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Chapter 2
Data Types, Operators, and Expressions
2.1 Numerical Data Types
2.2 Character Data Type
2.3 Logical Data Type
2.4 Arrays
2.5 Sums, Products, Minima, and Maxima
2.6 Arithmetic Operators
2.7 Relational and Logical Operators
2.8 String Manipulations
2.9 Expressions
2.10 Example: Function Approximations
2.11 Example: Series Solution of a Laplace Equation
2.12 Example: Deflection of Beams
2.13 Example: Vibrations of Supported Machines
2.14 Additional Exercise Problems
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2.1 Numeric Data Types

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2.1 Numeric Data Types (Continued)

Concepts Functions
Screen output format format short
Double-precision floating-point numbers format compact
Single-precision floating-point numbers format long
Integer numbers single
Two’s complement representation int16
Unsigned integer number int8
Binary representation of double numbers uint8
intmax
intmin
ans

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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2.2 Character Data Type

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2.2 Character Data Type (Continued)

Concepts Functions
Characters char
ASCII codes whos
Conversion between characters
and numbers
String: row vector of characters

Example: ASCII Codes

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2.3 Logical Data Type

Concepts
Logical values Functions
Relational operators
Logical operators logical
Conversion between logical true
values and numbers false
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2.4 Arrays
Concepts
Zero-dimensional arrays: scalars
One-dimensional arrays: row vectors and column vectors
Two-dimensional arrays: matrices
Three-dimensional arrays
First dimension: row dimension
Second dimension: column dimension
Third dimension: page dimension

Functions
ones
linspace
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2.4 Arrays (Continued)

Functions
zeros
size
length
end

Concepts
Subscript indexing & linear indexing
Size and length of an array
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2.4 Arrays (Continued)

Concepts Functions
Colon: the entire column/row reshape
[]: empty data
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2.4 Arrays (Continued)

Concepts
Concatenation
of arrays
Flipping of
matrices

Functions
horzcat
vertcat
fliplr
flipud
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2.5 Sums, Products, Minima, and Maxima

Functions
sum
cumsum
prod
cumprod
diff
min
max
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2.6 Arithmetic Operators

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2.6 Arithmetic Operators (Continued)

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2.6 Arithmetic Operators (Continued)

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2.7 Relational and Logical Operators

Functions
find
isequal
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2.8 String Manipulations

Functions
echo
disp
num2str
sprintf
deblank
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2.8 String Manipulations (Continued)

Example: A Simple Calculator

Functions
strcmp
break
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2.9 Expressions
a b c abc
= = = = 2R
sin α sin β sin γ 2A
abc
R=
(a + b + c)(a − b + c)(b − c + a)(c − a + b)

Example: Law of Sines

Functions
sind
asind
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2.9 Expressions (Continued)

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos α

Example: Law of Cosines

An expression is a syntactic combination of data (constants or

variables; scalars, vectors, matrices, or higher-dimensional Function
arrays), functions (built-in or user-defined), operators
acosd
(arithmetic, relational, or logical), and special characters.
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2.10 Example: Function Approximation

x3 x5 x7
Taylor series: sin x = x − + − + ...
3! 5! 7!
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2.10 Example: Function Approximation

(Continued)
∞
x 2 k−1
sin x = ∑ (−1) k+1

k=1 (2k − 1)!

Using For-Loop
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2.10 Example: Function Approximation

(Continued)
∞
x 2 k−1
sin x = ∑ (−1) k+1

k=1 (2k − 1)!

Vector Expressions
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2.10 Example: Function Approximation

(Continued)
∞
x 2 k−1
sin x = ∑ (−1) k+1

k=1 (2k − 1)!

Matrix Expressions
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2.10 Example: Function Approximation

(Continued)
∞
x 2 k−1
sin x = ∑ (−1) k+1

k=1 (2k − 1)!

Multiple Curves
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2.11 Example: Series Solution of a Laplace

Equation
∂2 φ ∂2 φ
+ 2 =0 BCs: φ (x,0) = φ (x,1) = φ (1, y) = 0 φ (0, y) = y(1− y)
∂x 2
∂y
∞
1− cos(kπ ) − kπ x
φ (x, y) = 4 ∑ e sin(kπ y)
k=1 (kπ ) 3
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2.12 Deflection of Beams

y
Rx 3 F
y = −θ x + − < x − a >3
6EI 6EI
Fa F wh 3
θ= (2L − a)(L − a), R = (L − a), I =
x 6EIL L 12
0, if x ≤ a
< x − a >3 =
(x − a)3 , if x > a
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2.13 Example: Vibrations of Supported

Machines
Undamped Free Vibrations
k
mx + kx = 0, BCs: x(0) = δ , x(0) = 0 x(t) = δ cos ω t ω=
m
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2.13 Example: Vibrations of Supported

Machines (Continued)
mx + cx + kx = 0, BCs: x(0) = δ , x(0) = 0
Damped Free Vibrations
ct
− c
x(t) = δ e 2m
(cos ω d t + sin ω d t)
2mω d
2
c
ω d = ω 1−
cc
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2.13 Example: Vibrations of Supported

Machines (Continued)
Harmonically Forced Vibrations

mx + cx + kx = F sin ω f t

Steady-State Response

x(t) = xm sin(ω f t − ϕ )

F k
xm =
( ) ( )
2
+ 2 ( c cc ) ω f ω
2 2
1− ω f ω

ϕ = tan −1
(
2 ( c cc ) ω f ω )
( )
2
1− ω f ω
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2.13 Example: Vibrations of Supported

Machines (Continued)