R. C.

SPENCER I Method for Predicting the Performance

K. C. COTTON
Large Steam T u r b i n e - G e n e r a t o r Department,
G e n e r a l Electric C o m p a n y ,
of Steam Turbine-Generators
Schenectady, N. Y. Mems. ASME

C. N. C A N N O N
M e d i u m Steam Turbine, G e n e r a t o r ,
and G e a r Department,
G e n e r a l Electric C o m p a n y ,
W e s t Lynn, Mass. Mem. ASME
16,500 kw and Larger
A method is presented for predicting the performance of modem steam turbine-
generator units designed for high efficiency levels. This method is based on recent de-
velopmental and analytical results.
The necessary curves, tables, and instructions are provided for the application of the
method to a large variety of units of various kilowatt ratings, types, and steam conditions.
Relative heat-rate curves are presented and mathematical expressions are provided for
computer applications.

I Introduction sections. A stage-by-stage calculation system can be used to

SINCE 1940, General Electric Company engineers
have published three ASME papers on the performance of steam
turbine-generator units. The first was the Warren-Knowlton
paper [1 ]' showing the overall performance of nonreheat turbine-
generator units. In 1952, the Elston-Knowlton paper [2] ex-
tended the area of application and included reheat units. The
Hegetschweiler-Bartlett paper [3 ] in 1956 presented full and part
load performance of nonreheat and reheat turbine sections for
calculating overall performance.
This paper is a modification and extension of the aforementioned
Hegetschweiler-Bartlett paper and is based on the results of tests
of groups of stages in General Electric's Turbinp-iGenerator Devel-
opment Laboratory, the experience gained from stage-by-stage
calculations, and the results of twenty-four heat-rate tests con-
ducted during the past several years in power plants according to
the ASME Power Test Code Committee No. 6 requirements.
Improved testing accuracy and more detailed test measure-
ments of such things as total exhaust loss, crossover pressure drop,
and valve pressure drop during recent j'ears have led to an ex-
ceptionally good correlation of turbine component performance.
The knowledge and understanding obtained from these results
serve as the basis for the calculation methods and performance
level presented in this paper.
This performance method is applicable to reheat and nonreheat,
60 cycle units equipped with hydrogen-cooled generators and op-
erating with conventional steam conditions and normal cycle
operation. In addition, it presupposes turbines that are designed
to a high performance level by using up-to-date technology in the
field of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. Fig. 1 is a cross
section of a typical unit.
II Explanation ot the Method
In developing this method it was possible to follow the general
procedures of the Hegetschweiler-Bartlett method even though
some of the concepts which establish the efficiency levels are
different.
The overall steam turbine performance depends on the ef-
ficiency of the individual turbine stages, and can be determined
by calculating the performance of each individual stage, or by
combining the performance of groups of individual stages into
1 Numbers in brackets designate References at end of paper.
Contributed bjr the Power Division and presented at the Winter
Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y „ November 25-30, 1962, of THE
A M E R I C A N SOCIETY OF M E C H A N I C A L , E N G I N E E R S . Manuscript re-
ceived at ASME Headquarters, September 20, 1962. Paper No.
62—WA-209.
evaluate existing turbine designs; however, it is not generallj'
practical for predicting the performance of new designs in the
study and proposition stage because the detailed knowledge of
the particular turbine design is usually unavailable at that time.
Turbine-generator performance at design flow can be predicted
accurately from the following:
1 Expansion line efficienc}', which is determined for each sec-
tion by the
(а) Volume flow
(б) Pressure ratio
(c) Initial pressure and temperature
(d) Governing stage design (if any)
2 Exhaust loss
3 Packing and valve stem leakage flows
4 Mechanical losses
5 Generator losses
At flows other than design flow, the efficiency of stages between
the first stage and a few stages preceding the last is the same as
at design flow, since their pressure ratios and vplume flows do not
change. Hence the efficiency of the intermediate-pressure turbine
section is independent of changes in throttle flow. The efficiency
of the high pressure turbine section is primarily a function of
throttle flow ratio, because the efficiency of the first stage de-
creases with decreasing throttle flow, as the pressure ratio across it
increases and the velocity ratio decreases below the design value.
The efficiency of the condensing section is primarily a function of
the annulus velocity of the last stage. Leaving loss for a given
last stage bucket design operating at constant speed is a unique
function of annulus velocity. Likewise, hood loss and the change
in efficiency of the last stage due to variations in pressure ratio
may be expressed in terms of annulus velocity. Thus the ef-
ficiency characteristics of each section of a reheat turbine can be
expressed in terms of one prime variable.
Expansion Line Efficiency. The expansion line efficiency
represents the internal efficiency of a group of stages. The section
efficiency for one design may vary from another, depending on
the initial volume flow and design pressure ratio across the group
of stages. As the volume flow increases, the height of the nozzles
and buckets increases proportionately, and consequently stage
leakages, root and tip losses, and rotation loss are a smaller per-
centage of the stage energy. As the design pressure ratio in-
creases, the section efficiency improves due to an increase in
average volume flow and an increase in reheat factor. Test ef-
ficiencies of turbines with the same pressure ratio and superheat
plotted against volume flow have a characteristically hyperbolic
shape. This hyperbolic shape is represented by deducing base

Journal of Engineering for Power OCTOBER 1 96 3 / 295

Copyright © 1963 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 Fig. 1 T y p i c a l t u r b i n e , 3 6 0 0 / 1 8 0 0 r p m , cross c o m p o u n d , d o u b l e flow, reheat
efficiencies corresponding to infinite volume flow and subtracting
from them quotients of constants divided by volume flow.
The effect of the governing stage performance on section ef-
ficiency depends on the ratio of governing stage energy to the total
energy of the section. These effects can be expressed in terms of
the section pressure ratio and either the diameter or the pressure
ratio of the governing stage.
The efficiency of a high-pressure turbine section at design throttle
flow is inversely affected by governing stage diameter as shown in
Fig. 7. For a properly designed governing stage, an increase in
diameter is accompanied by an increase in energy across the stage
to keep the velocity ratio at design flow at 0.5 for one-row govern-
ing stages and 0.31 for two-row governing stages. Since the
stages following the governing stage are generally more efficient
than the governing stage, increasing the energy on the governing
stage results in a less efficient turbine section. However, as the
throttle flow ratio decreases, the efficiency of a high-pressure sec-
tion with a large diameter governing stage does not decrease
as rapidly as a section with a small diameter governing stage
as shown in Fig. 8. This is because the percent increase in
energy on the governing stage is not as great for a large diameter
governing stage.
For nonreheat turbines, the proper governing stage pressure
ratio for a condensing section increases as the section initial
volume flow is decreased. This is because of the increased para-
sitic losses at the decreased volume flows. The effect on design
25'! / OCTOBER 1963
Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
flow expansion line efficiency for changing the governing stage
pressure ratio is shown in Fig. 2. As the throttle flow ratio is de-
creased the energy on the governing stage increases. This results
in a reduced velocity ratio of the governing stage and an increase
in the fraction of available energy involved. The net result is
that changes to governing stage pressure ratio generally invert
and magnify changes to part load expansion line efficiencies.
These changes are shown in Fig. 4.
Condensing turbine sections normally operate with their latter
stages in the moisture region. Operation in the moisture region
is substantially less efficient than in the superheat region. Analy-
sis of the results obtained from recent laboratory tests indicates
a supersaturation loss clown to the Wilson Line with no moisture
loss, and a moisture loss of about 3/< P e r 1 percent average mois-
ture below the Wilson Line with no supersaturation loss [4],
Using the Wilson Line established by Yellott [5] at about 3'A
percent moisture gives a better correlation of test results than
when using the original Wilson Line at about i 1 /^ percent mois-
ture. The correction curves for initial pressure and temperature
(Fig. 14) are based on the losses due to operation in the wet region
and changes in the reheat factor [61 to 1.5 in. Hg abs. For exhaust
pressures other than 1.5 in. Hg abs Fig. 15 must be applied. In-
cluded in this figure is a correction to account for changes in
moisture loss and reheat factor from the 1.5 in. Hg abs condition.
The speed of the low pressure element of a cross compound unit
affects efficiency because 1800-rpm sections are more efficient
Transactions of the ASME
 than 3600 rpm sections. Table 1 indicates the procedure to be
used when 1800 rpm low-pressure sections are employed in
3600/1800 rpm units.
In the past, small performance differences have been shown
between various types and arrangements of turbines. They are
not included in this paper because all turbine types and arrange-
ments have been improved to substantially the same performance
level.
It should be noted that performance calculated by these
methods assumes the turbine-generator is operated in its cycle
under normal conditions. Operation under other conditions may
affect the performance in varying degrees and may also affect the
How-passing ability of the turbine. For instance, operation
with the highest pressure heater out of service somewhat upsets
the normal energy distribution of the high-pressure turbine
section and may reduce its performance. It also slightly reduces
the flow-passing ability of the governing stage due to pressure
feedback from an increased pressure at the extraction point.
Such effects must be considered when calculating performance at
other than normal conditions.
This method may be used to predict the performance of units
designed for 50 cycle operation if differences in design parameters
are properly taken into account. In most cases, these differences
are small.
Exhaust Loss. The exhaust loss curves, Figs. 16,17, and 18, were
obtained by combining calculated leaving loss with exhaust hood
loss data obtained from model and field tests and off-design
pressure ratio loss from results of tests conducted according to
ASME PTC-6.
As the exhaust pressure decreases the axial component of the
discharge velocity from the last stage bucket increases until it
reaches sonic velocity, which is about 1300 ft/sec. Any further
decrease in exhaust pressure does not increase this velocity above
sound velocity. Therefore there is no further increase in energy
available to the turbine stages. The exhaust loss curves cover
the normal operating subsonic region. Appendix III describes
the procedure for calculating exhaust loss for conditions beyond
the point where sonic velocity exists at the discharge of the last
stage bucket.
Packing a n d V a l v e Steam Leakages. As in the past, the method
assumes that all leakage flows to heaters or around groups of
stages must be treated as external flows in the heat balance cal-
culations.
Martin's formula [7] for leakage of steam through labyrinth
seals has been used to calculate the leakage flows for representa-
tive designs with normal running elearances.
The information necessary to apply the procedure outlined in
Appendix V to the various turbine types built by the author's
Company is shown in Table 2. A building block approach has
been used in order to allow the calculation of the many possible
combinations of the turbine components. Factors are also sup-
plied in Table 2 for the calculation of valve steam leakages and the
steam seal requirements are specified.
M e c h a n i c a l Losses. The mechanical losses shown in Fig. 19 in-
clude all of the mechanical losses of the turbine such as bearing and
oil pump loss, plus the bearing losses of the generator, when
operating with conventional lubricants. The mechanical losses
associated with a shaft-driven boiler feed pump must be con-
sidered separate^.
Generator Losses. The generator losses shown in Fig. 20 through
Fig. 23 include all mechanical and electrical losses of the genera-
tor except the bearing losses which are included in the turbine
mechanical losses.
The procedure shown in Fig. 20 establishes the generator loss
at minimum hydrogen pressure and may be corrected to any
higher hydrogen pressure by the factors provided in Figs. 22 and
23.
Ill Procedure
The values of section efficiency obtained using the procedures
Journal of Engineering for Power
Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
of Table 1 include losses such as stop and intercept valve pressure
drops, crossover pressure drop, and the exhaust loss of noncondens-
ing sections. The intermediate-pressure section efficiency from
Fig. 13 does not include the pressure drop of 2 percent across the
intercept valves. The items not included in the Table 1 pro-
cedures for section efficiencies are condensing section exhaust loss
and pressure drop from stage shell to extraction flange (normally
about 1 to 3 percent). Packing leakages and other external flows
entering or leaving the turbine must be accounted for by heat
balance calculations.
The remainder of this portion of the paper on procedures
essentially duplicates and amplifies that described in the Heget-
schweiler-Bartlett paper.
For high-pressure sections with governing stages, the expansion
line end point can be obtained by multiplying the internal ef-
ficiency by the available energy from ahead of the main stop
valves to the section exhaust flange and subtracting this value
from the enthalpy of the steam ahead of the main stop valves.
For the larger turbine ratings and the more advanced steam
conditions, it becomes increasingly more difficult to design multi-
admission governing stage nozzles and buckets to withstand the
loadings encountered at partial load because of the large energy
and pressure drops associated with multivalve operation. There-
fore, many such units are designed to operate with a smaller
number of admissions, in fact, the largest capacity units may be
designed for full throttling operation.
For reheat units, when operating at flows less than that for the
first admission, the high-pressure turbine efficiency calculation
procedure of Table 1 should be modified as follows:
1 At the first admission point the high-pressure section
efficiency and end point should be determined in the normal
manner. Using this end ]:>oint, determine the efficiency from the
first stage bowl to the high-pressure section exhaust based on a four
percent pressure drop between throttle and bowl.
2 At all smaller throttle flows, this same bowl to exhaust
efficiency will be applied to the isentropic available energy be-
tween the appropriate bowl and exhaust pressures. The bowl
pressure can be determined by assuming that Q / \ / P / v is a con-
stant.
This efficiency remains constant at all flows less than the first-
admission flow because the first-stage pressure ratio as well as the
following single-stage pressure ratios remain constant. Of course,
the throttle to exhaust efficiency decreases with decreasing flow.
The method presented herein predicts performance based upon
operation at valve points. Because of the current trend to evalu-
ate performance and to operate at or near valve points, per-
formance will generally be calculated on a locus of valve-best-
points basis. However, efficiency correction curves are provided,
as shown in Figs. 5 and 12, to establish the mean-of-valve-loop
performance of sections with governing stages.
For intermediate pressure sections such as the first reheat sec-
tion of a double reheat unit, the expansion line end point is found
by multiplying the internal efficiency by the available energy
from the bowl of the section to the section exhaust flange and
subtracting this from the bowl enthalpy. This efficiency will re-
main constant over the load range. The pressure drop of 2 per-
cent from the intercept valves to the bowl must be accounted for
in the calculation.
For condensing sections the available energy should be taken
from ahead of the stop valves, reheat intercept valves, or equiva-
lent inlet point down to 1.5 in. Hg abs exhaust pressure. Due to
the treatment of exhaust loss, the expansion line end point ob-
tained is more or less fictitious, since no such measurable con-
dition exists. To obtain the expansion line end point for exhaust
pressures other than 1.5 in. Hgabs, aBtu/lb difference in enthalpy
is applied as shown in Fig. 15. This difference depends upon the
incremental efficiency of the turbine and the available energy in
that part of the moisture region.
Expansion lines are drawn on Mollier charts from the initial
OCTOBER 1 9 6 3 / 295
 conditions ahead of the turbine section to the exhaust pressure
and expansion line end point.
Expansion lines for nonreheat units are drawn with Keuffel and
Esser curve number 1864-41. The convex edge of the curve is
placed with the rounded end of the curve projecting about 3.5 in.
below the 1.5 in. Hg abs expansion line end point. The upper end
of the curve is positioned at the throttle enthalpy and at an
entropy greater than that at throttle conditions by 0.014 entropy
units at design throttle flow. Part load expansion lines are
drawn from the calculated 1.5 in. Hg abs expansion line end
points, keeping a constant entropy difference between the expan-
sion lines. Fig. 26 shows the construction of expansion lines for
nonreheat turbines with a governing stage.
Expansion lines for the high-pressure section of reheat units are
drawn as straight lines. The upper end of the expansion line for
the high-pressure turbine may be taken at throttle enthalpy and
at an entropy greater than that at throttle conditions by 0.007
and 0.014 entropy units for one and two-row governing stages,
respectively, at design throttle flow. Partial flow expansion lines
are drawn parallel to the design flow expansion line through the
calculated expansion line end point. Fig. 24(a) shows the con-
struction of these high-pressure section expansion lines.
The expansion lines for the intermediate pressure section are
also drawn as straight line3. The upper end of the expansion line
is drawn from the appropriate bowl enthalpy and entropy and
through the calculated expansion line end point as shown in Fig.
24(6). Partial flow expansion lines are drawn in a similar manner.
Expansion lines for condensing sections of reheat units are
drawn with Keuffel and Esser curve number 1864-31. The con-
cave edge of the curve is positioned with the tip of the small end
of the curve at the upper end of the expansion line and the lower
end passing through the 1.5 in. Hg abs exhaust pressure expansion
line end point. Partial flow expansion lines are drawn in the
same manner. Fig. 25 shows the construction of expansion lines
for reheat sections.
For condensing sections, both nonreheat and reheat, the used
energy end point (UEEP) is obtained by applying the appropriate
exhaust loss found as indicated in Figs. 16, 17, or 18 to the ex-
pansion line end point at the desired exhaust pressure.
Pacldng leakage factors and steam seal requirements may be
obtained from Table 2 and applied using the method shown in
Appendix V.
Mechanical and generator losses are obtained as outlined in the
appropriate figures.
A heat balance calculated according to these procedures is
shown in Fig. 27. Appendix II gives a detailed numerical ex-
ample of the use of the method to calculate the efficiencies, end
points, and losses for this heat balance.
IV Relative Heat Rates
The application of the method described in this paper to deter-
mine heat rate information, even with the aid of a high-speed
computer, is a laborious, time-consuming process. Therefore the
authors have determined relative heat rates for a large number of
reheat units in the range 50,000 to 1,000,000 kw. This informa-
tion, along with the assumed steam and cycle conditions, is shown
in Figs. 28, 29, and 30 for 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 in. Hg abs exhaust pres-
25'! / OCTOBER 1 9 6 3
Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
sure, respectively. The base of the relative heat rates is the unit
and cycle shown in Fig. 27. Thus absolute heat rates for any
unit may be obtained by multiplying its relative heat rate by the
base unit heat rate.
It should be noted that these curves have been smoothed in the
regions where generator cooling and type of turbine arrangement
changes. It should also be recognized that the design of the larg-
est. capacity units represented by these curves has not in all cases
proceeded to the point where their performance is definitely
established. However, the authors believe the curves represent
levels of performance that can be achieved by the careful design
of the turbine components involved.
V Mathematical Expressions
In order to aid users in the application of this method to cal-
culate heat balances using high speed computers, Appendix IV
contains the equations and tabular values required to represent
properly the curves shown in this paper.
VI Conclusions
This method accurately predicts full and part load performance
of a wide range of type and rating electric utility steam turbine-
generator units operating with various steam conditions and
exhaust pressures when designed to a high performance level
using modem technology in the fields of fluid mechanics and
thermodynamics.
VII Acknowledgments
This paper represents the combined efforts of a large number of
steam-turbine engineers in the General Electric Company. The
authors are especially grateful for the contributions of D. M.
Dickinson to the reheat prediction system; of G. F. Kelley for
his work on the initial condition factor; of W. O. Printup and
P. W. Richardson for the development and analysis of the non-
reheat methods; to the programming and evaluation work by R.
B. McClintock, R. S. Couchman, and S. Chesmejef; and of E. II.
Miller for his constructive comments and encouragement.
References
1 G. B. Warren and P. H. Knowlton, Jr., "Relative Engine Ef-
ficiencies Realizable From Large Modern Steam Turbine-Generator
U n i t s , " TEAMS. A S M E , 1941, v o l . 63, p . 125.
2 C. W . Elston and P. H. Knowlton, Jr., "Comparative Efficien-
cies of Central-Station Reheat and Nonrelieat Steam-Turbine-
Generator Units," TRANS. ASME, 1952, vol. 74, p. 1389.
3 H. Hegetschweiler and R. L. Bartlett, "Predicting Performance
of Large Steam Turbine-Generator Units for Central Stations,"
TRANS. A S M E , 1957, v o l . 79, p. 1085.
4 D. J. Ryley, "Supersaturation in Steam Expanding From a Low
Initial Quality," The Engineer, May, 1957, p. 708.
5 John I. Yellott, Jr., "Supersaturated Steam," TRANS. ASME,
1934, vol. 5 6 , p. 411.
6 C. G. Thatcher, "Reheat Factors for Expansion of Superheated
and Wet Steam," TRANS. ASME, 1938, vol. 60, p. A-101.
7 H. M. Martin, "Articles on Leakage of Steam Through Dummy
Pistons," Engineering, January 10, 1908, and January 3, 1919. Also,
see Kent's Mechanical Engineering Handbook, vol. II.
Transactions of the ASME
 APPENDIX I ?/ = efficiency, percent
Ay] = change in efficiency, percent
Symbols, Abbreviations, and Subscripts
Aan = Inst stage annulus area, sq ft Definitions
AE = available energjr or isentropic enthalpy difference, J I
Btu/lb Bivariate polynomial = Z =
AEigoo = available energy of 1800 rpm low-pressure section, j = 0 i = 0

Btu/lb Bowl = the space immediately

AEnhtscct = available energy of the reheat section, Btu/lb ahead of the nozzles of a
BFP = boiler feed pump turbine stage or section,
EL = exhaust loss, Btu/lb Conductor cooled generator = generator utilizing gas or
ELEP = expansion line end point, Btu/lb liquid circulation inside
AELEP = change in expansion line end point with exhaust the stator bars and/or
pressure, Btu/lb rotor conductors for cool-
H = enthalpy, Btu/lb ing purposes,
Hiv = enthalpy ahead of intercept valves, Btu/lb Conventionally cooled generator = generator utilizing a hydro-
H„, = mixed enthalpy, the enthalpy resulting when gen circulation system,
leakage steam is mixed with Hiv, Btu/lb for cooling the exterior
HP = high-pressure section only, of the stator bars
HT = enthalpy at the throttle, Btu/lb and rotor conductors,
Hx,, = isentropic exhaust enthalpy, Btu/lb
Crossover = a connecting pipe which
IP = intermediate pressure section (1st reheat turbine conducts the steam from
section) one turbine section to
K = high-pressure packing coefficient for interlocking another,
teeth
Design flow = the flow which the section is
Ki = generator loss factor 1 expected to pass with the
K 2 = generator loss factor 2
control valves wide open,
kva = generator kilvolt-amperes
%kva = percent generator capability Expansion line end point = the enthalpy of the steam
upon completion of its ex-
kw = kilowatts
pansion through a tur-
Akw = change in generator loss with hydrogen pressure,
bine section,
kw
for conventionally cooled
LP = low-pressure section Generator capability =
generators use 30 psig
LSB = low-pressure section last stage bucket
capability. For conduc-
ML = mechanical losses, kw
tor cooled generators use
MU = makeup, percent
capability at 15 psi less
mva = generator mega-volt-amperes
than maximum hydrogen
N = number of parallel sections at beginning of an ex-
pressure,
pansion
a stage which controls the
NV = number of control valves Governing stage =
flow of steam into the
P = pressure, psia
turbine. Usually each
PB = pressure at section bowl, psia segment of the first-
PD = pitch diameter of governing stage, in.
stage nozzle arc is directly
PF = power factor
connected to individual
PH2 = operating hydrogen pressure, psig
control valves,
PH2R = rated hydrogen pressure, psig
the turbine casing into
PI = pressure at exit of governing stage, psia High-pressure section =
which steam from the
Piv = pressure ahead of intercept valves, psia
boiler is first admitted.
Pi., in = minimum hydrogen pressure, psig
The section or sections
PT = pressure at throttle, psia
through which the steam
P x = pressure at exit of section, psia
passes prior to reheating,
P,D = exhaust pressure of section at design How, psia
the turbine section(s) be-
Q = flow at beginning of an expansion, lb/hr Intermediate-pressure section
tween relieaters on multi-
Qa = condenser flow, lb/hr
ple reheat turbines,
IiHTB = reheat section
Nameplate rating = the generator output of the
SB = entropy at bowl, Btu/lb F
turbine-generator when
SIV = entropy at intercept valves, Btu/lb F
operating at rated initial
SM = entropy corresponding to //,„ and PIV or PH,
steam conditions, 3Va i«-
Btu/lb F
Hg abs exhaust pressure,
SPE = steam packing exhauster
and with 3 percent evapo-
SSR = steam seal regulator
rated feedwater makeup,
ST = entropy at throttle, Btu/lb F
and with a margin to de-
Tiv = temperature at intercept valves, F
signflow of 5 percent to as-
TT = temperature at throttle, F
sure that shop tolerances
UEEP = used energy end point, Btu/lb
on drawing areas, varia-
v = specific volume, cu ft/lb
tions in flow coefficients
V = velocity, ft/sec
from expected values,
V,.n = velocity in exhaust annulus, ft/sec
etc., will not prevent the
VSLO = valve stem leak off flow, lb/hr
(Continued on next page)
Y = moisture, percent

Journal of Engineering for Power OCTOBER 1 9 6 3 / 295

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 APPENDIX I (Continued) Used energy end point = the enthalpy of the
steam at the exhaust
turbine from meeting its flange of a condensing
capability commitments. section including the ex-
Pilch diameter = the diameter of a turbine haust loss.
stage measured to the Velocity ratio = the ratio of the blade speed
midpoint of the buckets. at the pitch line to the
steam velocity corre-
sponding to the available
i = 0
energy of the stage.
Rational function = Z = Volume flow = weight flow (lb/hr) times a
1 + Z B jX i specific volume (cu ft/lb)
i=i at beginning of a section.
Reheat sections = a condensing turbine sec- 1-row governing stage = a governing stage consisting
tions) through which the of one set of nozzles and
steam expands after re- a single row of buckets.
heating. 2-row governing stage = a governing stage consisting
Throttle flow ratio = throttle flow divided by de- of one set of nozzles, two
sign throttle flow. rows of moving buckets,
I and a row of stationary
Univariate polynomial = Z = ^ A-,x' buckets for reversing the
i = 0 flow.

Table 1 Efficiency calculation procedures

(All corrections a r e in percent)

Intermediate-
Turbine type Nonreheat High-pressure sections pressure Reheat sections
sections
3G00—rpm 3600—rpm 3600—rprn 3600—rpm 3600—rpm 3600/1800—rpm 1800—rpm
condensing noncondensing noncondensing noncondensing condensing condensing condensing
2-row 1-row 2-row without without without without
governing governing governing governing governing governing governing
stage stage stage stage stage stage stage
Base efficiency 89.48 87.00 84.00 Fig. 13 91.93 91.93 92.95
Efficiency correction 430,260 1,005,200 „ 1,350,000 _T 1,270,000 1,270,000 , T 1,270,000
- N — - N " HQv
^r—N
for volume flow Qv Qv Qv Qv Qv
Poorer Poorer Poorer Poorer Poorer
Efficiency correction Fig. 2 Fig. 7
for governing Poorer
stage
Efficiency correction Fig. 6
for pressure ratio
Efficiency correction Fig. 14 Fig. 10 Fig. 14 Fig. 14 Fig. 14
for initial condi-
tions
Effieieucy correction Fig. 4 Fig. 8
for governing
stage at part load
Efficiency correction Fig. 3 Fig. 9 Fig. 11
for partial load
Efficiency correction 1.25
for substitution of / AEISOO \
1800—rpm, low- \AErht Beet/1.5 ID.
pressure section Better
Efficiency correction Fig. 5 Fig. 12 Fig. 12
for mean-of-loops
(optional)

25'! / OCTOBER 1963 Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 +2

Figures by c urves o r e :
Volume Flow (Cubic F e e t / H r )
l + l
i.u
o
u_
LL.
UJ N

UJ

o 200,0C
UJ
o -2
o:
oJ 100,OC
a.

-3
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PRESSURE AT EXIT OF GOVERNING STAGE AT DESIGN FLOW (PSIA)
THROTTLE PRESSURE ( P S I A )
Fig. 2. Nonreheat condensing, 2-row governing stage, design flow and
efficiency correction for governing stage pressure ratio

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 THROTTLE FLOW R A T I O

o
2
LLJ
O
u.
u_
UJ

UJ
0
z
<
1
o

UJ
o
QC
UJ
Q.

Fig. 3. Nonreheat condensing, 2-row governing stage, part-load efficiency

correction for throttle flow ratio

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 T H R O T T L E FLOW RATIO
Fig. 4. Nonreheat condensing, 2-row governing stage, part-load efficiency
correction for governing stage pressure ratio

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 PERCENT CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 PERCENT CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

CQ

CN

Q_ Co
CD o>
Ol O
CQ' 0
3 -t
XI
O 3
?
3~
CD
-t-> cS'
3~
o'
•6
5' -i
3 CD
O tO
X to
c
n -1
O CD
-i
(D c
O -I
o-
0
ine

0 to
-1 CD
O
•a
-i
CD 0
to 3
to
C
-1
CD
-I
-i o
Q
*
o'
CQ

3
CQ

Q
CQ
n>

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 32 34 36 38
PITCH DIAMETER ( I N C H E S )

-I

Fig. 7. 3600-rpm high-pressure turbine section, 1-row governing stage,

design flow efficiency correction for governing stage pitch diameter

+4

gures by c u r v e s are F i r s t -
+3
age P i t c h D i a m e t e r ( i n c h e s )

+2
o
l±J
o
lC +1
UL
UJ

z
UJ N

<3 0
< T H R O T T L E FLOW RATIO
X
o

fe-l
LLJ
O
CL
LJ
a.

-3

Fig. 8. 3600-rpm high-pressure turbine section, 1-row governing stage,

part-load efficiency correction for governing stage pitch diameter

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 PERCENT CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

CQ

S3

"O Co
Q Ov
3- O
ZL o
OA
Q *D
0- 3

(!) i
3
O -Jn
X <D
(/)
n o
O c
q 3
(D
o
5- 5
3 D-
-t-, 5'
o m
3- (D
s a
3 . o'
(I) 3

O
*
: CQ
O
<
<c
3
CQ

Q
CQ
CD

PERCENT CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 Fig. 10. 3600-rpm high-pressure turbine section, 2-row governing stage,
design flow efficiency correction for pressure ratio

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 PERCENT CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY
1 ± 1 1 1 I i i i
o o a > - & r N ) O O D O ) > & r \ J O

oi uj ro — O
P E R C E N T CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 Exhaust Pressure at Design Flow .. , _
This c u r v e assumes an ————r r a t i o of 0 . Z 6 .
Throttle Pressure
If t h i s r a t i o is s i g n i f i c a n t l y at v a r i a n c e f r o m 0 . 2 6 u s e :
>-
o : ; Percent Reduction in E f f i c i e n c y =
z
H
UJ / E x h a u s t Pressure at Design Flow \ / C
Cuur v e Value
V a l u e s\
o T h r o t t l e Pressure '
v n0 p
. 2f 6i /
C +'
u_
UJ

z
LU 0
a?
<
X
o
I- -I
z
UJ
o
a:
UJ
o.
-2

-3

Fig. 12. 3600-rpm high-pressure turbine section, 1- or 2-row governing stage,

efficiency correction for mean-of-valve loops

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 INTERNAL EFFICIENCY ( P E R C E N T )
a > o o a > a > a > a > o o ( p ( 0 u ) i o u >

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 ro
O

-n Ol
to' o

ro CO
-T-I A
o
O

o
ro'

N
-<
•
Q_
o
O
0
-1
ro
-1
o O
00

O
O' -I

> ro
A •0

r oo
-*-» 3
o
-I -I
<D
3- •v
(0
JO
Q' Q
m
CO Q (j)
ro" 3 0)
Q Q. c
3 3 X
rt 0
O 3 m
-1 Ol
o
3
a. rt>
ri-
al (/> o
o' Q
3
CO
fl
O
3
Q.
<D
3
£ o
5'
<a o
o
ro
CO
o—t-
O'
3

ro
O
O
o

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 ()
~
1>
Z
G'I
rrl
-Z
I"'l
x
-0
1>
Z
(J)
-0
z
r
z
ITI
ITI
Z
0
-u
0
-Z
--i
~
-i
:l:
0
-0
I"'l
:0
()
I"'l
Z
-i
~
0
(J)
-i
(
C
:0
+28 I"'l
I
())
--i
C
"-
r
())

I i ., .
(

EXHAUST PRESSURE (IN. HG ASS)

Fig . 15 3600- and 1BOO-rpm, reheat and nonreheat condensing section,

correction to expansion line end point for exhaust pressure

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 50

48

46

44

42

40

38
Read the exhaust loss at the annulus velocity
36 obtained from the following expression:
;C Qa v ( 1- .01 Y)
0
..J Van = 3600 Aan
lL. 34
>- (2) The enthalpy of steam entering the condenser is the
a:: quantity obtained from the following expression:
0 32
lL. UEEP = ELEP +(Exhaust Loss)(0.87)(1-0.0IY) (1-0.0065Y).
0
30 This exhaust loss curve includes the loss in interna I
0 efficiency which occurs at light flows as obtained in tests.
2
:::J
0 28 For annulus velocity greater than 1400 refer to
Cl. Appendix m.
a:: 26
w
Cl.
:::J 24 LEGEND:
~
CD Van = Annulus velocity in feet per second.
en 22 Qa = Condenser flow in pounds per hour.
en
0 v = Saturated dry specific volume in cubic feet per pound
..J 20 corresponding to the actual exhaust pressure (when end point is in
~
en superheat region v z: actual specific volume at end point).
:::J 18
<[ Aan = Annulus area in square feet.
:t:
x Y = Percent moisture at expansion line end point.
w 16
ELEP = Expansion line end po int at actual exhaust pressure in BTU per lb.
14 UEEP = end BTU per lb.

12

2 ~~um~WW~'~llW~~~~J~~U~~=J~j~~ ;~~ G~ ~~ ~·~

o 100 200 300 400 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
ANNULUS VELOCITY (FEET PER SECOND)
Fig . 16. 3600 -rpm conde nsing section, exhaust loss
Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
 54 r·7j····
I·

52

50

48

46

,....
3:
0
...J
u.. 38
~
Q:
0
u.. Read the exhaust loss at the annulus velocity
0 obtained from the following expression:
0 Qa v (I-O.OIY)
z Van = 3600 Aan
:::::>
0
Q..
The enthalpy of steam entering the condenser is the
a: quantity obtained from the following expression:
w
a.. UEEP =ELEP + (Exhaust Loss)(0.87)( 1-0.01 Y)(I-0.0065Y).
:::::>
~
This exhaust loss curve includes the loss in internal
III efficiency which occurs at light flows as obtained in tests.
en For annulus velocity greater than 1400 refer to
en Appendix m.
0
...J
~
en LEGEND:
:::::>
« Van = Annulus velocity in feet per second.
z:
x Qa = Condenser flow in pound per hour.
w
v = Saturated dry specific volume in cubic feet per pound.
corresponding to the actual exhaust pressure (when end point is in
superheat region v = actucl specific volume at end point).
Aan = Annulus area in square feet.
Y = Percent moisture at expan~ion line end point.
= Expansion line end point at actual exhaust pressure in 8TU per lb.
Used energy end point in 13TU per lb.

10

6 I··'
o 100 200 600 700 900
ANNULUS VELOCITY (F EET PER SECOND)
Fig . 17. 1800' rpm condensing section with downward exhaust,
e x haust loss

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 52 71-:-'T 77'1-
:i,'I:' I:, ~ 1'2\
'1 ,- ,--""" r,' r~,
!: : 1'
1'" ,'T''1T!:1n ''l' :f: r::r"",!,,T,', ',,
j' l '~~~'" : 1, 1
!'
'
'; ' I" ~rl=tr-F-cr:l"rj'U:' T =:1r:r::-r-i, rT~lnT1·Ff:-r...-.!~tT· :J'TiT~;TI
I . I', --I - 1,-''':, ' '; . I': :1._. -I II I" ,.: ,-, ~' I:,' . : l
:1',·'1""1 ;1''i l!' Id "I·;'·"
:~
"' I 1.,-
',.
1 ....
,~ , "- I, ": Ii ,
1 , .
"" i' l --I
"I ,:' \"
\' 'I, " '
, '1 :1 i . , I, ,, . i 1 i ,; "
50 ':':~I" '::" ' I!
!' ,I', -,I:" I
' i ' 1 ( 'i,~;", ---:'I:~ ("::,-" ! '~1I': ' I 1 ;'.': '1'1 ~- i i - iI : .1 i 'i' -'! 11 ;" - :1'
.....
,1 •. :
I .:- -,
~
,. . :
~ . f
"" -"-',
t
I -"!'- :
I •I

'I '
.
' ·1
,' ,• . I' - '-:", ',BUe-KE-T" I' ' -PITCH
1
. ' !LAST, STA 'f l ' ,.:
1 ; 1
,- , I .' I' ,#,1 ",I ' I-, ",' 'I
-I
I ;.
3 '' ",' , , ,,' 1 II • '1
1\ ' , I, I ' I " 1
: - :CliJR'JIEi '''!':-- jL.ElNq+H';'~ 1 ~D:I MEliER 1 'IA~NIfJLVS I A~~~,: , ,,,-- t :, . :,:_ , ' j ..1?_i.:.., .' ' ~~:,
' I \ ' I , ,, " ' ,

48 ':; " .. ,+~+: \ 1 ' I "i", , !' -b::f ,l, : " '!
1 ,

, " i ' I" : \: , II i i ' 1 NUMB'ER I 'lIN:CHES:>'- ;, (I C-H~S) :SINGLE1 f(~OIWJSQ, ·FT. l :'! : ,. '.' _ ! !,/~I ·. j " ! 3 ' " "I I' . .! .
46
, , , , , :
'I I' , " I ' : ' I " , '. ' ,. • I' ,i ,!
I'" , 1
; ! ! , i "\ :: ;.j., ' ; I ~
'-"--' -~q- ".- - :-~
· '- ', 1,,-- -1 1- I' ,- , ! .-:
1,1-,, ·, "',- ,-' fL, -:-' I i I '
-1-- 112;3
,I ! '~ ' l' ,: : i' I' j , ' ,; - ' l' j: I ''': , : ~,'-' I ,I ., I "! .' ,
",·1 ~'I ~:}~--: I "', ,; , ~\ :'' I" i' ' "'"'r' j-- ,,. " 1', ".j: ~:, , 1 12 ': . !,' , 14 ~ . "."
':'1 1,15,
i: :', 132 : ,'j'
9,5 . . ....
': I ' ':
"I
1 .:
:,
!:!, ' ,f. i , '
-,-i,-,
- '1 : . , .. : I .
.
. 1 , .. I " I
.' 1
. ' ., . ';, .' li 3';-:-~ I "' 1 I' -!5't · !=~~ "~~ -;' I I : -i, 'I ' 1 17~~"4"! -1";-': I .: r": '.~ > ,'::j, ; ·:-l·-,· .i·::l J: --~ i : i.,
,, ' ,'-:'. r' ' :"" I': I--::-:-i:-~, ":r,::-:·~"t . : [ -,r L'I :' I -~~,-:~-i=-: " '" : 'I· I' :""1' " Ai '- i-':I' ,- I'~' I~~-:' '';'I ~1
44 i" .•: 1 152 : I -i'
;
, " I I I
' •

:r~ r ' .1"" '1: ~I':~:: \\) ::1-- < .. - ~i '-=- I :') ,j
j' ':: r:.' i" .i , . i '- :~I-' "j': ·-'-'i ~-' 'T'-:: , ~ +:~ ': J :~' . I ,,, I '. i :I:.. :,':': : , -;! . ~ ! ",1 i" 1 '[,,,, J~i 'J' ;- 1 '(:Hil:'':'::~~I~ .1 J ',\: :.
I'

I:
:, .. .-:-,. :

'I' ; . -:- :'1~:-ct-:;i'-:~-r~,t~ ':~: -~-- '~SIAT~\j~AliEW~.~R~"'~T IT', -!·-I. ·:-- '1 ":'- t r --1: j~ 1-':: '-. ;~ Ij:'::- -·.'r;·:l:'r~~
•1 , ., . " " '" , '" : ." .

I·' f i' \ i " ~I' ',:: ~ . ,'I ~I :-"I '\'

I.. ' I... "'I-~'~ " ;' -1-', ,,: , ' 1'~' ~~l ;: ."'1',: '::,'::
42 :, ;'," ' '1-::" 1
.i ' ; , '1' \' I : .\ :- ! I ,: ' :, .;' ',I I ; ' I ;, " I ~:,II' - " ;· ~"--''' !· -'~XH,]?'lij·· s~ ~.:- . I,
" ~ . ',. " . n. eg' ili- .1 _. .
I' .PGcI voLl --.!. ,:,' 1' I.'. ':
40 ..", 1'
: .. " " 1 . ' \"
:-- i
I I " ':
-- "':' 1:-'1,;
i : ,
I I· : '" I"
i ' -- '---T" "7--lilNC-,j,h-t . r'-n : - B : ) ,
.
(CU ' F ~ / -t:-~ 1, [ ,. . .. ~ ~
,) ' ;--
I

r: I, " " j ', "

:---" ' ' ". j " 1"- -- ':.I·· ',.. ~!-- "<IJ :-1'
1-- ' , ~". I I·
'
I
'+
..--. I· l ~
! '; i
.II " : 1,: 1<. ' i ' :;:· '0 ~~7;5.:, :"- :~~ _~ · 1 I : . ',' 1"2: '5--61' ~ " . -" : ' ' I 'I' I ~
I

I .. r.
! ":':.! ::,: ! :I'~:I":"I"::-:'~~I""I ;I'i''.!'::
c, '.- " , .-i-t'--'-f-'-'-+'-

: 'I' I
38 1, 'i· I
O~ 36 I"'.;";' ! ' ' 1
, \

\
'
' ~
1 ,I
('.! : ! !:
: . " . i'

I ' 1,: ".:1" ',' , ",'1I· !

I
" i.'

I 'I '
!,-, :
'j i 'I ':b :1':
I''

!I : , ~~
I: :
~
·i
i:, - "., '
I
'I,: ' 41 4b: ,':,
65e·;:. ' , I,' .i"
!";
: I '
,"!.
. .!' I: J ' ,\.. ; li _'· ;· -:-;"1~-- . ': ')I" ~
!" . -,: ," -: ;_.; \' ',' :, ,~!;,: '--',~ !': ;" i': :'!
'j "\:"
....J 1 i,
:\\
I.
I"
1
.
: ,.L:~ , · , ',' I ' I
I :: . I: ." I ·' i '
,
I'

. " ':I
'.

, ' ~ 2.. 0 -: -:-:1

" ;. II.: J. '. 1...1 11
- 3.a9"~'" ,-" ,.. : -;:".
;
I
.j
" . ""
.,. I' I . :: !
i"
I'
'I;

,7j"
: '.
,
I .' .. ' -: II: :; I: .:: :!: -I::; ~
I ' ~ ' 1:',- .. c':- "' :. ' - 1 I'

- :---- ..:..:.i.f--t-.--;
I I' i
" - '-' .
I

, ~:, ·r:::,!
, ' I' " , ' .- , ' I :

: :? ~~~ r' " ,!, )!7c~. f -!~' , " I _ L,li,:: " "1.:-:'::-: ',: i :- :'':'-1'" , '!f:- l~:T~::j 'i'~ '" ';J ;~G ,
-j! - .

u. " I ! : \\' ! 'j: ,:;.: ( :. ! "'1'</:::' '::.:::;' . .:1

~ 34 T I
:t:J:,r:'I:~.~:. \::1::;1- :-.!. )':; :;lg-\·J ,*g81~::~' : ' I '~ I I, !!,·. ,.I I;;) Re~~ Ih~ ~~~~U~II!O ~S ~i- ;he a~~UI~s :eIOCiIY oblained
. ! I , ,",' I: I' I i
~ ,j , : ' \\, ,i' I' i '; '1 ' :. i:, I.:,',

o 32
I ' ;'

':
',:\ "i
I '
I j, ' ,,'1' I :, ! :, j': I: ,! ::: i :.
1 J ': • I ' :'l
,i 'j, : I : 1 ,I from the following expression:
o I : . '1:
I "" I' i; ' ,l i: T'; 1<1':·1.",: : !~: :! ":'! :~' ::' ! ,I, .. i ~, ··-J.';: I ::! ::::-- ':-:,,:': .! :': Qa v(I-O.OIY)
I" ,,:, I
1
1 '!,
~ 30 ,I i' ,I ' '\ ' ~, ! I ' " ::,"
,I ~. . ,: I; ' ': :' II t;i , •~
i" .. ,, :,' ,!; :!:' .)':,'.".:., I" "
I
.
','
, I'; '.'
I '" I' " ';I" I" ' ",:
Van = '2.600 A an
,J

i " : .:, ; I~ : I .
!: ~ :(: I' : 1.-::1.' ! " j r:1:~ :: :1
o I , ' : , ' : ' .. , '
.:. L'" ':',): .1". l' ~ ,I (2)
: " '" i '17 "
I\ I
J 'J': . J I ,! The enthalpy of steam entering the condenser is the
~
i I'
,! I \1
I1 ' ,,' T
,,, l' II "" . " I ':!': I.
'I"' 1 1
;'1
.:' I " "~I ' .. i"
II ' ,"'.' .1,,,' 1':". 1' ", ' quantity obtained from the following expression;
~ 28 I' 'j :: \ ,. : ' , ,i' "
I
1" 1:. ,; ' I':: :: !':'il "!
'I .
I! '".: ;'.:,'" '" ",' ', :' ::'.',
~! :-- 1:": _:. UEEP=ELEP+(Exhaust Loss)(0.87)(1-0.0IY)(I-0.0065Y)'

· :·, \:1 J'-..

i·

' I,<ll ~~ : ,l, -';'.,.':'1: ' . ! 1'1

k ;~i~C~:~~:~hli~~s oCc~uvr~ i~;W~~~ :Ihoewl~~~ i~b~~\';,':da:n lesls.
:J ;' ! 1 I !\
I-
CD
26 ,'! !
! I "
i :\ 1
\1
, i' .'1:: ',1 :. I ' i!:
I • ' ! " " , :
':,_ !'I:' I
,
I,: I;:
, : ,. I', .' I· I I'·, '
(3)
~
1
24 ,; ,; . ' \ : I.1 . : , :" i ! ! .j " , I :' ! ';. '. I I : 1 1.1 :,, 1 : I,:; ,, (4) For annulus velocity greater than 1400 refer to
g 22 : i i' . 1\' ! I ',': ,'" ' !'' . : .!" . ' : I,·j
" :""1 J':
I" i " .-"i ' I 1'1
i: " ':,
,. I I
"' :', ,j: l- :, ,
Appendixm.

;' 1';" I:' !·:· i :· ·; "':I,~!.:JI·. i I ;

'ii " i i!

'; ,.1' :\ ' , ,I

, 'i,'1 ' ': "!"l, '1': ,.. ,
~
, " " ' 1
I' LEGEND:
20 "I I i l \' I
, , I'
' I ...
I
! 1 , , • ,
I ", :.
I,:.! I. _
" ! !.:'
" I
I!'" :
! ",
<t I I I I t, \- ,j' .. I" I" : ! ': 1 I i Van = Annulus velocity in feet per second .
~ , ! . I ,, ' :\ 1 " j 'i 1
I 'I' ' ' ,'-: '1:,! ":~ .-:i. .... 'i. I
,. I, ;.'
: I I '1'
'
" " ,. i ; Qa = Condenser flow in pounds per hour.
18 ,. i 'I 1 ",' , " , .-

:;'",I ,.. , :'

", !
.! .,I ii I: 'I·
..
l.LJ
i l l ~ : ,, :
I,I . !'II ,I',:. I' .' ·, :" ' v = Saturated dry specific volume in cubic feet per pound corresponding
16 1 , I' , 'A :' ! :, !, ., i i: :1' , 'I' ! i ! 'I' i to the actual exhaust pressure (when end point is in superheat
I ! 1\ ' : I'
. • 1
I ' :' . : '. :-
I I .
, i I: I region v =actual specific volume at end point).
14 : . : ~ I I' i ', I 1 I I' !. . Aan" Annulus area in square feet.
I ;'" ,
' ' . 1 I

1 ! I ~ !" ' j ';" 1 I '. ! ~-r·. 1 ~ I'

i . ~ : I
,:~ i.: .i· :I)~ ',I ,! .: I: ! I Y = Percent moisture at expansion line end point.
,:' \ !. / . i ;' 1: , ; ~~ ": . I: I : .j '. 1.,1':'.'1
II
1
ELEP = Expansion line end point at actual exhaust pressure in BTU per lb. ::

10 ,: ,'; I," I ~!. l .;

I '":. I i ' « I, I ," I' ..··1 , ,,' :' , I .! 1 ' 1:': ' .:: .,' UEEP .. Used energy end point in ETU per lb.

'I"" '1i" Ii'! ,. ,! :, i .. ! ,I : I '" ".-, .!:_. '-:r:'/: ' :1- tI l ' U :'''I :-;;~'::i ~:~l -',:"" I I ;; : ~
~ I"
I 1 q I. . . . .. I.

'. I";T' : I ',l ~ -:ii .: q:: .--:,

, ,
i'
,: t.;" ·::nl :1:n
: 1 :: . ' I

J·' ·. ,i ·Yl/.'~·
, :':.'·. .J.I !,.;'~", ,i 'l,~ .1';" j '·I ,',I : ",,: I'
1. " i :'1 1-- 1' : .. ,~, >'" 'liT~ :. :\",::~-i:;! -=-+'.,..:.l
1
8
I i
~ ·: I" . '
, . ~
' / , 1 "., " I"'" I'" ,"
I , ,. I .
Ii
., \. 1 " .: 1" ". J ' . :" . I'" ;: j It, ' -.;"
I ~ '" ~ I ""'r' , '"
6 .
, . . . . . ";-_-..:-,,
,:; I:'" :- , :, :' II " I···"
. :' , ". ·T
.1":: 1..·: '~. I .'i 'I: 'I-~ I jI"'"
':1'" " j" ".;'I! ''!::: ,!',--"- 'I' ":-1.' '" i' ' II j" --'.II":-:"
. i::' ..":,
.~! ,-
"1II ,·' ,..: ~--.,..-'
;';::ttOT'
,1
- !",' :~-':i
,:1": ~~rlllllill
_.-
"" , . I " I ' ,I' , , " ';1"1 I: ' ' :"':'i"
l 'I ':
1 : ' .. '
I :
4 . ,' I, I •. , I.!,. ,:
I'
, ' , ;'. ~
,."
I i ' '. ::). :' .: ...
1
I
1
'

I
.
'

, , : Jj .. l
.
, '~ i :'
I
,
I

.l
,."

l_
- ,

.I...,l~'
:.~ - . '::'
"
I
'

~:..:...li,'
. • ' , . ',

,'-1ll:J
1
i. . . .
J , "'. ,.1 " , _ _ --1oJ-'.,
'I
...J.lJ.l'
I 1
"
• : L: 1: ' .
.t'..;C: -
: . .. :! 1!: '
' --T- ' rJ : ~l -'-'-. C.
o 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
ANNULUS VELOCITY (FEET PER SECOND)
Fig , lB. 1800-rpm co ndensing sectio ln with axial exhaust,
exhaust lo ss
Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
 2400

2200

2000

..-. 1800
!:
~
1600
(/)
w
(/)
(/) 1400
0
I
...J i,
1200 I ,I
,
...J
c:z: i
u
-
2 1000 [:
c:z:
:z: j;
u 800 ,'
w
~

600 !
I
400 1
I
200

I
/
I I I I I
'
I I ( I I ( ( I I I I I I I ,I I
0
0 100 200
GENERATOR CAPABILITY (MVA)
Fig , 19, Mechanical losses

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 GENERATOR LOSS FACTOR K|

O
m
z
m
x
CQ
J>
NO H
O O
7)

<D O
>
<D "0
1 >
Q
O CD

s- r

2
<
J>

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
 HYDROGEN PRESSURE ( P S I G )

o u i o m o u i o u i o u i o u i o o i o
o

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 A K W - I N C R E A S E IN LOSS FOR 15 P S I INCREASE
IN HYDROGEN PRESSURE
— — — — — r v > r \ 3 N >
o o o o o o o o o o o

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 Pressure drop through Sm S B Pressure drop through
control valves

Exit from
stage

Parallel
expansion lines

Portial-flow
expansion lines

n flow
expansion line

ELEP'

Fig. 24. Construction of expansion lines for high-pressure and intermediate-

pressure sections

Pressure drop through

Pressure drop through valves
intercept valves ( 2 % )

Exit f r o m
stage
For machines w i t h no
leakage entry Exponsion lines drown
H m = Hiv to same shape
^m = Siv (essentially parallel)

Exponsion Partiol-flow
line expansion line

Design flow
expansion line

P x =1.5 in. Hg. obs.

P,I =1.0 in. Hg. obs.
= 1.5 in. Hg abs.
ELEP — E L E P ' 1 . 5 in.
P x = I.O in.Hg abs. 1.5 i Hg. abs.
Hg. T E L E P ' 1.0 in.
ELEP 1.5 in.
Hg abs. J Hg. abs.
L A E L E P 1.5 in. to
ELEP 1.0 in. 1.0 in. Hg. abs.
Hg abs. (See Fig. 15)
A E L E P 1.5 in. to
1.0 in. Hg abs.
(See Fig. 15)

25. Construction of expansion lines for reheat Fig- 26. Construction of expansion lines for nonreheat
sections sections

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 1,846,913 lbs

855 lbs
e 1461.2 H

<s> 4541 lbs

8 9 7 8 lbs

530.5 P

4 0 2 2 lbs
1461.2 H

04OJ — S-* w
o0 Otwp
wu.-J 6 8 , 8 8 2 lbs (221.3 P
•n a>b-f
to' 51 OT] 1344.1 H

to 5 9 , 9 0 3 lbs 114.3 P
Nl 1349.4 H
2 6 9 6 lbs
1349.4 H
I
(D
Q
D-
Q_
Q
3 |f ffSg
O
ro nC f I
Q.
Q'
CQ
Q
3
ro OJ
o
o o
° o
-a o
cn o
<7>
_ S
CD O g©
r-
o^ w
oo O oi
8 ° tu — bi
O —
^ ^ o o ?
< < o o I
I» > ^ p
@©g
OJW o
o o 33
-a "D "o
(Tt CD
5«
z

3) 3)

IB T»
OO
00 oo
01 cn
"D TD

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 -;- - - 1.1-4 -:

(n Numbers by curves are number of rows of Last-Stage Buckets-

3600 RPM -16.5, 20, 23, 26, 30 inches active length
1800 RPM - 38, 43, 52 inches active length
Letter "A" denotes Axial Exhaust, "0" denotes Down Exhaust
(2) Relative Net Heat Rates are for units rated at 3.5 in. Hg. ABS., 3% MU,
operating at that rating, 1.0 in. Hg. ABS., 0% MU

----- ---------.-----. -----------r---------- . (3) Base Net Heat Rate is 7528 BTU/KW-Hr

------- _" _.r- (4) Steam conditions and cycle

50,000 to 100,000 KW, 1450 PSIG 1000/1000 F, 5 Heater, 440 FFWT
1.10 100,000 to 200,000 KW, 1800 PSIG 1000/1000 F, 6 Heater, 450 FFWT
200,000 to 600,000 KW, 2400 PSIG 1000 1000 F, 7 Heater, 470 FFWT
400,000 to 1,000,000 KW, 3500 PSIG 1000/1000 F, 8 Heater, 480 FFWT
(dash curves)
(5) Boiler Feed Pump Discharge Pressure = 1.25 X Throttle Pressure
UJ 78% Pump Efficiency, 90% Drive Efficiency
~ !
ex I
a: --I
~
ex .. _--- -_.. _..1 I - 1 ~07 :
Ld I i _ I I
J: ! -
~
W
- ~ -!
2 , !50
W
4-26
.
- II
> 1.05 : !- . -_.. -
~
-- I
. !
<X
..J
W
a:

... . .
,
!

1.00 II
i
I
I
I

! ,
_ i
,-- • . . ... . _ i .

100 200 300 400 700 1000

RATING (1000'S KW)

Fig _ 28_ Relative net heat rates at 1.0-in. Hg abs exhaust pressure

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 : I

I
. I
I ;
.-.- . -/ .- . ·H 1·3

I-
I1-- - . ..-- -" ';- -. --:--::- I-
I
_ _
•
.
~ _ _ _' _
:'
_ _ -,: _ _
;
~ _: -_.
:
___ : • __ _ _
I
•_ _ _
.. ;
~~ _ • • _ - .M _ _ ••_

- ; . , - . . . I .
.
_ . - - - ,-
.
_ .- - --- . -
I
_ _ OM ' , ~-- . .

-·; .- ---:.. --i--:--~---= -:-------.-. ".. : -: '-. .

•• I • • , [

1.1 a ----~ -:- -:--:-.

~~!_ -~:~L p -: r - ~_~L~- 1 -- w

~
c:::{
. - -;--.- -:-a..-a:3-"J:
·-...--_. --:-:---" --- I .-- a::
:
~- - ':-.- ! --

~ ~> :
. ...
:-!--~~ :~:....-:
. I .' " 2-26 . . ,
~- :. . ~ . ~ -~--~. . ·-. i-:.:. ~ I
--- -. I·
I
I
h08 1
~_ ....:_ >..' :.:-=."':':-=-1. -_:~._:,:",: ~__ : ._ .:. _ :. 1_.' .i
I II

. : .- ' . .! . I I'

- -_.. ._.. _-- ----, . , ', . I

. i .i
LLJ
. j' I

> 3~~6
I'
i
....
<l : ~4-23 I '4 ;,-,,2 6
...J
~ 1.05

1.00 ---

i
100 300
RATING (LOOO'S KW)
Fig. 29. Relative net heat rates at 1.5-in. Hg abs exhaust pressure

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 -:-- - --I
, j
I-----.-~-- .: - -; - -~ - ~---~il ---Cf"4-l
;~f31-~
l
'-' ~-~- '.,' , . ~:: - l ., ~!
,--', '-'-:-~--.
'-.F :~-- i-. •·1-.J CU .~' I-J-'-:C ;:;t ::I,'.:. )~~LhCI~~H
~ ~ :- ~ :.: I· ~~
it·

I=-.c'~+++~I~:I I'
r 1-' - \ .15 /
I .1 5 TANDE J ,3600-kpM;AND ' : 1-2{ p , ..L ' . : : =-- . .. ; 1- .! . . -' 15

. -: cR~s-c6MP6uNO 3~00/3600-R ~ M I:::r·: ':J ::': :~.t~: ~f Last.. Sta~e Buckets - <:; :': h:t~
- ~~-- -;- - . - - - , - - - - -
I I,
- ,
. 1;14
i
-
I" ,'.l,rd..-.-'
1:-:-:-t-j:::~I:: : : ::.:--
(I) Numbers by curves are number of rows
3600 RPM - 16.5, 20, 23., 26, 30 I.nches actIve length
1800 RP M - 38, 43, 52 Inches active len y th
. "._:,!:'.::
I.. :-~'J
1" 1• •
~ i · .~~I-:· ~
-3 ' :~. ~11 Letter "A" denotes Axial Exhaust, "0" denotes Down Exhaust I :~::~~: :~:~; ::~
I(- 1.13 ~
.
i'

, r·-.--:b-:r>:::::1~~ 1 (2) Relative Net Heat Rates are for units rated at 3.5 in. Hg ABS. , 3% MU , r.-~! -I.
.3 operating at that rating, 2.0 in. Hg ABS., 0% MU .. ...

'-t7,&
; , . I' ...

i 1.12 " , i --F , -:~--fF j (3) 80se Net Heat Rote is 7528 BTU/KW -- Hr
t· ·~-·l6"~-· i':-1 L-:-t.----:-:~.
- ---. _ - ' : _, - - 1.11 i i
~- ::: 1-.
-+l,it:·:*.:.;a:+-Io
'-1 (4) Steam conditions and cycle

~gg:ggg i~ igg;ggg ~~: ligg ~ii i iggg~iggg ~: ~ ~m:;: :~g ~~ ~J

400,000 to 1,000,000 KW, 3500 PS IG 1000 1000 F, 8 Heater, 480 FFWT
bt-
1::::[--; ITr~ I 10
1.I 0 1- -.--- - - 1.10 . , ~~~. . ~ . .' : .T· (dash curves) f~i<: :::r:: .
,.
,
. - , r:~ -';:.
I ' , .,. I . .. z3
i :.;' .;-:: ':.:±::. (5) Boiler Feed Pump Discharge Pressure = 1.25 X Throttle Pressure
7501 P Eff ' . 90°/ 0 ' Eff "
1I··:·+.:: ~:.:-:t>:
w
~ 1.09 .
i ----t~ !-....::: . V::~:.:. I 10 ump IClency, 10 rrve IClency
' ,... .
t-:-:~> . :h~! : :. w
.....
c::r
a:: 2-23 1 " ! i · i::··~··-I -· --- - ._ ,- , . -. -;- ~-·I--··-I-·:-~r : - ··l- I .... - ,-- ,:.-1' -T -- 1 .. ~:.-.L ., -.+ :::- c::r
a::
~
c::r 2-30 60 76 l · .!~.:~.:.'--~.! .:- .~-~ +·~r~-~::
.··8~-·::ib~\d~ ~.--~--'-:--;·------~-=---r ·:;-~-t~:-rl~--;t~~-]:-·-·:"·;·- ~r .....
c::r
W
t'O·Od · K·~·.jf:- ~-:-:I--~---. -.-.- - ' ·----1- -·- ·-;--'- -I--:- ·-·;-t-·-·-- ~:. . -: .-:-"--- -~.- .. . J ·:--:.·. ··1 - -:·-:-1: -:.~-.: W

i .. : · LI ·· ;' -··1
.' ··-.----
'. :.,.I ...... :. ' .:-: .. I !. i··:·.
RATING
-1'--· -. 1.-. - .. , ... ,.
I I
~
1 I :. I· : I -: .
.
, ..._-. - - --- ·i·- ·- ,- -·': _···r -
. . -:, ...--.---.-----,-
. I 1 .:.: : : :
--:..:J- "-- •..- 'I-L_. ,.-. J- .. .....

~>
, ._. . . ' .. , . . i . ': . ' . .. W
6-30 I· . . I
i
I ' , .. ,
-:-
. -
: .
..,
I : :- I '
1
. . ' :
·1-· · . , ........ I·· 1 .
: - !: : : .. ..; ..... I " -
Z
I' !.. .:!. ~i--:T < !::·j·· ·--:-.~ -: : -:
I · ' · · '

I :~ '-l8.D ~'~ ::. cR~ss ~ t-~~PO'uND--~~.:~~--·~·:·:.:-i· -:: :~:: · ,::: ·::···.·(·:.;·~·!~:i.· · w

3-26 .. . - . . - - r ·· " .-r -- -.~~--- _ ...·-j
-· 1-38A· - - I· .- ""3-Enbo1rgclro·R~M--- -... - -._-- '--,.-.- ._-. - -]'----.. - --. >
~ I 3-23 i .. :. j . : . . , .. I .: . 1 : :- • 1 . . : , . ',' :-: . .. ! .. ; " . :' . !: . ...
~
w
I 3'-30 1 4-30 ;
,.
,
. , .. . . ,
! ·: ··: ·:··1
'J- - -.. - -
. .
---':~ -- :· I 43"0-- ,
. i . ~-
-.
:
4.3 0
.- -.! --- .!
-- ---.-;
·.1
1 ·--- 1- . -. -.. ..
-. - . - .
i··i···!···:·' ;....
c::r
.J I: ···· : . ' '..
a:: 1.05 I
I
i ···'· ... : :. "... -- ..- .--- - :-- ...--:--.- __ -l.l-g.3A_._ . . -3.8.IL L. __ ._ !::- :_._... _ ···-·,- l 2·A-·I'-·-··-·-· L. _ _..___ -,.__:.J_·:~_:_.. :L-!-:. I 05 ~
, . ' •. .. j .. : .! . . . ; . ; .J /""-43A·· -<oJ :. . .. 1-'·: -1 :',,·, , ... .
I 6- 26 1 .. 1::_..1: :: 'I:: : · .~--
1 . I : . :.: I
. -'.
:
. _:__ i -:~ .-- . -. ,.- --. T -.-?~-g~_.- __L..: :. . - ~ ~-.! - 2-3_8...
! • i
.: . !:.: j..... i' . ~-. !. : :: .,' I·
4-23 ____ ~ ___ . · 1-'·:'
-30 1-- .. -j'.-:'--., .-, .!- ._-.-.-
. -..- . - -~-
i . 1_ 28:A : : .. 1
. : ...~- .- - - -. .-- ..~--,--.-
, . I
.,
' '.
1- 20-·
--:4-4'::1. .. -.,. . -.-~. --,---,--- . . ' 2~43 :
.,, ' I ,.
I .,:.:
"I· .
I. .. I ... :
8 i .. ; ':' 1 : I i : : . . : .. : : .. : : . -' I · .. : . OJ . 4.:..'5 2 ···· i· ·
--.-.-. ~--·i -· '·--- .. -.- ..
:··i·· : , I' .. i·:T :'
'6-30 ' '" a-26 j"---:-:-··-:- t-· - I>;: t - - :--:- ~---.~ -:-.-": . :--~ ··· ·~~~-;-:""I~ : - .--l . -II:···:·:--i'-·~
! - J:~:~I-:-=--;': ·+ ·;:· ::: I-::f~: -t:
~"" ."'" / / t·..:-=- -r - ~ -il:·~~- ·1--·--.-.- ----->-.: ~-:.-=---~-- -~~ ; .- ~ ~ . i. : -. -... .
:~ --:-; ~~'< -.- ~:"'~ :- :-~l--~~~~-.~~r: T j::
:=~~" " ~/'>V-:. ~l
I : ., . :~ . : ..!- . -. - ..... -.-----.-:.-.-, .' i-= --.1--.: ;-. 4 :.-~3 -:~·-·-i· :...4~3t"-: ·-(:·~~· !I ':·~::~ ·: 5t2··
-~,..-/ _ __ " " ~~ ' L_· I . . · 1- -.----:----.--:- ..-:- · · ~-~- ..- -~- -'----.2~·i4~-~'--·I-·l:-'··b ··0~+ ·
4-30------- ---....;:-,....;;..; . r . 1 ,.,J.
----~ ........I'....,.. .,-..r~I' · ~,.' /. .', . -
'.
.--= - I .-- - --:- . __L_
I ;.. I .. :: : 1 -....... ' I ~ ~ ...···::· .· :tr~ · Y .
-: --.- :--.- . .. •i ..-.-...- I, .'. 14 -: -: 8-..kt'," --......!.. .:. I i',' . I .- - .,;:':'<:: :;;Y-::
1j
.....,8r--2·0·· · -- .-- .- i- - - '- .- 2 .+"'-.- . -. :;/- l -:- J'-:-:~
~1'-.-..:- . . . . . I .··';-
.
•
.
•
r v.
, .
:. -'I .: .. -j . - .
'..
.·
-
T---·-- ·· -- ---:-.. ---. -.~. -;
,
• •
!
j
. . : ; ::
. .. ,I .
:
.I · ... " .
•
. !
. . :': :::. I--; --!:-'-";-~ f-:~~-~~F;:t~L-
,--:=-~C-¥.
-OJ

·'::'fqf~:T ·
r,
'>< . .J
, !
. .. - ~.><"" .. : .. V ·I.:.
I " :~ . ·:1 ::.

, .. ..: -j-. _.. i. .. 1. __ . - ._ ._ .. - - --.-.- 1 •. _ _ _ .1_._._ -- . -.- ; - -..:--. . -=:::-:-..: ::..: :~ .... ' .-. ~ -

1.00
:~ .. i>.~~-~~--L.~--:.-.~---·_:__ :__~_:_l
:: .. ;-:.:.:: ' .1' 1 . : ' , : -1
: ..; : . L
..
! ·_!:__
-
I .. ;.
: ..
~_ ._~-·~-.J_~-=.:-L~ :'.:~~' : : .::. 1.00
.:. i ' · ·T·~;::. :: ::::·-:.:· · :,:: : ·

. .. .:. .....
::~~t-~.. :-.~.-.i.. ·.:: ::~;;;~ : <:4<:·:: : /!~: .
I .

i ~·:~i~ ·~ 7~~:+::;-::t=--~~-:
·-1· ,
-~--~ . -:- : .: :.:: ;;; ;:I~ITi
-I '"1" . ". ' j . . . " . - - . . . 1. . . . . , . . . . . . . . ..... - . . . . . . . .. .1. .
. .
, ,I
I
~:t·:.~~: :~J·;;!: ·J - - :-- ~--- ~ - ~ .-~--:-:-. -.-' -:-: .-~-. ~ :-J.~-' j :: ::-,. : . . -'!' :-.-r-
··· ;·:~~: }~I~~:~71rst~:1\r~rU
_~_l _ _ A _ _ '" ___ , ____ _

100 200 300 400 500 600 800 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000
RATING (1000'S KW)

Fig. 30. Relative net heat rates at 2 .0-in. Hg abs exhaust pressure

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 STATIONARY
C L E e
r f f l f f i
ROTOR
i i

ifH
.X1XL
20 30 40
RADIAL CLEARANCE (MILS)

Fig. 31. High-pressure packing coefficient, K

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 O £
< *
£m
o
§o °t

3 ® Do -«-
o ~ cr —1
Q o o

•o O c
<j) O

ui ^ ro
co ro ro
03 •
o o oui
O ID
o 0 1 ro
5". 3 oSUIOJ
o

» i g ? O 00 3! G S n OS 15
X« ? ® o- rn —' — -11 - Ill
-9 "0 "D "0S "p-p-o
S R I I I
O _ —• °5 1035 ' 3) I I I 3)
n n "u ^ H H H
HH f CD CD CD
CD 03
; oo'
«o5
w <0 in oo '
w 0) u
-CD
<D D ^S 3)>cCT
O oCT"
Li p3 i s o —c-*
: n
CU 4=. -&U10J
I m IDUlOl WO-&-
I ^ 000 000
o I o 1 -g-vl !1 1I I1 r
o I roro
s Ol i oo I I I
Ul NCDGD 0101-k
s Ul -J ui ro
o o O ->J N UI romoi
O O O O O O

i Ul — roro OID01 ©
© 1
1 C
M O O O
io 1 000 000
01 o 01 i i
o o ' 1 I UL
r i m Ol l i en
o o Ol Ul l i o o I I
Ol Ul ^
o o O 01 Ol 0101.&
MSIO U1OCD01
O O O O O O

row
ui-opj

g§3
Oo
01 o
o »
01 <?
3) „ ©
3 3

•o o
o
m
I 01
85 II o •
x
3" x IS
CT> ID

O
ctrt 01cO Q.
3 I
Z1 en 01
OOM
ID ID
3 2 o o
A CL

- en Oro
OD 01 oo
oo 3- rn
oo j>y ID A
X 23 <>
/ S " O C
"0 T3
s s O W ^<O> CP
3) <l/>
OJ ' •JO CO <
^ II o »r«i
Ol -si CO ?O °—
O O J H
o D5
| S*° <
® ^r-O
C T3 Si T
— o
<
D o (I> W °D ?(/l
OOIOH O » I/) O
J~ 13"
0 £n, H II II ID £
o o z o N II
O O O
j> a 01 CD•>) Ui (J> Ol Ji trt 3
CJ 3. o O O o o o O
< 15 01
- O QO ro T) y •< 3 M
N> o
3 o N s
UL OL -H
OO I> a
o o r Ol ro - ro -1 tci
; V
o o
a.
o
tg

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 A P P E N D I X II Pitch dia of governing stage = 41.1 in.
From Fig. 7 at 41.1 in., %Arj = -0.36%
Illustrative Example of Calculation Procedure WECTCD = 8 5 . 7 0 - 0.0036 (85.70) = 85.39%
The calculation of turbine-generator performance and heat
5 Correction for Pressure Ratio (Table 1 indicates Fig. 6)
balances is an iterative process. The final result may require
several sets of efficiency calculations with accompanying heat Exhaust Pressure at Design 604.1
= 0.25
balances. The calculations for each iteration are based on values Throttle Pressure ~ 2415
obtained from the previous iteration. Initially, these values are Design Volume Flow = 2,115,387 (0.3184) = 673,000
assumed. The following set of calculations is assumed to be the cu ft/hr(See step 3)
final iteration used in preparing the heat balance shown in Fig. 27. From Fig. 6 at 0.25 and 673,000, %A»; = - 1 . 8 3 %
^corrected = 85.39 - 0.0183 (85.39) = 83.83%
(A) Basic Assumptions
6 Correction for Governing Stage at Partial Load (Table 1
1 Turbine nameplate rating: 300,000 kw at 3 ' A in. Hg abs, indicates Fig. 8)
3 % MU
2 Turbine type: cross-compound double flow, 3600/1800 Pitch dia of governing stage = 41.1 in.
rpm, 43 in. last stage buckets with 247.7 sq ft total last stage Throttle Flow Ratio = 0.873 (Step 1)
F r o m F i g . 8 a t 0 . 8 7 3 a n d 4 1 . 1 , %ATJ = +0.23%
annulus area.
W-WIED = 8 3 . 8 3 + 0 . 0 0 2 3 ( 8 3 . 8 3 ) = 84.02%
3 Steam conditions: 2400 psig, 1000/1000 F, 1.0 in. Hg abs.
4 Feed water heating cycle: Seven heaters; top heater at cold 7 Correction for Partial Load Operation (Table 1 indicates
reheat point; heater terminal differences and heater arrangement Fig. 9;
as shown in Fig. 27; pressure drop from extraction stage to tur- Throttle Pressure 2415 ^
bine flange is 3 percent and from turbine flange to heater is 3
Exhaust Pressure at Design 604.1
percent; final feedwater temperature is approximately 470 F; no
Throttle Flow Ratio = 0.873 (Step 1)
feedwater makeup; 10 percent reheater pressure drop; extraction
stage pressures selected for optimum cycle performance. From Fig. 9 at 0.873 and 4, %A?/ = - 1 . 2 8 %
^/corrected = 84.02 - 0.0128 (84.02) = 82.94%
5 Efficiency calculation on valve-best-point basis with a 41.1-
in. pitch dia one row governing stage, having 4 control valves. 8 Correction for Mean of Loops (Table I indicates Fig. 12)
6 Generator capability: This correction is optional and shown here only for illus-
trative purposes. It will not be used further in this
3600 rpm 204,000 kva at 30 psig H2
example.
1800 rpm 180,000 kva at 30 psig H2
Number of Valves = 4
Both conventionally cooled.
Throttle Flow Ratio = 0.873 (Step 1)
7 Heat balance to be calculated at 300,000 kw; estimated From Fig. 12 at 0.873 and 4, %A-q = - 1 . 0 5 %
throttle flow required is 1,846,913 lb/hr. ^ c o r r e c t e d = 82.94 - 0.0105 (82.94) = 82.07%
8 Known values from a design flow heat balance (or as-
9 Expansion Line End Point, ELEP [Text and Fig. 24(a))
sumed): Design throttle flow is 2,115,387 lb/hr. Intercept
valve pressure at design flow is 543.7 psia. High-pressure section Throttle enthalpy (H T ) at 2415 psia and 1000 F = 1461.2
exhaust pressure at design flow is 604.1 psia (10 percent reheater Btu/lb (ST = 1.5326)
pressure drop). Design reheat section flow is 1,884,956 lb/hr (in- High-pressure section exhaust pressure is 530.5 psia
cludes packing flow). Available energy from throttle to exhaust = 1461.2
9 Estimated value from previous iteration: - 1277.5 = 183.7 Btu/lb
ELEP = H T - ^CORRECTED (AE) = 1461.2 - 0.8294 (183.7)
Pressure ahead of intercept valves = 477.4 psia = 1308.8 Btu/lb
High-pressure section exhaust pressure is 477.4/(1-.1)
= 530.5 psia (10% reheater pressure drop) (C) Calculation of Reheat Section Efficiency and Expansion Line End Point
Crossover pressure to 1800 rpm section = 114.3 psia 1 Design Reheat Section flow including packing leakage from
High-Pressure Section is 1,884,956 lb/hr. Pressure ahead of
(B) Calculation of High-Pressure Section Efficiency and Expansion Line
intercept valves = 543.7 psia at design.
End Point
2 Base Efficiency, Table 1 3600/1800 rpm Condensing, with-
Throttle Flow
1 Throttle Flow Ratio (TFR) = out Governing Stage, 7j = 91.93%
Design Throttle Flow
1,846,913 3 Correction for Volume Flow (Table 1)
= 0.873 1,270,000
2,115,387 %A r, N poorer
2 Base Efficiency, Table 1, 3600 rpm noncondensing, 1-row Qv
governing stage = 87% 1,270,000
3 Correction for Volume Flow (Table 1) 1
1,884,956(1.561)
1,005,200 0.43% poorer
%Ati = — N poorer
Qv ^corrected = 91.93 - 0.0043 (91.93) = 91.53%
1,005,200 where:
I
(2,115,387)(0.3184) Q = design reheat section flow = 1,884,956 lb/hr
= -1.49% v = specific volume at design pressure and temperature
77c,reeled = 87.00 - 0.0149 (87.00) = 85.70% ahead of intercept valves = 1.561 cu ft/lb at
where: 543.7 and 1000 F
N = number of parallel flow sections at beginning of
Q = design throttle flow = 2,115,387 lb/hr
expansion = 1
v = specific volume at throttle conditions = 0.3184 at
2415 psia, 1000 F 4 Correction for Initial Pressure and Temperature (Table 1
N = number of parallel flow sections at beginning of indicates Fig. 14)
expansion = 1 Pressure ahead of Intercept Valves = 477.4 psia
4 Correction for Governing Stage (Table 1 indicates Fig. 7) Temperature ahead of Intercept Valves = 1000 F

Journal of Engineering for Power OCTOBER 1 9 6 3 / 295

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 A P P E N D I X IV (Continued,) (F) M e c h a n i c a l Losses (Fig. 19)

3600 rpm Shaft, Curve C at 204,000 kva; Loss = 774 kw

From Fig. 14 at 477.4 and 1000, %At] = +0.15%
1800 rpm Shaft, Curve D at 180,000 kva; Loss = 756 kw
Corrected = 91.53 + 0.0015 (91.53) = 91.66%
At this point the heat balance power output should be calcu-
5 Correction for Substitution of 1800 rpm Low-Pressure Sec-
lated. The generator losses are estimated to be 3600 rpm: 1850
tion (Table 1 and Fig. 25)
kw; 1800 rpm: 1510 kw; and the generator output estimated to
AEisoo be 3600 rpm: 159,000 kw at 0.85 PF; 1800 rpm: 141,000 kw at
% A r, = 1.25 better
LAEnhtscotJ
'x\ 1.5
1.5 in. Hg 0.85 PF.
369.2
= 1.25»
562.2 (G) Generator Losses (Figs. 2 0 through 23)

= 0.82% Assume both generators operating at minimum hydrogen pres-

'/corrected = 91.66 +0.0082(91.66) = 92.41% sure; from equation in Fig. 20.

where: Loss = Capability / P ^ n t capability \ K ,

AERht Beot = available energy from bowl mixed enthalpy \ 100 / 100
(H m ) and intercept valve pressure to 1.5 Where:
in. Hg abs (Sm = 1.7404) = 1518.5 - Capability: 3600 rpm 204,000 kva; 1800 rpm 180,000
956.3 = 562.2 Btu/lb kva
AEisoo = available energy from crossover pressure Gen. Output/PF
of 114.3 psia to 1.5 in. Hg abs along Sm Percent capability
capability
entropy line = 1325.5 - 956.3 = 369.2
Btu/lb 159,000/0.85
3600 rpm, % capability = ^ ^ = 91.70%
6 Expansion Line End Point (ELEP) at 1.5 in. Hg abs (Text
and Fig. 25) 141,000/0.85 _
1800 rpm, % capability = ' ' = 92.16%
ELEPl.s = H m — ^corrected ( A E R h t scot) loU,UUU
= 1518.5 - 0.9241 (562.2) = 999.0 Btu/lb
From Fig. 20
7 Change in Expansion Line End Point (AELEP) to 1.0 in. 3600 rpm Conv. Cooled at 204 mva IC, = 1.039
Hg abs (Fig. 15) 1800 rpm Conv. Cooled at 180 mva IC, = 0.958
Moisture (Y) at ELEPi.s and 1.5 in. Hg abs = 9.87%
From Fig. 15 at 1.0 in. Hg abs, AELEPo = - 2 3 . 9 Btu/lb From Fig. 21
AELEP = AELEPo(0.87)( 1-0.01 Y)(1-0.0065Y) 3600 rpm Conv. Cooled at 91.70% IC2 = 0.950
= - 2 3 . 9 (0.87)( l-0.0987)( 1-0.0641) 1800 rpm Conv. Cooled at 92.16% K 2 = 0.951
= - 1 7 . 6 Btu/lb
Loss36oo = 204,000 (l^r) (0'950) = 1846 k w
8 Expansion Line End Point (ELEP) at 1.0 in. Hg abs Ex-
haust Pressure /92.16\ /0.958\
ELEPi .o = ELEP,.6 + AELEP Lossisoo = 180,000 ( - j ^ - ) J (0.951) = 1511 kw
= 999.0 + ( - 1 7 . 6 )
= 981.4 Btu/lb From Fig. 22, Curve C
3600 rpm at 91.70% Pmill = 14.7 psig
(D) Packing L e a k a g e s (Table 2) 1800 rpm at 92.16% Pmin = 15.2 psig
Refer to Appendix V for Calculation of Packing Leakages.
At this point the heat balance flows should be calculated. The (H) Generator Output

condenser flow is found to be 1,245,551 lb/hr. Generator Output = Turbine output — Mechanical Losses
— Generator Losses
(£) E x h a u s t Loss a n d Used Energy End Point (Fig. 17)
Turbine Output Calculated by Heat Balance after Step E or F.
Generator OutputJ6oo = 161,688 - 774 - 1846 = 159,068 kw
Annulus velocity, y, n = 0.01 Y)
3600A., Generator Output,™ = 143,202 - 756 - 1511 = 140,935 kw
1,245,551(652.3 X1-.01096) NOTE: These outputs should agree closely with those assumed
V.n =
3600(247.7) in step G or step G and H repeated until agreement is reached.
= 812 ft/sec
(/) Boiler Feed Pump Power
Where:
Qtt = condenser flow = 1,245,551 lb/hr Isentropic Boiler Feed Pump Enthalpy Rise from K & K Steam
v = saturated dry specific volume at the desired exhaust Tables at 333 F and 107.4 psia to 3018 psia = 9.485 Btu/lb
pressure = 652.3 cu ft/lb at 1.0 in. Hg abs Isentropic Rise
Actual Boiler Feed Pump Enthalpy Rise =
Y = percent moisture at ELEP, .o = 10.96% Pump Efficiency
Aan = annulus area = 247.7 sq ft 9.485
= 12.16 Btu/lb
From Fig. 17, Curve 3 at 812 ft/sec; Exhaust Loss = 16.9 Btu/lb 0.78
UEEP = ELEP,.o + (Exhaust Loss)(0.87)(l - 0.01F)(1 - BFP Flow (BFP Rise)
Boiler Feed Pump Power =
0.00651') BFP Drive Efficiency (3412.75)
= 981.4 + (16.9)(0.87)(1 - 0.1096)(1 - 0.0711) 1,846,913(12.16)
= 7312 kw
= 993.6 Btu/lb 0.90(3412.75)

294 / OCTOBER 1963 Transactions of the A S M E

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 A P P E N D I X III
Exhaust Loss and Used Energy End Point Calculation When V&n Is Greater Than 1400 Ft/Sec
Method Example

Given:
P = exhaust pressure, in. Hg abs P = 0.5 in. Hg abs
ELEP1.5 =expansion line end point at 1.5 in. Hg abs ELEP1.5 = 1028.8 Btu/lb
ELEPp =expansion line end point at P in. Hg abs ELEPo.s = 980.5 Btu/lb
Qa = condenser flow, lb/hr Qa = 750,000 lb/hr
AaIl =annulus area, sq ft Aan = 82.2
Y =expansion line end point moisture at ELEP1.5 and Y = 7 % at 1028.8 Btu/lb and 1.5 in. Hg abs
1.5 in. Hg abs, %
Last stage bucket and no. ends DF-26

Find: Y, = 10.0% at 980.5 Btu/lb and 0.5 in. Hg abs

QaVp(l - 0.01 Y p )
1 Y p = expansion line end point moisture at ELEP p and P Van =
2 Van = annulus velocity at P 3600Aan

750,000 (1256.4X-900)
= 2861 ft/8ec
3600(82.2)
pi = p
(m)= °-5 ( H ) = 1 099 in-Hg abs
3 P 1 = exhaust pressure to give sonic velocity (approx.), in.
Hg abs
4 AELEPopi = change in ELEP from 1.5 to P l (Fig. 15)
5 ELEPpi = expansion line end point at P 1 , Btu/lb AELEPopi = - 1 8 . 4 Btu/lb
ELEPpi = ELEPI.B + AELEP„P>(0.87)(1 - 0.01 Y )
(1 - 0.00657) = 1028.8 + (-18.4)(0.87)(0.93)
6 v p i = saturated dry specific volume at P1, cu ft/lb (0.955) = 1014.6 Btu/lb
7 Y p i = expansion line end point moisture at ELEP p i and P 1 v p i = 598 cu ft/lb
8 Van1 = annulus velocity at P 1 Y p i = 7.9% at 1014.6 Btu/lb and 1.099-in. Hg abs
VV a n1 —
= QaVpi( 1 - 0.017 p i; 750,000( 598)(0.921)
NOTE: If VAN1 is greater than 1400, recalculate steps 36004 an 3600(82.2)
4 through 8 using PMW> = PDD1 ^ ^ ^ = 1396 ft/sec

9 EL = exhaust less from appropriate exhaust loss curve at EL = 48.2 Btu/lb from 26 in. exhaust loss curve
VV a n 1 UEEP = ELEPpi +EL(0.87)(1 - 0.01Y p i)(l - 0.0065YP0
10 UEEP = used energy end point at P = 1014.6 + 48.2(0.87)(0.921 X0.949) = 1051.2
Btu/lb

A P P E N D I X IV
Mathematical Equations and Data Representing Figures Required to Determine Efficiencies and Losses
(For Nomenclature tee Appendix I.)

Dependent Independent
Fig. variable variable
No. Z XY Type of function Coefficients
2 %Ai? p^ /UnivA /Univ.)> 0 Bo 0
Ao —
=
0.625 ——
PT poly. - 1' poly. A, = -1.6649986 B, = 798267.50
V (A) / |. (B) 1 Aj -22.538964 B2 -7540.7
V
= =
Qv
Qv !' A3 = 19.464851 B, = -154269.4

3 %Ai) Logio (TFR) Univariate Ao = 0 A, = -485.99735

polynomial A, = 2.4462684 a6 = -674.41251
a2 = -41.904570 a6 = -342.16474
a3 = -164.13062

4 TFR Bivariate A01 = An = -4 03 = .4oi = 0

polynomial A10 = -24.899722 A20 = -0.71362812
„ PI A,, — 63.299521 A21 — -23.404163
0.625 - —
PT A12 = -75.518221 A22 = 126.77247
A„ = 37.084109 A23 = -102.17991
A30 = -17.632581 A32 = 594.36987
A31 = -308.12317 A33 — -269.89024

5 %ATJ TFR Univariate Ao -1.771 A2 = -3.389

polynomial A, - +3.475 A3 = +1.445

6 %AV PXD/PT Bivariate Aoo - 11.151 A10 = -0.50091

In Qv polynomial A01 = -63.0 An = 2.83
(Continued on next page)

Journal of Engineering for Power OCTOBER 1 96 3 / 295

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 APPENDIX IV (Continued,)

Dependent Independent
Fig. variable variable
no. Z XY Type of function Coefficients
7 %Av PD Univariate Ao
-
4.37 A , = -0.115
polynomial
8 %Ay TFR Bivariate Aoo -21.8085 A 1 0 = 0.573908
PD polynomial Aoi - 21.8085 A „ = -0.573908
9 %A»? TFR Bivariate Aoo = -60.75 A n
- 17.50
polynomial A i = 66.85 A n = -20.02
ln. /
0

UJ
PT \ A 0 2 = 29.75 A l 2 = -0.525
AO3 = -35.85 A n - 3.045

10 %A n PJD/PT Bivariate Aoo = 25.665 Aio = -1.33281

ln Qv polynomial Aoi = -145.0 A n = 7.53
11 %Ay 1 - TFR Bivariate Aoo = Aio = A 2 o = A 3 0 = 0
polynomial Aoi = 42.676909 A 2 i = 4.0479550
PT AO2 = -89.391147 a 2 2 = -1.4725197
PxD A03 = 9.0376638 A23 = -4.0183332
Aii = -26.221836 A31 = -0.14502211
A l 2 = 25.549385 a 3 2 = -0.18580363
Al3 = 8.8283868 A33 = 0.42657518
12 %Ay TFR PxD /Biv-\ Aoo = -5.4 Aio = 0.45
NV 0.26PT \poly./ Aoi = 4.395 A,, = -0.36625

13 Qv
A + A = 90.799 +0.7474 j^ln _ 0 .
PB/PXD

B = - 505000 + 77568 + °"8) J

14 %Ai? P Bivariate Aoo = 28.232252 A2O = -0.69791427 X 10"'

H polynomial func- Aoi = -92.390491 A2I = -0.17037268 X i o - J
tion of x and H*, a 0 2 = -625.79590 a 2 2 = 0.86563845 X 10''
(1150 < H < 1750) where X = logio AO3 = 207.23010 A23 = -0.59510660 X 10-3
P; H * = H unless AOI = 70.251642 A>4 = 0.39705804 X i o - »
S > 2.0041 then AOS = -22.516388 A26 = -0.73533255 X 10"«
H* = smaller of AIO = -0.047796308 A30 = 0.12050837 X io-«
H or HT, where HT A n - 1.2844571 Asi = 0.26826382 X io-»
= 1154 + 80X + A „ = 0.38556961 a 3 2 = -0.67887771 X io-«
88X* A13 = -0.039652999 AJJ = 0.52886157 X io-«
A,4 = -0.27180357 A34 = -0.24106229 X io-«
A15 = 0.064869467 A 35 = 0.37881801 X 10~ 7
A4O = -0.50719109 X 10-9 A « =
-0.10149993 X io-»
A n = 0.26393497 X 10 AM = 0.47757232 X 10-'°
A| 2 = 0.38021911 X 1 0 - " AJ5 =
-0.70989561 X 1 0 - "

15 AELEPo In (in. Hg abs) Univariate A» = -23.984811 A2 = 3.1849404

polynomial Ai = 57.862440
16 EL Tabular values see Table 3 for values
use
17 interpolation routine
18
20 K, In (kva) A + Univariate 3600 rpm A, = -0.34293488
polynomial Conventional A = 0 Ai = 0.89126466
Conductor A = 0.190 A2 = -0.10877851
1800 rpm Aj = 0.36908686 X 10"'
Conventional A = —0.095
Conductor A = 0.095
21 K2 %kva Rational function Conventional cooled 3600 Ao = -68.655830
100 and 1800 rpm Bi = -194.05137
B2 = 124.39554

294 / OCTOBER 1963 Transactions of the A S M E

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Dependent
Fig. variable Independent variable
no. Z XY Type of function Coefficients

Conductor cooled with con- A0 = 21.813253

ductor cooled rotor A, 79.592737
A2 -268.82719
A3 1096.2226
BI = 67.497162 A4 -1168.3528
B 2 = 164.39687 A5 472.57737

Conductor-cooled with con- A» = 7.7154694

ventional cooled rotors A, = -37.355317
A2 = 122.97238
A3 = -173.25239
B, 8.1277889 A< = 120.15218
As = -31.109369
22 Pa % kva Univariate polynomial Conventional cooled
100 A„ = -389.33854 A, = -2046.4484
70 < % kva < 100 A, = 1531.6741 A3 = 934.13531

% kva Univariate polynomial Conductor-cooled with conventional cooled rotor

100
between 0.5 and 1.0; for A0 = 19.041817 A2 = 174.35772
1.0 to 1.1 see** below AI = -111.16736 A 3 = -52.222711

x between 0.5 and 1.0; for Rational function Conductor-cooled with conductor cooled rotor
1.0 to 1.1 see** below A0 = -25.050352 B, = -1.7552928
A, = 120.99114 B 2 = 0.86911477
A2 = -164.31421
A3 = 71.792208

% kva % kva A0 = -0.59218206 A, = -0.40904695 X 10

+ Univ. poly.
100 100 AI = +0.29784312X10 A3 = 0.24763168 X 10" 6
PH2R
**
% kva
Pmi PH2R + ^(e8.58„9-o.o™62PH,B) ( ^ p _ + iso] - l)
100
PH2R
ffor 1.0-1.1
, n , 1 %kva
100
23 Akw kva Rational function Conventional cooled; 3600 rpm
A0 = 10.949623 A3 = -0.58333495 X 10~ U
A, = 0.12755560 X 1 0 B , = 0.56299996 X 10-'
A2 = 0.71452351 X 10" 8
Univariate polynomial Conventional cooled; 1800 rpm
A0 = 33.807252 A, = 0.25207663 X 10~3
Univariate polynomial Conductor-cooled; 3600 rpm
A0 = 60.485359 A2 = 0.46137016 X 10"10
A! = 0.21356356 X 10" 3 A3 = -0.46065877 X 10" 11
Univariate polynomial Conductor-cooled; 1800 rpm
A0 = 54.233583 AI = 0.12559773*X 10" 5
10 ML kva 20,000 to 123,000 kva Single casing or TCDF
Univariate polynomial A„ = - 2 . 7 8 0 6 1 A2 = 0.80257054 X 10" !
Al = 0.40602825 X 10~S AI = -0.92948631 X 1 0 " "
Above 123,000 kva Single Casing or TCDF
Univariate polynomial A0 = 220 AI = 0.00183
Univariate polynomial Low pressure at 1800-rpm with 35 or 38-in. last-stage buckets
Ap - 220 A, = 0.00240
Univariate polynomial Tandem compound 3600-rpm (except TCDF) and 3600-rpm
shaft of 3600/1800-rpm units
A0 = 220 A, = 0.00270
Univariate polynomial Low pressure at 1800-rpm with 43 or 52-in. last-stage buckets
and both shafts of 3600/3600-rpm units
A0 = 220 A, = 0.00296

Journal of Engineering for Power OCTOBER 1963 / 2 9 7

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 Table 3 Tabulated values of exhaust loss
rpm 3600 1800
Last-stage bucket
length, in. 20° 23 26 30 35 38 38 43 43 52 52
pitch dia, in. 60 65.5 72.125 85 110 115 115 132 132 152 152
Annulus area/
end, sq ft 26.2 32.9 41.1 55.6 84.0 95.3 95.3 123.8 123.8 172.4 172.4
Type exhaust down down down down down down axial down axial down axial
Annulus velocity,
ft/sec
128 25.61 53.65 64.09 99.21 47.92 42.85 42.65 51.63 51.42 75.69 75.45
150 20.64 46.50 56.15 88.90 42.80 37.80 37.55 45.50 45.00 65.64 65.40
175 16.10 40.08 47.58 77.88 37.98 32.63 32.48 38.38 38.08 55.68 55.88
200 12.75 34.35 40.55 67.65 33.63 28.40 27.85 32.65 32.35 48.05 48.45
250 8.33 24.95 29.75 50.85 26.75 21.60 21.05 23.80 23.25 36.00 35.95
300 5.53 18.68 22.48 38.38 21.63 16.60 15.83 17.43 16.68 27.80 26.98
350 4.09 14.23 17.28 29.83 17.70 13.13 12.03 12.91 12.08 21.45 20.63
400 3.73 10.90 13.55 23.15 14.55 10.55 9.35 9.80 8.65 16.30 15.25
450 3.95 8.65 10.82 17.80 12.05 9.00 7.70 7.97 6.60 12.50 10.98
500 4.90 7.45 8.85 13.60 10.00 8.13 6.62 7.07 5.55 9.60 7.90
550 6.57 7.12 8.30 11.20 8.82 7.89 6.07 7.02 5.25 8.55 6.40
600 8.65 7.55 8.50 10.45 8.85 8.40 6.32 7.72 5.78 8.47 6.02
650 10.95 8.70 9.50 10.75 9.63 9.57 7.38 9.00 7.00 9.05 6.45
700 13.56 10.45 11.25 12.00 11.08 11.40 9.00 11.00 8.78 10.38 7.60
800 19.35 15.45 15.82 16.20 15.22 16.25 13.44 16.25 13.35 14.45 11.07
900 25.62 21.07 21.13 21.17 20.34 21.97 19.28 21.97 19.32 19.56 16.37
1000 32.00 26.95 26.82 26.42 25.95 28.00 26.40 27.92 26.40 25.07 23.20
1100 38.35 33.05 32.82 32.10 31.80 34.00 33.38 34.00 33.45 30.82 30.20
1200 44.35 38.75 38.50 37.55 37.45 39.80 39.65 39.92 39.72 36.40 36.25
1300 49.90 44.15 43.80 42.70 42.80 45.18 45.22 45.25 45.35 41.78 41.80
14004 54.70 48.90 48.30 47.35 47.45 49.90 50.15 49.85 50.30 46.50 46.80

° Also use for 14.3 X 52.4; 16.5 X 57.5; 17 X 52 in. last-stage buckets.
' For Van beyond 1400 ft/sec see Appendix III.

APPENDIX V V a l v e Stem Leakages (Table 2—Single Reheat)

Packing
Calculation of Shaft End Packing Leakages leakage
To simplify the calculation of leakage flows the information for constant Pi H, Vi
evaluating Martin's formula [7] for typical packings used by the Leakage "C" psia Btu/lb cu ft/lb \/PJ/V, lb/hr
authors' company is given in the form of a packing leakage con- Total flow 56 2415 1461.2 0.3184 87.09 4877
stant C, in Table 2. The C factor is represented by: A 2nd LO 50 477.4 1461.2
B 1st LO By difference 4022

1 N - In (P2/P>; y v, > v,

where F = packing flow in lb per hr

K = factor for packing type (see Fig. 31)
A = leakage area in sq in. = t (packing dia, in.) Shaft End Packing (Table 2, Diagram B, Line B)
(clearance, in.) Packing
Pi = initial pressure in packing in psia
leakage
P2 = final pressure in packing in psia F
constant P. H, Vi
Vi = initial specific volume in cu ft per lb
Leakage "C" psia Btu/lb cu ft/lb VP./v, lb/hr
N = number of stationary packing teeth
C = packing leakage constant from Table 2 © 500 1576 1420.7 0.4588 58.612 29306
® 620 530.5 1308.8 1.1158 21.805 13519
Using heat balance diagram, Fig. 7, as an example, the packing © 970 114.3 1308.8 5.215 4.6814 4541
leakages may be found as follows: C By difference © - © 8978
© 600 114.3 1349.4 5.662 4.493 2696
B

J
& G> Steam Seal Requirement! (Table 2, 100 m w a n d a b o v e — 1 8 0 0 rpm)

Total available = 855 + 4541 + 2696 = 8092

© Total required = 2 X 2500

To LP heater (available-required)
= 5000
= 3092 lb/hr

25'! / OCTOBER 1963 Transactions of the A S M E

Downloaded From: http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/10/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use