China is the largest of all Asian countries and has the largest population of any country in the world.

Occupying nearly the entire East Asian landmass, it occupies approximately one-fourteenth of the land area
of Earth. Among the major countries of the world, China is surpassed in area by only Russia and Canada,
and it is almost as large as the whole of Europe.
China has 33 administrative units directly under
the central government; these consist of 22 provinces, 5
autonomous regions, 4 municipalities (Chongqing,
Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin), and 2 special
administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The
island province of Taiwan, which has been under
separate administration since 1949, is discussed in the
article Taiwan. Beijing (Peking), the capital of the
People’s Republic, is also the cultural, economic, and
communications center of the country. Shanghai is the
main industrial city; Hong Kong is the leading
commercial center and port.
Within China’s boundaries exists a highly
diverse and complex country. Its topography
encompasses the highest and one of the lowest places on Earth, and its relief varies from nearly impenetrable
mountainous terrain to vast coastal lowlands. Its climate ranges from extremely dry, desert like conditions
in the northwest to tropical monsoon in the southeast, and China has the greatest contrast in temperature
between its northern and southern borders of any country in the world.
The diversity of both China’s relief and its climate has resulted in one of the world’s widest arrays
of ecological niches, and these niches have been filled by a vast number of plant and animal species. Indeed,
practically all types of Northern Hemisphere plants, except those of the polar tundra, are found in China,
and, despite the continuous inroads of humans over the millennia, China still is home to some of the world’s
most exotic animals.
Probably the single most identifiable characteristic of China to the people of the rest of the world
is the size of its population. Some one-fifth of humanity is of Chinese nationality. The great majority of the
population is Chinese (Han), and thus China is often characterized as an ethnically homogeneous country,
but few countries have as wide a variety of indigenous peoples as does China. Even among the Han there
are cultural and linguistic differences between regions; for example, the only point of linguistic
commonality between two individuals from different parts of China may be the written Chinese language.
Because China’s population is so enormous, the population density of the country is also often thought to
be uniformly high, but vast areas of China are either uninhabited or sparsely populated.
With more than 4,000 years of recorded history, China is one of the few existing countries that also
flourished economically and culturally in the earliest stages of world civilization. Indeed, despite the
political and social upheavals that frequently have ravaged the country, China is unique among nations in
its longevity and resilience as a discrete politico-cultural unit. Much of China’s cultural development has
been accomplished with relatively little outside influence, the introduction of Buddhism from India
constituting a major exception. Even when the country was penetrated by such “barbarian” peoples as the
Manchu, these groups soon became largely absorbed into the fabric of Han Chinese culture.
 This relative isolation from the outside world made possible over the centuries the flowering and
refinement of the Chinese culture, but it also left China ill prepared to cope with that world when, from the
mid-19th century, it was confronted by technologically superior foreign nations. There followed a century
of decline and decrepitude, as China found itself relatively helpless in the face of a foreign onslaught. The
trauma of this external challenge became the catalyst for a revolution that began in the early 20th century
against the old regime and culminated in the establishment of a communist government in 1949. This event
reshaped global political geography, and China has since come to rank among the most influential countries
in the world.

Central to China’s long-enduring identity as a unitary country is the province, or sheng

(“secretariat”). The provinces are traceable in their current form to the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907). Over
the centuries, provinces gained in importance as centers of political and economic authority and
increasingly became the focus of regional identification and loyalty. Provincial power reached its peak in
the first two decades of the 20th century, but, since the establishment of the People’s Republic, that power
has been curtailed by a strong central leadership in Beijing. Nonetheless, while the Chinese state has
remained unitary in form, the vast size and population of China’s provinces—which are comparable to large
and midsize nations—dictate their continuing importance as a level of subnational administration.

The present flag was adopted in China in

1949 since the foundation of the People Republic
of China. The flag meaning is - red color
symbolizes revolution, emphasizing that political
power of the People Republic of China was
achieved in hard and bloody struggle. In its upper
left corner there are five stars, with the bigger one
symbolizing the Communist Party of China and
four smaller ones. The disposition of the stars on
the flag shows great unity of different layers of
Chinese community led by the Communist Party of China.

The PRC’s coat of arms was adopted on 20 September 1950. The national coat of arms features
Tiananmen Square, lit by five yellow stars and surrounded by wheatears with a gear. The yellow and red
colors of the coat of arms traditionally symbolize happiness and prosperity. Tiananmen symbolizes the
spirit of Chinese peoples in struggle against feudalism and imperialism; the wheatears and gear – the
peasants and working class.

The national anthem “March of the Volunteers” was written in 1935. The anthem text was written
by playwright Tian Han, the music - by Nie Er, the founder of Chinese new music movement. On 27
September 1949, the CPPCC session made a provision to adopt this song as a temporary national anthem,
and on 4 December 1982 the NPRC made decision to approve it as an official national anthem.

Chinese Language:

The Chinese language is the oldest written language in the world with at least six thousand years
of history. Chinese character inscriptions have been found in turtle shells dating back to the Shang dynasty1
(1766-1123 BC) proving the written language has existed for more than 3,000 years. The Chinese written
language uses single distinctive symbols, or characters, to represent each word of the vocabulary. The vast
majority of characters are written versions of spoken sounds that have meaning. A large dictionary usually
contains 40,000 characters. One must be able to recognize 2,000 to 3,000 characters to read a newspaper.
Although the written system has been altered over time due to revolutions and political changes, the
principles of the language along with the symbols and characters have remained basically the same.

Although many Chinese dialects exist, the written language is a common form of communication.
Even though people are not able to verbally communicate in different provinces, they are able to understand
each other in writing. However, the written language can be further subdivided into three forms: simplified,
traditional, and informal slang or phonetic. There is also a form called "pin-yin" which is the Chinese
language transcribed using a roman spelling.

Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages and is spoken by more than a billion
people making it the most widely spoken language in the world. Mandarin happens to be the most widely
spoken Chinese dialect, followed by Wu (Shanghainese), Yue (Cantonese), Min, Xiang, Gan, Hakka and
other dialects.

Chinese is written using characters called ideographs. There are approximately 50,000 characters
found in the standard Chinese dictionary. The majority of Chinese characters consist of two elements 1) a
signific, which indicates the meaning of the word, and 2) a phonetic, which indicates the sound.

With around 1.2 billion people speak one or more varieties of Chinese million first language
speakers, Mandarin is by far the most widely spoken language in the world. The vast majority of Mandarin
speakers are found in mainland China and Taiwan, where it is the official language, as well as Singapore,
where it is a co-official language.

Mandarin is also spoken by groups in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius,
Mongolia, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Vietnam.

The "Chinese Language" is really a collection numerous Chinese languages or dialects that are
different enough from one another to be mutually unintelligible. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica,
the main dialectical groups of Chinese are divided in this way:

 Mandarin (northern, central, and western China)

 Wu, Northern and Southern Min, Kan, Hakka, and Hsiang
 Cantonese (southeastern China)

Because of the significant differences between the Chinese dialects, the language has always required
a lingua franca to make communication possible among its different groups of speakers. Beginning with
the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644), attempts were made to create an official spoken Chinese. Initially, the
official spoken language was based on the Nanjing dialect, but later the Mandarin dialect spoken around
Beijing (known as guóyǔ) gained influence and took over the top spot.3 During the Qing Dynasty (1644 -
1912) academies were established to promote the Beijing pronunciation as the standard for spoken
Mandarin, but their success was limited. Nonetheless, by the time the Qing Dynasty had come to an end in
the early part of the 20th Century, Standard Mandarin had come to be seen as the privileged spoken
language for China. The ascendancy of Standard Mandarin continued through the split of the Republic of
China into the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan in the late 1940s. In 1956, the PRC renamed
Standard Mandarin pǔtōnghuà or "ordinary speech," which was not recognized by Taiwan. Despite this
disagreement, the rules and conventions for Standard Mandarin in the PRC and Taiwan are still essentially
the same.

Chinese Language Tips and Facts

 When working with Chinese remember it is a double-byte language and thus single-byte will not
work. Double-byte Chinese character sets include: GB and Unicode for Chinese.
 Chinese names actually create visual representations imbued with meaning - thus when developing
brands online or offline make sure your brand names carry meaning relevant to the Chinese
consumer. Example, the P&G brand -Pamper means "helping baby's comfort" or the brand -
Whispers means "protection and comfort"
 Chinese is full of homophones which are words with the same pronunciation as another word.
Numbers like 8, 6, 9, are homophones for auspiciousness and prosperity. The number 8 reads as
'Fa' (Cantonese) which means "to make a great fortune in the near future".
 Chinese: simplified Chinese characters are mostly used in Mainland China and Singapore.
 Chinese can be written both vertically and horizontally.
 Chinese is generally written without any spaces between words, and even lines can be broken at
any point. Chinese names should be written with surname first followed by the first name.

What Makes Spoken Chinese Different from Other Languages?

The pitches or "tones" of spoken Chinese present speech difficulties for a person who is learning
the language. With its tens of thousands of characters, Mandarin Chinese has only some than 400 syllables.
As a result, a single sound can represent more than 100 different written characters. Tones and the use of
compound syllables multiply the number of available word sounds. (For example, Putonghua or Mandarin,
the national language of the P.R.C., has four separate tones and many compounds.) Some Chinese language
groups, such as Cantonese, have more tones and syllabic sounds, and fewer compounds.

Simplified Characters

Primarily Chinese in China uses simplified characters. It is taught in Mandarin-Chinese classes

internationally as well. These characters are
simpler, i.e., have less pen-strokes, than
traditional Chinese characters. Simplified
characters have existed for hundreds of years,
but only became officially acceptable in
formal writing after the founding of the
People's Republic of China in an attempt to
improve literacy among Chinese in China,
during the 1950's. 3 The Chinese newspaper
"Ren Min Ri Bao" or "People's Daily" uses
simplified characters as do subtitles of news reports or videos that come from China. Because there are not
as many readers of this paper in the United States, the paper is not commonly carried in local Chinese stores.
People who are literate in simplified Chinese characters may not be literate in traditional Chinese.

Traditional or classical Chinese

 Traditional or classical Chinese characters is
taught and used by Chinese in Hong Kong, Taiwan,
Malaysia, Korea, Japan, and elsewhere. Many
textbooks, newspapers, and subtitles for movies are
written in traditional Chinese. Examples of Chinese
newspapers distributed in the United States that use
traditional Chinese characters is "Ming Pao" or
"Sing Tao" newspapers. Cantonese speaking
Chinese from Hong Kong generally reads these
papers. On the other hand, Mandarin-speaking
Taiwanese reads the Chinese "World Journal" newspaper in the States. Both papers are commonly sold in
local Chinese stores and restaurants.

Informal slang or phonetic characters

Cantonese speakers have also developed an informal slang or phonetic characters. These characters
are used in addition to traditional Chinese characters in an informal setting, such as in comics or
entertainment sections of newspapers or magazines. The informal characters are used to sound out the
Cantonese dialect. Often, you cannot find these characters in the dictionary. People from China, Taiwan or
other countries have to learn to recognize these characters before they can read all sections of Hong Kong-
based newspapers.

Pin-yin, the English form of Chinese

In an attempt to make the Chinese language more understandable to the western world, China
developed the "pinyin" (pin-yin) system.4 The pinyin system uses the western alphabet and spelling to
pronounce Chinese words. Chinese languages have been transliterated into the pinyin system since 1892 5
(except personal and location names). In 1977, Chinese officials made a formal request to the United
Nations (UN) 6 to use the pinyin system for naming geographical locations in China. People who use pinyin
are those who are more familiar with the western alphabet and are learning to speak Mandarin Chinese.

Verb tense

Grammatically speaking English and Chinese are very different languages. There is no rule that
verbs, nouns, and adjectives must agree with one another in Chinese writing. There is no such thing as
singular or plural in the Chinese language. Often a number or word will be added to the sentence to account
for plurality. There are no verb tenses in the Chinese writing. Additional words are used to clarify the past
and future tenses. These words are usually placed at the beginning of the phase to help indicate time. In a
medical setting, it is important to pay particular attention to time indicators. For example: if a provider asks,
“Have you been vomiting?" the Chinese patient may answer “No". Actually the patient may mean "not
now, but two days ago I did." In this case, the provider is not getting the correct information. It would be
clearer to ask the patient a question with a time indicator such as "Have you vomited in the last week?"

Spoken Language
 China covers a very broad area of land. There are more than 70 million people belonging to 55
different national minorities living in China.7Each minority has their own spoken language. Many of the
minority groups do not have a distinguishable written form for their languages.

The spoken Chinese language is comprised of many regional variants called dialects. Modern
Chinese dialects evolved between the 8th and 3rd centuries BC.8 The differences in dialect are due to the
different pronunciation and vocabulary. The official dialect of China is Mandarin, also call "Putonghua".
More than 70% of the Chinese population speaks Mandarin, but there are also several other major dialects
in use in China: Yue (Cantonese), Xiang (Hunanese), Min dialect, Gan dialect, Wu dialect, and Kejia or
Hakka dialect.9

Major Chinese dialects spoken in the United States

The 3 most commonly used dialects in the Northwest

Mandarin or Putonghua is the most common dialect used in China and has been adopted as a second
language by those who speak other Chinese dialects. The official language of China, Mandarin is the dialect
taught in Chinese schools. It is the universal language used throughout the northern, central, and
southwestern provinces of China. Mandarin is also spoken in Taiwan, where it is referred to as Chinese
rather than "Putonghua." Often, Mandarin is used in local TV and radio media. Next to Cantonese, it is the
most common Chinese language spoken in the Northwest. The Chinese newspaper, "World Journal" is
distributed in the States and is published for Mandarin speaking Chinese.

Immigrants from China or Taiwan who speak Mandarin come from diverse backgrounds. Some have fled
China for political freedom after incidents such as the Tiananmen Square10 events where students who
spoke up for democracy were rapidly crushed by Chinese government. Others are well-educated
professionals seeking business and educational opportunities in the United States. Still others have little
education and have come to the States in search of better life for themselves and their families.

Cantonese, also known as Yue or Guangdonghua, is spoken in Hong Kong, most of Guangdong, and the
southern Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. There are large groups of Cantonese-speaking immigrants
located in the Northwest area. Many of these immigrants are from Southeast Asia, Mainland China, and
Hong Kong. More recently, a number of ethnic Chinese has fled Southeast Asia as refugees.11Hong Kong's
return to Chinese control in 1997 also stimulated a great deal of movement from both Hong Kong and
China. Although Cantonese is a common dialect spoken on a daily basis in Hong Kong, government
officials and schools are required to use Mandarin dialect. Cantonese is arguably the most commonly
spoken dialect in the Pacific Northwest, Northern California, and the East Coast. Local Chinese TV and
radio media also commonly broadcast in Cantonese. A couple of Chinese newspapers distributed in the
States for Cantonese speakers are "Ming Pao" and "Sing Tao."
Toisanese another dialect commonly used by Chinese in the Northwest is call Toisanese. This dialect came
from the rural area of Guangdong. In the mid 1900s, many Toisanese emigrated from Toisan area to the
States as railroad workers. More recently, Toisan people continue to immigrate to the States for improved
economic opportunity. Many of the immigrants have adopted to learn the Cantonese dialect but some speak
only Toisanese. There is no separate written language or broadcasting media in Toisanese.

Other dialects spoken by Chinese living in the Northwest

Xiangdialect is also known as Hunanese and is spoken primarily in the Hunan Province, located in southern
China.

Min dialect is spoken mostly in Fujian, Taiwan and Hainan, and parts of eastern Guangdong and the
Leizhou Bandao Peninsula, and in areas of Southeast Asia. During World War I, a large number of Chinese
emigrated from Fujian to Taiwan.

Gan dialect is used mostly by the people living in Jiangxi and the southeastern corner of Hubei. They are
located at the north side of China.

Wu dialect is spoken by a majority of the people living in Zhijiang and the southern areas of Jiangsu and
Anhui.

Kejia or Hakka dialect is spoken in the northeastern Guangdong area, southwestern Fujian, southern
Jiangxi, and in areas throughout southeastern China and Southeast Asia.

Interpretation & Translation Issues

Over the last several decades, the Northwest has seen large immigrant influxes from China, Hong
Kong, and Southeast Asia. The primary language of these multiple ethnic groups is a Chinese dialect.
Therefore, interpretation and translation services are necessary in every field ranging from government
officiating, law enforcement, and court activities, to medical encounters, insurance affairs, and industrial
business and so forth.

These non-English speaking immigrants have various levels of educational and professional
backgrounds, such as doctors, professors, teachers, business owners, engineers, labor workers, housewives,
and scholars. No matter what kind of background they have, they all must face the most challenging task
of learning how to speak and write English. Learning the English language is very difficult for many
individual reasons including finances and time restraints, limited education, and age. Often due to the
difficulties in communication, non- English speaking immigrants will try to get help and resources in their
own community or postpone their problem until it is unavoidable.

Inappropriate but common interpretation methods

 An English speaking person cannot understand or even imagine how frustrating and frightening it
can be for a non-English speaker to answer the phone or door. Quite often they must rely on their children
and relatives who speak better English. The children have taken over many of the parents' traditional duties
because of their English skills like reading the mail, relaying school news and information, answering the
phone, assisting in shopping, making appointments, and interpreting. However, even though the children
can speak English fluently they often have a difficult time conveying information completely back to the
parents because of their lack of sophistication with the Chinese language or because the subject is
inappropriate for a child to interpret. Also, English speaking children or relatives are often busy with their
own daily lives to be constantly translating for their non- English speaking family members. The whole
issue of language knowledge has created a lot of tension and frustration in Chinese households and has led
to power struggles between the parents and the child or family member.

Interpretation- Legal Guidelines

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal regulation that applies to all health care
providers receiving federal financial support from the US department of Health & Human services. The
regulation requires that providers use effective methods of communication with people who, because of
their national origins have limited proficiency in English. The 1998 Guidance Memorandum explains what
types of interpreter services are necessary to meet the Title VI responsibility.

All interpreter and translation services have contracted interpreters and translators in multiple
languages who are ready to be sent out to the field for different functions. Most of the interpreters and
translators are certified through the State of Washington. The State provides a written and oral certification
exam for all medical, administrative, and court interpreters. Interpreters for many languages are certified
by the State. The languages with certified state interpreters are Spanish, Russian, Vietnamese, Cantonese,
Mandarin, Cambodia, Mien, Japanese, Korean, Romanian, and Somalia. Certifications for additional
languages are being developed as needed.

Interpretation Styles

There are three different styles of interpreting: consecutive, paraphrase and simultaneous. Hospital and
clinical settings usually use one of the first two styles. The simultaneous style often is used in court and
other legal settings. The role of the interpreter is to act as a voice bridge between two parties. Some pointers
to keep in mind when speaking through an interpreter are as follows:

1. Maintain eye contact with the client or the patient at all times and talk to them directly (not to the
interpreter).

2. Be open-minded and aware of cultural differences.

 3. Use simple, clear and direct terms or phases

4. Pause periodically.

5. Make sure the client or patient fully understands what is translated.

6. Encourage questions.

7. Schedule extra time for the interpreting process.

Interpretation Resources

Many multi-cultural services and agencies provide seminars and classes to the public. Locally, the
Cross Cultural Health Care Program (www.xculture.org/training) offers such seminars. Currently,
Washington State provides one of the best translation and interpretation services in the nation. A majority
of the non-English speaking immigrants have been pleased with the interpreter services and feel very
fortunate to live in the Great Northwest!

Essential Chinese Phrases

 Thank you! (xiè xie) 谢谢！
 You’re welcome. (bú yòng xiè) 不用谢。
 Hello (nǐ hǎo) 你好。
 How are you? (nǐ hǎo ma) 你好吗?
 OK/Good (hǎo) 好 / (hǎo de) 好的
 Not OK/ Not Good (bù hǎo) 不好
 May I ask… (qǐng wèn) 请问…
 I’m sorry (duì bu qǐ) 对不起

Chinese Phrases for Travelling

 Do you speak English? (nǐ huì shuō yīng yǔ ma?) 你会说英语吗？

 Where is the bathroom/washroom/toilet? (xǐ shǒu jiān zài nǎ lǐ?) 洗手间在哪里？
 Help! (jiù mìng) 救命！
 I’m sorry, I don’t understand. (bù hǎo yì si, wǒ méi tīng dǒng) 不好意思， 我没听懂。
 Do you understand (what I’m saying)? (tīng de dǒng ma?) 听得懂吗？/ (tīng dǒng le ma?) 听懂
了吗？
 If you don’t understand, you can respond with 听不懂 (tīng bu dǒng), 没听懂 (méi tīng dǒng) or
没有 (méi yǒu)*.
 Please excuse me. (jiè guò yī xià) 借过一下。
 Wait a moment / hang on a sec (děng yī xià) 等一下。
 Welcome (huān yíng guāng lín) 欢迎光临
 The bill, please. Thank you. (jié zhàng, xiè xie) 结账，谢谢。
o You may also say 买单, 谢谢. (mǎi dān, xiè xie.) The first character, 买 (mǎi) means ‘to
buy’.
 Extra Sentence: I want…(wǒ yào) 我要。。。
 Combine this sentence with the following items:
 …a beer 。。。(yī píng pí jiǔ) 一瓶啤酒。
 …a cup of coffee 。。。(yī bēi kā fēi) 一杯咖啡。
 …a bottle of water 。。。(yī píng shuǐ) 一瓶水。

 How much is it? (zhè ge duō shao qián?) 这个多少钱？

 How do you say that in Chinese? (zhè ge yòng hàn yǔ zěn me shuō?) 这个用汉语怎么说？
 I don’t understand. (wǒ bú tài míng bai) 我不太明白。
 What do you mean? (shén me yì si) 什么意思？
 Please repeat that. (qǐng zài shuō yī biàn) 请再说一遍。

Famous Chinese Quotation

 bù ɡuǎn hēi māo hái shì bái māo ，nénɡ zhuā dào láo shǔ de jiù shì hǎo māo 。
不管黑猫还是白猫，能抓到老鼠的就是好猫。
Black cat or white cat: If it can catch mice, it's a good cat.

 sān rén xínɡ ， bì yǒu wǒ shī 。 -- kǒnɡ zǐ

三 人 行 ， 必 有 我 师 。 -- 孔 子
If I am walking with two other men, each of them will serve as my teacher. – CONFUCIUS

 shòu rén yǐ yú bù rú shòu rén yǐ yú

授人以鱼不如授人以渔
Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.

 cōnɡ mínɡ de rén ， dà shì huà xiǎo ， xiǎo shì huà liáo
聪明的人，大事化小，小事化了
A clever person turns great troubles into little ones and little ones into none at all.

 jǐ suǒ bú yù wù shī yú rén 。

己所不欲勿施于人。
A person who say it cannot be done should not interrupt the man doing it.
 qiān lǐ zhī xínɡ shǐ yú zú xià 。 lǎo zi
千 里 之 行 始 于 足 下。--- 老 子
A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.--- LAO TZU

 wǔ shí bù xiào bǎi bù 。

五十步笑百步。
The pot calling the kettle black

 shēnɡ mìnɡ yǒu xiàn ， zhī shí wú yá 。---- zhuānɡ zi

生 命 有 限 ， 知 识 无 涯 。--- 庄 子
Life is finite, while knowledge is infinite. ---ZHUANGZI

 dǎ pò shā guō wèn dào dǐ -wú chāng líng

打破沙锅问到底。-吴昌龄
Inquire into the bottom facts in the affair.

 liú dé qīng shān zài，bù pà méi chái shāo - líng méng chū
留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。- 凌蒙初
Where there is life, there is hope.

 tiān xià xīng wáng , pǐ fū yǒu zé - gù yán wǔ

天下兴亡，匹夫有责。- 顾炎武
Rise and fall of a nation rests with every one of its citizens.
References:
Chan, H., Rawski, E. S., DeWoskin, K. J., Lewis, J. W., Chen, C., & Liu, J. T. (2019, January 22). China.
Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/China
China - Key Country Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.advantour.com/china/general.htm
Chinese. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Chinese/

Globalization Partners International. (n.d.). Globalization Partners International. Retrieved from

https://www.globalizationpartners.com/resources/chinese-translation-quick-facts/the-chinese-
language.aspx

Chinese Language. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ethnomed.org/culture/chinese/chinese-language-profile

Hollie. (2018, July 18). 20 Essential Chinese Phrases for Newbies and Travellers. Retrieved from
https://www.writtenchinese.com/20-essential-chinese-phrases-for-newbies-and-travellers-2/
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hanbridgemandarin.com/article/daily-chinese-learning-tips/chinese-
quotes