Chapter 12 Solutions PDF

Solution 12.
(a) If Vab = 400 , then

400
Van = ∠ - 30° = 231∠ - 30° V
3
Vbn = 231∠ - 150° V
Vcn = 231∠ - 270° V
(b) For the acb sequence,

Vab = Van − Vbn = Vp ∠0° − Vp ∠120°
 1 3
Vab = Vp 1 + − j  = Vp 3∠ - 30°
 2 2 
i.e. in the acb sequence, Vab lags Van by 30°.
Hence, if Vab = 400 , then

400
Van = ∠30° = 231∠30° V
3
Vbn = 231∠150° V
Vcn = 231∠ - 90° V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 12.2
Since phase c lags phase a by 120°, this is an acb sequence.
Vbn = 120∠(30° + 120°) = 120∠150° V
Solution 12.3
Given a balanced Y-connected three-phase generator with a line-to-line voltage of

V ab = 100∠45° V and V bc = 100∠165° V, determine the phase sequence and the
value of V ca .
Solution
Since V bc leads V ab by 120° we have a acb sequence and V ca = 100∠–75° V.
Solution 12.4
Knowing the line-to-line voltages we can calculate the wye voltages and can let the value
of V a be a reference with a phase shift of zero degrees.
V L = 440 = 3 V p or V p = 440/1.7321 = 254 V or V an = 254∠0° V which

determines, using abc rotation, both V bn = 254∠–120° and V cn =
254∠120°.
I a = V an /Z Y = 254/(40∠30°) = 6.35∠–30˚ A
I b = I a ∠–120˚ = 6.35∠–150˚ A
Ic = Ia∠+120˚ = 6.35∠90˚ A
Solution 12.5
V AB = 1.7321xV AN ∠+30˚ = 207.8∠(32˚+30˚) = 207.8∠62˚ V or
vAB = 207.8cos(ωt+62˚) V
which also leads to,
vBC = 207.8cos(ωt–58˚) V
and
vCA = 207.8cos(ωt+182˚) V
207.8cos(ωt+62˚) V, 207.8cos(ωt–58˚) V, 207.8cos(ωt+182˚) V
Solution 12.6
Using Fig. 12.41, design a problem to help other students to better understand balanced wye-wye
connected circuits.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
For the Y-Y circuit of Fig. 12.41, find the line currents, the line\ voltages, and the load voltages.
Figure 12.41
Solution
Z Y = 10 + j5 = 11.18∠26.56°
The line currents are

Van 220 ∠0°
Ia = = = 19.68 ∠ - 26.56° A
Z Y 11.18∠26.56°
I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 19.68 ∠ - 146.56° A
I c = I a ∠120° = 19.68 ∠93.44° A
The line voltages are

Vab = 220 3 ∠30° = 381∠30° V
Vbc = 381∠ - 90° V
Vca = 381∠ - 210° V
The load voltages are

VAN = I a Z Y = Van = 220 ∠0° V
VBN = Vbn = 220 ∠ - 120° V
VCN = Vcn = 220 ∠120° V
Solution 12.7
This is a balanced Y-Y system.
+
440∠0° V ZY = 6 − j8 Ω
−
Using the per-phase circuit shown above,

440∠0°
Ia = = 44 ∠53.13° A
6 − j8
I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 44 ∠ - 66.87° A
I c = I a ∠120° = 44 ∠173.13° A
Solution 12.8
In a balanced three-phase wye-wye system, the source is an acb-sequence of voltages and

V cn = 120∠35˚ V rms. The line impedance per phase is (1+j2)Ω, while the per phase
impedance of the load is (11+j14) Ω. Calculate the line currents and the load voltages.
Solution
Consider the per phase equivalent circuit shown below.
Zl
V an +
_ ZL
Since the sequence is acb and V cn = 120∠35˚ V, then V an = 120∠155˚ V, and

V bn = 120∠–85˚ V.
I a = V an /( Z l + Z L ) = (120∠155°)/(12+j16) = (120∠155°)/(20∠53.13°)
= 6∠101.87° amps.
I b = I a ∠120° = 6∠221.87° amps.
I c = I a ∠–120° = 6∠–18.13° amps.
V La = I a Z L = (6∠101.87°)(11+j14) = (6∠101.87°)(17.8045∠51.843°)
= 106.83∠153.71° volts.
V Lb = V La ∠120° = 106.83∠–86.29° volts.
V Lc = V La ∠–120° = 106.83∠33.71° volts.
Solution 12.9
Van 120 ∠0°

Ia = = = 4.8 ∠ - 36.87° A
Z L + Z Y 20 + j15
I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 4.8 ∠ - 156.87° A
I c = I a ∠120° = 4.8 ∠83.13° A
As a balanced system, I n = 0 A
Solution 12.10
For the circuit in Fig. 12.43, determine the current in the neutral line.
880∠0˚ V
880∠–120˚ V
880∠120˚ V
Figure 12.43
For Probs. 12.10 and 12.58.
Solution
Since the neutral line is present, we can solve this problem on a per-phase basis.
For phase a,
Van 880∠0° 880
Ia = = = = 30.564∠20.323°
Z A + 2 27 − j10 28.7924∠ − 20.323°
For phase b,
Vbn 880∠ - 120°
Ib = = = 40∠ - 120°
ZB + 2 22
For phase c,
Vcn 880∠120° 880∠120°
Ic = = = = 67.69∠97.38°
ZC + 2 12 + j 5 13∠22.62°
The current in the neutral line is
I n = -(I a + I b + I c ) or - I n = I a + I b + I c
- I n = (28.661 + j10.6152) + (−20 − j34.641) + (−8.6947 + j67.129)
I n = 0.0337 – j43.103 = 43.1∠–89.96° A

Solution 12.11
In the wye-delta system shown in Fig. 12.44, the source is a positive sequence with
V an = 440∠0˚ V and phase impedance Z P = (2 – j3) Ω. Calculate the line voltage V L and
the line current I L .
V an
a
–+
V bn Zp
b
n –+ Zp
V cn Zp
–+ c
Figure 12.44
For Prob. 12.11.
Solution
Given that V p = 440 and that the system is balanced, V L = 1.7321V p = 762.1 V.
I p = V L /|2–j3| = 762.12/3.6056 = 211.37 A and
I L = 1.7321x211.37 = 366.1 A.
Solution 12.12
Using Fig. 12.45, design a problem to help other students to better understand wye-delta
connected circuits.
Although there are many ways to solve this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Solve for the line currents in the Y-∆ circuit of Fig. 12.45. Take Z ∆ = 60∠45°Ω.
Figure 12.45
Solution
Convert the delta-load to a wye-load and apply per-phase analysis.
Ia
+
110∠0° V ZY
−
Z∆
ZY = = 20 ∠45° Ω
3
110∠0°
Ia = = 5.5 ∠ - 45° A
20∠45°
I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 5.5 ∠ - 165° A
I c = I a ∠120° = 5.5 ∠75° A
Solution 12.13
Convert the delta load to wye as shown below.
110∠0o V rms
2Ω
–+ ZY
110∠–120o V rms 2Ω
ZY ZY
–+
110∠120o V rms 2Ω
–+
1
ZY = Z =3 − j 2 Ω
3
We consider the single phase equivalent shown below.
2Ω
110∠0˚ V rms +
_ 3 – j2 Ω
I a = 110/(2 + 3 – j2) = 20.43∠21.8° A
I L = |I a | = 20.43 A
S = 3|I a |2Z Y = 3(20.43)2(3–j2) = 4514∠–33.96˚ = 3744 – j2522
P = Re(S) = 3.744 kW.
Solution 12.14
We apply mesh analysis with Z L = (12+j12) Ω.
a Ia
1+j2 Ω
100∠0° +
− I1
A
n
100∠120° 100∠–120° ZL ZL
− − I3
+ +
Ib
c 1+j2 Ω ZL C
I2 b B
1+j2 Ω
Ic
For mesh 1,
− 100 + 100∠ − 120o + I1 (14 + j16) − (1 + j 2) I 2 − (12 + j12) I 3 = 0 or
(14 + j16) I1 − (1 + j 2) I 2 − (12 + j12) I 3 = 100 + 50 − j86.6 = 150 + j86.6
(1)
For mesh 2,
100∠120 o − 100∠ − 120 o − I 1 (1 + j 2) − (12 + j12) I 3 + (14 + j16) I 2 = 0 or
− (1 + j 2) I 1 + (14 + j16) I 2 − (12 + j12) I 3 = −50 − j86.6 + 50 − j86.6 = − j173.2
(2)
For mesh 3,
− (12 + j12) I 1 − (12 + j12) I 2 + (36 + j 36) I 3 = 0 or I 3 = I 1 + I 2
(3)
Solving for I 1 and I 2 using (1) to (3) gives
I 1 = 12.804∠–50.19° A = (8.198 – j9.836) A and

I 2 = 12.804∠–110.19° A = (–4.419 – j12.018) A
I a = I 1 = 12.804∠–50.19° A
I b = I 2 – I 1 = 12.804∠–170.19° A
I c = –I 2 = 12.804∠69.81° A
As a check we can convert the delta into a wye circuit. Thus,
Z Y = (12+j12)/3 = 4+j4 and I a = 100/(1+j2+4+j4) = 100/(5+j6)

= 100/(7.8102∠50.19°) =
12.804 ∠–50.19° A.
So, the answer does check.
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 12.15
Convert the delta load, Z ∆ , to its equivalent wye load.

Z
Z Ye = ∆ = 8 − j10
3
(12 + j5)(8 − j10)

Z p = Z Y || Z Ye = = 8.076 ∠ - 14.68°
20 − j5
Z p = 7.812 − j2.047
Z T = Z p + Z L = 8.812 − j1.047
Z T = 8.874 ∠ - 6.78°
We now use the per-phase equivalent circuit.

Vp 210
Ia = , where Vp =
Zp + ZL 3
210
Ia = = 13.66 ∠6.78°
3 (8.874 ∠ - 6.78°)
I L = I a = 13.66 A
Solution 12.16
A balanced delta-connected load has a phase current I AC = 5∠–30° A.
(a) Determine the three line currents assuming that the circuit operates in the
positive phase sequence.
(b) Calculate the load impedance if the line voltage is V AB = 440 ∠0° V.
Solution
(a) I CA = - I AC = 5∠(-30° + 180°) = 5∠150°
This implies that

I AB = 5∠30°
I BC = 5∠ − 90°
I a = I AB 3 ∠ - 30° = 8.66∠0˚ A
I b = 8.66∠–120˚ A
I c = 8.66∠120˚ A
VAB 440∠0°
(b) Z∆ = = = 88∠–30˚ Ω.
I AB 5∠30°
Solution 12.17
A positive sequence wye connected source where V an = 120∠90° V, is connected to a

delta connected load where Z L = (60+j45) Ω. Determine the line currents.
Solution
First the voltages are V an = 120∠90° V, V bn = 120∠–30° V, and V cn = 120∠–150° V.

The phase load is Z ∆ = 75∠36.87° Ω.
Z Y = Z ∆ /3 = 25∠36.87° Ω
Thus,
I a = V an /25∠36.87° = 120∠90°/25∠36.87° = 4.8∠53.13° A.
I b = 120∠–30°/25∠36.87° = 4.8∠–66.87° A.
I c = 120∠–150°/25∠36.87° = 4.8∠173.13° A.
Solution 12.18
VAB = Van 3 ∠30° = (220∠60°)( 3 ∠30°) = 381.1∠90°
Z ∆ = 12 + j9 = 15∠36.87°
VAB 381.1∠90°
I AB = = = 25.4∠53.13˚ A
Z ∆ 15∠36.87°
I BC = I AB ∠ - 120° = 25.4∠–66.87˚ A
I CA = I AB ∠120° = 25.4∠173.13˚ A
Solution 12.19
For the ∆-∆ circuit of Fig. 12.50, calculate the phase and line currents.
220∠0° V
220∠120° V
220∠–120° V
Figure 12.50
For Prob. 12.19.
Solution
Z ∆ = 30 + j10 = 31.62 ∠18.43°
The phase currents are

Vab 440∠0°
I AB = = = 13.915∠–18.43° A
Z ∆ 31.62∠18.43°
I BC = I AB ∠ - 120° = 13.915∠–138.43° A
I CA = I AB ∠120° = 13.915∠101.57° A

I a = I AB − I CA = I AB 3 ∠ - 30°
I a = 13.915 3 ∠ - 48.43° = 24.1∠–48.43° A
I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 24.1∠–168.43° A
I c = I a ∠120° = 24.1∠71.57° A
Solution 12.20
Using Fig. 12.51, design a problem to help other students to better understand balanced
delta-delta connected circuits.
Problem
Refer to the ∆-∆ circuit in Fig. 12.51. Find the line and phase currents. Assume that the
load impedance is 12 + j9Ω per phase.
Figure 12.51
Solution
Z ∆ = 12 + j9 = 15∠36.87°
The phase currents are

210 ∠0°
I AB = = 14 ∠ - 36.87° A
15∠36.87°
I BC = I AB ∠ - 120° = 14 ∠ - 156.87° A
I CA = I AB ∠120° = 14 ∠83.13° A

I a = I AB 3 ∠ - 30° = 24.25 ∠ - 66.87° A
I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 24.25 ∠ - 186.87° A
I c = I a ∠120° = 24.25 ∠53.13° A
Solution 12.21
Three 440-volt generators, form a delta connected source which is connected to a

balanced delta connected load of Z L = (8.66 + j5) Ω per phase as shown in Fig. 12.52.
Determine the value of I BC and I aA . What is the pf of the load?
a A
− +
440∠–120° V 440∠120° V ZL ZL
+ −
b B C
c ZL
− +
440∠0° V
Figure 12.52
For Prob. 12.21.
Solution
I BC = V BC /Z L = 440/(10∠30°) = 44∠–30° A.
I aA = I AC + I AB = [440∠60°/(10∠30°)] + [440∠120°/(10∠30°)]
= [44∠30°] + [44∠90°] = 38.105 + j22 + j44 = 38.105 + j66 = 76.21∠60° A.
pf = 8.66/10 = 0.866.
Solution 12.22
Find the line currents I aA , I bB , and I cC in the three-phase network of Fig. 12.53 below.
Take Z L = (114 + j87) Ω and Z l = (2 + j ) Ω.
a A
Zl
− +
240∠–120° V 240∠120° V ZL ZL
+ −
b B
c Zl ZL C
− +
240∠0° V
Zl
Figure 12.53
For Prob. 12.22.
Solution
Due to the line impedances, converting the ∆-connected source to a Y-connected source
will make solving this problem easier.
Zl Ia
+
Van ZL
−
Therefore,
240
=Van = ∠ 90o 138.564∠ 90o V , V bn = 138.564∠–30° V, and
3
V cn = 138.564∠–150° V. The angles for the wye connected sources can be seen
graphically by noting that the above circuit accurately shows the angles associated with
the delta connected source and that the corresponding wye connected sources connect at
the center, labeled n, of the delta connected sources. Also, Z p = (114+j87)/3 = (38 + j29)
Ω.
Finally, I aA = 138.564∠90°/[38+2+j(29+1)] =138.564∠90°/(50∠36.87°) or
I aA = 2.772∠53.13° A
I bB = 2.772∠–66.87° A
I cC = 2.772∠173.13° A
Solution 12.23*
A balanced delta connected source is connected to a balanced delta connected load where
Z L = (80 + j60) Ω and Z l = (2 + j) Ω. Given that the load voltages are V AB = 100∠0° V,
V BC = 100∠120° V, and V CA = 100∠–120° V. Calculate the source voltages V ab , V bc ,
and V ca .
Solution
We know that I aA = I AB + I AC = V AB /Z L + V AC /Z L = [100/(100∠37.87°)] +

[100∠60°/(100∠36.87°)] = 1∠–36.87° + 1∠23.13° = 0.8–j0.6 + 0.91962 +j0.39282 =
1.71962 – j0.20718 = 1.7321∠–6.87° A, I bB = I BA + I BC = V BA /Z L + V BC /Z L =
[100∠180°/(100∠37.87°)] + [100∠120°/(100∠36.87°)] = 1∠143.13° + 1∠83.13° = –
0.8+j0.6 + 0.119617 + j0.99282 = –0.68038 + j1.59282 = 1.73205∠113.13° A, and I cC =
I CA + I CB = V CA /Z L + V CB /Z L = [100∠–120°/(100∠37.87°)] + [100∠–
60°/(100∠36.87°)] = 1∠–157.87° + 1∠–96.87° = –0.9263315–j0.376709 – 0.119617–
j0.99282
= –1.0459485–j1.369529 = 1.7233∠–127.37° A. Finally we need Z l =2.23607∠26.565°.
a A
Zl
− +
Vca Vab ZL ZL
+ −
b B
c Zl ZL C
− +
Vbc
Zl
Clearly V ab = I aA Z l + V AB – I bB Z l = (1.7321∠–6.87°)(2.23607∠26.56°) + 100 –

(1.73205∠113.13°)(2.23607∠26.565°) = 3.8731∠19.69° + 100 – (3.873∠139.69°) =
3.6466+j1.30497 + 100 – (–2.95338+j2.50553) = 106.6 –j1.20056 = 106.61∠–0.65° V,
V bc = I bB Z l + V BC – I cC Z l = (1.73205∠113.13°)(2.23607∠26.56°) + 100∠120°
– (1.7233∠–127.37°)(2.23607∠26.56°) = 3.8534∠139.69° + 100∠120°
– (3.8534∠–100.81°) = –2.93843+j2.4929 – 50 + j86.6 – (–0.72272–j3.785)
= –52.216+j92.878 = 106.55∠119.34° V, and V ca = I cC Z l + V CA – I aA Z l
= (1.7233∠–127.37°)(2.23607∠26.56°) + 100∠–120°
– (1.7321∠–6.87°)(2.23607∠26.56°) = 3.8534∠ –100.81° – 50–j86.6 – (3.8731∠19.69°)
= –0.72272–j3.785 – 50–j86.6 – (3.6466+j1.305)
= –54.369 – j91.69 = 106.6∠–120.67° V.
V ab = 106.61∠–0.65° V , V bc = 106.55∠119.34° V, V ca = 106.6∠–120.67° V.
Solution 12.24
A balanced delta-connected source has phase voltage V ab = 880∠30° V and a positive

phase sequence. If this is connected to a balanced delta-connected load, find the line and
phase currents. Take the load impedance per phase as 60 ∠30°Ω and line impedance per
phase as 1 + j1Ω.
Solution
Convert both the source and the load to their wye equivalents.
Z
Z Y = ∆ = 20 ∠30° = 17.32 + j10
3
V
Van = ab ∠ - 30° = 508.07∠0°
3
We now use per-phase analysis.
1+jΩ Ia
+
Van 20∠30° Ω
−
Van 508.07
Ia = = = 23.77∠–31° A
(1 + j ) + (17.32 + j10) 21.37∠31°
I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 23.77∠–151° A
I c = I a ∠120° = 23.77∠89° A
But I a = I AB 3 ∠ - 30°
23.77∠ - 31°
I AB = = 13.724∠–1° A
3 ∠ - 30°
I BC = I AB ∠ - 120° = 13.724∠–121° A
I CA = I AB ∠120° = 13.724∠119° A
Solution 12.25
Convert the delta-connected source to an equivalent wye-connected source and consider

the single-phase equivalent.
440 ∠(10° − 30°)

Ia =
3 ZY
where ZY = 3 + j 2 + 10 − j8 = 13 − j 6 = 14.318∠ − 24.78°
440∠ − 20°
Ia = \= 17.742∠4.78° amps.
3 (14.318∠ − 24.78°)
I b = I a ∠–120° = 17.742∠–115.22° amps.
I c = I a ∠+120° = 17.742∠124.78° amps.
Solution 12.26
Using Fig. 12.55, design a problem to help other students to better understand balanced delta
connected sources delivering power to balanced wye connected loads.
Although there are many ways to solve this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
For the balanced circuit in Fig. 12.55, V ab = 125∠0° V. Find the line currents I aA , I bB , and I cC .
Figure 12.55
Solution
Transform the source to its wye equivalent.

Vp
Van = ∠ - 30° = 72.17 ∠ - 30°
3
Now, use the per-phase equivalent circuit.

Van
I aA = , Z = 24 − j15 = 28.3∠ - 32°
Z
72.17 ∠ - 30°
I aA = = 2.55 ∠2° A
28.3∠ - 32°
I bB = I aA ∠ - 120° = 2.55 ∠ - 118° A
I cC = I aA ∠120° = 2.55 ∠122° A
Solution 12.27
Since Z L and Z  are in series, we can lump them together so that

ZY = 2 + j + 6 + j 4 = 8 + j 5
VP
< −30o
3 208 < −30o
= Ia =
ZY 3(8 + j 5)
208(0.866 − j 0.5)(6 + j 4)
VL = (6 + j 4) I a = =
80.81 − j 43.54
3(8 + j 5)
|V L | = 91.79 V
Solution 12.28
The line-to-line voltages in a wye-load have a magnitude of 880 V and are in the positive
sequence at 60 Hz. If the loads are balanced with Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = 25∠30˚, find all line
currents and phase voltages.
Solution
VL = Vab = 880 = 3VP or V P = 880/1.7321 = 508.05
For reference, let V AN = 508.05∠0˚ V which leads to

V BN = 508.05∠–120˚ V and V CN = 508.05∠120˚ V.
The line currents are found as follows,
I a = V AN /Z Y = 508.05/25∠30˚ = 20.32∠–30˚ A.
This leads to, Ib = 20.32∠–150˚ A and I c = 20.32∠90˚ A.
Solution 12.29
We can replace the delta load with a wye load, Z Y = Z Δ /3 = 17+j15Ω. The per-phase
equivalent circuit is shown below.
Zl
V an +
_ ZY
I a = V an /|Z Y + Z l | = 240/|17+j15+0.4+j1.2| = 240/|17.4+j16.2| = 240/23.77 = 10.095
S = 3[(Ia )2(17+j15)] = 3x101.91(17+j15)
= [5.197+j4.586] kVA.
Solution 12.30
Since this a balanced system, we can replace it by a per-phase equivalent, as shown

below.
+ ZL
Vp
-
3V 2 p VL
S = 3S p = * , Vp =
Z p 3
V 2L (208) 2
S= * = = 1.4421∠45 o kVA
Z p 30∠ − 45 o
P = S cos θ = 1.02 kW
Solution 12.31
A balanced delta-connected load is supplied by a 60-Hz three-phase source with a line

voltage of 480V. Each load phase draws 24 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8. Find:
(a) the load impedance per phase

(b) the line current
(c) the value of capacitance needed to be connected in parallel with each load phase to
minimize the current from the source.
Solution
(a)
PP
Pp = 24,000, cos θ = 0.8, Sp = = 24 / 0.8 = 30kVA and θ = 36.87°
cos θ
Q p = S P sin θ = 18 kVAR
S = 3S p = 3(24 + j18) = 72 + j 54 kVA
For delta-connected load, V p = V L = 480 (rms). But
3V 2 p 3V 2 p 3(480) 2
S= 
→ Z*p = = , Z P = [6.144 + j 4.608] Ω
Z*p S (72 + j 54) x10 3
24,000
(b) Pp = 3VL I L cos θ 
→ IL = = 36.08 A
3 x 480 x0.8
(c ) We find C to bring the power factor to unity
Qc 18,000
Qc = Q p = 18 kVA 
→ C= = = 207.2 µF.
ωV rms 2πx60 x 480 2
2
Solution 12.32
Design a problem to help other students to better understand power in a balanced three-
phase system.
Problem
A balanced wye load is connected to a 60-Hz three-phase source with V ab = 240∠0˚V.

The load has lagging pf =0.5 and each phase draws 5 kW. (a) Determine the load
impedance Z Y . (b) Find I a , I b , and I c .
Solution
240
(a) =
| Vab | =
3V p 240 
→=V p = 138.56
3
Van= V p < −30o
= 0.5 cos θ
pf =  →= θ 60o
P 5
= P S cos θ →= S = = 10 kVA
cos θ 0.5
= Q S= sin θ 10sin
= 60 8.66
S p = 5 + j8.66 kVA
But
V p2 V p2 138.562
=SP →= Zp =
*
= 0.96 − j1.663
Z *p S p (5 + j8.66) x103
Z p = [0.96 + j1.663] Ω
Van 138.56 < −30o
(b) I= = = 72.17 < −90o A = 72.17∠–90° A
ZY 0.96 + j1.6627
a
I b= I a < −120o= 72.17 < −210o A = 72.17∠150° A

I c= I a < +120o= 72.17 < 30o A = 72.17∠30° A
Solution 12.33
S = 3 VL I L ∠θ
S = S = 3 VL I L
For a Y-connected load,

IL = Ip , VL = 3 Vp
S = 3 Vp I p
S 4800
IL = Ip = = = 7.69 A
3 Vp (3)(208)
VL = 3 Vp = 3 × 208 = 360.3 V
Solution 12.34
VL 220
Vp = =
3 3
Vp 220 127.02
Ia = = = = 6.732∠58°
ZY 3 (10 − j16) 18.868∠ − 58°
I L = I p = 6.732A
S = 3 VL I L ∠θ = 3 × 220 × 6.732∠ - 58° = 2565∠ − 58°
S = [1.3592–j2.175] kVA
Solution 12.35
(a) This is a balanced three-phase system and we can use per phase equivalent circuit.
The delta-connected load is converted to its wye-connected equivalent
1
Z '' y = Z ∆ = (60 + j 30) / 3 = 20 + j10
3
IL
+
Z’y Z’’y
230 V
-
Z y = Z ' y // Z '' y = (40 + j10) //( 20 + j10) = 13.5 + j 5.5

230
IL = = [14.61 − j5.953] A
13.5 + j5.5
(b) S = 3Vs I * L = [10.081 + j4.108] kVA
(c ) pf = P/S = 0.9261
Solution 12.36
(a) S = 1 [0.75 + sin(cos-10.75) ] = 0.75 + j0.6614 MVA
S (0.75 + j 0.6614) x10 6

(b) S = 3V p I * p →
 I*p = = = 59.52 + j 52.49
3V p 3 x 4200
PL =| I p | 2 Rl = (79.36) 2 (4) = 25.19 kW
(c) V s = V L + I p (4 + j ) = 4.4381 − j 0.21 kV = 4.443∠ - 2.709 o kV
Solution 12.37
The total power measured in a three-phase system feeding a balanced wye-connected

load is 12 kW at a power factor of 0.6 leading. If the line voltage is 440 V, calculate the
line current I L and the load impedance Z Y .
Solution
P 12
S= = = 20 kVA also θ = –53.13°
pf 0.6
S = S∠θ = 20,000∠–53.13° = [12–j16] kVA.
V 
But S = 3 L  I L ∠θ = 3 VL I L ∠θ
 3
20 ×10 3
IL = = 26.24 A
3 × 440
2
S = 3 Ip Zp
For a Y-connected load, I L = I p .
S (12 − j16) ×10 3 (12 − j16) x10 3

Zp = 2
= =
3 IL (3)(26.2432) 2 2066.117
Z p = (5.808 – j7.744) Ω
Solution 12.38
As a balanced three-phase system, we can use the per-phase equivalent shown below.
110 ∠0° 110 ∠0°

Ia = =
(1 + j2) + (9 + j12) 10 + j14
(110) 2
S p = Ia ZY = ⋅ (9 + j12)
2
(10 2 + 14 2 )
The complex power is

(110) 2
S = 3S p = 3 ⋅ (9 + j12)
296
S = (1.1037+j1.4716) kVA
Solution 12.39
Find the real power absorbed by the load in Fig. 12.58.
a A
(4+j2) Ω
+
100∠90° V (36+j28) Ω
−
n N
100∠–150° 100∠–30° V (36+j28) Ω (36+j28) Ω
− −
+ +
c b (4+j2) Ω B
C
(4+j2) Ω
Figure 12.58
For Prob. 12.39.
Solution
To find power delivered to the load, we need to determine the current through the load.
Since the load is balanced, the current through the load is equal to
I aA = V an /(Z l +Z L ) = j100/(4+j2 + 36+j28) = j100/(40+j30) = j100/(50∠36.87°) =

2∠53.13° A.
P = (I aA )(36)(I aA )* = (2)2(36) = 144 W for a total power absorbed equal to
P Tot = 3x144 = 432 W.
Solution 12.40
Transform the delta-connected load to its wye equivalent.

Z
Z Y = ∆ = 7 + j8
3
Using the per-phase equivalent circuit above,

100 ∠0°
Ia = = 8.567 ∠ - 46.75°
(1 + j0.5) + (7 + j8)
For a wye-connected load,

I p = I a = I a = 8.567
2
S = 3 Ip Z p = (3)(8.567) 2 (7 + j8)
P = Re(S) = (3)(8.567) 2 (7) = 1.541 kW
Solution 12.41
P 5 kW
S= = = 6.25 kVA
pf 0.8
But S = 3 VL I L
S 6.25 × 10 3
IL = = = 9.021 A
3 VL 3 × 400
Solution 12.42
The load determines the power factor.

40
tan θ = = 1.333 → θ = −53.13°
30
pf = cos θ = 0.6 (leading)
 7.2 
S = 7.2 − j (0.8) = 7.2 − j9.6 kVA
 0.6 
2
But S = 3 Ip Zp
2 S (7.2 − j9.6) × 10 3
Ip = = = 80
3Zp (3)(30 − j40)
I p = 8.944 A
I L = I p = 8.944 A
S 12 × 10 3
VL = = = 774.6 V
3 IL 3 (8.944)
Solution 12.43
2
S = 3 Ip Zp , I p = I L for Y-connected loads
S = (3)(13.66) 2 (7.812 − j2.047)
S = [4.373 − j1.145] kVA
Solution 12.44
For a ∆-connected load,

Vp = VL , IL = 3 Ip
S = 3 VL I L
S (12 2 + 5 2 ) × 10 3
IL = = = 31.273
3 VL 3 (240)
At the source,
VL' = VL + I L Z l + I L Z l
VL' = 240∠0° + 2(31.273)(1 + j 3) = 240+62.546+j187.638
VL' = 302.546+j187.638 = 356∠31.81°
VL' = 356 V
Also, at the source,

S’ = 3(31.273)2(1+j3) + (12,000+j5,000) = 2,934+12,000+j(8,802+5,000)
= 14,934+j13,802 = 20,335∠42.744° thus, θ = 42.744°.
pf = cos(42.744°) = 0.7344
Checking, V Y = 240/1.73205 = 138.564, S = 3(138.564)2/(Z Y )* = 12,000+l5,000, and Z Y

= 57,600/(12,000–j5,000) = 57.6/(13∠–22.62°) = 4.4308∠22.62° = 4.09+j1.70416. The
total load seen by the source is 1+j3+4.09+j1.70416 = 5.09+j4.70416 = 6.9309∠42.74°
per phase. This leads to θ = Tan-1(4.70416/5.09) = Tan-1(0.9242) = 42.744°. Clearly, the
answer checks. I l = 138.564/4.4308 = 31.273 A. Again the answer checks. Finally,
3(31.273)2(5.09+j4.70416) = 2,934(6.9309∠42.74°) = 20,335∠42.74°, the same as we
calculated above.
Solution 12.45
S = 3 VL I L ∠θ
S ∠-θ P 450 × 10 3
IL = , S = = = 635.6 kVA
3 VL pf 0.708
(635.6) ∠ - θ
IL = = 834 ∠ - 45° A
3 × 440
At the source,
VL = 440 ∠0° + I L (0.5 + j2)
VL = 440 + (834 ∠ - 45°)(2.062 ∠76°)
VL = 440 + 1719.7 ∠31°
VL = 1914.1 + j885.7
VL = 2.109 ∠24.83° V
Solution 12.46
For the wye-connected load,

IL = Ip , VL = 3 Vp I p = Vp Z
2 2
3 Vp 3 VL 3
S = 3V I = *
p p =
Z* Z*
2
VL (110) 2
S= = = 121 W
Z* 100
For the delta-connected load,

Vp = VL , IL = 3 Ip , I p = Vp Z
2 2
3 Vp 3 VL
S = 3V I = *
p p =
Z* Z*
(3)(110) 2
S= = 363 W
100
This shows that the delta-connected load will absorb three times more average power
than the wye-connected load using the same elements.. This is also evident from
Z
ZY = ∆ .
3
Solution 12.47
pf = 0.8 (lagging)  → θ = cos -1 (0.8) = 36.87°

S1 = 250 ∠36.87° = 200 + j150 kVA
pf = 0.95 (leading)  → θ = cos -1 (0.95) = -18.19°

S 2 = 300 ∠ - 18.19° = 285 − j93.65 kVA
pf = 1.0  → θ = cos -1 (1) = 0°

S 3 = 450 kVA
S T = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = 935 + j56.35 = 936.7 ∠3.45° kVA
S T = 3 VL I L
936.7 × 10 3
IL = = 39.19 A rms
3 (13.8 × 10 3 )
pf = cos θ = cos(3.45°) = 0.9982 (lagging)
Solution 12.48
(a) We first convert the delta load to its equivalent wye load, as shown below.
A
A
ZA
18-j12 Ω 40+j15 Ω
ZB
ZC
C B C B
60 Ω
(40 + j15)(18 − j12)

` ZA = = 7.577 − j1.923
118 + j 3
60(40 + j15).
ZB = = 20.52 + j7.105
118 + j3
60(18 − j12)
ZC = = 8.992 − j 6.3303
118 + j 3
The system becomes that shown below.
a 2+j3 A
+
240<0o ZA
-
I1
- - ZB ZC
240<120o 240<-120o
+ + 2+j3
c I2 b
B C
2+j3
We apply KVL to the loops. For mesh 1,
− 240 + 240∠ − 120 o + I 1 (2 Z l + Z A + Z B ) − I 2 ( Z B + Z l ) = 0
or
(32.097 + j11.13) I 1 − (22.52 + j10.105) I 2 = 360 + j 207.85 (1)

For mesh 2,
240∠120 o − 240∠ − 120 o − I 1 ( Z B + Z l ) + I 2 (2 Z l + Z B + Z C ) = 0
or
− (22.52 + j10.105) I 1 + (33.51 + j 6.775) I 2 = − j 415.69 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) gives
I 1 = 23.75 − j 5.328, I 2 = 15.165 − j11.89
I aA = I 1 = 24.34∠ − 12.64o A, I bB = I 2 − I 1 = 10.81∠ − 142.6o A

I cC = − I 2 = 19.27∠141.9o A
(b) S a = ( 240∠0o )( 24.34∠12.64o ) = 5841.6∠12.64o

S b = ( 240∠ − 120o )(10.81∠142.6o ) = 2594.4∠ 22.6o
S c = ( 240∠120o )(19.27∠ − 141.9o ) = 4624.8∠ − 21.9o
S = S a + S b + S c = 12.386 + j0.55 kVA = 12.4∠ 2.54o kVA
Solution 12.49
Each phase load consists of a 20-ohm resistor and a 10-ohm inductive reactance. With a
line voltage of 480 V rms, calculate the average power taken by the load if:
(a) the three phase loads are delta-connected,
(b) the loads are wye-connected.
Solution
(a) For the delta-connected load, Z p = 20 + j10Ω, V p = VL = 480 (rms) ,
3V 2 p 3 x 480 2 (13,824 + j 6,912)k

S= = = = (27.648 + j13.824)k
*
Z p (20 − j10) 500
P = 27.65 kW
(b) For the wye-connected load, Z p = 20 + j10Ω, V p = VL / 3 ,
3V 2 p 3 x 480 2
S= = = (9.216 + j 4.608)kVA
Z*p 3(20 − j10)
P = 9.216 kW
Solution 12.50
S = S 1 + S 2 = 8(0.6 + j 0.8) = 4.8 + j 6.4 kVA, S 1 = 3 kVA

Hence,
S 2 = S − S 1 = 1.8 + j 6.4 kVA

3V 2 p VL .V 2 L
But S 2 = , Vp = 
→ S2 =
Z*p 3 Z*p
V *L 240 2
Z *
p = = 
→ Z p = 2.346 + j 8.34Ω
S2 (1.8 + j 6.4) x10 3
Solution 12.51
Consider the wye-delta system shown in Fig. 12.60. Let Z 1 = 100 Ω, Z 2 = j100 Ω, and
Z 3 = –j100 Ω. Determine the phase currents, I AB , I BC , and I CA , and the line currents,
I aA , I bB, and I cC .
+
120∠90° V −
A
n
120∠–150° V Z1 Z2
– – 120∠–30° V
+ +
c B C
b Z3
Figure 12.60
For Prob. 12.51.
Solution
Step 1. First we need to determine the Phase voltages, V AB = V an – V bn ,

V BC = V bn – V cn , and V CA = V cn – V an . Then we can calculate phase currents,
I AB = V AB /Z 1 , I BC , = V BC /Z 3 , and I CA = V CA /Z 2 . Finally, we can now calculate
the line currents, I aA = I AB – I CA , I bB = I BC – I AB , and I cC = I CA – I BC .
Step 2. V AB = V ab – V bn = 120∠90° – 120∠–30° = j120 – 103.923 + j60

= –103.923 + j180 = 207.846∠120° V, V BC = V bn – V cn
= 120∠–30° – 120∠–150° = 103.923 – j60 + 103.923 + j60 = 207.846 V, and
V CA = V cn – V an = 120∠–150° – j120 = –103.923 – j60 – j120 = –103.923 – j180
= 207.846∠–120° V.
I AB = V AB /Z 1 = 207.846∠120° /100 = 2.078∠120° A,

I BC = V BC /Z 3 = 207.846∠0° /(–j100) = 2.078∠90° A,
and I CA = V CA /Z 2 = 207.846∠–120° /(j100) = 2.078∠150° A.
Finally, I aA = I AB – I CA = 2.07846∠120° – 2.07846∠30°

= –1.03923+j1.8 – 1.8 – j1.03923 = –2.83923 + j0.76077 = 2.939∠165° A,
I bB = I BC – I AB = 2.07846∠90° – 2.07846∠120° = j2.07846 + 1.03923 – j1.8
= 1.03923 + j0.27846 = 1.07589∠15° A, and I cC = I CA – I BC = 2.07846∠150°
– 2.07846∠90° = –1.8+j1.03923–j2.07846 = –1.8 – j1.03923 = 2.078∠–150° A.
Solution 12.52
A four-wire wye-wye circuit has
V an = 220 ∠120°, V bn = 220 ∠0°

V cn = 220 ∠–120° V
If the impedances are
Z AN = 20 ∠60°, Z BN = 30 ∠0°
Z cn = 40 ∠30° Ω
find the current in the neutral line.
Solution
Since the neutral line is present, we can solve this problem on a per-phase basis.
V 220∠120°
I a = an = = 11∠60°
Z AN 20∠60°
V 220∠0°
I b = bn = = 7.3333∠0°
Z BN 30∠0°
V 220∠ - 120°
I c = cn = = 5.5∠ - 150°
Z CN 40∠30°
Thus,
- In = Ia + Ib + Ic
- I n = 11∠60° + 7.3333∠0° + 5.5∠ - 150°
- I n = (5.5 + j 9.5263) + (7.3333) + (−4.7631 − j 2.75)
- I n = 8.0702 + j 6.7763 = 10.538∠40.02°
I n = 10.538∠–139.98° A
Solution 12.53
Using Fig. 12.61, design a problem that will help other students to better understand
unbalanced three-phase systems.
Problem
In the wye-wye system shown in Fig. 12.61, loads connected to the source are
unbalanced. (a) Calculate Ia , I b , and I c . (b) Find the total power delivered to the load.
Take V P = 240 V rms.
Ia
+
_ V P ∠0˚ 100Ω
VP∠120˚ VP∠–120˚ 80Ω
+ – –+ Ib 60 Ω
Ic
Figure 12.61 For Prob. 12.53.
Solution
Applying mesh analysis as shown below, we get.
Ia
+
_ VP∠0˚ 100Ω
I1
VP∠120˚ VP∠–120˚ 80Ω
+ – – + Ib 60 Ω
I2
Ic
240∠–120˚ – 240 + 160I1 – 60I2 = 0 or 160I1 – 60I2 = 360+j207.84 (1)
240∠120˚ – 240∠–120˚ – 60I1 + 140I2 = 0 or – 60I1 + 140I2 = –j415.7 (2)
In matrix form, (1) and (2) become
160 −60   I1  360 + j 207.84 

 −60 140   I  =  − j 415.7 
  2  
Using MATLAB, we get,
>> Z=[160,-60;-60,140]
Z=
160 -60
-60 140
>> V=[(360+207.8i);-415.7i]
V=
1.0e+002 *
3.6000 + 2.0780i
0 - 4.1570i
>> I=inv(Z)*V
I=
2.6809 + 0.2207i
1.1489 - 2.8747i
I1 = 2.681+j0.2207 and I2 = 1.1489–j2.875
Ia = I1 = 2.69∠4.71˚ A
Ib = I2 – I1 = –1.5321–j3.096 = 3.454∠–116.33˚ A
Ic = –I2 = 3.096∠111.78˚ A
=S a | I= 2
a | Za (2.69)=
2
x100 723.61
=Sb | I= 2
b | Zb =
(3.454) 2
x60 715.81
=Sc | I= 2
c | Zc =
(3.0957) 2
x80 766.67
S = S a + Sb + Sc = 2.205 kVA
Solution 12.54
A balanced three-phase Y-source with V P = 880 V rms drives a wye-connected three-

phase load with phase impedance Z AN = 80 Ω, Z BN = 60+j90 Ω, and Z CN = j80 Ω.
Calculate the line currents and total complex power delivered to the load. Assume that
the neutrals are connected.
Solution
Consider the load as shown below.
Ia
A
Ib
B C
Ic
Assume V AN = 880∠0° V, V BN = 880∠120° V, and V CN = 880∠–120° V.

I a = 880/80 = 11∠0° A, I b = 880∠120°/(60+j90) = 880∠120°/(108.17∠56.13°)
= 8.135∠63.87° A, and I c = 880∠–120°/(j80) = 11∠150° A.
S a = V AN (I a )* = 880x11 = 9.68 kW, S b = 880∠120°(8.135∠–63.87°)

= 7.159∠56.13° kVA = 3.99 kW + j5.944 kVAR, and
S c = (880∠–120°)(11∠–150°) = 9.68∠90° kVA = j9.68 kVAR.
S = S a + S b + S c = (9.68+3.99)kW + j(5.944+9.68)kVAR or
S = 13.67 kW + j15.624 kVAR = 20.76∠48.82° kVA.
Chapter 12, Solution 55.
A three-phase supply, with the line-to-line voltage of 240 V rms, has the unbalanced load
as shown in Fig. 12.62. Find the line currents and the total complex power delivered to
the load.
A
(15+j8.66) Ω
(15+j8.66) Ω (15+j8.66) Ω
10 Ω
B C
Figure 12.62
For Prob. 12.55.
Solution
To solve this problem we need to arbitrarily select phase angles for the sources which
then enables us to find line currents as well as complex power delivered to the load.
Step 1. Let V AB = 240∠0° V, V BC = 240∠120° V, and V CA = 240∠–120° V.

We can treat this as two different circuits and then use superposition to find the
line currents and total complex power.
The first circuit consists of a balanced wye with the phase voltages (see Fig.
12.19) of V an = 138.564∠–30°, V bn = 138.564∠–150°, and V cn = 138.564∠90°,
Therefore, the line currents for this are equal to, I aA = V an /(17.32∠30°),
I bB = V bn /(17.32∠30°), and I cC = V cn /(17.32∠30°).
Finally, we note that the current that flows through the 10-Ω resistor impacts the
line currents, I bB and I cC . Let us call the current through the resistor as I BC . I BC
= V BC /10. Thus, (I bB )’ = I bB + I BC and (I cC )’ = I cC – I BC .
The last thing we need to do is calculate S Tot = 3|I line |2(15+j8.66) + |I AB |2(10).
Step 2. I aA = (138.564∠–30°)/(17.32∠30°) = 8∠–60° A,

I bB = (138.564∠–150°)/(17.32∠30°) = 8∠180° = –8, and
I cC = (138.564∠90°)/(17.32∠30°) = 8∠60° = 4 + j6.9282. I BC = (240∠120°)/10
= 24∠120° = –12 + j20.785. Thus, (I bB )’ = –8 – 12 + j20.785 = –20+j20.785
= 28.84∠133.9° A and (I cC )’ = I cC – I BC = = 4 + j6.9282 +12 – j20.785
= 16 – j13.8568 = 21.17∠–40.89° A.
S Tot = 3|I line |2(15+j86.6) + |I BC |2(10) = 3(8)2(15+j8.66) + (24)2(10)
= 2,880 + j1,662.72 + 5,760 = 8.64 kW + j1.6627 kVAR.
Solution 12.56
Using Fig. 12.63, design a problem to help other students to better understand unbalanced
three-phase systems.
Problem
Refer to the unbalanced circuit of Fig. 12.63. Calculate:
(a) the line currents
(b) the real power absorbed by the load
(c) the total complex power supplied by the source
Figure 12.63
Solution
(a) Consider the circuit below.
a A
j10 Ω
440∠0° + − I1
b B
− + I3 -j5 Ω
440∠120° − 440∠-120° I2
+ 20 Ω
c C
For mesh 1,
440 ∠ - 120° − 440 ∠0° + j10 (I 1 − I 3 ) = 0
(440)(1.5 + j0.866)
I1 − I 3 = = 76.21∠ - 60° (1)
j10
For mesh 2,
440∠120° − 440∠ - 120° + 20 (I 2 − I 3 ) = 0
(440)( j1.732)
I3 − I2 = = j38.1 (2)
20
For mesh 3,
j10 (I 3 − I 1 ) + 20 (I 3 − I 2 ) − j5 I 3 = 0
Substituting (1) and (2) into the equation for mesh 3 gives,
(440)(-1.5 + j0.866)
I3 = = 152.42 ∠60° (3)
j5
From (1),
I 1 = I 3 + 76.21∠ - 60° = 114.315 + j66 = 132 ∠30°
From (2),
I 2 = I 3 − j38.1 = 76.21 + j93.9 = 120.93∠50.94°
I a = I 1 = 132 ∠30° A
I b = I 2 − I 1 = -38.105 + j27.9 = 47.23 ∠143.8° A
I c = - I 2 = 120.9 ∠230.9° A
2
(b) S AB = I 1 − I 3 ( j10) = j58.08 kVA
2
S BC = I 2 − I 3 (20) = 29.04 kVA
2
S CA = I 3 (-j5) = (152.42) 2 (-j5) = -j116.16 kVA
S = S AB + S BC + S CA = 29.04 − j58.08 kVA
Real power absorbed = 29.04 kW
(c) Total complex supplied by the source is

S = 29.04 − j58.08 kVA
Solution 12.57
Determine the line currents for the three-phase circuit in Fig. 12.64.
Let V a =220∠0°, V b = 220∠–120°, V c = 220∠120° V.
a Ia A
Va + (80+ j60) Ω
−
n N
Vc Vb
− − (20+j30) Ω (60–j40) Ω
+ +
Ib
C
c b B
Ic
Figure 12.64
For Prob. 12.57.
Solution
We apply mesh analysis to the circuit shown below.

Ia
+
Va 80 + j 50Ω
– I1
– – 20 + j 30Ω 60 − j 40Ω
Vc Vb
+ + Ib
I2
Ic
V a = 220 V, V b = (–110 – j190.53) V, V c = (–110 + j190.53) V
(100 + j80) I1 − (20 + j 30) I 2 = Va − Vb = 330 + j190.53 (1)

− (20 + j 30) I1 + (80 − j10) I 2 = Vb − Vc = − j 381.1 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) using MATLAB gives,
>> Z=[100+80j,-20-30j;-20-30j,80-10j]
Z=
1.0e+02 *
1.0000 + 0.8000i -0.2000 - 0.3000i

-0.2000 - 0.3000i 0.8000 - 0.1000i
>> V=[330+190.53j;-381.1j]
V=
1.0e+02 *
3.3000 + 1.9053i
0.0000 - 3.8110i
>> I = inv(Z)*V
I=
3.7233 - 1.2170i
1.8178 - 3.4445i or
I a = I 1 = 3.7233–j1.217 = 3.917∠–18.1° A,
I b = –I 1 + I 2 = –1.9055–j2.2275 = 2.931∠–130.55 A,
and I c = –I 2 = –1.8178+j3.4445 = 3.895∠117.82° A.
Solution 12.58
The schematic is shown below. IPRINT is inserted in the neutral line to measure the
current through the line. In the AC Sweep box, we select Total Ptss = 1,
Start Freq. = 0.1592, and End Freq. = 0.1592. After simulation, the output file
includes
FREQ IM(V_PRINT4) IP(V_PRINT4)
1.592 E–01 2.156 E+01 –8.997 E+01
i.e. I n = 21.56∠–89.97° A
ACMAG=440V
ACMAG=440V
ACMAG=440V
Solution 12.59
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq
= 60, and End Freq = 60. After simulation, we obtain an output file which includes
FREQ VM(1) VP(1)
6.000 E+01 2.206 E+02 –3.456 E+01
FREQ VM(2) VP(2)
6.000 E+01 2.141 E+02 –8.149 E+01
FREQ VM(3) VP(3)
6.000 E+01 4.991 E+01 –5.059 E+01
i.e. V AN = 220.6∠–34.56°, V BN = 214.1∠–81.49°, V CN = 49.91∠–50.59° V
Solution 12.60
The schematic is shown below. IPRINT is inserted to give I o . We select Total Pts = 1,
Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592 in the AC Sweep box. Upon simulation,
the output file includes
1.592 E–01 1.953 E+01 –1.517 E+01
from which, I o = 19.53∠–15.17° A
Solution 12.61
The schematic is shown below. Pseudo-components IPRINT and PRINT are inserted to
measure I aA and V BN . In the AC Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592,
and End Freq = 0.1592. Once the circuit is simulated, we get an output file which
includes
FREQ VM(2) VP(2)
1.592 E–01 2.308 E+02 –1.334 E+02
1.592 E–01 1.115 E+01 3.699 E+01
from which
I aA = 11.15∠37° A, V BN = 230.8∠–133.4° V
Solution 12.62
Using Fig. 12.68, design a problem to help other students to better understand how to use
PSpice to analyze three-phase circuits.
Problem
The circuit in Fig. 12.68 operates at 60 Hz. Use PSpice to find the source current I ab and
the line current I bB .
Figure 12.68
Solution
Because of the delta-connected source involved, we follow Example 12.12. In the AC

Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 60, and End Freq = 60. After
simulation, the output file includes
6.000 E+01 5.960 E+00 –9.141 E+01
6.000 E+01 7.333 E+07 1.200 E+02
From which
I ab = 3.432∠-46.31° A, IbB = 10.39∠–78.4° A
Solution 12.63
1
Let ω = 1 so that L = X/ω = 20 H, and C = = 0.0333 F
ωX
The schematic is shown below..
When the file is saved and run, we obtain an output file which includes the following:
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1)IP(V_PRINT1)
1.592E-01 1.867E+01 1.589E+02
FREQ IM(V_PRINT2)IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592E-01 1.238E+01 1.441E+02
From the output file, the required currents are:
I aA = 18.67∠158.9 o A, I AC = 12.38∠144.1 o A
Solution 12.64
We follow Example 12.12. In the AC Sweep box we type Total Pts = 1,

Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation the output file includes
1.592 E–01 4.710 E+00 7.138 E+01
1.592 E–01 6.781 E+07 –1.426 E+02
1.592 E–01 3.898 E+00 –5.076 E+00
1.592 E–01 3.547 E+00 6.157 E+01
1.592 E–01 1.357 E+00 9.781 E+01
1.592 E–01 3.831 E+00 –1.649 E+02
from this we obtain
I aA = 4.71∠71.38° A, I bB = 6.781∠–142.6° A, IcC = 3.898∠–5.08° A
I AB = 3.547∠61.57° A, I AC = 1.357∠97.81° A, IBC = 3.831∠–164.9° A
Solution 12.65
Due to the delta-connected source, we follow Example 12.12. We type Total Pts = 1,
Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. The schematic is shown below. After it
is saved and simulated, we obtain an output file which includes
1.592E-01 1.140E+01 8.664E+00
1.592E-01 1.140E+01 -1.113E+02
1.592E-01 1.140E+01 1.287E+02
Thus, IaA = 11.02∠12° A, I bB = 11.02∠–108° A, I cC = 11.02∠132° A
Since this is a balanced circuit, we can perform a quick check. The load resistance is
large compared to the line and source impedances so we will ignore them (although it
would not be difficult to include them).
Converting the sources to a Y configuration we get:
V an = 138.56 ∠–20˚ Vrms
and
Z Y = 10 – j6.667 = 12.019∠–33.69˚
Now we can calculate,
I aA = (138.56 ∠–20˚)/(12.019∠–33.69˚) = 11.528∠13.69˚
Clearly, we have a good approximation which is very close to what we really have.
Solution 12.66
A three-phase, four-wire system operating with a 480-V line voltage is shown in

Fig. 12.71. The source voltages are balanced. The power absorbed by the resistive wye-
connected load is measured by the three-wattmeter method. Calculate:
(a) the voltage to neutral

(b) the currents I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , and I n
(c) the readings of the wattmeters
(d) the total power absorbed by the load
Figure 12.71
For Prob. 12.66.
Solution
VL 480
(a) Vp = = = 277.1 V
3 3
(b) Because the load is unbalanced, we have an unbalanced three-phase system.

Assuming an abc sequence,
277.128∠0°
I1 = = 5.774∠0° A
48
277.128∠ - 120°
I2 = = 6.928∠–120° A
40
277.128∠120°
I3 = = 4.619∠120° A
60
I n = –I 1 – I 2 – I 3 = –5.774 – (–3.464–j6) – (–2.31+j4)
= (0 + j2) A = 2∠90° A.
Hence,
|I 1 | =5.774 A, |I 2 | = 6.928 A, |I 3 | = 4.619 A.
(c) P1 = I12 R1 = (5.774) 2 (48) = 1.6003 kW

P2 = I 22 R2 = (6.928) 2 (40) = 1.9199 kW
P3 = I 32 R3 = (4.619) 2 (60) = 1.2801 kW
(d) PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = 4.8 kW
Solution 12.67
(a) The power to the motor is

PT = S cos θ = (260)(0.85) = 221 kW
The motor power per phase is

1
Pp = PT = 73.67 kW
3
Hence, the wattmeter readings are as follows:

Wa = 73.67 + 24 = 97.67 kW
Wb = 73.67 + 15 = 88.67 kW
Wc = 73.67 + 9 = 82.67 kW
(b) The motor load is balanced so that I N = 0 .

For the lighting loads,
24,000
Ia = = 200 A
120
15,000
Ib = = 125 A
120
9,000
Ic = = 75 A
120
If we let
I a = I a ∠0° = 200 ∠0° A
I b = 125∠ - 120° A
I c = 75∠120° A
Then,
- IN = Ia + Ib + Ic
 3  3
- I N = 200 + (125) - 0.5 − j  + (75) - 0.5 + j 
 2   2 
- I N = 100 − j43.3 A
I N = 108.97 A
Solution 12.68
(a) S = 3 VL I L = 3 (330)(8.4) = 4801 VA
P
(b) P = S cos θ 
→ pf = cos θ =
S
4500
pf = = 0.9372
4801.24
(c) For a wye-connected load,

I p = I L = 8.4 A
VL 330
(d) Vp = = = 190.53 V
3 3
Solution 12.69
For load 1,
= S 1 S1 cos θ 1 + jS1 sin θ1
=
pf =0.85 cos θ1  →=θ1 31.79o
=
S 1 13.6 + j8.43 kVA
For load 2,
S2 =
12 x0.6 + j12 x0.8 =
7.2 + j 9.6 kVA
For load 3,
S 3 = 8 + j 0 kVA
Therefore,
S = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = [28.8+j18.03] kVA
Although we can solve this using a delta load, it will be easier to assume our load is wye
connected. We also need the wye voltages and will assume that the phase angle on V an =
208/1.73205 = 120.089 is –30 degrees.
Since
S = 3VI* or I* = S/(3V) = (33,978∠32.048°)/[3(120.089)∠–30°] = 94.31∠62.05° A.
I a = 94.31∠–62.05° A, I b = 94.31∠177.95° A, I c = 94.31∠57.95° A
I = 138.46 – j86.68 = 163.35∠-32˚ A.
Solution 12.70
PT = P1 + P2 = 1200 − 400 = 800
Q T = P2 − P1 = -400 − 1200 = -1600
Q T - 1600
tan θ = = = -2 
→ θ = -63.43°
PT 800
pf = cos θ = 0.4472 (leading)
VL 240
Zp = = = 40
IL 6
Z p = 40 ∠ - 63.43° Ω
Solution 12.71
(a) If Vab = 208∠0° , Vbc = 208∠ - 120° , Vca = 208∠120° ,

Vab 208∠0°
I AB = = = 10.4 ∠0°
Z Ab 20
Vbc 208∠ - 120°
I BC = = = 14.708∠ - 75°
Z BC 10 2 ∠ - 45°
Vca 208∠120°
I CA = = = 16 ∠97.38°
Z CA 13∠22.62°
I aA = I AB − I CA = 10.4 ∠0° − 16 ∠97.38°

I aA = 10.4 + 2.055 − j15.867
I aA = 20.171∠ - 51.87°
I cC = I CA − I BC = 16 ∠97.83° − 14.708∠ - 75°

I cC = 30.64 ∠101.03°
P1 = Vab I aA cos(θ Vab − θ IaA )

P1 = (208)(20.171) cos(0° + 51.87°) = 2.590 kW
P2 = Vcb I cC cos(θ Vcb − θ IcC )

But Vcb = -Vbc = 208∠60°
P2 = (208)(30.64) cos(60° − 101.03°) = 4.808 kW
(b) PT = P1 + P2 = 7398.17 W
Q T = 3 (P2 − P1 ) = 3840.25 VAR
S T = PT + jQ T = 7398.17 + j3840.25 VA
S T = S T = 8.335 kVA
Solution 12.72
From Problem 12.11,
VAB = 220 ∠130° V and I aA = 30 ∠180° A
P1 = (220)(30) cos(130° − 180°) = 4.242 kW
VCB = -VBC = 220 ∠190°

I cC = 30 ∠ - 60°
P2 = (220)(30) cos(190° + 60°) = - 2.257 kW
Solution 12.73
Consider the circuit as shown below.
I1
Ia
+
240∠-60° V
− Z
240∠-120° V − Z
+
I2 Ib Ic
Z = 10 + j30 = 31.62 ∠71.57°
240 ∠ - 60°
Ia = = 7.59 ∠ - 131.57°
31.62 ∠71.57°
240 ∠ - 120°
Ib = = 7.59 ∠ - 191.57°
31.62 ∠71.57°
I c Z + 240 ∠ - 60° − 240 ∠ - 120° = 0

- 240
Ic = = 7.59 ∠108.43°
31.62 ∠71.57°
I 1 = I a − I c = 13.146 ∠ - 101.57°
I 2 = I b + I c = 13.146 ∠138.43°
P1 = Re [ V1 I 1* ] = Re [ (240 ∠ - 60°)(13.146 ∠101.57°) ] = 2.360 kW
P2 = Re [ V2 I *2 ] = Re [ (240 ∠ - 120°)(13.146 ∠ - 138.43°) ] = - 632.8 W
Solution 12.74
Consider the circuit shown below.
Z = 60 − j30 Ω
+ I1
208∠0° V
−
Z
208∠-60° V − I2
+
Z
For mesh 1,
208 = 2 Z I 1 − Z I 2
For mesh 2,
- 208∠ - 60° = - Z I 1 + 2 Z I 2
In matrix form,
 208   2 Z - Z  I 1 
 - 208∠ - 60° =  - Z 2 Z  I 
    2 
∆ = 3Z 2 , ∆ 1 = (208)(1.5 + j0.866) Z , ∆ 2 = (208)( j1.732) Z
∆ 1 (208)(1.5 + j0.866)
I1 = = = 1.789 ∠56.56°
∆ (3)(60 − j30)
∆ 2 (208)( j1.732)
I2 = = = 1.79 ∠116.56°
∆ (3)(60 − j30)
P1 = Re [ V1 I 1* ] = Re [ (208)(1.789 ∠ - 56.56°) ] = 208.98 W
P2 = Re [ V2 (- I 2 ) * ] = Re [ (208∠ - 60°))(1.79 ∠63.44°) ] = 371.65 W
Solution 12.75
V 12
(a) I= = = 20 mA
R 600
V 120
(b) I= = = 200 mA
R 600
Solution 12.76
If both appliances have the same power rating, P,

P
I=
Vs
P
For the 120-V appliance, I1 = .
120
P
For the 240-V appliance, I2 = .
240
 P2 R
 2 for the 120-V appliance
Power loss = I 2 R =  120
2
P R for the 240-V appliance
 240 2
1 1
2 >
Since , the losses in the 120-V appliance are higher.
120 240 2
Solution 12.77
A three-phase generator supplied 10 kVA at a power factor of 0.85 lagging. If 7.5 kW

are delivered to the load and line losses are 160 W per phase, what are the losses in the
generator?
Solution
Pg = PT − Pload − Pline , pf = 0.85
But P T = 10k cos(θ) = 10k(0.85) = 8.5 kW

P g = 8.5 kW – 7.5 kW – (3)(160) W = 520 W
Solution 12.78
51
cos θ1 = = 0.85  → θ1 = 31.79°
60
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = (60)(0.5268) = 31.61 kVAR
P2 = P1 = 51 kW
cos θ 2 = 0.95  → θ 2 = 18.19°
P2
S2 = = 53.68 kVA
cos θ 2
Q 2 = S 2 sin θ 2 = 16.759 kVAR
Q c = Q1 − Q 2 = 3.61 − 16.759 = 14.851 kVAR
For each load,

Qc
Q c1 = = 4.95 kVAR
3
Q c1 4950
C= 2 = = 67.82 µF
ωV (2π)(60)(440) 2
Solution 12.79
A balanced three-phase generator has an abc phase sequence with phase voltage
V an = 554.3∠0° V. The generator feeds an induction motor which may be represented by
a balanced Y-connected load with an impedance of 12 + j5 Ω per phase. Find the line
currents and the load voltages. Assume a line impedance of 2 Ω per phase.
Solution
Consider the per-phase equivalent circuit below.
Ia 2Ω
a A
+
Van ZY = 12 + j5 Ω
−
n N
Van 554.3∠0° 554.3

Ia = = = = 37.29∠–19.65° A
ZY + 2 14 + j 5 14.866∠19.65°
Thus,
I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 37.29∠–139.65° A
I c = I a ∠120° = 37.29∠100.35° A
VAN = I a Z Y = (37.286∠ - 19.65°)(13∠22.62°) = 484.7∠2.97° V
Thus,
VBN = VAN ∠ - 120° = 484.7∠–117.03° V
VCN = VAN ∠120° = 484.7∠122.97° V
Solution 12.80
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = 6[0.83 + j sin(cos −1 0.83)] + S 2 + 8(0.7071 − j 0.7071)

S = 10.6368 − j 2.31 + S 2 kVA (1)
But
S = 3VL I L ∠θ = 3 (208)(84.6)(0.8 + j 0.6) VA = 24.383 + j18.287 kVA (2)
From (1) and (2),

S 2 = 13.746 + j 20.6 = 24.76∠56.28 kVA
Thus, the unknown load is 24.76 kVA at 0.5551 pf lagging.
Solution 12.81
pf = 0.8 (leading)  → θ1 = -36.87°

S1 = 150 ∠ - 36.87° kVA
pf = 1.0 → θ 2 = 0°
S 2 = 100∠0° kVA
pf = 0.6 (lagging)  → θ3 = 53.13°

S 3 = 200 ∠53.13° kVA
S 4 = 80 + j95 kVA
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 + S 4
S = 420 + j165 = 451.2 ∠21.45° kVA
S = 3 VL I L
S 451.2 × 10 3
IL = = = 542.7 A
3 VL 3 × 480
For the line,

S L = 3 I 2L Z L = (3)(542.7) 2 (0.02 + j0.05)
S L = 17.67 + j44.18 kVA
At the source,
S T = S + S L = 437.7 + j209.2
S T = 485.1∠25.55° kVA
ST 485.1 × 10 3
VT = = = 516 V
3 IL 3 × 542.7
Solution 12.82
V 2p
S 1 = 400(0.8 + j 0.6) = 320 + j 240 kVA, S2 = 3
Z*p
For the delta-connected load, VL = V p
(2400) 2
S 2 = 3x = 1053.7 + j842.93 kVA
10 − j8
S = S 1 + S 2 = 1.3737 + j1.0829 MVA
Let I = I 1 + I 2 be the total line current. For I 1 ,
VL
S1 = 3V p I *1 , Vp =
3
S1 (320 + j 240) x10 3
I *1 = = , I 1 = 76.98 − j 57.735
3VL 3 (2400)
For I2 , convert the load to wye.
2400
I 2 = I p 3∠ − 30 o = 3∠ − 30 o = 273.1 − j 289.76
10 + j8
I = I 1 + I 2 = 350 − j 347.5
V s = V L + Vline = 2400 + I ( 3 + j 6) = 5.185 + j1.405 kV →

 | V s |= 5.372 kV
Solution 12.83
S1 = 120 x746 x0.95(0.707 + j 0.707) = 60.135 + j 60.135 kVA, S 2 = 80 kVA
S = S1 + S 2 = 140.135 + j 60.135 kVA
|S| 152.49 x10 3

But | S |= 3V L I L →
 IL = = = 183.42 A
3V L 3 x 480
Solution 12.84
We first find the magnitude of the various currents.
For the motor,

S 4000
IL = = = 5.248 A
3 VL 440 3
For the capacitor,

Q c 1800
IC = = = 4.091 A
VL 440
For the lighting,

440
Vp = = 254 V
3
PLi 800
I Li = = = 3.15 A
Vp 254
Consider the figure below.
Ia I1
a
+ IC
Vab -jXC
Ib I2
−
b
Ic I3
c
ILi
R
In
n
If Van = Vp ∠0° , Vab = 3 Vp ∠30°

Vcn = Vp ∠120°
Vab
IC = = 4.091∠120°
-j X C
Vab
I1 = = 4.091∠(θ + 30°)
Z∆
where θ = cos -1 (0.72) = 43.95°
I 1 = 5.249 ∠73.95°
I 2 = 5.249 ∠ - 46.05°
I 3 = 5.249 ∠193.95°
Vcn
I Li = = 3.15∠120°
R
Thus,
I a = I 1 + I C = 5.249 ∠73.95° + 4.091∠120°
I a = 8.608 ∠93.96° A
I b = I 2 − I C = 5.249 ∠ - 46.05° − 4.091∠120°

I b = 9.271∠ - 52.16° A
I c = I 3 + I Li = 5.249 ∠193.95° + 3.15∠120°

I c = 6.827 ∠167.6° A
I n = - I Li = 3.15 ∠ - 60° A
Solution 12.85
Let ZY = R
VL 240
Vp = = = 138.56 V
3 3
27 Vp2
P = Vp I p = = 9 kW =
2 R
Vp2
(138.56) 2
R= = = 2.133 Ω
P 9000
Thus, Z Y = 2.133 Ω
Solution 12.86
For the single-phase three-wire system in Fig. 12.77, find currents I aA , I bB , and I nN .
440∠0° V
440∠0° V
Figure 12.77
For Prob. 12.86.
Solution
Consider the circuit shown below.
1Ω
a A
+
440∠0° V rms I1 24 – j2 Ω
−
1Ω
n N
+ I2
440∠0° V rms 15 + j4 Ω
−
1Ω
b B
For the two meshes,

440 = (26 − j 2) I1 − I 2 (1)
440 = (17 + j 4) I 2 − I1 (2)
In matrix form,
440 26 − j 2 - 1   I1 
440 =  - 1 17 + j 4 I 2 
  
∆ = 449 + j70 , ∆1 = (440)(18 + j 4) , ∆ 2 = (440)(27 − j 2)
∆1 440 ×18.44∠12.53°
I1 = = = 17.8548∠3.67° A
∆ 454.42∠8.86°
∆ 440 × 27.07∠ - 4.24°
I2 = 2 = = 26.211∠–13.1° A
∆ 454.42∠8.86°
I aA = I 1 = 17.8548∠3.67° A
I bB = - I 2 = 26.211∠166.9° A
I nN = I 2 − I1 = 25.529 – j5.9408 – 17.8182 – j1.14288

= 7.711 – j7.084 = (10.471∠–42.57°) A
Solution 12.87
Consider the single-phase three-wire system shown in Fig. 12.78. Find the current in the
neutral wire and the complex power supplied by each source. Take V s as a 220∠0°–V,
60-Hz source.
Figure 12.78
For Prob. 12.87.
Solution
L = 50 mH  → jωL = j (2π )(60)(50 x10 -3 ) = j18.85

Consider the circuit below.
1Ω
+ I1
220 V
− 20 Ω
2Ω
I3 15 + j18.85 Ω
+ I2
220 V
− 30 Ω
1Ω
Applying KVl to the three meshes, we obtain

23 I1 − 2 I 2 − 20 I 3 = 220 (1)
- 2 I1 + 33 I 2 − 30 I 3 = 220 (2)
- 20 I 1 − 30 I 2 + (65 + j18.85) I 3 = 0 (3)
In matrix form,
 23 - 2 - 20   I1  220
 - 2 33 - 30  I  = 220
  2  
- 20 - 30 65 + j18.85 I 3   0 
∆ = 12,775 + j14,232 , ∆1 = (220)(1975 + j 659.8)

∆ 2 = (220)(1825 + j 471.3) , ∆ 3 = (220)(1450)
∆1 220 × 2082∠18.47°
I1 = = = 23.951∠–29.62°
∆ 19214∠48.09°
∆ 220 ×1884.9∠14.48°
I2 = 2 = = 21.675∠–33.61°
∆ 19124∠48.09°
∆ − ∆1 (220)(-150 − j188.5)
I n = I 2 − I1 = 2 = = 2.77∠–176.6° A
∆ 12,775 + j14,231.75
S1 = V1 I1* = (220)(23.951∠29.62°) = (4.581 + j2.604) kVA

S 2 = V2 I *2 = (220)(21.675∠33.61°) = (3.971 + j2.64) kVA

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Solution 12.

(a) If Vab = 400 , then

(b) For the acb sequence,

i.e. in the acb sequence, Vab lags Van by 30°.

Hence, if Vab = 400 , then

Since phase c lags phase a by 120°, this is an acb sequence.

Vbn = 120∠(30° + 120°) = 120∠150° V

Given a balanced Y-connected three-phase generator with a line-to-line voltage of

Since V bc leads V ab by 120° we have a acb sequence and V ca = 100∠–75° V.

V L = 440 = 3 V p or V p = 440/1.7321 = 254 V or V an = 254∠0° V which

V AB = 1.7321xV AN ∠+30˚ = 207.8∠(32˚+30˚) = 207.8∠62˚ V or

207.8cos(ωt+62˚) V, 207.8cos(ωt–58˚) V, 207.8cos(ωt+182˚) V

The line currents are

The line voltages are

The load voltages are

This is a balanced Y-Y system.

Using the per-phase circuit shown above,

In a balanced three-phase wye-wye system, the source is an acb-sequence of voltages and

Consider the per phase equivalent circuit shown below.

Since the sequence is acb and V cn = 120∠35˚ V, then V an = 120∠155˚ V, and

I b = I a ∠120° = 6∠221.87° amps.

I c = I a ∠–120° = 6∠–18.13° amps.

V Lb = V La ∠120° = 106.83∠–86.29° volts.

V Lc = V La ∠–120° = 106.83∠33.71° volts.

Van 120 ∠0°

I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 4.8 ∠ - 156.87° A

I c = I a ∠120° = 4.8 ∠83.13° A

The current in the neutral line is

- I n = (28.661 + j10.6152) + (−20 − j34.641) + (−8.6947 + j67.129)

I n = 0.0337 – j43.103 = 43.1∠–89.96° A

I p = V L /|2–j3| = 762.12/3.6056 = 211.37 A and

Convert the delta-load to a wye-load and apply per-phase analysis.

Convert the delta load to wye as shown below.

We consider the single phase equivalent shown below.

I a = 110/(2 + 3 – j2) = 20.43∠21.8° A

S = 3|I a |2Z Y = 3(20.43)2(3–j2) = 4514∠–33.96˚ = 3744 – j2522

P = Re(S) = 3.744 kW.

We apply mesh analysis with Z L = (12+j12) Ω.

Solving for I 1 and I 2 using (1) to (3) gives

I 1 = 12.804∠–50.19° A = (8.198 – j9.836) A and

Z Y = (12+j12)/3 = 4+j4 and I a = 100/(1+j2+4+j4) = 100/(5+j6)

So, the answer does check.

Convert the delta load, Z ∆ , to its equivalent wye load.

(12 + j5)(8 − j10)

We now use the per-phase equivalent circuit.

A balanced delta-connected load has a phase current I AC = 5∠–30° A.

(a) I CA = - I AC = 5∠(-30° + 180°) = 5∠150°

This implies that

A positive sequence wye connected source where V an = 120∠90° V, is connected to a

First the voltages are V an = 120∠90° V, V bn = 120∠–30° V, and V cn = 120∠–150° V.

VAB = Van 3 ∠30° = (220∠60°)( 3 ∠30°) = 381.1∠90°

Z ∆ = 30 + j10 = 31.62 ∠18.43°

The phase currents are

The line currents are

The phase currents are

The line currents are

Three 440-volt generators, form a delta connected source which is connected to a

Finally, I aA = 138.564∠90°/[38+2+j(29+1)] =138.564∠90°/(50∠36.87°) or

We know that I aA = I AB + I AC = V AB /Z L + V AC /Z L = [100/(100∠37.87°)] +

Clearly V ab = I aA Z l + V AB – I bB Z l = (1.7321∠–6.87°)(2.23607∠26.56°) + 100 –

V ab = 106.61∠–0.65° V , V bc = 106.55∠119.34° V, V ca = 106.6∠–120.67° V.

A balanced delta-connected source has phase voltage V ab = 880∠30° V and a positive

We now use per-phase analysis.