 Anatomy: The structure of the organs.

 Physiology: The function of the organs.

 The examples of biological structures and the function that is aided by the
structure:
- Small intestine: folded  increase surface area  more moles can be
absorbed.
- Mitochondria: the inner membrane is folded over many times, called
cristae  increase the inner surface area  more ATP can be formed.
- Chloroplast: small sacks form a stack and the various stacks are in the
inner area of the chloroplast  increase surface area  more
photosynthesis
 Ingestion: eating food.
 Digestion: breaking down of big food molecules to the smallest
monomers by the help of the enzymes.
 Absorption: when small monomers are transferred to the circulatory
system from the small intestine.
- Proteins (polypeptides)  Amino acids
- Lipids (triglycerides)  glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- Carbohydrates (polysaccharide, disaccharide)  monosaccharides
- Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)  nucleotides
 Enzymes: biological catalysts made of proteins. They lower the activation
energy of the reactions and break down the big food molecules to small
food molecules.
 Alimentary canal: salivary gland  esophagus  stomach (pancreas 
gall bladder)  small intestine  large intestine  rectum
- Alimentary canal is made up of smooth muscles and they function by
peristalsis.
- Peristalsis: when longitudinal muscles and circular muscles contract and
relax moving the food to only one direction.
 Pancreas:
- Release pancreatic juice that contains amylase, lipase and trypsin to the
small intestine.
- Produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon which regulate the
sugar level in the blood stream.
 Enzymes present in pancreatic juice:
- Lipase: break down lipids into glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- Amylase: break down starch into disaccharide (maltose)
- Trypsin: break down proteins (polypeptides) into smaller polypeptides
 Role of small intestine:
- Digest the food molecules moving the food molecules by peristalsis +
produce maltase which digest maltose into monosaccharides.
- Absorb the small monomers such as water, glucose, fatty acids,
nucleotides, vitamins, glycerol, mineral ions and amino acids from the
small intestine to the capillary beds or lacteals.
- The villi in the lumen of the small intestine increase the surface area and
allows more monomers to be absorbed.
 Structure of villi
- Inner: Contain capillary bed for nutrient absorption and transport of
digested monomers by the bloodstream and a small vessel of the
lymphatic system that absorbs fatty acids.
- Exterior: Form mucosa and it is made up of epithelial cells that absorb
the nutrients. Also have tiny membrane projections called microvilli that
extend into the lumen of the intestine.