PETROPHYSICS

(FROM WELL LOGGING)

Carlos Ernesto Escandon Rios

PETROLEUM ENGINEER
M.Sc. Geophysics

2,010
Día 1.

Generalidades
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1.1. Principios Básicos -Historia

1.2. Sistema Petrolífero – Propiedades
1.3. Petrofísica -Características de la Roca
1.3.1 Definición
1.3.2 Litología
1.3.3 Porosidad (tipos)

1.4.Comportamiento Roca vs. Fluidos

1.4.1 Compresibilidad
1.4.2 Permeabilidad
1.4.3 Capilaridad
1.5. Propiedades de las Rocas:
Eléctricas, Radioactivas, Acústicas

1.6 . Ambiente de Medición Pozo

(QC- Correcciones ambientales y
estandarización de curvas-Mnemonica)
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WHAT IS A PETROLEUM SYSTEM?

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Petrophysics is the study of rock properties and

rock interactions with fluids (gases, liquid
hydrocarbons, and aqueous solutions).

Modified from Tiab and Donaldson, 1996, p. 1

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Systematic study of physical properties of petroleum

reservoir rocks
• Lithology
• Porosity
• Compressibility
• Permeability
• Fluid saturations
• Capillary characteristics
• Rock stress
• Fluid-rock interaction
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Lithology
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IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

Rocks under high

Source of
material

Molten materials in Weathering and

temperatures
deep crust and erosion of rocks
and pressures in
upper mantle exposed at surface
deep crust
Rock-forming

Recrystallization due to
Crystallization Sedimentation, burial
process

heat, pressure, or
(Solidification of melt) and lithification
chemically active fluids

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Clastics

•Carbonates

•Evaporites
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RESERVOIR POROSITY
Definition: Porosity is the fraction of a rock that is occupied
by voids (pores).

• Porosity is an intensive property describing the fluid

storage capacity of rock

Vb  Vma
Vp
Porosity    
Vb Vb
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ROCK MATRIX AND PORE Note different use of “matrix”

SPACE by geologists and engineers

Geologist - Rock matrix is the grains

of sandstone, limestone, dolomite,
and/or shale that do not make up
the supporting structure.
Engineer - Matrix is the non-pore
space
Pore space is filled with fluids.
Oil –Gas- Water

Rock matrix Pore space

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ROCK MATRIX AND PORE SPACE

Rock matrix Water Oil and/or gas

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ORIGINS OF POROSITY IN
CLASTICS AND CARBONATES
(Genetic Classification)

• Primary (original) • Secondary (induced)

-Developed at deposition Developed by geologic processes after

deposition (diagenetic processes)
-Typified by
* Intergranular pores of clastics
or Examples
carbonates Grain dissolution in sandstones or
* Intercrystalline and fenestral carbonates
pores of carbonates Vugs and solution cavities in
carbonates
-Usually more uniform than induced
Fracture development in some
porosity
sandstones, shales, and
carbonates
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PARTICLE SPHERICITY AND ANGULARITY

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PACKING
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PACKING
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SORTING
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Clay Minerals in Sandstone Reservoirs,

Fibrous Authigenic Illite
Electron Photomicrograph
Significant
Permeability
Reduction
Negligible
Porosity
Illite Reduction
High Irreducible
Water Saturation
Migration of
Fines Problem
Jurassic Norphlet Sandstone
Hatters Pond Field, Alabama, USA (Photograph by R.L. Kugler)
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Why are clays important?

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Clays conduct electricity, this can affect water

saturation calculations if not accounted for
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LABORATORY METHODS OF POROSITY DETERMINATION

(Method and calculation)