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LOCALIZER
LPD ANTENNA ARRAY
8-ELEMENT and 14-ELEMENT
RECORD OF REVISIONS
Page Revision Insertion Page Revision Insertion
Number Date Number Date
Level Date Level Date
Cover C 03/96
Effect C 03/96
Pg & Rec
of Rev.
i thru C 03/96
viii
1-1 thru C 03/96
1-18
2-1 thru C 03/96
2-22
3-1 thru C 03/96
3-4
4-1 thru C 03/96
4-6
6-1 thru C 03/96
6-22
8-1 thru C 03/96
8-28
9-1 thru C 03/96
9-4
9-5 thru C 03/96
9-19
SAFETY SUMMARY
The following are general safety precautions that are not related to any specific procedures and therefore do
not appear elsewhere in this publication. These are recommended precautions that personnel must
understand and apply them during many phases of operation and maintenance.
Operating personnel must at all times observe all safety regulations. Under no circumstances should any
person remove any protective covers that expose lethal voltages. Do not replace components or make
adjustments inside the equipment with primary power supply turned on. Under certain conditions,
dangerous potentials may exist when the power is in the off position, due to charges retained by capacitors.
To avoid casualties, always remove power and allow time for the capacitors to discharge before touching
it.
RESUSCITATION
Personnel working with or near high voltages should be familiar with modern methods of resuscitation.
LOCALIZER LPD ANTENNA
The equipment is supplied by Airport Systems International, Inc. For replacement parts and repair service,
contact Airport Systems International, Inc.
When ordering replacement parts, you should direct your order as indicated below and furnish the following
information insofar as applicable. To enable us to give better replacement service, please be sure to give
us complete information.
INFORMATION REQUIRED
1. Airport Systems International, Inc. model number, type and serial number of equipment.
CORRESPONDENCE/SHIPPING ADDRESS
COMMUNICATIONS
Telephone: 913/492-0861
Telex: 49610240 Airport Sys Int
Fax: 913/492-0870
LOCALIZER LPD ANTENNA
A. The Manufacturer warrants to the original purchaser, subject to the limitations and exclusions stated
below, that all mechanical and electrical parts of products which it manufactures (the "Products") will be
free of defects in materials and workmanship for a period of (i) one year from the date of installation or (ii)
eighteen (18) months from the date of shipment, whichever first occurs (the "Warranty Period").
B. If the Customer believes a Product is defective, notice thereof shall be provided to the Manufacturer's
Customer Service Department at the address provided on the cover page and (if applicable) to the selling
Distributor. A defect in materials and workmanship covered by this warranty shall be deemed to have occurred
only if, and as of the time when, the Manufacturer is notified in writing by the Customer, within the Warranty
Period, that the Product has become defective, and the Manufacturer's personnel verify that the said Product,
in fact, does not comply with the warranty provided hereunder and it is determined that:
(i) The Products, during the entire Warranty Period, have been operated within normal service conditions
recommended by the Manufacturer and recognized in the industry, and
(ii) The Products have been installed and adjusted according the Manufacturer's procedures as stated
in the Instruction Manual or other instructions supplied in writing by the Manufacturer.
C. Failures caused by lightning or other acts of God, or power surges, are not considered to be defects
in materials and workmanship and are not covered under this warranty. Routine maintenance and calibration
are also not considered to be defects in materials and workmanship and are not covered under this warranty,
Any change, modification or alteration of the Manufacturer's Products not specifically authorized by the
Manufacturer will void this warranty.
D. Any circuit board or module returned to the factory for warranty coverage, must be enclosed in an
electrostatic sensitive device (ESD) protective wrapping. If circuit board or module is not received in an
ESD protective wrap, any and all warranty will be null and void.
E. If it is determined that the conditions for warranty coverage, as described above, have been satisfied,
the Manufacturer shall repair or replace the defective Products or parts thereof in accordance with the following
procedures:
(i) Customer will contact the Manufacturer's Customer Service Department which will issue the Customer
a Return Authorization (RA) number.
(ii) The component, defective part, or Product, as appropriate, shall be returned to the Manufacturer
for inspection, freight prepaid by the Customer. The RA number must be clearly displayed on the
exterior of the shipping container. No shipments will be accepted without a RA number. All customs
duties, fees, etc. will be paid by the Customer.
LOCALIZER LPD ANTENNA
(iii) If, upon inspection, it is determined by Manufacturer's personnel that the Product or component
thereof is indeed defective and covered by this warranty, then Manufacturer, at its option, may either
repair the Product or defective component thereof and return the same to the Customer or ship a
replacement for the defective Product or part thereof, freight paid. All customs duties, fees, etc. will
be paid by the Customer. The Product or component thereof will be returned to the customer utilizing
a shipping mode similar to that used by Customer to ship the same to the Manufacturer.
(iv) If, upon inspection by Manufacturer, it is determined that the Product or component thereof was
not defective or was not covered by this warranty, then the cost of all of Manufacturer's inspections
and the return shipping charges will be charged to Customer.
F. The Manufacturer reserves the right to make modifications and alterations to Products without obligation
to install such improvements on, in, or in place of theretofore manufactured Products of Manufacturer.
G. Manufacturer does not warranty any Products, components, subassemblies, or parts not of its own
manufacture. Manufacturer hereby transfers to Customer any and all warranties (if any) which it receives
from its suppliers.
H. This warranty applies only to the original purchaser and, unless Customer receives the express written
consent of an officer of Manufacturer, this warranty may not be assigned, transferred, or conveyed to any
third party, even if the third party is a bona a fide purchaser of the Products.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3.3.1.2 Low Voltage Power Supply CCA (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5) Detailed Circuit Theory . 2-8
2.3.3.1.3 Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.3.3.1.4 Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6) Detailed Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.3.3.1.5 Analog I/O CCA (2A1A4A3/2A1A4A7) Block Diagram Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.3.3.1.6 Analog I/O CCA (2A1A4A3/2A1A4A7) Detailed Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
2.3.3.1.7 Antenna Fault CCA (2A1A4A4/2A1A4A8) Detailed Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.3.3.2 RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6) Detailed Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.3.3.2.1 Hybrid Couplers Detailed Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.3.3.2.2 Unequal Power Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.3.3.2.3 Combiner/Divider Hybrid Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
2.3.3.3 RF Combiner Unit (2A1A5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
2.3.3.3.1 RF Combiner Unit (8 Element) (2A1A5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
2.3.3.3.2 RF Combiner Unit (14-element) (2A1A5) Detailed Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
2.3.3.4 Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1) Block Diagram Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
2.3.3.4.1 Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1) Detailed Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
2.3.3.5 Integral Detector (2A1A2/2A1A3) Detailed Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
2.3.3.6 Transient Suppressor (2A1A8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
2.3.3.7 In-Line Phasing Detector (2A1A7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
2.3.4 Misalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
2.4 POWER DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
SECTION 3. OPERATION
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF TABLES
1.1 INTRODUCTION.- This technical instruction book contains data required to operate and maintain the
Model 1100 Localizer 8 or 14 Element antenna system utilizing Log Periodic Dipole (LPD) antenna
elements, supplied by Airport Systems International, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas. Included are a general
description and specification data, technical description, operating procedures, standards and tolerances,
periodic and corrective maintenance instructions, parts lists, installation instructions, and troubleshooting
support data.
This section contains an equipment description, including purpose of the equipment, and tables of equipment
specification data, equipment and accessories supplied, and equipment required, but not supplied.
1.2 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION.- Refer to figure 1-1. The localizer antenna array consists of 8 or 14
identical LPD antenna elements, a Distribution Unit (2A1) for RF distribution and monitoring, an antenna
trough kit which acts as a conduit for the RF feed, RF monitor, and obstruction light power cables. The LPD
antenna array also includes a misalignment switch assembly, which detects antenna misalignment, and
obstruction lamps. Eight (8) element LPD antenna arrays are used for a narrow aperture systems and
fourteen (14) LPD antennas for a wide aperture system.
The LPD antenna array is typically installed about 1,000 feet from the stop end of the runway with the center
of the antenna array located on the extended runway centerline.
1.2.1 Localizer Antennas.- Refer to figure 1-2. Each LPD antenna is mounted approximately six (6) feet
above ground on breakaway masts. Each LPD antenna is approximately nine (9) feet long and four (4) feet
wide and consists of seven parallel, horizontally polarized dipole radiators which are fed from a common,
balanced transmission line. Each antenna contains an impedance matching network that is used to balance
the radiating elements of the antenna. Each LPD antenna has its own integral monitor that samples the
radiated signal. These radiated signal samples are sent to the RF Combiner Unit (2A1A5) for monitor
calculations.
1.2.2 Distribution Unit (2A1).- The Distribution Unit (DU) is either a metal or fiberglass box located at
the center of the antenna array. The DU houses the Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1), the Integral
Detectors (2A1A2/2A1A3), the Field Monitor/Control Assembly (2A1A4), RF Combiner Assembly
(2A1A5), RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6), In-Line Phasing Detector (2A1A7), the Transient Suppressor
Assembly (2A1A8), and where applicable, the RF Isolators. The DU also contains a heater and convenience
outlets.
Figure 1-3 shows the DU used for 8 element LPD antenna systems and figure 1-4 shows the DU used for
14 element LPD antenna systems.
1.2.2.1 Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1).- Figure 1-5 is an illustration of the Monitor Combiner
Assembly used in an 8 Element LPD antenna system and figure 1-6 shows the Monitor Combiner Assembly
used in a 14 Element LPD antenna system. The Monitor Combining Assembly receives the reconstituted
CSB and SBO signals from the RF Combiner Unit (2A1A5) and converts them into course and width
information that is routed to the localizer monitor via the Integral Detectors (2A1A2/2A1A3). The Monitor
Combining Assembly is a self-contained unit consisting of a power divider, two fixed attenuator circuits,
a step attenuator, a Sideband Phaser, and a 3 dB miniature coupler.
The Sideband Phaser and the step attenuator are in the SBO signal path. The Sideband Phaser is adjusted
to bring the phase relationship between the CSB and SBO signals to 0E. The step attenuator is adjusted for
the normal monitored width DDM of 0.155.
1.2.2.2 Integral Detector Assembly (2A1A2/2A1A3).- Refer to figure 1-7. Each Integral Detector
Assembly (course and width) detects an RF signal from the Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1). The
detected audio is amplified, and applied to the Field Monitor/Control Assembly (2A1A4) for processing.
1.2.2.3 Field Monitor/Control Assembly (2A1A4).- Refer to figure 1-8. The output of the Integral Detector
Assemblies (2A1A2/2A1A3) is applied to the Field Monitor/Control Assembly. The Field Monitor/Control
Assembly contains the Field Microprocessor Circuit Card Assembly (CCA) (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6), the
Field Analog I/O CCA (2A1A4A3/2A1A4A7), the Field Low Voltage Power Supply CCA
(2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5), the Antenna Fault CCA (2A1A4A4/2A1A4A8) as well as a backplane assembly
for circuit card interconnections. Circuits within the Field Monitor/Control Assembly compute the Course
and Width DDM, SDM, the RF level for both the Course and Width Integral Detectors, and the ID level.
This information is then applied, via a digital data link, to the Microprocessor CCA (1A12/1A16) in the
localizer transmitter. The Field Monitor/Control Assembly also contains the interface for detecting cable
faults (shorts or opens) and antenna misalignment. The digital data word sent to the localizer transmitter's
Microprocessor CCA (1A12/1A16) contains the cable fault and misalignment fault indications.
The Field/Monitor Control Assembly also contains a 25 pin D-shell connector (J1) for communication with
a local video terminal.
1.2.2.3.2 Field Low Voltage Power Supply CCA (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5).- The Low Voltage Power Supply
CCA measures 6-7/8 inches deep, 4-3/16 inches high and has a 10 pin connector which connects to the Field
Monitor/Control Assembly interconnecting wiring harness. The Low Voltage Power Supply provides ±12
Vdc and +5 Vdc power to the Field Monitor/Control Assembly.
1.2.2.3.3 Field Analog I/O CCA (2A1A4A3/2A1A4A7).- The Field Analog I/O CCA converts the detected
RF signals from the Integral Detector Assemblies (2A1A2/2A1A3) to digital form for use by the Field
Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6). An RS-232, serial driver/receiver chip is also on this CCA
to provide communications with the system transmitter. Dimensions are 3-5/8 x 6-1/4 inches. It connects
to the Field Monitor/Control Assembly interconnecting wiring harness through a sixty-four (64) pin and 2
sixteen (16) pin connectors.
1.2.2.3.4 Antenna Fault CCA (2A1A4A4/2A1A4A8).- The Antenna Fault CCA contains antenna fault
circuitry which detects antenna faults. The Antenna Fault CCA connects to the Field Monitor/ Control
Assembly via a sixty-four (64) pin connector and 2 twenty (20) pin connectors.
1.2.2.4 RF Combiner Unit (2A1A5).- The RF Combiner Unit receives a sample signal from each of the
LPD antennas and combines these inputs to form CSB and SBO signals for input to the Monitor Combining
Assembly (2A1A1). The RF Combiner Unit is composed of stripline hybrids, microstrip interconnections,
and type "N" RF connectors.
1.2.2.5 RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6).- The RF Distribution Assembly receives CSB and SBO RF
signals from the localizer transmitter and properly divides these signals in phase and amplitude for routing
to each LPD antenna. The RF Distribution Assembly is composed of stripline couplers, associated 50-ohm
interconnecting lines, and type "N" RF connectors.
1.2.2.6 In-Line Phasing Detector (2A1A7).- Refer to figure 1-9. The In-Line Phasing Detector is located
in series with one antenna feedline provides a detected sample of the RF signal which can be used to check
localizer system phasing at the localizer shelter. Initially, the In-Line Phasing Detector is connected to
antenna 2R, but for narrow courses (<4E for 14 element, <3.5E for 8 element) it is moved to antenna 1R.
The In-Line Phasing Detector has an RF connector at each end and a terminal board.
1.2.2.7 Transient Suppressor (2A1A8).- Refer to figure 1-10 The Transient Suppressor Assembly protects
the Distribution Unit and Antenna Array from transient voltage surges on the signal lines, such as those
caused by lightning strikes.
1.2.2.8 RF Isolators (950246-0000).- The RF Isolators are optional and improve the isolation between the
CSB and SBO feedlines. They reduce the CSB and SBO VSWR by isolating the localizer from the DU.
They are primarily used with V-ring Antenna Array, which have large amounts of mutual coupling, and are
occasionally used with an LPD Array if field conditions require them.
1.2.3 Misalignment Assembly.- The Misalignment Assembly consists of a switch which is attached to
antenna 1L and two cables, one on each side of the antenna array. This assembly monitors the alignment
of the LPD antennas in the array. The cables are connected to all antenna rear masts and to a switch-
activating lever. Misalignment of any rear mast causes the switch to open. This interrupts a signal applied
to the localizer monitor and sends a fault to the localizer Microprocessor CCA (1A12/1A16).
1.2.4 Trough Kit.- The trough kit is located beneath the LPD rear mast. It provides support for the LPD
antenna rear masts and provides a conduit for the antenna feedlines and monitor cables. The trough kit also
contains the system ground wire and the AC cable to power the obstruction lights.
1.2.5 Obstruction Lights.- The obstruction lights provide visible indication of the height of the antenna
array. There are two lights covered by red lens at each end of the antenna array. Each obstruction light
assembly is supported by rigid metal conduit attached to the LPD antenna rear access cover.
Model 1100 Localizer Operations and Maintenance Manual, Part Number 571100-0001
Model 1137 Portable ILS Receiver/Signal Analyzer Manual, Part Number 571137-0001
1.4 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS DATA.- The equipment specification data is listed in table 1-1.
Coverage Limits >18 NM within ±10 degrees and >10 NM within ±35
degrees
Operating Environment:
Power Requirements:
Width Output (J4) Combined CSB and SBO signal For Localizer Width
Monitoring
Controls:
1.5 EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED.- Tables 1-2 through 1-5 is a list of all the different
versions of the localizer antenna array equipment and accessories supplied.
Table 1-2. Equipment and Accessories Supplied, Localizer (single) 8-Element Antenna Array.
Table 1-3. Equipment and Accessories Supplied, Localizer (dual) 8-Element Antenna Array.
Table 1-4. Equipment and Accessories Supplied, Localizer (single) 14-Element Antenna Array.
Table 1-5. Equipment and Accessories Supplied, Localizer (dual) 14-Element Antenna Array.
Table 1-5. Equipment and Accessories Supplied, Localizer (dual) 14-Element Antenna Array
(Cont).
1.6 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED BUT NOT SUPPLIED.- Table 1-6 is a list of all equipment that is
required, but not supplied to make the equipment operational.
1.7 OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT.- A list of the optional equipment for the Localizer system is found in
the Model 1100 Localizer Operations and Maintenance Manual (Part No. 571100-0001).
2.1 INTRODUCTION.- This section contains system level theory and sub-assembly level theory of
operation. System level theory discussion is supported by a block diagram.
Theory of operation for each sub-assembly is explained, when required, at block diagram level and at
detailed circuit level. Circuit theory is placed immediately after the block diagram theory.
2.1.1 LOCALIZER OPERATING PRINCIPLES.- The localizer antenna array radiates RF energy supplied
by the localizer transmitter to produce a VHF signal in space. This signal is modulated by information used
to laterally guide an aircraft into accurate alignment with the centerline of an airport runway during approach
and landing under instrument flight conditions. The signal radiated is formed by two different VHF signals,
a Carrier-Plus-Sideband (CSB) and a Sideband-Only (SBO) signal. The CSB is a VHF carrier wave at an
assigned frequency in the range of 108 to 112 MHz that is amplitude modulated to equal depths by the 90
Hz and 150 Hz audio navigational tones. The SBO signal is a double sideband, suppressed carrier, of 90
Hz and 150 Hz tones. The phase of the SBO 90 Hz modulation is opposite in phase to that of the 90 Hz
CSB modulation. The two signals combine in space to form a space modulated wave with a difference
between the depth of the 90 Hz modulation and the depth of the 150 Hz modulation that varies within
prescribed limits as a function of azimuth relative to the extended centerline of the runway. The nature of
this variation causes the signal received by an approaching aircraft to have a Difference in Depth of
Modulation (DDM) equal to zero when the aircraft is on the runway extended centerline. When the aircraft
is to the left of the runway extended centerline, the signal variation causes the signal received by an
approaching aircraft to be predominantly 90 Hz modulated. When the aircraft is to the right of the runway
extended centerline, the signal variation causes the signal received by an approaching aircraft to be
predominantly 150 Hz modulated.
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM THEORY.- Refer to Figure 2-1. The CSB and SBO signals from the localizer
transmitter are applied directly into the RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6). This is a passive RF network
which divides the incoming RF in the proper amplitude and phase relationships for the antenna array. The
output of the RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6) is applied, via RF feed cables, to each antenna element
in the array.
The antenna system distributes the signals which, when combined in space, provide the proportional
guidance and clearance requirements of the localizer. The antenna elements utilized are log periodic dipole
antennas. Each antenna is broadband over the localizer frequencies of 108 to 112 MHz. A monitor loop
antenna contained within the each antenna element provides an accurate representation of the far field
radiated signal.
A sample of RF from each antenna element is applied to the RF Combining Unit (2A1A5). The samples
are combined to simulate the radiated signals in space. The unit provides the proper phasing and addition
to provide an analog of the CSB and SBO signals.
The outputs of the RF Combining Unit (2A1A5) are applied to the Monitor Combining Assembly (2A1A1).
The CSB sample is divided into two equal portions to provide a "Course" monitor (CSB only) and a "Width"
monitor (Combined CSB and SBO).
The outputs of the RF Combining Unit (2A1A5) are applied to the two Integral Detectors Assemblies
(2A1A2/2A1A3). Integral Detector Assembly 2A1A2 is the Width Integral Detector and Integral Detector
2A1A3 is the Course Integral Detector. The Integral Detector Assemblies provide an audio output of the
"Course" and "Width" monitor samples. The output is a composite 90/150 Hz signal on a DC level.
The output of the Integral Detector Assemblies (2A1A2/2A1A3) are applied to the Field Monitor Control
Assembly. This assembly contains the Field Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6) which digitally
filters the audio signals and computes the course DDM, width DDM, SDM, ID level, and RF levels on both
the Course and Width integral detectors. This information is then applied via a digital data link to the
transmitter Microprocessor (1A12/1A16). This assembly also contains the Antenna Fault CCA
(2A1A4A4/2A1A4A8) which is an interface for detecting cable faults (shorts or opens) and antenna
misalignment. A DC voltage (applied through the RF Distribution Assembly, feed cables, antenna elements,
monitor cables, and RF Combiner Unit) provides signals to the Field Monitor Control Assembly for cable
fault detection. The digital data word, sent through the Transient Suppressor Assembly (2A1A8), to the
transmitter Microprocessor CCA (1A12/1A16) contains the cable fault and misalignment fault indications.
All interface lines between the Distribution Unit (2A1) and the localizer shelter are applied through the
Transient Suppressor Assembly to prevent damage due to lightning strikes.
The antenna misalignment detector consists of a taut line from one end of the array to the other and a switch
in the center. Each rear antenna mounting pedestal is connected to the taut line. In the event of an antenna
misalignment, the switch on the line will "Open", resulting in an indication to the Field Monitor Control
Assembly which, in turn, transmits the data to the localizer.
The In-Line Phasing Detector (2A1A7) is connected in-line with one of the antenna feedlines. The detector
provides a sample signal with the SBO portion entirely canceled out if the CSB and SBO RF signals are in
phase. The detected audio then reads .000 DDM. The detected audio signal is applied to the Field Monitor
Control Assembly, where it may be selected by maintenance personnel to determine the phasing of the
facility remotely.
2.3 DETAILED THEORY OF OPERATION.- A detailed theory of the circuits required to radiate the
previously described signal pattern is discussed in the following paragraphs.
2.3.1 LPD Antenna.- The LPD antenna used in the localizer array is a broadband, log-periodic dipole which
consists of seven parallel, horizontally polarized dipole radiators that are fed from a common balanced
transmission line. The balanced transmission line is excited from the front and produces a traveling wave
that progresses toward the rear of the antenna structure. The amount of energy that is extracted from the
passing traveling wave and radiated by a given dipole depends upon the electrical length of that particular
dipole at the operating frequency. Frequency-independent performance is obtained from this log-periodic
structure because dipole lengths and spacing vary so that from function of the resonant element is transferred
smoothly along the structure from one dipole to the next as the operating frequency changes.
The LPD antenna element radiation pattern produced is shown in figure 2-2. The half power beam width
of this pattern is approximately ±30E, and the front-to-back ratio is very nearly 29 dB over the localizer
frequency band. The level of RF energy radiated at right angles to the axis of theantenna is extremely low
because the gain of the element in this direction is essentially zero. As a result, mutual coupling between
adjacent elements in this antenna array is approximately 30 dB, refer to figure 2-3.
2.3.2.1 Antenna Element Radiation Pattern.- Single element radiation pattern for the LPD antenna element
is shown in figure 2-2. A front-to-back ratio of 29 dB is achieved across the localizer band with a
beamwidth (3 dB) of approximately 60 degrees.
The localizer antenna array radiates a horizontally polarized RF carrier wave at an assigned frequency in the
range of 108 to 112 MHz, which is amplitude modulated by two audio-navigational tones having frequencies
of 90 Hz and 150 Hz. The nature of the radiated signal must be such that there is a difference between the
depth of the 90 Hz modulation and the depth of the 150 Hz modulation, which varies within prescribed
limits as a function of azimuth relative to the extended centerline of the runway. Localizer systems require
that it radiates a signal (quality and field strength) a distance of at least 18 nautical miles from the
transmitting antenna at all azimuths within ±10E of the runway extended centerline and at 10 nautical miles
from the array at all azimuths between ±10E and ±35E from the extended centerline.
The array radiates two different VHF waves. One of the these signals is referred to as the CSB signal. The
CSB signal takes the form of a VHF carrier wave that is amplitude-modulated to equal depths by the two
audio navigational tones. The other signal radiated by the antenna array is the SBO signal. The SBO signal
takes the form of a double sideband, suppressed carrier wave which is also equally modulated by the two
audio navigational tones. The audio phase of the 150 Hz modulation on the SBO signal is opposite to the
audio phase of the 150 Hz modulation on the CSB signal. The CSB and SBO signals combine in space to
form a space modulated wave. The character of the space modulation can be varied by tailoring the shapes
of the CSB and SBO radiation patterns.
2.3.2.2 CSB Pattern.- Refer to figure 2-4. The CSB pattern is generated by pairs of radiating antennas.
Each pair of antennas is fed with equal amplitude and in-phase signals. This provides a maximum radiated
signal level on the runway centerline. Radiated signal level decreases away from the runway centerline and,
eventually, the radiated signal will be null at a determinable angle. The location of a null depends upon the
spacing between antenna elements of the pair. The CSB pattern is tailored using the following parameters:
a. spacing of elements
Refer to figure 2-5 for the spacing and distribution of the antenna array.
2.3.2.3 SBO Pattern.- SBO pattern is generated by pairs of radiating antennas in which each pair of
antennas is fed with equal amplitude by 180E out-of-phase signals. A pair of antennas driven in this manner
will have a null in the radiated signal on the runway centerline. The signal level will increase away from
the centerline, eventually reaching a maximum level, and decreasing thereafter. The angle at which the
maximum signal level is realized depends upon the spacing between antennas. When the SBO signals are
added to CSB signals in space, the resultant RF signal has a difference between the depth of 90 Hz
modulation and the depth of the 150 Hz modulation. The greater the relative SBO signal level is with
respect to the CSB signal level, the greater the difference is in depth of modulation. SBO signals cancel in
space at the runway centerline resulting in a zero depth of modulation (.000 DDM).
2.3.3.1 Field Monitor Control Assembly (2A1A4).- The Field Monitor Control Assembly contains a
backplane (motherboard), the Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6), an Analog I/O CCA
(2A1A4A3/2A1A4A7), a Low Voltage Power Supply CCA (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5), and an Antenna Fault
CCA (2A1A4A4/2A1A4A8). The Microprocessor CCA digitally filters the audio signals and computes the
course DDM, width DDM, SDM, and RF Levels on both the course and width integral detectors. This
information is then applied via a digital data link to the localizer transmitter control microprocessor. The
unit also contains the interface (antenna fault) for detecting cable faults (shorts or opens) and antenna
misalignment. A DC voltage (applied through the RF distribution unit, feed cables, antenna elements,
monitor cables, and RF combining unit) provides signals to the microprocessor for cable fault detection.
The digital data word to the localizer transmitter control microprocessor contains the cable fault and
misalignment fault indications.
2.3.3.1.1 Low Voltage Power Supply CCA (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5).- The Low Voltage Power Supply CCA
provides all the operational voltages (±15 Vdc and +5 Vdc) for the Field Monitor Control Assembly. The
primary DC voltage (+28 Vdc) provides the input for both switching power supply modules. The transient
suppressor protects the module against damage from over voltage conditions. At the output of the module,
each of the regulated voltages are filtered.
2.3.3.1.2 Low Voltage Power Supply CCA (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5) Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure
11-8. The Low Voltage Power Supply CCA is made up of two separate circuits, one that supplies ±15 Vdc
and the other that supplies +5 Vdc. In the first circuit, +28 Vdc, from the localizer transmitter, enters the
CCA via connector J1. The +28 Vdc is filtered by inductor L1 and capacitors C1 and C2, and applied to
single output DC/DC converter PS2. DC/DC converter PS2 converts the +28 Vdc input to a regulated +5.2
Vdc. The 5.2 Vdc output of PS2 is filtered by capacitors C7 and C8 and exits the CCA via connector P1
pins 1C and 32A.
In the second circuit, +28 Vdc, from the localizer transmitter, enters the CCA via connector J1 and is applied
to dual output DC/DC converter PS1. DC/DC converter PS1 supplies a positive and negative 15 Vdc to the
Distribution Unit and is capable of ±1% regulation under load conditions. The +15 Vdc output of PS1 is
filtered by capacitors C3 and C4 and exits the CCA via connector P1 pin 17A. The -15 Vdc output of PS1
is filtered by capacitors C5 and C6 and exits the CCA via connector P1 pin 16C.
Transient suppressor RV1 protects the circuit against over voltages, including lightning induced voltage
spikes. Transient suppressor RV1 has a reverse stand-off voltage of 12.8 Vdc and a breakdown voltage of
14.3 to 15.8 Vdc.
2.3.3.1.4 Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6) Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure 11-9.
Clock oscillator CR1 provides a l.8432 MHz reference signal, which is divided to 921.6 kHz by counter
U13. The 1.8 MHz clock signal also exits the CCA via connector P1 pin 17a. The 921.6 kHz signal from
U13 is sent to microprocessor U5 as the phase-0 clock. Test point TP1 is provided for monitoring the phase-
0 clock with external test equipment.
For the version of Microprocessor CCA used in the Field Monitor Control Assembly, flip flop U14 has been
replaced by component carrier U14. Schmitt trigger inverters U12A and U12F, diode CR2, and associated
components provide a reset signal to U5 when power is applied to the CCA. Terminals E1 and E2 provide
a hard restart to U5. A momentary short between these two terminals will restart U5.
All addressing and data collection for the Distribution Unit are provided by microprocessor U5.
Microprocessor U5, is an 8-bit, 6502 microprocessor with 64K of address space.
The system software is contained in Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) U1, which is
read by U5 each time the system is booted-up. 2K by 8-bit, Random-Access Memory (RAM) is provided
by U3 for temporary variable storage and housekeeping for U5. Electronically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory (EEPROM) U4 provides non-volatile storage of alarm values, timeout limits, etc. These
variables can be changed, but are retained when power is removed from the Microprocessor CCA.
A power on/off protection circuit for U4 is provided by transistors Q1 and Q2, multivibrator U6, and dual
D-type flip flop U7. Multivibrator U6 is a monostable multivibrator with an output pulse length of 2.3 ms.
Under normal operating conditions, transistors Q1 and Q2 are turned ON thus holding a HIGH on 1 CLR
input (pin 3) of multivibrator U6. This causes it to output a HIGH on its 1Q "Not" output, pin 4. This HIGH
is applied to the CLR input of U7. Under normal operating conditions, U7 outputs a negative going pulse
which enables EEPROM U4 to preform write operations. However, when power is lost, the output of Q2
goes LOW triggering U6. This clears flip flop U7 and disables U5 and EEPROM U4. This ensures that
U5 will not write any faulty data while voltage levels are in flux. Terminals E7 and E8 enable the EEPROM
U4 ready line. If the jumper between E7 and E8 is removed, the operator will not be able to write new data,
such as scaling factors, alarm time outs, etc. to EEPROM U4. Test point TP2 is provided to check the
status of the RDY line.
Interface adapters U15 and U16, are used to interface external digital signal circuits with U5.
U9 is a programmable decoder/EPROM. Under the control of U5, it provides chip select signal to various
memory devices within the Microprocessor CCA.
U8 is a high speed 1-of-8 decoder/multiplexer. Under the control of U5, it provides chip enable signals for
U3, U15, U16 and throughout the Field Monitor Control Assembly.
Removing the jumper that is normally installed on terminals E3 and E4 places the Microprocessor CCA in
a terminal mode. In terminal mode, the localizer operator can change the system password, security word,
dial out telephone numbers, etc. Terminals E5 and E6 control the baud rate the microprocessor uses for RS-
232 communications to the local video terminal or modem. When E5 is connected to E6, the
microprocessor is communicating at 300 baud. When the jumper is removed, the microprocessor is
communicating at 1200 baud. For normal operation, the settings for the jumper E3 - E4 are open, E5 - E6
and closed, and E7 - E8 are open.
2.3.3.1.5 Analog I/O CCA (2A1A4A3/2A1A4A7) Block Diagram Theory.- Refer to figure 2-6. The
primary function of the Analog I/O CCA is to provide an interface between the localizer transmitter and the
Distribution Unit (2A1). Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (ACIA) U3 is the interface
device that allows the Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6) to communicate with other
communication devices. In addition, the Analog I/O CCA receives the Equip DU RCV Data signal from
the localizer transmitter through U3 and sends this data to the Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A7)
via the data bus. The Equip DU RCV Data signal contains various control commands for the Field Monitor
Control Assembly and is used to request data from the Distribution Unit (2A1).
The Equip DU XMT Data signal is sent to the localizer transmitter and contains monitored parameter data
from the Distribution Unit (2A1). Monitored parameter data includes the Ident Level, Course DDM, Width
DDM, SDM, as well as the Antenna Fault Word.
The station monitored parameter data acquisition process is accomplished by a Data Acquisition circuit
consisting of multiplexer U1 and Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) U2. This circuit converts Ident Level,
Phase Detect Audio, Course Audio, and Width Audio signals into 12 bit digital words. As each channel is
selected, the signal is passed through as a 12-bit digital word. However, because the system uses an 8-bit
data bus, the Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/ 2A1A4A7) directs ADC U2 to send the data in two 8-bit
word groups. These 8-bit word groups are sent to the Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A7) via the
data bus.
2.3.3.1.6 Analog I/O CCA (2A1A4A3/2A1A4A7) Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure 11-10. The
Analog I/O CCA provides conversion of analog signals internal to the Field Monitor Control Assembly.
These levels provide maintenance monitoring of the Ident Level, power levels, modulation percentages, and
the Antenna Fault Word. Serial data transmission between the Analog I/O CCA an external communication
device, such as the video terminal or the localizer transmitter, is achieved using signals that conform to EIA
standard RS-232-C.
ACIA U3 is the interface between the microprocessor controlled data bus at the backplane connector (D0-
D7) and an external device. The ACIA has an internal baud rate generator driven by a 1.8432 MHz clock
source at P1-17C and may be set, under program control, to any one of 15 different rates from 50 to 19,200
baud. The ACIA has programmable word lengths of 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits, the ACIA can have even, odd, or no
parity and 0, 1, or 2 stop bits. The system software configures the ACIA to operate at 2400 baud with an
8-bit word, 1 stop bit, and no parity bit.
U3 is memory mapped into address range 1040HEX-1043HEX. It is selected when & C& S 0 (A0 from P1-12A) is
HIGH and & C& C&
S 1 (& S 8 from P1-18C) is LOW. P1-8C (A6) presents a HIGH at U3-2 (& C&S 0) when the
microprocessor sets the address bus to 104 x HEX (where x is any hexadecimal digit). The two register select
lines, U3-13 (RS0) and U3-14 (RS1), are connected to address bus bits A0 and A1, respectively, and enable
the microprocessor to select the various ACIA internal registers. The R/W̄ input at P1-21A controls the
direction of data transfer. A HIGH allows the processor to read the data supplied by the ACIA, whereas a
LOW allows a write to the ACIA. Terminals E1 - E2 are jumpered to provide an interrupt request to the
Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A6) through the backplane.
Serial data (Equip DU RCV Data), from the localizer transmitter, enters the CCA via connector J1-4, is
converted to TTL by line receiver U5A, and transferred into the ACIA U3's receiver register, Least
Significant Bit (LSB) first. The data is transferred out of U3 pin 10, LSB first, through line driver U4A to
connector J1-1. The output waveform of U4A is set by resistor R3.
Multiplexer U1 is capable of selecting one of up to 16 single-ended analog input signals (CH0 through
CH15). However, in Field Monitor Control Assembly applications only the signals at CH0, CH1, CH2, or
CH3 will be selected. The selected signal is routed to U1 pin 16. Multiplexer U1 is memory mapped to
addresses 2800HEX - 280FHEX. Its sample and hold feature causes it to act as a pseudo memory storage
device. The microprocessor selects a channel by writing a dummy data byte to memory address 280 x HEX,
where x is a hexadecimal channel digit in the range 0-FHEX. NOR gate U10 provides the timing for the
latching of the channel address into the analog input stage. The channel number remains latched until a new
channel number is selected by the Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2). Latching of the channel occurs on the
HIGH to LOW transition of NOR gate U10 pin 13. ADC U2 is a 12-bit successive approximation type
converter with an on-board voltage reference and 20-microsecond conversion time. It is memory mapped
to addresses 3000HEX-3001HEX such that the eight Most Significant Bits (MSB) of the 12-bit word are stored
in address 3000HEX. The four remaining bits are the LSB of the 12-bit word, but they become the MSB of
the second 8-bit word. The remaining four bits are dummy zero bits and the combined second 8-bit word
is stored in address 3001HEX. An analog to digital conversion cycle is initiated by writing a dummy data byte
to address 3000HEX. After a delay of 25 microseconds, the 12-bit number is read by the Microprocessor CCA
in two steps. First, when address line A0 is HIGH, the eight bits stored in address 3000HEX are placed on
the data bus to be read by the Microprocessor CCA. This 8-bit data word is the MSB portion of the 12-bit
data. Then address line A0 is switched to a LOW and the second 8-bit word from address 3001HEX,
comprising four data bits (MSB) and four dummy bits (LSB), is placed on the data bus. Table 2-1 is the
truth table for U2.
Resistors R1 and R2 provide internal calibration for U2. Capacitors C1 and C4 filter the +5 Vdc source, C5
filters the +15 Vdc, and C6 filters the -15 Vdc.
Line drivers U4B, line receiver U5B and terminals E3, E4, and E5 are not used for the Field Monitor
Control Assembly application. Integrated circuits U6, U7, U8, and U9 are not used in this application.
+))))0))))0)))))0)))))0)))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* CE * CS * R/C * 12/8* A0 * OPERATION *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* 0 * X * X * X * X * None *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* X * 1 * X * X * X * None *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* * 0 * 0 * X * 0 * Initiate 12-Bit Conversion *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* * 0 * 0 * X * 1 * Initiate 8-Bit Conversion *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* 1 * * 0 * X * 0 * Initiate 12-Bit Conversion *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* 1 * * 0 * X * 1 * Initiate 8-Bit Conversion *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* 1 * 0 * * X * 0 * Initiate 12-Bit Conversion *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* 1 * 0 * * X * 1 * Initiate 8-Bit Conversion *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* 1 * 0 * 1 * 1 * X * Enable 12-Bit Output *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* 1 * 0 * 1 * 0 * 0 * Enable 8 MSB Only *
/))))3))))3)))))3)))))3)))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* 1 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 1 * Enable 4 LSB Plus 4 *
* * * * * * Trailing Zeroes *
.))))2))))2)))))2)))))2)))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-
When 12/8 is LOW, the output is separated into two 8-bit bytes as shown in figure 2-7.
BYTE 1 BYTE 2
+)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O*
.)3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))-
* *
MSB LSB
2.3.3.1.7 Antenna Fault CCA (2A1A4A4/2A1A4A8) Detailed Circuit Theory.- The Antenna Fault CCA
is an interface for detecting cable faults (shorts or opens) and antenna element misalignment.
Refer to figure 11-11. The Antenna Fault CCA contains 16 opto-isolator switches and 16 inverters (U1
through U16). The operation of each of the isolators is identical, so only the circuit for detecting faults on
antenna #1 will be discussed. If the antenna is working properly (no shorts or opens), current flows from
the RF Combiner Unit (2A1A5) enters the CCA via connector J1 pin 14, causing the internal transistor to
conduct. This creates a LOW condition at pin 5. This LOW is applied to inverter U19A. U19A inverts the
LOW into a HIGH. This HIGH exits the CCA via connector J2 pin 14 as the ISO 1 OUT signal, which is
sent to the Microprocessor CCA. Conversely, if a short or open exists, a LOW will be sent to the
Microprocessor CCA, which will indicate an antenna fault. Capacitors C1 and C2 are filters for the +28 Vdc
supply, while resistors R18 and R19 are current limiters. Capacitors C3 and C4 are filters for the +5 Vdc
supply.
2.3.3.2 RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6) Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure 11-15. The RF
Distribution Assembly provides the required distribution of CSB and SBO signals. Since the 8 element and
14 element RF Distribution Assemblies function similarly, only the operation of the 8 element RF
Distribution Assembly will be discussed. The CSB and SBO signals from the localizer transmitter go
through a series of power dividers to achieve the desired amplitude distribution. The CSB and SBO signals
are combined by a combining hybrid to energize each pair of antennas.
The distribution of the CSB and SBO signals is accomplished by a number of miniature, stripline hybrid
couplers and associated 50-ohm microstrip interconnecting circuitry. These hybrid couplers are broadband,
four-port, stripline devices that operate over the frequency range of 108 MHz to 112 MHz.
2.3.3.2.1 Hybrid Couplers Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure 2-8. The couplers are broadband
stripline directional couplers which have a electrical length of approximately one-quarter wave-length at the
midrange frequency. The characteristics of the two lines of the directional coupler is that when a traveling
wave derived from a 50-ohm source is incident upon the port marked "IN", produces a voltage Ep0E across
this port, and all other ports are terminated in 50-ohm loads,the incident power is equally divided between
the two output ports marked -90E and 0E. The voltage at the port marked -90E is E//2p-90E, and the voltage
at the port marked 0E is E//2p0E. There is no RF energy that enters or exits the port marked "ISO" when
the "IN" port is driven. Also, no RF energy appears at the "IN" port when the "ISO" port is driven. As a
result, the isolated port provides a second means of transferring RF energy to the two output ports.
2.3.3.2.2 Unequal Power Division.- Refer to figure 2-9. The first coupler divides the input power, "IN"
port, equally between its two output ports. The output signal at the -90E port of the first hybrid coupler is
applied to the "ISO" port of the second hybrid coupler. The output signal at the 0E port of the first hybrid
coupler is applied to the "IN" port of the second hybrid coupler, through a delay line, alpha degrees long.
The second hybrid coupler recombines these two input signals. The second hybrid coupler output signals
are in phase with each other and each lags the input signal by alpha/2 +90E. Refer to tables 2-2 and 2-3 for
amplitude and phase distribution.
2.3.3.2.3 Combiner/Divider Hybrid Couplers.- Refer to figure 2-10. Each of these directional couplers
receives a CSB signal at its "IN" port and a SBO signal at its "ISO" port. The output of each of these
couplers consists of a composite CSB-SBO drive signal for one of the antenna elements of the array. The
signal is of proper amplitude and phase for driving a pair of symmetrically disposed radiating antenna
elements located on the 150 Hz side of the antenna array center when the signal at the -90E port is used to
drive corresponding antenna elements on the 90-Hz side of the antenna array center.
2.3.3.3 RF Combiner Unit (2A1A5).- A sample of RF from each antenna element is applied to the RF
Combiner Unit. The RF Combining Unit takes the monitor sample RF signal from each of the antennas in
the antenna array and provides a two RF signals outputs. One of these outputs is a sample of the radiated
CSB signal, and the other is a sample of the radiated SBO signal. The samples are combined to simulate
the radiated signals in space. The unit provides the proper phasing and addition to provide an analog of the
CSB and SBO signals. Paragraph 2.3.3.3.1 details the theory for the 8-element version of the RF Combiner
Unit and paragraph 2.3.3.3.2 is the discussion for the 14-element version.
2.3.3.3.1 RF Combiner Unit (8 Element) (2A1A5) Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure 11-13. The
RF Combiner Unit is a series of resistive power splitters and combiners, with microstrip transmission lines
printed on the circuit board to provide the proper phase relationships between the input signals.
Connector J1 is the output CSB sample signal, connector J2 is the output SBO sample signal, and connectors
J3 through J10 are the individual antenna monitor RF signal inputs.
In the following paragraphs only the signals at antenna pair one (1) will be discussed. This discussion will
describe how the RF Combiner Unit separates the CSB and SBO components of the monitor RF signal.
The monitor RF signal from antenna 1L is applied to connector J3 and the monitor RF signal from antenna
1R is applied to connector J7. Capacitors C7 and C8 provide DC blocks which prevent any antenna fault
signal (described below) from being applied to the resistive power splitters/combiners. Resistors R27
through R29 split the input from antenna 1L equally. Resistors R33 through R35 divide the input from
antenna 1R in a similar manner. The CSB component of the monitor RF signal is in phase for antennas 1L
and 1R. Resistors R30 through R32 form a resistive combiner that adds the CSB signals from the left and
right antenna signal splitters. The SBO monitor RF signals from antenna 1L and 1R are 180 degrees out of
phase. These signals will cancel in the resistive combiner, R30 through R32.
The sample signal from the output of resistive splitter R33 through R35 on the SBO side is delayed by a 180
degree electrical length section of microstrip before it is applied to the resistive combiner consisting of R54
through R56. The CSB components of the monitor sample signals at resistors R28 and R35 are in phase,
the 180 degree line section makes them out of phase at the inputs to combiner R54 through R56. Therefore,
the CSB signals will cancel at the output of resistor R55. Since the SBO components of the monitor sample
signals at resistors R28 and R35 are already 180 degrees out of phase, the 180 degree line section places the
signals in phase with each other at the inputs to R54 and R56. These signals will then add in the resistive
combiner R54 through R56.
The monitor RF signals from antenna pairs 2 through 4 are seperated in a similar manner as described above.
The CSB signals from pair 1 and pair 2 are added in resistive combiner R30 through R32, while the CSB
signals from pair 3 and pair 4 are added by R36 through R38. These two CSB signals are finally added in
resistive combiner R42 through R44 to provide the CSB sample output. The SBO signals from each antenna
pair are added in a similar manner by combiner R57 through R59, R60 through R62, and R63 through R65
to provide the SBO sample output.
DC connections to each antenna are made available by inductors L1 through L8 and feed-through capacitors
C9 through C16. These connections are used for antenna fault detection by passing a voltage level from the
RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6) through each antenna's feed cable, antenna, and monitor cable to the
RF Combiner Unit. If the voltage on any of the capacitors C9 through C16 fails to appear, this indicates a
presence of a short or open in the antenna system.
2.3.3.3.2 RF Combiner Unit (14-element) (2A1A5) Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure 11-15. For
integral monitoring of the antenna output signals, the RF Combining Unit provides the required combining
function for the sampled signals from each antenna. The 14-element RF Combiner Unit is similar in
construction to the RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6) described in paragraph 2.3.3.2, but performs
essentially the opposite function. The recombining of the CSB and SBO signals is accomplished by means
of a number of miniature stripline hybrid couplers and associated 50-ohm stripline interconnecting lines.
Each coupler, together with a 90E phase lag at one of the two inputs performs as a combiner. The couplers
are arranged so that the signal obtained at output port (J1) is the analog (in-phase) sum of all input signals.
Under normal conditions this sum signal is mostly CSB, and little or no SBO signal. The signal obtained
at output port (J2) is the difference signal between the sum signal of the left side of the array and the sum
signal of the right side of the array. This signal is mostly SBO and little or no CSB signal. The signals are
then routed to the Monitor Combining Assembly (2A1A1).
2.3.3.4 Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1) Block Diagram Theory.- Refer to figure 2-11. The SBO
signal from the RF Combiner Assembly (2A1A5) is applied to an impedance matching network. This
network matches the output impedance of the RF Combiner Assembly to the input impedance of the Monitor
Combiner Assembly. From the impedance matching network, the SBO signal is applied to the step
attenuator. The step attenuator circuit attenuates the SBO signal to set the width output as close to 0.155
DDM as possible. From the step attenuator circuit the SBO signal is applied to RF phaser Z1. RF phaser
is adjusted to bring the phase relationship between the CSB and SBO signals to 0E. The output of the RF
phaser is combined with the CSB signal at quadrature coupler HY1. The combined CSB and SBO signal
becomes width output signal that is sent to Width Detector (2A1A2).
The CSB signal from the RF Combiner Assembly (2A1A5) is applied to an impedance matching network.
This network matches the output impedance of the RF Combiner Assembly to the input impedance of the
Monitor Combiner Assembly. From the impedance matching network, the CSB signal is divided into two
equal parts by the fixed power divider. There are two outputs of the power divider circuit. One output is
the course output which is sent to the Course Detector (2A1A3). The other output is applied to the
quadrature coupler HY1 where it is combined with the SBO signal to form the width output signal.
2.3.3.4.1 Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1) Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure 11-7. The CSB
signal from the RF Combiner Assembly (2A1A5) is applied to an impedance matching voltage divider
circuit which consists of resistors R17, R18, R19, and capacitor C2. The impedance matching network
matches the output impedance of the RF Combiner Assembly to the input impedance of the Monitor
Combiner Assembly. From the impedance matching network the CSB signal is divided into two equal parts
by a power divider which is made up of two quarter (1/4) wave-length transmission lines (W1 and W2) and
resistor R20. One output of this power divider is the Course Output signal which exits the assembly via
connector J1. The other output is applied to quadrature coupler HY1 where it is combined with the SBO
signal to form the Width Output signal which exits the assembly at connector J2.
The SBO signal from the RF Combiner Assembly (2A1A5) is applied to an impedance matching voltage
divider circuit which consists of resistors R2, R3, R4, and capacitor C1. The impedance matching network
matches the output impedance of the RF Combiner Assembly to the input impedance of the Monitor
Combiner Assembly. From the impedance matching network, the SBO signal is applied to the step
attenuator. The step attenuator circuit attenuates the SBO signal in steps of 1, 2, 4, or 8 dB, or any
combination of these steps up to fifteen (15) dB. The step attenuator is set so that the width output will be
as close to 0.155 DDM as possible. Each attenuator setting is placed in the circuit or bypassed by
positioning a jumper on either TB1 or TB2. From the step attenuator, the SBO signal is applied to phaser
Z1. Phaser Z1 adjusts the phase of the SBO signal in relationship to the CSB is adjusted to bring the phase
relationship between the CSB and SBO signals to 0E. From phaser Z1, the SBO signal is combined with
the CSB signal in quadrature coupler HY1. The quadrature coupler HY1 combines CSB and SBO signal
for width output signal.
2.3.3.5 Integral Detector (2A1A2/2A1A3) Detailed Circuit Theory.- Refer to figure 11-12. Two integral
detectors provide an audio output of the "Course" and "Width" monitor samples. The output is a composite
90 and 150 Hz signal riding on a DC level.
Two identical integral detectors are used to detect the course and width signals. RF from the Monitor
Combiner Assembly (2A1A1) is applied to variable attenuator AT1 (20 dB ±20%, 50 Ω impedance).
Attenuator AT1 is adjustable from -1 to -20 dB. From AT1, the signal is applied to the first RF amplifier
U3. Capacitor C8 is DC blocking capacitor. Amplifier U3 is a wideband RF amplifier. From the output
of U3, the signal is passed through DC blocking capacitor C9 and applied to the second RF amplifier U1.
Capacitor C10 is a bypass capacitor that grounds any high-frequency AC components. Second amplifier U1
is a broadband amplifier with a gain of approximately 8.5 dB.
The output of U1 is passed through DC blocking capacitor C5, detected by diode CR1, and applied to a filter
circuit which consists of capacitors C1 and C6 and resistor R6. Decoupling and impedance matching is
provided by inductor L2, resistor R21, and capacitor C12 for U3, and L1, R22, and C13 for U1. The filtered
signal is applied to the input of audio amplifier U2A. Amplifier U2A is a JFET-input operational amplifier
that amplifies the detected signal with a gain of 1. Diode CR2 provides temperature compensation in the
feedback circuit of U2A. Diodes CR2 and CR1 are matched pair components.
The output of U2A is applied to 90 + 150 Hz amplifier U2B and to 1020 Hz bandpass filter U2D. The 1020
bandbass filter, U2D, provides a filtered 1020 Hz output to 1020 Hz amplifier U2C. Potentiometer R14 is
used to adjust the 1020 Hz bandpass filter. The 1020 Hz from U2B is 180E out of phase with that of U2A.
This results in a cancellation of the 1020 Hz at the input to U2B, which can be adjusted by R12. The output
of U2B is a 90 + 150 Hz signal that is DC coupled for DDM (Difference in Depth of Modulation) and %
modulation computation. The 1020 Hz is also applied to U2C where it is amplified. Diode CR3 rectifies
the 1020 Hz key level output and resistors R19, R18, and capacitor C11 filter the signal to provide the 1020
Hz key level for ident detection. C16 and C17 filter the +15 Vdc, while C14 and C15 filter the -15 Vdc.
2.3.3.6 Transient Suppressor (2A1A8).- Refer to figure 11-18. All interface lines between the field
distribution unit assembly and the localizer shelter are applied through the transient suppressor assembly to
prevent damage due to lightning strikes. Each pair of wires has two suppressor circuits. The gas tube in
each lightning suppression circuit starts conducting when the voltage developed across the gas tube reaches
90 volts. The zener diodes cut down overshoot and allows the gas tube a chance to react and conduct.
2.3.3.7 In-line Phasing Detector (2A1A7).- Refer to figure 11-17. The In-Line Phasing Detector is
connected in-line with one of the antenna feedlines. Initially, the In-Line Phasing Detector is connected to
antenna 2R, but for narrow courses (<4E for 14 element, <3.5E for 8 element, it must be moved to 1R. The
detector provides a sample signal with the SBO portion entirely canceled out if the CSB and SBO RF signals
are in phase. The detected audio then reads .000 DDM. The detected audio signal is applied to the field
monitor control assembly, where it may be selected by maintenance personnel to determine the phasing of
the facility remotely.
This detected sample permits a check of the localizer system phasing. A voltage divider consisting of
capacitor C1 and C2 provides a sample RF signal from the feedline to either the 1R or 2R antenna. This RF
signal consists of a carrier modulated by 90- and 150-Hz signals that is detected by diode CR1. Diode CR1
and RC filter, capacitor C3 and resistors R1 and R2, remove the carrier component of the signal. The
remaining 90- and 150-Hz components are routed to the localizer shelter junction box jack via an audio line.
RF choke L1 provides a DC return path for diode CR1.
2.3.4 Misalignment.- Refer to figure 9-10. The misalignment kit consists of a microswitch, two lengths
of cable, an actuating arm, mounting plate, and cable guides. The microswitch, actuating arm, and switch
mounting plate are attached to the 1 left (1L) rear antenna mast. The cable guides are secured to each rear
antenna mast. The cable is strung through the cable guides to the left and right of the microswitch actuating
arm and attached to the last (left and right) antenna mast. The microswitch is connected so it is the normally
closed position. Any movement of an antenna will cause the microswitch to open and cause an alarm.
2.4 POWER DISTRIBUTION.- Refer to figures 11-1 and 11-2 for the power distribution information for
the antenna array.
CSB DISTRIBUTION:
SBO DISTRIBUTION:
Relative
Antenna Element Amplitude Phase (Deg)
4L 0.415 0
3L 0.700 0
2L 0.890 0
1L 1.000 0
1R 1.000 180
2R 0.890 180
3R 0.700 180
4R 0.415 180
CSB DISTRIBUTION:
SBO DISTRIBUTION:
Relative
Antenna Element Amplitude Phase (Deg)
7L 0.138 0
6L 0.379 0
5L 0.276 0
4L 0.586 0
3L 0.414 0
2L 0.759 0
1L 1.000 0
1R 1.000 180
2R 0.759 180
3R 0.414 180
4R 0.586 180
5R 0.276 180
6R 0.379 180
7R 0.138 180
SECTION 3. OPERATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION.- This section describes the operator controls and connectors. Controls and
connector locations for the 8 Element LPD Antenna Monitor Combiner Assembly are illustrated in figure
3-1 and controls and connector locations for the 14 Element LPD Antenna Monitor Combiner Assembly are
illustrated in figure 3-2.
3.2 CONTROLS AND INDICATORS.- Refer to table 3-1 for descriptions of controls and connectors.
3.3 OPERATING PROCEDURES.- Refer to the Model 1100 Localizer Manual for operating procedures
of LPD antenna system.
Figure 3-1. 8 Element LPD Antenna Monitor Combiner Assembly Controls and Connectors.
Figure 3-2. 14 Element LPD Antenna Monitor Combiner Assembly Controls and Connectors.
4.1 INTRODUCTION.- Table 4-1 lists the standards and tolerances for the modules and assemblies in the
Distribution Unit (2A1). Refer to Section 6 for specific maintenance procedures.
Reference
Parameter Paragraph Standard Tolerance/Limit
Reference
Parameter Paragraph Standard Tolerance/Limit
Reference
Parameter Paragraph Standard Tolerance/Limit
Reference
Parameter Paragraph Standard Tolerance/Limit
Reference
Parameter Paragraph Standard Tolerance/Limit
NOTE
Setting the Integral Detector (2A1A2/2A1A3) output level above 8 V Peak may cause the
Analog to Digital Converter on the Analog I/O CCA (2A1A4A3) to output unstable readings.
Reference
Parameter Paragraph Standard Tolerance/Limit
5.1 INTRODUCTION.- The following maintenance procedures are special maintenance on the antenna
array. Normal periodic maintenance procedures are contained in the appropriate localizer station manual.
5.2 PERFORMANCE CHECKS.- The following performance checks should be performed only as
required.
6.1 INTRODUCTION.- This section contains procedures for the performance checks and other maintenance
tasks listed in Section 5. Standards and tolerances are listed in Section 4.
In order to assure the safety of aviation users of the facility, only properly trained and certified technicians
may be allowed to make adjustments to this equipment. Should non-certified personnel make repairs or
adjustments to the equipment, a properly certified technician must verify that the facility is functioning
properly before it can be returned to service.
6.2 PERFORMANCE CHECK PROCEDURES.- The following procedures are used to accomplish the
performance checks listed in table 5-1 and to obtain facility reference data.
Each procedure is designed as a stand alone procedure. In the event some other procedure must be
performed prior to performing the selected procedure, the prerequisite procedure is identified in the
introductory paragraph. A brief explanation of the procedure is given along with the required tools,
materials, and test equipment, followed by step-by-step instructions. Many of the performance check
procedures require that the facility be removed from service. Notify the appropriate air traffic control
authority prior to accomplishing performing these performance check procedures.
NOTE
Before beginning any procedure covered in this section, read the task instructions, assemble
the necessary tools, test equipment, and materials required to complete the task.
6.2.1 LPD Antenna Performance Check Procedures.- The LPD antenna elements are tested individually
using the following procedures. Each element must meet the specifications listed in table 4-1. The
performance check procedures determine the proper operation of the elements. An out-of-tolerance
condition is to be referred to the factory for specific repair. No field adjustments are available.
6.2.1.1 LPD Antenna VSWR Performance Check Procedure.- Test Equipment Required - Signal generator,
directional coupler, 50 ohm dummy load, and vector voltmeter.
a. At the equipment shelter, place localizer system AC and DC power circuit breakers to the OFF
position.
b. Connect the test equipment as shown in figure 6-1. Set the signal generator to the station's frequency
with a 0 dBm output.
e. Measure and record the difference in amplitude between the VVM "A" and "B" Channels as a
reference.
g. Measure and record the difference in amplitude between the VVM "A" and "B" Channels.
h. Determine the antenna element VSWR using the return/loss data found in table 6-1. Verify the
antenna's VSWR is within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.A.
i. Accomplish this performance check procedure on all the antennas in the array.
6.2.1.2 LPD Antenna Monitor Insertion Loss and Phase Performance Check.- Test Equipment Required -
Signal generator, directional coupler, 50 ohm dummy load, and vector voltmeter.
a. At the equipment shelter, place localizer system AC and DC power circuit breakers to the OFF
position.
b. Connect test equipment as shown in figure 6-2. Set the signal generator to the station's frequency
with a 0 dBm output.
c. Measure and record the reference level of the VVM "A" and "B" probes. Measure and record the
phase reference between the "A" and "B" channels.
e. Measure the Monitor Coupling insertion loss by subtracting the amplitude of probe "B" from probe
"A" and adding or subtracting the reference level determined in step c., as required. Verify the
insertion loss is within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.A.
f. Measure the Monitor phase by reading the phase between the "A" and "B" channels and subtracting
the reference phase of step c. Record the phase for comparison with the other elements in the array.
Verify the phase is within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.A.
Probe Probe
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* GENERATOR /))))))))1 /)1 /))1 OHMS *
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* *
* *
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.)))))))))))))-
+))))))))))))), +))))))))))),
* * +))))), * *
* SIGNAL * *Probe* RF * *
* GENERATOR /)))))))1 A /)))))))))1 UNIT *
* * .)0)))- * UNDER *
.)))))))))))))- * * TEST *
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* *
* VVM *
* *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-
6.2.2 RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6) Performance Checks.- This procedure tests the performance of
the RF Distribution Assembly as per the tolerances listed in section 4. No field adjustments are available.
If the RF Distribution Assembly fails to pass the performance check procedures, it must be replaced.
6.2.2.1 RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6) VSWR Performance Check.- Test Equipment Required -
Signal generator, directional coupler, nine 50 ohm dummy loads (for 8 element) or fifteen 50 Ohm dummy
loads (for 14 element), and a vector voltmeter.
a. At the equipment shelter, place localizer system AC and DC power circuit breakers to the OFF
position.
b. Disconnect the RF Distribution Assembly from the antenna array and install 50 Ohm dummy loads
on all open connectors.
c. Disconnect the SBO feed cable from the SBO input connector (J2) and place dummy load on
connector J2.
d. Connect the equipment as shown in figure 6-1. Connect the directional coupler to the CSB input
connector (J1).
e. Set the signal generator to the station's frequency with a 0 dBm output.
f. Open the output of the directional coupler and record the difference in the "A" and "B" channel
amplitudes as a reference.
h. Measure the difference between the "A" and "B" channel amplitudes. Compute the VSWR by
adding or subtracting the reference as required and referring to table 6-1. Verify the VSWR is within
the tolerance listed in table 4-1.B or 4-1.C, as applicable.
i. Repeat the above steps for all ports on the RF Distribution Assembly and verify the VSWR is within
the tolerance listed in table 4-1.B or 4-1.C, as applicable.
6.2.2.2 RF Distribution Assembly (2A1A6) Antenna Output Port Amplitude and Phase Performance
Check.- Test Equipment Required - Signal generator, eight 50 ohm dummy loads (for 8 element) or fourteen
50 Ohm dummy loads (for 14 element), and a vector voltmeter.
a. At the equipment shelter, place localizer system AC and DC power circuit breakers to the OFF
position.
b. Disconnect the RF Distribution Assembly from the antenna array and connect the test equipment as
shown in figure 6-3. Install 50 Ohm dummy loads on all open connectors.
c. Connect the VVM probe "A" cable to the CSB input connector (J1).
d. Connect the VVM probe "B" cable to Antenna Port 1L. This port will be used as the amplitude and
phase measurement reference.
e. Set the VVM meter to read Channel B. Set the signal generator to the station's frequency and adjust
the amplitude to obtain 100 mV (full scale) on the VVM. Periodically recheck the amplitude on this
port and adjust to maintain the above reference.
f. Set VVM phase range to ±6 degrees and adjust phase offset control to obtain an on-scale reading and
zero the phase reading by adjusting the zero control. Record the phase. (Phase = ± Offset ±
reading).
g. Move the VVM probe "B" to each antenna output port, recording the amplitude (in millivolts) and
relative phase (relative phase = Phase reading - reference) of each. Verify that the phase readings
are within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.B or 4-1.C, as applicable.
h. Move the VVM probe "A" to the SBO input connector and repeat steps d. through g. Verify that the
phase readings are within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.B or 4-1.C, as applicable.
6.2.3 RF Combining Assembly (2A1A5) Performance Check Procedures.- This procedure tests the
performance of the RF Combining Assembly as per the tolerances listed in table 4-1. No field adjustments
are available. If the RF Monitor Combiner Assembly fails a performance check procedure, the assembly
must be replaced.
6.2.3.1 RF Combining Assembly (2A1A5) VSWR Performance Check.- Test Equipment Required - Signal
generator, directional coupler, nine 50 ohm dummy loads (for 8 element) or fifteen 50 Ohm dummy loads
(for 14 element), and a vector voltmeter.
a. At the equipment shelter, place localizer system AC and DC power circuit breakers to the OFF
position.
b. Disconnect the RF Combining Assembly from the antenna array and connect the equipment as
shown in figure 6-1. Connect the directional coupler to the 1L antenna input connector.
d. Set the signal generator to the station's frequency with a 0 dBm output.
e. Open output of directional coupler and record difference in "A" and "B" channel amplitudes as a
reference.
g. Measure the difference between the "A" and "B" channel amplitudes. Compute the VSWR by
adding or subtracting the reference as required and referring to table 6-1. Verify the VSWR is within
the tolerance listed in table 4-1.D.
h. Repeat the above steps for all antenna input ports on the unit. Verify the VSWR is within the
tolerance listed in table 4-1.D.
6.2.3.2 RF Combining Assembly (2A1A5) Antenna Input Port Amplitude and Phase Performance Check.-
Test Equipment Required - Signal generator, nine 50 ohm dummy loads (for 8 element) or fifteen 50 Ohm
dummy loads (for 14 element), and a vector voltmeter.
a. At the equipment shelter, place localizer system AC and DC power circuit breakers to the OFF
position.
b. Disconnect the RF Combining Assembly from the antenna array and connect the test equipment as
shown in figure 6-3. Install 50 Ohm dummy loads on all open connectors.
c. Connect the VVM probe "B" cable to the CSB output port.
d. Connect the VVM probe "A" cable to Antenna Port 1L. This port will be used as the reference
amplitude and phase.
e. Set the VVM meter to read Channel B. Adjust the signal generator to 110-MHz and adjust the
amplitude to obtain 10 mV (full scale) on the VVM. Periodically recheck the amplitude on this port
and adjust to maintain the above reference.
NOTE
The difference between VVM channels A and B minus the reference measured above is
equal to the insertion loss. Verify the insertion loss is within the tolerances listed in table 4-
1.D.
f. Set VVM phase range to ±6 degrees and adjust phase offset control to obtain an on-scale reading and
zero the phase reading by adjusting the zero control. Record the phase. (Phase = ± Offset ±
reading).
g. Move the VVM probe "A" to each antenna output port, recording the amplitude (in millivolts) and
relative phase (relative phase = Phase reading - reference) while feeding each port. Ensure that the
phase readings are within the tolerances listed in table 4-1.D.
h. Move the VVM probe "B" to the SBO input port and repeat steps d. through g. Ensure that the phase
readings are within the tolerances listed in table 4-1.D.
6.2.4 Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1) Performance Check.- These procedures test the performance
of the Monitor Combiner Assembly as per the requirements of Section 4. No field adjustments are available.
If the Monitor Combiner Assembly fails to pass a performance check, it must be replaced.
6.2.4.1 Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1) VSWR Performance Check.- Test Equipment Required -
Signal generator, three 50 ohm dummy loads, and a vector voltmeter.
a. At the equipment shelter, place localizer system AC and DC power circuit breakers to the OFF
position.
b. Disconnect the Monitor Combiner Assembly from the antenna array and connect the test equipment
as shown in figure 6-4. Terminate all open connectors with 50 Ohm dummy loads.
+))))))))))))))), +))))))))))))),
* * +)))))))))))))))))))))), * * +)))))),
* SIGNAL * * * * * * *
* GENERATOR /))1 DIRECTIONAL /)1 J1 J2/))1 50 *
* * * COUPLER * * * * OHMS *
* * * * * MONITOR * .))))))-
.)))))))))))))))- .)))0)))))))))0))))))))- * COMBINER *
A*Fwd B*Refl * *
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* * +))))1 J4 J3/))1 50 *
* * * * * * OHMS *
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* * * 50 *
* * * OHMS *
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+)))))2)))))))))2)))))))),
* VVM *
* *
.))))))))))))))))))))))))-
c. Set the signal generator for the station's frequency with a 0 dBm output.
d. Open the output of the directional coupler and record the difference in the "A" and "B" channel
amplitudes as a reference.
f. Measure the difference between the "A" and "B" channel amplitudes. Compute the VSWR by
adding or subtracting the reference as required and referring to table 6-1. Verify the VSWR is
within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.E.
g. Remove the step attenuator cover. Note the step attenuator jumper placement.
i. Repeat the above steps with the CSB input terminated and the input on the SBO input for 0 dB, 1
dB, 3 dB, 7 dB, and 15 dB attenuator settings.
1 17.3934 26 1.1055
2 8.7220 27 1.0934
3 5.8426 28 1.0829
4 4.4188 29 1.0735
5 3.5707 30 1.0653
6 3.0101 31 1.0579
7 2.6129 32 1.0516
8 2.3245 33 1.0457
9 2.0989 34 1.0407
10 1.9259 35 1.0362
11 1.7843 36 1.0322
12 1.6711 37 1.0286
13 1.5763 38 1.0255
14 1.4987 39 1.0227
15 1.4324 40 1.0202
16 1.3766 41 1.01798
17 1.3289 42 1.01601
18 1.2881 43 1.01425
19 1.2428 44 1.01269
20 1.2222 45 1.01131
21 1.1956 46 1.01007
22 1.1725 47 1.00896
23 1.1523 48 1.00800
24 1.1346 49 1.00711
25 1.1191 50 1.00634
6.2.4.2 Monitor Combiner Assembly (2A1A1) Insertion Loss and Isolation Performance Check.- Test
Equipment Required - Signal generator, directional coupler, three 50 ohm dummy load, and vector
voltmeter.
a. At the equipment shelter, place localizer system AC and DC power circuit breakers to the OFF
position.
b. Disconnect the CSB and SBO inputs and the Course and Width Integral Detectors from the Monitor
Combiner Assembly. Terminate all open connectors with 50 Ohm dummy loads.
c. Connect the test equipment as shown in figure 6-5. Set the signal generator to the station's frequency
with an output of 0 dBm reading on VVM probe "B". Note the db indication on VVM channel A
and maintain this reading as a reference throughout this test.
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* *
* *
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A * *B
+)))))2)))))))))))2)),
* *
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.))))))))))))))))))))-
d. Connect the test equipment as shown in figure 6-6. Note the dB indication and phase on VVM
channel B. The reading is the insertion loss between the CSB input and the course output. Verify
this value within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.E.
e. Connect VVM channel B probe to the width output port (J2). The reading is the insertion loss
between the CSB input and the width output. Verify this value is within the tolerance listed in table
4-1.E. Note the phase reading as a reference.
f. Connect the directional coupler to the SBO input connector (J4) and terminate the CSB input (J1).
g. Note the position of the step attenuator jumpers and reconnect for 0 dB attenuation. Note phaser
position.
h. The reading on the VVM channel B is the SBO input to width output insertion loss. Adjust phaser
so that the phase reading is within ±5 degrees of step d. Verify the insertion loss is within the
tolerance listed in table 4-1.E.
i. Measure and record the insertion loss and phase from the SBO input to the width output for step
attenuator settings of 1 dB, 2 dB, 4 dB and 8 dB. Insertion loss should increase by 1 dB ±0.5 dB,
2 dB ±0.5 dB, 4 dB ±0.5 dB, and 8 dB ±0.6 dB from the readings listed in step g.
j. Reinstall the step attenuator settings as noted prior to the beginning of the test.
+)))))))))))), +))))))))))))))))),
* * +)))))))))))))))))))), * * +))))),
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A * * * *
+)))))2))))))2)))))), * *
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.)))))))))))))))))))-
k. Note the VVM channel B phase indication. Adjust the monitor combining unit phaser through its
range. The phase range should have a range of at least 100 degrees. Readjust the phaser to the
previous setting of step g.
l. Connect the VVM Probe B to the course output (J3), and terminate the width output with a 50-Ohm
dummy load.
m. Measure and record the isolation between the SBO input and the course output. Verify the insertion
loss is within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.E.
6.2.5 Integral Detector (2A1A2/2A1A3) Performance Check.- This procedure tests the performance of the
Integral Detector as per the requirements of listed in Section 4. The Integral Detector may be adjusted to
meet the specified requirements. Refer to paragraph 6.4.1 for the Integral Detector alignment procedure.
If the Integral Detector cannot be adjusted to meet the tolerances in section 4, it must be replaced. Test
Equipment Required - Signal Generator, Oscilloscope, and an ILS Audio Generator.
a. Remove the Integral Detector, under test, from the Monitor Combining Assembly. Verify that the
proper DC power levels are applied to the Integral Detector Assembly being tested.
b. Connect the test equipment as shown in figure 6-7. Adjust the RF signal generator to obtain a -30
dBm output at the station's frequency with a depth of modulation of 20% for each tone (90-Hz and
150-Hz, 0.000 DDM).
c. Set the oscilloscope controls for line triggering, a level range of 2 Vdc per centimeter, and adjust the
sweep to obtain a 90/150-Hz "kissing" pattern (figure 6-8) as observed on TB1-2 on the detector.
+)))))))))))))))), +))))))))))))))),
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* SIGNAL /)))))))))))))))))))))))1 INTEGRAL *
* GENERATOR * * DETECTOR *
* * * *
.))))))))0)))))))- .)))))))0)))))))-
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
+)))))))2))))))), +)))))))2))))))),
* * * *
* ILS * * *
* AUDIO * * OSCILLOSCOPE *
* GENERATOR * * *
* * * *
.)))))))))))))))- .)))))))))))))))-
d. Ensure that the peak voltage is within the levels listed in table 4-1.F.
f. Ensure that the peak voltage does not exceed the limits listed in table 4-1.F.
h. Verify that the level on TB1-1 meets the tolerance listed in table 4-1.F.
6.2.6 In-line Phasing Detector (2A1A7) Performance Checks.- This procedures test the performance
of the In-Line Phasing Detector as per the requirements of Section 4. No field adjustments are
available. If the In-Line Phasing Detector fails a performance check procedure, it must be replaced.
6.2.6.1 In-Line Phasing Detector (2A1A7) VSWR Performance Check.- Test Equipment Required -
Signal generator, 50 ohm dummy load, directional coupler, and a vector voltmeter.
a. Disconnect the In-Line Phasing Detector from the antenna array and connect the test
equipment as shown in figure 6-9.
b. Set the signal generator for the station's frequency with a 0 dBm output.
c. Open output of directional coupler and record difference in "A" and "B" channel amplitudes as a
reference.
e. Measure the difference between the "A" and "B" channel amplitudes. Compute the VSWR by
adding or subtracting the reference as required and referring to table 6-1. Verify the VSWR is within
the tolerance listed in table 4-1.G.
6.2.6.2 In-Line Phasing Detector (2A1A7) Audio Output Performance Check.- Test Equipment Required -
Digital multimeter and a 5.1 k resistor.
b. Measure and record the audio output level as observed on the digital multimeter set on the AC scale.
Verify that the audio level in within the tolerance listed in table 4-1.G.
+)),
* * TB1
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* /))), * *
INSTALLED * PHASE * /))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))1 *
ON ANTENNA * * 1 * * * DIGITAL *
2R OUTPUT * DETECTOR * * RESISTOR * *
* * * 5.1K * *
* * 2 /))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))1 MULTIMETER *
* /)))- * *
.)))0))0)))- .))))))))))))))-
* *
.))-
6.2.7 Field Monitor Control Assembly (2A1A4) Performance Checks.- This procedure tests the operation
of the Field Monitor Control Assembly. The procedure assumes that the Field Monitor Control Assembly
is installed in Distribution Unit and that the facility is operating normally.
6.2.7.1 Antenna Fault CCA (2A1A4A4/2A1A4A8) Performance Check.- Test Equipment Required - Video
terminal.
b. Connect the video terminal to the D-25 pin connector (J1) on the top of the Field Monitor Control
Assembly. Set the terminal parameters (Baud rate, etc.) as detailed in section 3 of the Model 1100
Localizer Operations and Maintenance Manual.
c. Enter the appropriate password and security code on the video terminal to enter the Bypass mode of
operation (refer to the Model 1100 Localizer Operations and Maintenance Manual for control code
listings).
d. On the video terminal, enter control code 028 (Read Antenna Fault Word) to read the antenna fault
word (refer to figure 6-11).
e. Disconnect antenna feed cable 1L. Verify that the correct bit on the displayed fault data word goes
to 0.
f. Repeat the above steps for each antenna feedline. Refer to figure 6-11 for the antenna to bit
correlation.
g. Induce an antenna alignment fault by moving the alignment switch and observe that the correct data
bit goes to 0.
h. Restore the misalignment switch to normal and ensure that the antenna fault word is correct (all
"1s").
Misalignment Antenna
Detector 4L 3L 2L 1L 1R 2R 3R 4R Not Used
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Misalignment Antenna
Detector 7L 6L 5L 4L 3L 2L 1L 1R 2R 3R 4R 5R 6R 7R
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
As observed on Terminal
0 = Antenna Fault
6.2.7.2 Field Monitor Control Assembly (2A1A4) Data Output to Transmitter Performance Check.- Test
Equipment Required - Video terminal, Portable ILS Receiver (PIR).
a. Connect the video terminal to the D-25 pin connector (J1) on the top of the Field Monitor Control
Assembly. Set the terminal parameters (Baud rate, etc.) as detailed in section 3 of the Model 1100
Localizer Operations and Maintenance Manual.
b. Enter the appropriate password and security code on the video terminal to enter the Bypass mode of
operation (refer to the Model 1100 Localizer Operations and Maintenace manual for control code
listings).
c. Disconnect the Course Integral Detector (2A1A3) from the Monitor Recombiner Assembly
(2A1A1).
d. Connect an RF test cable between the Monitor Combiner Assembly course output connector J3 and
the PIR RF input connector. Adjust the PIR input attenuator to obtain an on-scale reading and record
the DDM. Reconnect the Course Integral Detector (2A1A3) to the Monitor Recombiner Assembly
(2A1A1).
e. On the video terminal, enter control code 031 (Read Course DDM) to read the monitored Course
DDM. Ensure that the displayed DDM compares with the reading displayed on the PIR within ±.010
DDM. If not ???.
f. Disconnect the PIR RF cable from the Course RF output connector J3 of the Monitor Recombiner
Assembly and replace the Course Integral Detector (2A1A3).
g. Disconnect the Width Integral Detector (2A1A) from the Monitor Recombiner Assembly (2A1A1).
Connect an RF test cable between the Monitor Combiner Assembly Width output connector J2 and
the PIR RF input connector. Adjust the PIR input attenuator to obtain an on-scale reading and record
the DDM.
h. On the video terminal, enter control code 033 (Read Width DDM) to read the monitored width
DDM. Ensure that the displayed DDM compares with the reading displayed on the PIR within ±.010
DDM.
i. Reconnect the Width Integral Detector (2A1A2) to the Monitor Recombiner Assembly (2A1A1).
6.2.7.3 Low Voltage Power Supply (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5) Performance Check.- The following procedure
tests the Low Voltage Power Supply in the Field Monitor Control Assembly. Test equipment required - DC
voltmeter.
a. Refer to figure 6-12 or 6-13 as applicable. Open the Field Monitor Control Assembly and locate the
Low Voltage Power Supply CCA.
Figure 6-12. Single System Field Monitor Control Assembly Module Location Diagram.
c. Check voltage at connector J1 pins 9 and 10. Verify reading is within tolerance listed in table 4-1.H.
If voltage is out of tolerance, refer to the Model 1100 Localizer Operations and Maintenance Manual.
d. Check voltage at connector J1 pin 1. Verify reading is within tolerance listed in table 4-1.H. If not,
replace Low Voltage Power Supply CCA (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5).
Figure 6-13. Dual System Field Monitor Control Assembly Module Location Diagram.
e. Check voltage at connector J1 pin 2. Verify reading is within tolerance listed in table 4-1.H. If not,
replace Low Voltage Power Supply CCA (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5).
f. Check voltage at connector J1 pins 3 and 4. Verify reading is within tolerance listed in table 4-1.H.
If not, replace Low Voltage Power Supply CCA (2A1A4A1/2A1A4A5).
6.4.1 Integral Detector (2A1A2/2A1A3) Alignment Procedure.- The Integral Detector Assembly contains
a 1020-Hz notch filter to reduce level of ident tone on the 90/150-Hz output and a bandpass filter/low pass
filter to provide a DC level proportional to the 1020-Hz ident tone with keying. The following procedure
details the alignment of bandpass and notch filters. Refer to figure 6-14 for adjustment locations. The
procedure assumes the detector cover has been removed. Test Equipment Required - Signal Generator,
Oscilloscope, and an ILS Audio Generator.
a. Connect the test equipment as shown in figure 6-7. Input an RF signal of 0 dBm at 110-MHz
modulated with 1020-Hz at 8-10 percent.
90
+15 -15 150 ID
+)), +)), +)),+)),
+)2))2)2))2)2))22))2, TB1
* 4 3 2 1 *
+)2)))))))))))))))))))2))))),
* *
+))1 +))))), +))))), *
RF * * * R12 * * R13 * *
* * .)))))- .)))))- *
.))1 *
* *
* *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))-
6.4.2 Microprocessor CCA (2A1A4A2/2A1A4A7) Jumper Location Check.- Prior to the Microprocessor
CCA into the transmitter cabinet assembly the jumper setting must be checked.
a. Refer to figure 6-12 or 6-13, as applicable. Open the Field Monitor Control Assembly and remove
the Microprocessor CCA from the card cage.
b. Refer to figure 6-15. Insure the following jumpers are set as follows:
c. Reinstall the Microprocessor CCA into the Field Monitor Control Assembly. Close and secure the
Field Monitor Control Assembly.
6.4.3 Analog I/O CCA (2A1A4A3/2A1A4A7) Jumper Location Check.- This procedure is used ensure
jumper settings are in the correct position for Field Monitor Control Assembly operation.
a. Refer to figure 6-12 or 6-13, as applicable. Open the Field Monitor Control Assembly and remove
the Analog I/O CCA from the card cage.
b. Refer to figure 6-16. Insure that a jumper is placed between terminals E1 -E2. This is the IRQ line
and it must be closed.
c. Reinstall the Analog I/O CCA into the Field Monitor Control Assembly. Close and secure the Field
Monitor Control Assembly.
7.1 INTRODUCTION.- This section contains instructions required for on-site corrective maintenance and
offsite repair of the localizer LPD antenna system. Required test equipment is defined and packing
instructions are included in this section.
7.2 TEST EQUIPMENT REQUIRED.- Refer to section 1 table 1-6 for test equipment requirements.
b. List the symptoms that you find or a field technician describes. If someone else describes the
symptoms to you, check the symptoms yourself or have that person demonstrate the symptoms to
make sure the problem is not an operator error.
c. Do a careful visual inspection of the suspected assembly, including the following suggestions.
2. Check that all integrated circuits (ICs) are firmly seated in their sockets and that the ICs have
no bent pins.
3. Check that printed circuit board edge connectors are clean and seated fully.
d. Check the power supplies. Power supplies are a very common source of problems. Low voltage or
excessive ripple may appear that a IC is bad.
1. Measure the power supply voltages and check that they are within specifications.
2. Check with an oscilloscope to insure that the power supply does not have excessive noise on
the outputs.
e. Using an oscilloscope, check waveforms of the suspected faulty assembly against those in this
section.
f. Verify the clock signals. Using an oscilloscope, check that the clock signals are present and correct.
1. Check input signals, such as CLOCK, RESET, READY, HOLD, INT, etc., are at the proper
level for normal operations. A common problem is that the processor will get stuck in a
wait, hold, reset, or interrupt condition because of some other hardware problem.
2. If one of these signals is at the wrong level. Refer to the proper schematic and see what is
connected to the input and track down the problem.
1. Check active output signals. The absence of these signals indicates a bad processor IC.
2. Check whether pulses are present on lower address lines and data lines. On a normal
oscilloscope these pulses will appear random, this is a quick way to find out whether the
CPU is sending out addresses and whether the data bus is active.
3. Check with an oscilloscope whether the memory decoders are producing chip-select signals.
If a decoder is not producing these signals, the decoder may be defective or may not be
getting enabled.
7.4 OFFSITE REPAIR.- There are no assemblies that require offsite overhaul or calibration.
7.5 PACKING INSTRUCTIONS.- Equipment requiring shipment from the localizer site for repair shall
be individual packaged and marked. All items sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD) shall be packed in
ESD bags or containers.
8.1 INTRODUCTION.- Tables 8-1 through 8-29 contain lists of the assemblies used in the localizer 8 or
14 element LPD antenna array. Tables 8-30 through 8-33 are provided for installations utilizing the 470080
trough kit. The parts lists are for reference purposes only and do not match our current equipment
configuration.
Table 8-1. Single Localizer 8 Element LPD Antenna Array, Parts List.
(Part No. 470285-0001) Rev D
Table 8-10. Dual Localizer 8 Element LPD Antenna Array Parts List.
(Part No. 470285-0003)
Table 8-11. Distribution Unit 8 Element Dual, LPD Parts List (Cont).
(Part No. 030302-0014)
Table 8-12. Field Monitor/Control Assembly Dual, 8 Element LPD Parts List.
(Part No. 030293-0002) Rev P
Table 8-13. Single Localizer 14 Element, LPD Antenna Array, Parts List.
(Part No. 470285-0002) Rev D
Table 8-15. Monitor Combiner Assembly 14 Element LPD Parts List (Cont).
(Part No. 030280-0002)
Table 8-16. Field Monitor/Control Assembly Single, 14 Element Parts List (Cont).
(Part No. 030293-0005)
Table 8-19. Dual Localizer 14 Element LPD Antenna Array Parts List.
(Part No. 470285-0004) Rev D
302009-0000 BOLT, U 8 EA 01
302010-0000 TURNBUCKLE 2 EA 02
302011-0000 THIMBLE, ROPE 4 EA 03
302012-0000 SPRING, HELICAL, EXT 2 EA 04
302001-0000 BSHG, STRAIN RLF, CA 1 EA 05
412000-0002 TERMINAL, LUG #6 SPADE 4 EA 06
704108-0003 PLATE, METAL 2 EA 07
704110-0003 BRACKET, ANGLE 5 EA 08
704114-0002 COVER, ACCESS 1 EA 09
704116-0003 COVER, TURNBUCKLE 1 EA 10
900102-0002 ROPE, FIBROUS 75 FT 11
302084-0000 BOLT, U 5/16-18 X 1" THD 9 EA 12
327069-0000 NUT, PLAIN, HEX 5/16-18 18 EA 13
327065-0000 WASHER, LOCK 5/16" 18 EA 14
146001-8880 WIRE, ELEC-NO. 22 AWG, GRY/BLK 20 FT 15
146001-7777 WIRE, ELEC-NO. 22 AWG, VIOLET 20 FT 16
263003-0000 BUSHING, SLEEVE 5 EA 17
030462-0001 MISALIGNMENT SW ASSY 1 EA 18
327066-0000 WASHER, FLAT 5/16" 18 EA 19
136000-0028 SCREW, MACHINE 6-32 X 3/8" PHMS 4 EA 20
137000-0805 WASHER, FLAT, #6 4 EA 21
136502-0079 WASHER, LOCK-NO. 6 4 EA 22
302009-0000 BOLT, U 8 EA 01
302010-0000 TURNBUCKLE 2 EA 02
302011-0000 THIMBLE, ROPE 4 EA 03
302012-0000 SPRING, HELICAL, EXT 2 EA 04
302001-0000 BSHG, STRAIN RLF, CA 1 EA 05
412000-0002 TERMINAL, LUG #6 SPADE, CRIMP 4 EA 06
704108-0003 PLATE, METAL 2 EA 07
704110-0003 BRACKET, ANGLE 11 EA 08
704114-0002 COVER, ACCESS 1 EA 09
704116-0003 COVER, TURNBUCKLE 1 EA 10
900102-0002 ROPE, FIBROUS 120 FT 11
302084-0000 BOLT, U 5/16-18 X 1" 15 EA 12
327069-0000 NUT, PLAIN, HEX 5/16-18 30 EA 13
327065-0000 WASHER, LOCK, 5/16" 30 EA 14
146001-8880 WIRE, ELEC-NO. 22 AWG, GRY/BLK 20 FT 15
146001-7777 WIRE, ELEC-NO. 22 AWG, VIOLET 20 FT 16
263003-0000 BUSHING, SLEEVE 11 EA 17
030462-0001 MISALIGNMENT SW ASSY 1 EA 18
327066-0000 WASHER, FLAT, 5/16" 30 EA 19
136000-0028 SCREW, MACHINE 6-32 X 3/8" PHMS 4 EA 20
137000-0805 WASHER, FLAT, #6 4 EA 21
136502-0079 WASHER, LOCK-NO. 6 4 EA 22
Table 8-28. LPD Antenna Element W/O OB Lit Parts List (Cont).
Part No. (030334-0001)
Table 8-29. LPD Antenna Element W/OB Lite Parts List (Cont).
(Part No. 030334-0002)
Table 8-30. Single Localizer, 8 Element LPD Antenna Array Parts List.
Table 8-30. Single Localizer, 8 Element LPD Antenna Array Parts List (Cont).
Table 8-31. Dual Localizer 8 Element LPD Antenna Array Parts List.
Table 8-31. Dual Localizer 8 Element LPD Antenna Array Parts List.(Cont.)
Table 8-32. Single Localizer 14 Element LPD Antenna Array Parts List.
Table 8-33. Dual Localizer 14 Element LPD Antenna Array Parts List.
9.1 INTRODUCTION.- This section contains the information required to install the antenna array, inspect
the installation, perform startup and preliminary testing procedures, and perform an installation verification
test.
9.2 SITE INFORMATION.- The localizer antenna array is located from 300 to 2000 feet from the runway
stop end. The antennas are installed perpendicular to the runway centerline as shown in figure 9-1. The
localizer (electronics cabinet) shelter is located a minimum of 250 feet to the side of the runway centerline
in line with the localizer antenna array. Cables from the antenna array (power and signal) are buried in a
trench to the shelter. Figures 9-1 thru 9-2A provide siting information.
9.3 UNPACKING AND REPACKING.- Packing cases are to be handled and opened with care to avoid
damage to electronics components. Be certain all fasteners, supports, and tie-downs have been removed
before attempting to remove the units. Inspect all items for shipping damage and check against the packing
slip to ensure complete shipment. Check the packing slip against table 1-2.
9.4 INPUT REQUIREMENT SUMMARY.- Refer to table 1-1 for input power requirements.
9.5 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES.- When site installation drawing have been approved, the next step
is to prepare site for installation. Site preparation entails grading, digging trenches, pouring foundations,
laying cables etc. Figures 9-2 and 9-2A show trenching and foundation requirements.
Dummy Load
Vector Voltmeter
Quadrature (90E) Line Section
Table 9-2. 8 Element LPD Antenna Trough Installation Kit (Part No. 470267-0003).
(Refer to figure 9-3)
Table 9-2. 14 Element LPD Antenna Trough Installation Kit (Part No. 470267-0004).
(Refer to figure 9-3)
a. Using the ??? as a guide, mark the location of the studs to be placed into the concrete.
a. Using hammer drill with a ?? drill bit, drill hold to a depth of 5"
b. Using compresses auir, clean dust from hole. Accumulation of dust in hole is reduce the stud pullout
strength.
c. Insert double 45E chamfered stud into hole. Mark stud to indicate hole depth. Remove dust if
necessary.
d. Insert resin capsule into hole with rounded end facing upward.
e. Using the hammer drill, drive the stud to the bottom of the hole as indicated by the mark on the stud.
Turn off hammer drill as soon as the stud reaches the bottom of the hole.
f. Avoid distrubing the stud, but relaese it from the hammer drill.
Refer to table 9-2 and figure 9-3 for a list of materials included in the trough assembly installation kit.
9-13
THIS SHEET INTENTIONALLY BLANK
THIS SHEET INTENTIONALLY BLANK
LOCALIZER LPD ANTENNA
9.5.4 LPD Antennas and Mast Installation.- Refer to table 9-2A and figure 9-4 for a list of materials
included in the LPD Antennas and Mast installation kit.
9.5.5 RF Distribution Unit.- Refer to table 9-3A and figure 9-5 for a list of materials included in the RF
distribution unit installation kit.
9.5.6 Obstruction Light Assembly Installation.- Refer to table 9-5 and figure 9-6 for a list of materials
included in the obstruction light assembly installation kit.
9.5.7 LPD Antenna Misalignment Assembly Installation.- Refer to table 9-4 and figure 11-19 for a list of
materials included in the misalignment assembly installation kit.
9.6 PROCEDURES FOR INTEGRATION AND INTERFACE WITH OTHER EQUIPMENT.- Not
applicable to this manual.
9.7 INSTALLATION INSPECTION AND CHECKOUT.- Be sure that all RF and power connections have
been made.
CAUTION
9.8 INITIAL START-UP AND PRELIMINARY TESTING.- Refer to Localizer Operation and
Maintenance Manual, Part No. 571100-0001.
9.9 INSTALLATION VERIFICATION TEST.- Refer to Localizer Operation and Maintenance Manual,
Part No. 571100-0001.
11.1 INTRODUCTION.- This section contains system interconnect wiring diagrams, schematic diagrams,
and power distribution diagram are also included in this section.
P/O = Part of