Concrete SECOND EDITION Sidney Mindess J. Francis Young David Darwin University of University of Illinois University of British Columbia at Urbana-Champaign Kansas Betoun lacy Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 ODTU KUTUPHANES? U. LIBRARYTALS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ms o Mindess, Sidney. Q00 Concrete / Sidney Mindess,J. Francis Young, David Darwin, —~ 2nd ed. peem Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-064632-6 1. Concrete. I Young, I Francis II. Darwin, David. IIL Title, TAd39.Ma9 2002 624.4°834—de21 328297 2002070052 Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Associate Editor: Laura Fischer Editorial Assistant: Erin Katchmar Vice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W.Riceardi Executive Managing Editor: Vince O "Brien Managing Editor: David A. George Production Editor: Tamar Savir Director of Creative Services: Paul Belfanti Creative Director: Carole Anson race Art Director: Jayne Conte “M30 2003 Art Editor: Greg Dulles ero: Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar bined Manufacturing Manager: Trudy Pisciott ro ‘Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell ne J in” Marketing Manager: Holly Stark oN ss © 2003,1996 by Pearson Education, Inc ReaTATEE Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NI 07458 lll rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without permission in ‘writing from the publisher. ‘The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 ISBN O-13-Ob4b32-6 Pearson Education Ltd., London Pearson Education Australia Pty. Ltd, Sydney Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong Kong Pearson Education Canada, Inc., Toronto Pearson Educacién de Mexico, S.A. de CV. Pearson Education —Japan, Tokyo Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. ‘ Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New JerseyContents Preface ‘CHAPTER 1 Conerete as a Material 1.1 The Nature of Concrete 1.2 Advantages of Conerete 1.3 Limitations of Concrete Bibliography CHAPTER 2 Historical Development of Cement and Concrete 2.1 Nonhydraulic Cements 2.2. Hydraulic Limes 2.3. Development of Portland Cement 2.4 Concrete Admixtures 25 Summary @ Bibliography ¥ CHAPTER 3 Cements 3.1 Manufacture of Portland Cement 3.2 Composition of Portland Cement 3.3. Modified Portland Cements 34 Non-Portland Inorganic Cements 3.5 Specifications and Tests of Portland Cement Bibliography Problems ( CHAPTER 4 ~ Hydration of Portland Cement 4.1 Chemistry of Hydration 4.2. Properties of the Hydration Products 43 Microstructure of Hydrated Cement Pastes 4.4 Properties of Hydrated Cement Pastes Bibliography Problems aawee 15 15 a aL 44 54 55 s7 57 65 69 80 90 OLiv Contents CHAPTER 5 Mineral Admixtures and Blended Cements 51 5.2 ae 5.4 aa CHAPTER 6 Water 61 6.2 CHAPTER 7 Pozzolanic Materials Blast Furnace Slag Blended Cements Proportioning with Mineral Admixtures Effects on Properties of Fresh and Hardening Concrete Bibliography Problems ‘Water as a Material Water Quality Bibliography Problems Aggregates cB. ae a CHAPTER 8 Properties Required for Mix Design Durability of Aggregates Nonstandard Aggregates Chapter Appendix Bibliography Problems Chemical Admixtures 8.1 8.2 83 8.4 85 8.6 CHAPTER 9. Definitions and Classifications Use of Admixtures Air-Entraining Admixtures Water-Reducing Admixtures Admixtures for Set Control Miscellaneous Admixtures. Bibliography Problems Fresh Concrete O41 92 9.3 94 Workability Measurement of Workability Setting of Concrete Tests of Fresh Conerete Bibliography Problems 93 94 102 104 106 107 113 114 ae ae ae 120 120 121 shed 140 ae 161 162 163 165 165 166 168 176 182 187 190 191 193 194 202 210 213 “219 eal)CHAPTER 10 Proportioning Concrete Mixes 10.1 10.2 10.3 CHAPTER 11 Basic Considerations Fundamentals of Mix Design ‘ACI Method of Mix Design Bibliography Problems Concrete Construction Practices 111 11.2 11.3 114 11.5 CHAPTER 12 Curing 124 12.2 CHAPTER 13 Batching and Mixing ‘Transportation Placement of Concrete Finishing Concrete Special Aspects of Handling Conerete Bibliography Problems Curing at Ambient Temperatures Curing at Elevated Temperatures Bibliography Problems Response of Concrete to Stress ae ae 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 CHAPTER 14° Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) Modulus of Elasti Tension and Fracture Compression Cyclic Loading Multiaxial States of Stress Factors Affecting Strength Bibliography Problems Testing of Hardened Concrete 14.1 14.2 14.3 144 14.5 Need for “Standard” Tests Significance of Tests ‘Tests for Compressive Strength Other Concrete Tests Assessment of Concrete Quality Bibliography Problems, Contents v 221 221 222 226 240 241 243 243 250 256 276 279 284 286 287 287 295 300 301 303 304 306 315 327 338 346 350 359 361 363 363 364 366 375 384 398 399vi Contents CHAPTER 15 Quality Control 15.1. Measurement of Variability 15.2. Quality-Control Charts 15.3. Failure to Meet Specified Requirements Bibliography Problems CHAPTER 16 ‘Time-Dependent Deformation 16.1 Plastic Shrinkage 16.2 Drying Shrinkage 163 Strain-Rate Effects 16.4 Creep of Concrete 16.5. Prediction of Shrinkage and Creep Bibliography Problems CHAPTER 17 Other Properties of Cone: 17.1 Thermal Properties 17.2. Resistance to Wear 173. Other properties Bibliography Problems CHAPTER 18 Durability 18.1 Permeability of Concrete 18.2. Chemical Transport 18.3. Chemical Attack 18.4 Physical Attack 18.5 Cracking in Concrete 18.6 Repair and Maintenance of Concrete Bibliography Problems CHAPTER 19 High-Strength Concrete 19.1. Materials Selection and Proportioning, 19.2. Construction 19.3. Properties Bibliography Problems 401 402 409 412 414 415 417 417 418 432 440 453 456 457 459 459 470 473 476 476 477 477 483 485, 499 505 509 513 S14 SIT 518 534 535 544 S45CHAPTER 20 Concretes for Special Applications 20.1 Lightweight Coneretes 20.2 Heavyweight Concretes 20.3 Architectural Concretes 20.4 Other Types of Concretes Bibliography Problems CHAPTER 21 Cement-Polymer Composites 21.1 Latex-Modified Conerete 21.2. Polymer-Impregnated Concrete 21.3 Organoceramics Bibliography Problems CHAPTER 22 Fiber Reinforce: 22.1 Definitions 22.2 Fiber Matrix Bond 22.3. Mechanics of Fiber Reinforcement 22.4 Fabrication of FRC 22.5. Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete 22.6 Applications of FRC Bibliography Problems Appendix—Tests and Specifications for Concrete and Its Constituents Solutions to Numerical Problems Index Contents vii 547 547 562, 564 576 581 582 583 584 589 ae 598 598 599 602 603 604 606 607 616 617 617 619 625 629Preface Portland cement concrete is foremost among the construction materials used in civil engineering projects around the world. Qrerials in that it is generally denmned specifically for a particular project using locally available materials. Therefore, the pro- ject engineer has full control and responsibility over the final material used in con- fit properties of concretes and the procedures that are essential to providing a material of the required quality and durability. In the past, concrete techpal taught lary fOrpresent a unified view of conerete behavior in light o ather than as a series of more or less unrelated facts. For instance, the material on the workability of concrete is prefaced by a general discussion of the principles of theology; mechanical properties are discussed from the point of view of concrete as a composite (or multiphase) material; and the underlying chemistry of hydration and microstructure of the hardened cement paste are emphasized. This book is designed primarily for use at the undergraduate level, but it should also serve as a guide for the professional engineer who did not take a formal course on concrete in college. The text is based on the authors’ considerable experi- ence in teaching the principles of concrete at the undergraduate level. It includes the most up-to-date information available on new concrete materials, and considerable at- tention is given to the role of specifications for concrete and concrete materials and the use of test methods for determining concrete properties. To provide a comprehensive treatment, more material is included than can be covered in detail in one semester. Therefore, the instructor will have to choose to omit certain topics. Chapter 4 contains more chemistry than might be considered desirable for an undergraduate course and could be treated in less detail by concentrating only on the reactions of the principal cement compounds. Also, those sections in Chapter 16 dealing with mechanisms of shrinkage, strain-rate dependence, and creep could be ix