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FLUID FLOW

MEASUREMENT
ORIFICE
An opening with a closed perimeter made in a wall or
partition used for measuring flow of fluids
HYDRAULIC COEFFICIENTS
Coefficient of Discharge, C or Cd
The ratio of an Actual discharge through the Orifice to the Theoretical discharge

Actual discharge
C or Cd = = Q = Q = Q
Theoretical discharge QT AV A√2gh

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
The ratio of an Actual velocity of Jet at Vena Contracta, to the Theoretical velocity

ʋ Jet of Water. The continuous stream of liquid, that


Cv = ʋ comes out or flows out of an orifice
T Vena Contracta. The point in a fluid stream where the
diameter of the stream is the least, and fluid velocity is
at its maximum
HYDRAULIC COEFFICIENTS
Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
The ratio of Area of the Jet at Vena Contracta, to the Area of the Orifice

Area of jet a
Cc = =
Area of orifice A
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

Head Loss
𝑉2 1
H.L = 2 −1
2𝑔 𝐶𝑉
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A 75mm diameter orifice discharges


0.023m3/s of liquid under a head of 2.9m.
The diameter of the jet at the vena contracta
is found by calipering to be 66.25mm

a. Calculate the coefficient of discharge


b. Calculate the coefficient of contraction
c. Calculate the coefficient of velocity
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A sharp edge orifice, 75mm in diameter lies
in a horizontal plane, the jet being directed
upwards. If the jet rises to a height of 8m, and
the coeff of velocity is 0.98
a. Det the velocity of the jet
b. Det the head loss of the orifice
c. Det the head under which the
orifice is discharging, neglecting
air resistance
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A cylindrical tank having a horizontal cross
section of 2m2 permits a liquid surface
drawdown at the rate of 140mm/s. For a
3.5m head on the orifice having a coeff of
discharge of 0.65and coeff of contraction of
0.62
a. Det the rate of flow in L/s
b. Det the diameter of the orifice
c. Det the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Two closed compartments A and B are connected by
an orifice having a dia of 140mm at its sides. At
compartment A, it contains water at a depth of 3m
above the orifice and a pressure on top of it equal to
50kPa. On the other compartment, it contains water at
a depth of 2m above the orifice and a pressure of
15kPa on top of the water surface.
If C=0.86 and Cv=0.92
a. Compute the discharge thru the orifice
b. Compute the head loss
c. Compute the power loss in watts
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The jet from a standard 12mm orifice under a
5.4m head, strikes a point 1.5m horizontally
and 0.12m vertically from the center of the
contracted section. The
discharge is 400L in
569sec
a. Compute the coeff of velocity
b. Compute the coeff of discharge
c. Compute the coeff of contraction
SEATWORK
An orifice 150mm dia. having a coefficient of
contraction of 0.62 discharges oil (s= 0.80)
under a head of 7.5m. The average actual
velocity of the jet is 11.65 m/s
a. Compute the coefficient of velocity
b. Compute the head loss of the office
c. Compute the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta
SEATWORK
An orifice of area 25cm 2 in a vertical plate
has a head of 1.13m of oil (s=0.89). It
discharges 6192N of oil in
88.8sec. Trajectory
measurements yields
xo=2.4m and yo=1.37m
a. Compute the coeff of velocity
b. Compute the coeff of discharge
c. Compute the coeff of contraction
SEATWORK
A closed tank has an orifice in
the vertical side with diameter of
70mm. The head of oil (s=0.92)
is 2m above the orifice. There
is a pressure of 15kPa at the top of the oil
surface inside the tank. Cv=0.96 and Cc=0.61
a. Compute the velocity of the jet at the orifice
b. Compute the discharge in liter/sec
c. Compute the head loss
ORIFICE WITH FALLING HEAD
Condition when the inflow is less than the outflow

ℎ1
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑡 =
ℎ2 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔ℎ

As = area of water inside the tank


C = coefficient of discharge
A = area of orifice
h1 = initial height of liquid in the tank
h2 = final height of liquid in the tank
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A 75mm diam. Orifice in the side of a 1.5m


diam tank draws the surface down from 2mm
to 1.5m above the orifice in 53 sec

a. Calculate the discharge coefficient


b. If CV = 0.96, find CC
c. What would be the diam of the jet
at the vena contractra
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A cylindrical water storage 12m in
diameter and 8m high, is filled
through a 100mm pipe carrying a
velocity of 40m/s
a. How long will it take to fill the tank?
b. If the tank has an out flow pipe at the bottom with a
capacity of 0.12 m3/s discharges rate and both inflow and
outflow pipes are opened t the same time, compute the
time rate of the rise of the water level
c. Compute the time needed to fill with both pipes opened
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A prismatic vessel has two compartment A and B
communicating by an orifice 0.3m2 with C=0.6. The
horizontal cross section of a is 10m2
and that of B is 40m2. at a certain
time the water in A is 6m above the
centre if he orifice and in B is 3m
a. Compute the discharge from A to B
b. Find the time in which the water surface in the two tanks
will reach the same elevation
c. How soon thereafter will the water surface be 1m apart
SEATWORK
A tank circular in cross section is
10m high. It takes 8.4 minutes to
empty it thru a hole at the bottom
when the tank is full of water at the
start
a. How long will it take for the water level to drop the upper
3m
b. How long will it take for the water to drop from 10m to 4m
c. If the diameter if the tank is 2.4m and C=0.60, compute
the diameter of the hole at the bottom
SEATWORK
A circular vessel 2m in diameter
and 3m high is filled with liquid A, B
and C, respectively. At the bottom
of the vessel is 0.09m2 standard
orifice. C = 0.60
a. Find the time to remove liquid A out of the container
b. Find the time to remove liquid A and B out of the container
c. Find the total time to empty the container
SEATWORK
Two open cylindrical tanks are connected by an
orifice having a cross sectional area of 0.004m2.
Tank A is 8m in diameter and its
water level is 10m above that of B
whose diam is 5m. If the coeff of
discharge is 0.60
a. Find the discharge flowing in the orifice
b. How long will it be before the water
surfaces are at the safe level?
c. How soon after will the water surface be 4m apart?

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