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  • Agua Fresca y Exposición Subaerea

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    juan carlos caicedo andrade
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    exposición subaérea

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    exposición subaérea

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 visualizações4 páginas

    Agua Fresca y Exposición Subaerea

    Enviado por

    juan carlos caicedo andrade
    exposición subaérea

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 4
    Ancient subaerial exposure and freshwater leaching in sandstones D. Emery, K. J. Myers, R. Young [BP Exploration Company, Ltd, Britannic Hause, Moor Lane, London EC2Y 9BU, England ABSTRACT ‘We present an example of leaching by meteoric water inthe Jurassic Magnus Sandstone Member of the northern North Sea. The interpretation is based on information from several independent techniques, including downhole natural gamma-ray spectrometry, detailed petro- ‘graphic analysis, and cross-sectional time-lice reconstructions from seismic data. The inital lines of evidence that prompted further investigation into freshwater involvement in the Mag- ‘us Sandstone Member were brackish formation-water compositions and a potassium deple- tion shown by the gamma-ray spectrometry lo, in sandstone beneath the unconformity at the base ofthe Cretaceous section. Subsequent detailed petrographic study confirmed that the potassium depletion had been brought about by potassium feldspar dissolution, resulting in precipitation of kaolinite and creation of secondary porosity, the latter also revealed by con- ventional core-analysis porosity and permeability measurements. Finally, cross-sectional time- slice reconstructions from a regional seismic line across the Magnus olield strongly suggested subacral exposure of the Magnus Sandstone Member in Early Cretaceous time and conse- ‘quent freshwater leaching of the Magnus Sandstone Member and generation of the uncon- formity atthe base of the Cretaceous. The combination of several lines of evidence from the "Magnus field supports the process of subserial exposure and freshwater leaching to create ‘secondary porosity in sandstones. INTRODUCTION Potassium feldspar leaching by meteoric wa- {ers and concomitant kaolinite precipitation in Holocene time have been described in soil science and clay mineralogical literature (Tardy, 1971; Fitpatick, 1982). In ancient sandstone, the association of unconformites with secon: dry porosity afer amework-graindisolution hs been described by Shanmugam and Higgins (1988) for Ivshak Formation sandstone ofthe Alaskan North Slope and by Bjosykke eta (1986) for the Haltenbanken sandstones of off- shore Norway. In both these examples (and ‘many more), leaching by meteoric water iscited as the agent of grain dissolution, The potential of leaching by meteoric water 25 4 means of bringing about a net porosity i= crease in ancient sandstones is of direct rele- vance to hydrocarbon exploration and produc tion as a way of enhancing porosity and permeability in reservoir andstones, We sought three elements of proof to sustain an interpreta tion of leaching by meteoric water in our reser- voir sandstone: (1) the sandstone has to be rich {in potassium feldspar to begin with, (2) the po- tassium feldspar must show evidence of leach- ing, and (3) the reservoir sandstone must be capped by an unconformity that was demon- Strably subserilly exposed and therefore had ccs to fresh water, un MAGNUS OILFIELD ‘Our example is from the Magnus oilfld (De'ath and Schuyleman, 1981; Rainey, 1987) in the norther North Sea (Fig. 1). The field ‘occurs in an east-dipping, cited faul-block structure, and the reservoir sandstone—the “Magnus Sandstone Member—is truncated tothe west by the unconformity at the base of the ‘Cretaceous. The sandstone pinches out 1 the north and south, andthe easterly field limit provided by the oi-water contact Sandstone of the Magnus Sandstone Member i feldspathic, thick-beded trbidite (Death and Schuyleman, 1981) deposited in the middle-an seting of a submarine fan. This sandstone, with abundant feldspar grains, underwent freshwater leaching ‘during subserial exposure, particularly and mest imtesivly atthe crest of the Magnus structure. EVIDENCE FOR FRESHWATER LEACHING ‘The posibilty of «freshwater input to the sandstone was suggested initially when analyses ‘of formation water (De'ath and Scheyleman, 1981) were revealed to be brackish, but fresher than seawater Its geologically easier to make fresh water more saline by diagenetic reactions than to make saline water fresh. Inthe Magaus sandstone, up to 15% of the rock volume is 0c- ‘copied by cement precipitated in a variety of liagenetc (particularly burial) regimes, clearly indicating pervasive water-rock interaction in the sandstone. Such reaction would have been ‘capable of driving an initially fresh water toward ‘more saline composition, as is commonly ob- served in modern clastic aquifers with ftesh- ‘water recharge (e, Edmunds etal, 1982). We thus concluded that at some stage during the history of Magnus diagenesis, major quantities ‘of fresh water had entered and subsequently been made more saline by diagenetic reaction "The nex line of evidence was from downhole logging. The natural gamma-ray spectrometry tool, which quantifies the amount of mara ra-

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