Cdc :

Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity. Overweight is
defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and below the 95th percentile for children and teens of
the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens
of the same age and sex

BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. For
children and teens, BMI is age- and sex-specific and is often referred to as BMI-for-age. A child’s weight
status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories
used for adults. This is because children’s body composition varies as they age and varies between boys
and girls. Therefore, BMI levels among children and teens need to be expressed relative to other
children of the same age and sex

Weight Status Category Percentile Range

Underweight Less than the 5th percentile
Normal or Healthy Weight 5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile
Overweight 85th to less than the 95th percentile
Obese 95th percentile or greater

More Immediate Health Risks

 Obesity during childhood can have a harmful effect on the body in a variety of ways.
Children who have obesity are more likely to have(1-7)
o High blood pressure and high cholesterol, which are risk factors for
cardiovascular disease (CVD).
o Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2
diabetes.
o Breathing problems, such as asthma and sleep apnea.
o Joint problems and musculoskeletal discomfort.
o Fatty liver disease, gallstones, and gastro-esophageal reflux (i.e., heartburn).
 

Childhood obesity is also related to8-10:

o Psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.

o Low self-esteem and lower self-reported quality of life.
o Social problems such as bullying and stigma.

Future Health Risks

 Children who have obesity are more likely to become adults with obesity.11 Adult obesity
is associated with increased risk of a number of serious health conditions including heart
disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer.12
 If children have obesity, their obesity and disease risk factors in adulthood are likely to be
more severe.

Depkes :

Secara umum, obesitas disebabkan oleh tiga faktor, yakni faktor perilaku, lingkungan, dan genetik.
Faktor genetik sebenarnya menyumbang 10-30% sementara faktor perilaku dan lingkungan dpaat
mencapai 70%. Beberapa penelitian menyatakan, perkembangan teknologi yang pesat berkontribusi
pada peningkatan prevalensi kegemukan, tanpa disadari teknologi menggiring kita untuk bergaya hidup
sedentary diantaranya kurang beraktifitas fisik, makan makanan instan, dan kurang mengonsumsi buah
dan sayur.

Dikatakan Doddy, status ekonomi masyarakat bukan merupakan pengaruh utama terhadap terjadinya
obesitas pada anak. Faktor lain yang dapat memengaruhi terjadinya obesitas pada anak yaitu pola asuh
orang tua (terutama pola pemberian makan). Mulai dari rendahnya ASI Eksklusif karena tergoda
memberikan susu formula yang tinggi lemak dan mengandung gula, sampai pada pemberian makanan
rendah protein namun tinggi gula, garam, dan lemak salah satunya adalah makanan instan.

Berdasarkan laporan gizi global atau Global Nutrition Report (2014), Indonesia termasuk ke dalam 17
negara yang memiliki 3 permasalahan gizi sekaligus, yaitu stunting (pendek), wasting (kurus), dan juga
overweight (obesitas). Data riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas, 2013) menyebutkan bahwa prevalensi
balita gemuk menurut BB/TB pada anak usia 0-59 bulan sebesar 11,8% sedangkan data survey
pemantauan status gizi (PSG, 2015) menyatakan bahwa prevalensi balita gemuk menurut BB/TB usia 0-
59 bulan sebesar 5,3%.

Sementara itu, Riskesdas 2013 menggambarkan kondisi anak di Indonesia sebanyak 8 dari 100 anak di
Indonesia mengalami obesitas. Prevalensi obesitas anak yang dihitung berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh
dibandingkan usia (IMT/U) pada kelompok anak usia 5-12 tahun besarnya 8%. Prevalensi tertinggi
obesitas pada anak usia 5-12 tahun adalah DKI Jakarta.

Angka-angka tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia masih mengalami masalah gizi balita gemuk,
karena menurut WHO 2010, suatu negara dikatakan tidak lagi memiliki masalah gizi bila indikator balita
gemuk berada di bawah 5%