EE4123: Electrical Power Transmission

Instructor Imtiaz Ahmad Taj (imtiaztaj@cust.edu.pk)

Text books and notes Toran Gonen,
“Electrical Power Transmission System
Engineering, Analysi and Design”, 3rd
edition, CRC Press.
Additional books Class Slides
K.L Ratnakar “Power Systems”.
.

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 1

Course objectives
 To give a thorough understanding of various parameters,
performance criteria & constraints and analytic models
used in Electrical Power Transmission Systems
 To study the design and analysis techniques related to
mechanical design of Transmission Lines and related
components of the Transmission System

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 2

1
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
After completion of this course students will be able
 Explain components of overhead and underground
transmission system and their functionalities. (Level: C2)
 Apply knowledge related to design parameter evaluation
of transmission system line models. (Level: C3)
 Analyze different designs of electrical transmission
system to meet particular applications. (Level: C4)

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 3

Pre-requisites for the course

1. Power Distribution and Utilization course
2. Knowledge of basic Circuit Theory, Electrical Machines
3. Basic knowledge of Electric and Magnetic fields and
waves

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 4

2
 Grading Policy: Breakup

 Midterm: ~20%
 Quizzes: ~24%
 Assignments (Matlab) ~10%
 Final: ~46%
Grading breakup can change during the semester in benefit of
all the students

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 5

Electric Power System Components

Step down
transformer
 Generation Step up
transformer
 Transmission
Network
 Substations
 Distribution
Network
 Substations /
Transformers
 Load (Homes /
Industry)
Step down
transformer

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 6

3
 Transmission Line vs Distribution Line
Transmission Line
 Normally carries electricity at voltages
of 69 kV or greater
 is used to transmit electric power over
relatively long distances, usually from
a central generating
station to main substations.
Distribution Line
 Normally considered to be a line that
carries electricity at lower voltages of
12kV to 44kV
 Is used to distribute power draw from
high-voltage transmission systems to
end-use customers.
9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 7

TRANSMISSION LINES
 FUNCTION - to transfer bulk of electrical energy from generating
power plants to electrical substations located near demand centres.
 When interconnected with each other, they become transmission
networks (Pakistan National Grid)
 Four basic electrical parameters
– resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C), and
conductance (G).
 Most transmission lines use HVAC.
 HVDC used for greater efficiency for long distances including
submarine power cable.

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 8

4
 Voltages used in Transmission line
AC Transmission
– In three phase power system, the rated voltage is always given as
line to line, rms voltage
– 230, 345, 500, and 765 kV (ANSI) for USA and Canada
– 130, 275, and 400 kV in Europe
– 34.5-115kV are referred to as Sub-transmission voltages
DC Transmission
– DC single pole and bipolar lines: ± 100 kV and ± 500 kV exist.
Voltage Levels
– Below 11kV: Low voltage
– 11kV – 100kV: HV (high Voltage)
– 100kV – 345kV: VHV (Very high voltage)
– 345kV -765kV: EHV ( Extra high voltage)
– Above 765kV: Ultra high voltage
9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 9

Voltage vs Transmission Capacity

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 10

5
 Transmission Voltages in Pakistan
 500 kV, 220 kV, 132kV and 66kV Transmission lines
 twelve 500 KV and twenty nine 220 KV Grid Stations,
 5187 km of 500 KV transmission line and 9687 km of 220 KV
transmission line in Pakistan except KESC

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 11

Pakistan Electric Power Authorities

Existing NTDC grid map with 500KV
and 220KV Transmission lines

PEPCO: Pakistan Electric Power Company

PPIB: Private Power and infrastructure Board
AEDB: Alternative Energy Development Board
IPP/SPP/CPP: Independent/Small Power Producer
CPP: Captive Power Plant
GENCOs/DISCOs: Generation/ Distribution Companies
NTDC: National Transmission and Dispatch Company Ltd
KANUPP/CHASHNUPP: Karachi/Chashma Nuc. Power Plant

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 12

6
 A typical PowerTransmission System
500kV
500kV 500kV
110 km transmission
Step down line to Rawat
Step up
transformer,
Power
Transmission
transformer
Substation
132kV Rawat
13.8kV
Step down
At Tarbela
transformer
generation is at
at Local
13.8kV/18kV
Distribution
11kV Substation Distribution
transformer
HT 11kV 400V 230V
Distribution Line LT Line Domestic users at
230Volts per phase.

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 13

High Voltage AC vs High Voltage DC

HVAC 100kV AC voltage
 Higher Peak voltage for same power peak value
Voltage
loss =100 kV X 2 
In
140kV
– Has Skin effect therefore larger kV

effective resistance
– High voltage noise and corona 10 ms
Time in ms

– More Insulation and conductor

requirement
HVDC
 Lower voltage for same power loss
– No skin effect lesser effective
Voltage
resistance In
– Lesser insulation and conductor kV 100kV
requirements
Time in ms
 Requires high power AC-DC
100kV DC voltage
conversion at generation/load side
9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 14

7
 With Transmission Networks
 We can build generation
in areas removed from the
loads
– More desirable
environmental and fuel
factors
 We can build larger, more
efficient generators
– Economies of scale
 We can get power to remote
areas with lower losses
– Rural electrification

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 15

With Transmission Networks

 We can create robust interconnected networks
– Increased reliability
– Decreased costs
– Makes possible power pools, markets, bulk power transactions

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 16

8
 Why do we need new transmission?
 Meet regulatory reliability and public policy
requirements
 Meet the growing need for safe, reliable electricity
 Connect new generation sources to the grid
 Improve reliability, efficiency
 Renewable portfolio standards and integrating
renewables
 Access additional resources to reduce cost,
diversify risk
 Reduce congestion
 Improve economics

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 17

Designing Transmission line

 Mechanical design
– Surveying and route selection
• Society and environmental constraints
• Economic constraints
– Detailed design
• Sag calculations
• Types of structures and placement/height of structures
• Weight, Vibration and Stress analysis
 Electrical Design
– Power flow analysis and electrical efficiency
• Transmission line modeling and corona calculations
– Testing on different possible load scenarios
• Transient analysis
– Designing insulations and protective circuitry

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 18

9
 Some definitions
Insulators – Used to contain, separate, or support electrical conductors
Interconnection – Points on a grid or network where two or more
transmission lines are connected at a substation or switching station, or
where one stage of the energy supply chain meets the next.
Load Center – A particular geographical area where energy is used.
Rights-of-Way (ROW) – A legal land right, easement, set aside for the
transmission line structure and conductors needed for clearances and
maintenance activities.
Shield and Ground Wire – Wires used primarily for protection from
lightning strikes and corresponding surges.
Substation – A part of an electrical transmission system that transforms
voltage from high to low, or the reverse.
Switching Station – A part of an electrical transmission system that ties two
or more electric circuits together through switches, to permit a circuit to be
disconnected, or to change the electric connection between circuits.
9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 19

Course contents
 Power Systems Overview (Lectures 1-3)
– Power system infrastructure,
– transmission and sub-transmission system,
– AC/DC system,
– standard voltages for transmission and sub transmission
– Conductor types & Power Cables.
 Primary Parameters of Transmission Line (Lectures 4-7)
– Resistance, Skin effect,
– Line inductance based on flux considerations.
– Inductance of single phase 2-wire line,
– Inductance of composite conductor line, use of tables.
– Inductance of 3-phase line with equilateral and un-symmetrical spacings,
– Transposition, inductance of bundled conductors.
– Capacitance of two-wire and 3-phase line,
– Effect of earth on capacitance; capacitance of bundled conductors, parallel circuit
lines.
9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 20

10
 Course contents (continued)
 Steady State Analysis of Transmission Lines (Lectures 8-11)
– Representation of lines in terms of ABCD parameters for short,
– Medium and long transmission lines,
– Voltage and current waves,
– SIL loading, power flow through the line, power transmission capability,
– Voltage regulation, Ferranti effect,
– Series and shunt compensation for long transmission line.
 Insulators for Overhead Transmission lines (Lectures 12-15)
– Insulator material, types of insulators,
– voltage distribution over insulator string,
– string efficiency, methods of improving the string efficiency, testing of insulators.
 Corona (Lectures 16-18)
– The phenomenon of corona, disruptive critical voltage and visual critical voltage,
– conditions effecting corona loss,
– power loss due to corona, radio interference due to corona.

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 21

Course contents (continued)

 Transient Analysis of Transmission Line (Lectures 17-21)
– Sources of internal and external over voltages,
– Lightening mechanism, switching surges,
– Travelling waves on Transmission lines, open end & short circuited line, line
terminated through resistance, line connected to a cable,
– reflection & refraction at T-Junction,
– attenuation of travelling waves.
– Arcing horns, expulsion tube surge arrestors, MOA surge arrestors.
 Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines (Lectures 22-25)
– Line supports, sag and tension calculations,
– total length of conductor,
– supports at different levels,
– mechanical degree of safety,
– effect of wind pressure & ice loading,
– conductor vibration & use of dampers.

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 22

11
 Course contents (continued)
 HVDC Transmission (Lectures 26-28)
– Scope, advantages & disadvantages,
– current technologies and future trends for HVDC
– Economic comparison of AC and DC transmission systems
 Underground cables (Lectures 29-32)
– Types
– Calculation of inductance and capacitance
– Insulation resistance, insulation breakdown of cables
– Thermal characteristics of cables
– Calculation of current rating of the cables
– Fault locating techniques
– Cable jointing techniques

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 23

Overhead Transmission Line Components

 Shield and Ground wire – used
primarily for protection from lightning
strikes and corresponding surges
 Insulators – used to contain, separate,
or support electrical conductors
 Conductors – metal cables used for
carrying electric current
 Structures – support structures to
hold up the conductors
 Foundation – system which transfers
to the ground the various dead and
live loads of the tower and conductors

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 24

12
 Types of transmission structures

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 25

Types of transmission structures

 Factors that dictate structure types used:
– Size of conductor dictates load carrying capacity
– Company /geographic preference or policy

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 26

13
 Transmission Line Right-of-Way (ROW)
ROW Cross-Section

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 27

Underground Transmission lines

 Typically used in high urban density
populations
– where ROW easement may not be
easily obtained
– to avoid sensitive habitat areas.
 Two significant technical challenges
in construction of underground lines:
– Need to provide sufficient insulation
so cables can be close to grounded
materials.
– Need to dissipate the heat produced
during the operation of the electric
cables.
9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 28

14
Overhead vs Underground Transmission lines

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 29

Long Transmission Line: Equivalent circuit

 The line constants (R,L,C,G) are uniformly distributed
over the whole length of the line.
R/n X/n
IS Ir

G/n Vr Load
Vs B/n

Vs- sending end voltage Vr- receiving end voltage Is- sending end current
Ir- receiving end current Ic- capacitance current R- loop Capacitance ()
X- loop Inductance () C- capacitance (F) G – loop conductance

9/18/2018 Capital University of Science and Technology Electrical Power Transmission EE4123 30

15