea
0:40:25.940,0:40:28.359
because that way you couldn't make the argument
that
otherwise
you think.
would be killed
when they're going to get rescued so if you kill him you're killing him
in vain
do you keep killing a crew member until you're rescued and then you're
left with no one?
rescued and in this case luckily when three at least were still alive.
Now if
is morally incorrect
So
Yes, to me personally
I feel like of
it all depends on
one's personal morals, like we can't just, like this is just my opinion
Let's
to a lottery
then
element,
about why
a lottery
morally permissible.
consulted
lottery
whereas
there was no
You've already decided, it's like a verbal contract, you can't go back
on that. You've decided the decision was made
I just think that that's the whole moral issue is that there was
no consulting of the cabin boy and that that's
it would
led by Marcus,
or
Kathleen's idea,
lack of consent
at the moment
of death
even with
a final
at the
it would still
be wrong
kill themselves
Dudley's diary
so that makes me
feel like I have to take the categorical stance. You want to throw the
book at him.
defenders who
who say it's just categorically wrong, with or without consent, yes
stand up. Why?
murder is murder and every way our society looks down at it in the same
light
and I don't think it's any different in any case. Good now let
me ask you a question,
versus one,
he had no dependents,
Dudley in Stephens
by affection
done this. Yeah, and how is that any different from people
on the corner
activities
when in that same case it's all the same act and mentality
three hundred,
or in more time,
three thousand
is to add
and notice
necessity
implicitly at least,
so if you
add up
the balance
categorically wrong.
even if
it increases the overall happiness
of society
why murder
is categorically wrong.
Is it because
Others said
a fair procedure,
Matt said.
it's saying
as was added
that consent
does?
is morally
permissible
with consent?
Bentham,
take a pop quiz, watch lectures you've missed, and a lot more. Visit
www.justiceharvard.org. It's the right thing to do.
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