KELOMPOK MINERAL

OKSIDA DAN HIDROKSIDA

DOSEN PENGAMPU:
RIFKY PRATAMA PUTRA S.Si., M.T.

Khusus digunakan untuk Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah

Kristalografi dan Mineralogi (TMB-311)
Prodi S-1 Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Universitas Negeri Padang
KELOMPOK MINERAL
OKSIDA
Oxides
 Oxides
 Oxides involve a strong ionic bond between
O2-. metal

cations and O2-

 Oxides
•Oxides involve a strong Ionic bond between metal cations and O2-.
•Classification is done on the basis of valancy (AX types).

A2X: e.g., Cu2O (cuprite) Single oxides

AX: e.g., MgO (periclase)

AB2X4: e.g., FeCr2O4 (FeO·Cr2O3)(chromite)

Fe3O4 (FeO·Fe2O3) (magnetite) Double oxides
 Oxides
•Oxides involve a strong Ionic bond between metal cations and O2-.
•Classification is done on the basis of valancy (AX types).

A2X: e.g., Cu2O (cuprite)

AX: e.g., MgO (periclase)

AB2X4: e.g., FeCr2O4 (chromite)

Fe3O4 (magnetite)
(Spinel Group = spinel, magnetite, chromite, etc.)
Isostructural (exhibits solid solution)
 Oxides
•Oxides involve a strong Ionic bond between metal cations and O2-.
•Classification is done on the basis of valancy (AX types).

A2 X3 : e.g., Al2O3 (corundum)

(Hematite Group = corundum, hematite, ilmenite, etc.)

AX2: e.g., SnO2 (Cassiterite)

(Rutile Group = cassiterite, rutile, pyrolusite, uraninite etc.)
 Oxide Minerals
Hematite (Fe2O3)
Crystal: Hexagonal
Pt. Group: 3─2/m
Habit: blocky to earthy
SG: 5.25
H: 5-6
L: metallic to earthy
Col: red, brown-red, steel grey
Str: brown-red
Clev: none; parting on {001} and
{101} due to twinning

Name derivation: After "haimatos" (Greek) blood - because one form is the colour of blood
 Oxide Minerals
Hematite (Fe2O3)
Occurrence: weathering and/or
hydrothermal alteration of iron-
bearing minerals; Banded Iron
Formations

Associated Mins: lots!

May be confused with: goethite,

cinnabar, cuprite

Uses: ore of iron, jewlery

 Oxide Minerals
Corundum (Al2O3)

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/minerals/pix/corundum1.jpg
Crystal: Hexagonal
Pt. Group: 3─2/m
Habit: platy
SG: 3.98-4.02
H: 9
L: vitreous to adamantine
Col: white, grey, red, yellow, blue
Str: white (difficult to obtain)
Clev: none; parting on {001} and
{101} due to twinning

Name derivation: From "kurundum" (Tamil); "rubeus" (Latin) red; "sappheiros" (Greek) lapis lazuli
 Oxide Minerals
Corundum (Al2O3)
Occurrence: rare secondary mineral
in Si-poor igneous rocks like
syenites; more common in
metamorphosed rocks, esp.
carbonates

Associated Mins: spinel, zoisite,

micas

May be confused with: not much

(hardness is a giveaway)
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=7795&rendTypeId=4

Uses: abrasives; jewlery

 Oxide Minerals
“Bauxite”
Al2O3+Al(OH)3
Crystal: mixed
Pt. Group: n/a
Habit: massive
SG: 2 to 2.5
H: 1 to 3
L: dull to earthy
Col: white, grey, red, yellow
Str: white
Clev: n/a
Name derivation: From “Beauxite”, for the village of Les Beaux in France by P. Dufrenoy in 1847
 Oxide Minerals
Aluminum (bauxite) (millions of tonnes)

USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015

 Oxide Minerals
Aluminum
(millions of tonnes)

Aluminum
refining

USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015

Oxide Minerals
Aluminum (US data)

USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015

 Oxide Minerals
Cassiterite (SnO2)
Crystal: Tetragonal
Pt. Group: 4/m 2/m 2/m
Habit: massive (placer) to prismatic
SG: 6.9-7.1
H: 6-7
L: earthy to adamantine
Col: yellow to red-brown
Str: greyish or brownish white
Clev: poor {001} and {111}
http://webmineral.com/specimens/Cassiterite.jpg

Name derivation: From "kassi-tira" (Babylonian) and "kastiram" (Sanscript) tin

 Oxide Minerals
Cassiterite (SnO2)
Occurrence: rare accessory mineral in Si-
rich granites; high temp hydrothermal
veins; skarns; placer deposits

Associated Mins: wolframite, tourmaline,

topaz, fluorite, lepidolite

May be confused with: rutile (when

crystalline) and goethite (placer)

Uses: principle ore of tin (+Cu = bronze;

+Pb & Sb = solder)
 MORE OXIDES MINERAL
More Oxides
1. Chromite (and Chromium)
2. Uraninite (and Uranium)
3. Chromite formation (ultramafic intrusions)
4. Uraninite formation (sedimentary, placer)
5. Supergene enrichment (recap of hydrothermal emplacement)
 Oxide Minerals
Chromite (FeCr2O4)
Crystal: Isometric
─
Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m
Habit: octahedral, sucrosic
SG: 5.10
H: 5.5
L: metallic
Col: black (brownish)
Str: black (brown)
Clev: none; twinning on {111};
concoidal fracture
http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Samples/Chromite/s12s.JPG

Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing chromium

 Oxide Minerals
Chromite (FeCr2O4)
Occurrence: Ultramafic intrusive
rocks; placer deposits

Associated Mins: olivine, pyroxene,

spinel, magnetite

May be confused with: magnetite and

especially ilmenite. Beware: it may
be magnetic (isostructural with
magnetite)

Uses: principle ore of chromium;

stainless steel
http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/geolsci/dlr/301s/bv_thin/ucz_1.jpg
 Chromite Formation
Arguably, the most
important chromite
deposits are found in
the Bushveld Complex
of South Africa (along
with major deposits of
platinum) and the Great
Dyke of Zimbabwe.

http://www.implats.co.za/i/map_global_lrg.gif
Oxide Minerals

http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/5827306B-BC2F-4C05-AEE6-29EDF2872E45/0/bushmapxyz100_km.jpg
Oxide Minerals

http://www.mineralsecurities.com.au/images/maps/Platmin-Project-Location-Bu.gif
Oxide Minerals

2000 degrees C

A bad cartoon of a pluton

Oxide Minerals

2000 degrees C

A bad cartoon of a pluton

Oxide Minerals

2000 degrees C

A bad cartoon of a pluton

Oxide Minerals

2000 degrees C

A bad cartoon of a pluton

Oxide Minerals

Layered olivine
(dunite)
Oxide Minerals

Layered olivine
(dunite) +/- chromite
 Oxide Minerals
Uraninite (UO2)
Crystal: Isometric
Pt. Group: 4/m ─3 2/m
Habit: massive, botryoidal
SG: 7.0-9.5
H: 5.5
L: submetallic to dull
Col: black
Str: brown to black
Clev: none; concoidal fracture
http://www.treasuremountainmining.com/eb56uran1M.jpg

Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing uranium

 Oxide Minerals
Uraninite (UO2)
Occurrence: granite pegmatites, veins in
sandstone and strataform unconformities
(PreCambrian). Archean placer deposits.
Coal beds.

Associated Mins: monazite, cassiterite,

tourmaline, zircon (granite pegmatites)

May be confused with: not much

(radioactivity gives it away)

Uses: source of Uranium (nuclear fuel,

http://www.treasuremountainmining.com/eb56uran1M.jpg
spent Uranium munitions)
Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing uranium
 Oxide Minerals
Carnotite (a vanadate: VO4)
K2(UO2)2V2O8·3(H2O)
Occurrence: a secondary mineral in
sandstone (meteoric water alteration)

Related Mins:
Tyuyamunite Ca(UO2)2V2O8·nH2O,
Torbernite Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2·nH2O,
Autunite Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2·10H2O
http://webmineral.com/data/Carnotite.shtml

May be confused with: any of the above

minerals

Named after the French chemist, M. A. Carnot (1839-1920)

 Uranium Resources

http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/extech/extech4/images/fig3.jpg

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/projections/pitman/8.uranium.jpg
Oxide Minerals

http://serc.carleton.edu/images/research_education/nativelands/UraniumDeposits.jpg
 USA Uranium

Cross section of a solution-collapse breccia

pipe in the Grand Canyon region, showing
the general distribution of uranium ore
within the pipe

http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2004/images/2004_20.gif
 More Terms…
Hydrothermal: a process involving “hot” water
(usually groundwater under confining pressure).

Epithermal: <200°C (50°C and above)

Mesothermal: 200-300°C
Hypothermal: >300°C
 More Terms…
Hydrothermal: a process involving “hot” water
(usually groundwater under confining pressure).

Epithermal: <200°C (50°C and above)

Mesothermal: 200-300°C
Hypothermal: >300°C

Supergene enrichment involves meteoric water

(“cold”)
 Supergene enrichment
Supergene enrichment occurs when oxidizing acids dissolve metal ions from the
primary ore zone and redeposit them in more reducing, alkaline areas below the water
table. This results in an oxidized zone on top (gossan), a supergene zone beneath and
the primary zone (hypogene) beneath that.

http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect24/xfig24_39.jpg
http://www.cps-amu.org/sf/notes/b3-3-7-1.gif
 Supergene enrichment
Leaching reactions

2 FeS2 + 7O2+ 2H2O → 2FeSO4 (aq) + 2H2SO4

2FeSO4 (aq) + H2SO4 + 0.5 O2 → Fe2(SO4)3 (aq)

2 FeS2 + 7.5 O2 + 4H2O → Fe2O3 +4H2SO4

2 Fe+2 + ½ O2 + 2H2O → Fe2O3 +4H+

2 CuFeS2 + 8.5 O2 +2H2O → Fe2O3 +2Cu+2 + 4 SO4-2 + 4H+

or

2 CuFeS2 + 8 Fe2(SO4)3 +8H2O → CuSO4 + 17 FeSO4 + 8 H2SO4

www.d.umn.edu
 Supergene enrichment
Precipitation reactions

5 FeS2 + 14 Cu +2 + 14 SO4-2 +12 H2O → 7 Cu2S + 5 Fe+2 + 24 H+ + 17 SO4-2

Chalcocite is enriched
http://webmineral.com

www.d.umn.edu
KELOMPOK MINERAL
HIDROKSIDA
Hydroxides
 Hydroxides
•Hydroxides involve a weaker ionic bond between metal cations and OH- (softish)
 Hydroxides
•Hydroxides involve a weaker ionic bond between metal cations and OH- (softish)
•No real attempt to classify (many have variable chemistry, poor crystal structure)

AlO(OH): diaspore, boehmite

Al (OH)3: gibbsite
Typically mixed up with bauxite
 Hydroxide Minerals
Brucite (Mg(OH)2)
Crystal: Hexagonal (Trigonal)
Pt. Group: 3 2/m
Habit: hexagonal, mica-like masses
SG: 2.39
H: 2.5
L: vitreous to pearly
Col: colorless (pale shades)
Str: White
Clev: perfect on {001}
http://www.atnet.it/lstron/minerali/img/brucite.jpg

Name derivation: Named after American mineralogist, A. Bruce (1777-1818)

 Hydroxide Minerals
Brucite (Mg(OH)2)
Occurrence: alteration product (after
periclase) in marble and serpentinites

Associated Mins: with calcite in

marble and with talc and magnesite
in serpentinite

May be confused with: talc, gypsum, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adg/images/minerals/o/brucite.jpg

muscovite

Uses: refractory material

Iron Economics

USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015

Iron Economics

USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015

 Iron Formation
3 (Three) major types of iron deposits :
1) Replacement of limestone (Red Mountain Formation,
Alabama); most are Jurassic in age Clinton Type Fe Deposits

2) Primary hydrothermal deposits (deep sea vents); most are

Pre-Cambrian (Algoma Type Fe Deposits)

3) Banded Iron Formations (hematite + jasper); most are

Archean in age (Superior Type Fe Deposits)
 Iron Formation
Three major types of iron deposits.

1) Replacement of limestone (Red Mountain

Formation, Alabama); most are Jurassic in age
Clinton Type Fe Deposits

http://www.msstate.edu/dept/geosciences/
 Iron Formation
Three major types of iron deposits.

1) Replacement of limestone (Red Mountain

Formation, Alabama); most are Jurassic in age
Clinton Type Fe Deposits

2) Primary hydrothermal deposits (deep sea vents);

most are PreCambrian (Algoma Type Fe Deposits)

http://www.eco-pros.com/images/WaterDwellers/Photos/nur04506.jpg
 Iron Formation
Three major types of iron deposits.

1) Replacement of limestone (Red Mountain

Formation, Alabama); most are Jurassic in age
Clinton Type Fe Deposits

2) Primary hydrothermal deposits (deep sea vents);

most are PreCambrian (Algoma Type Fe Deposits)

3) Banded Iron Formations (hematite + jasper);

most are Archean in age (Superior Type Fe
Deposits)
 BIFs

Banded iron
formations (BIFs)
are marine rocks
composed of Fe2O3
and silica. They date
from 3.1 billion
years.
 BIFs

BIFs are thought to

have been formed
through oxygenation
of sea water
containing Fe2+
(reduced iron).

Fe2+ → Fe3+

Soluble Insoluble

Chalk board
Iron Formation

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/lectures/03.html
Iron Formation

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/lectures/03.html
 Iron Extraction

http://www.smh.com.au/ffximage/2005/02/23/

Mt. Whaleback open pit iron mine at Newman, Western Australia.

http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/381R/Western%20Australia03.html
TERIMA KASIH