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Dating back to history, people from the Lesbian, The Philippines, as it is known to be a
Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, religious country heavily influenced by the Roman
Intersex, Asexual, Allies and Pansexual+ Catholic, is known to have an impact on the views
(LGBTQIAAP+) community were condemned. Their towards the LGBTQIAAP+ community. This in return
sexualities were questioned by society and most shapes culture and society’s views towards
especially the church. Trials from the public eye LGBTQIAAP+ community. Different regions in the
included even the simple act of expressing--through country have different culture and norms. In this
clothes and accessories, A loathsome and detestable study, the researchers will be measuring the
climate of democracy was documented and written attitudes of Cebuanos stigmatization and rights in
information on the LGBTQIAAP+ community from terms of sexual relationships and marriage rights of
the 18th and 19th centuries which placed the people the LGBTQIAAP+ community,
of the community repressed, under-represented,
and even worse diagnosed with a mental disorder
that was later on debunked in 1973 by the American
Review of Related Literature
Psychiatric Association (APA) from the second
edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Logie, C., Bridge, T., & Bridge, P. (2007)
(DSM).
conducted a study evaluating the phobias, attitudes,
and cultural competence towards the LGBT
However, in the recent decades there have
community of Master of Social Work Students.
been alterations in the societal views on the LGBT
According to their study, there exists bias toward
community as indicated by evidence; attitudes have
the people of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
become much more positive, accepting and in
transgender (LGBT) community by social workers as
support for the LGBTQ community in some
their evidence suggests. Their study also stated that
countries (Smith, T. 2014). Percentage of
little to no research has been done to assess the
respondents from Great Britain who believe that
viewpoints of Master of Social Work (MSW)
sexual relations of the same gender to be wrong was
students' towards the LGBT Community. An
now only 22% in 2012 from 64% in 1987 (Park &
assessment scale was developed by their study to
Rhead 2013) and approval of gay marriage in the
“evaluate the attitudes, phobias, and cultural
United States has risen to 48% in 2012 from 11% in
competence of MSW students toward the LGBT
1988 (Smith & Son 2013). Encarnacion (2011) and
population”. Results showed that there was minimal
Johnston (2005, 2007) found modifications in
phobia and the attitudes were positive toward the
behaviors relating to masses of the LGBT
LGBT populations shown by the majority of MSW
community, They stated that the gay-pride have
students, yet they also found a below average
turned into huge, collective events that attract a
degree of cultural competence in rendering service
huge sum attendees in a number countries annually.
to clients from the LGBT community” as per
As the LGBTQIAAP+ community progressed participants results. Their research called for
and gained recognition around the world, strengthening education and training for the MSW
challenging the status quo and social norms, it begs students to “effectively serve the LGBT populations.”
to question the level of acceptance and tolerance
from the people at work, school, church and
Unconventional subcultures are often instituted ABC Model of Attitudes
to students of traditional backgrounds when they
first enter the college campus. Holland, L (2013) As defined by LaPiere, R.T. (1934) in his study
found that fresh graduates from secondary Attitudes vs. Actions, social attitude by definition is a
education find themselves in an alteration of pattern of behavior, it is an anticipatory set or a
atmosphere wherein homophobia is likely tolerated. tendency that is susceptible to a reaction in certain
Her study was to gauge the attitudes of college social situations. In other words, it is defined by
students on the LGBT community as research shows LaPiere that attitude is a conditioned response to a
that the years of college are dominant in the certain social stimuli. In similar to this, Ajzen and
“re-socialization of core values”, yet she adds that Fishbein (1997) as cited by Jain, V., (2014) in his study
studies that focus on the alteration of standpoint and of 3D Model of Attitude defines attitude as being
ideology towards LGBT people are rare. Her held respectively to the individual’s world with
research measured the attitudes by breaking down another person, an object, a behavior, or a policy
the components of tolerance into six categories. Her which simply said as attitude as a way for a person
study added sexual orientation, college major, to react to his surroundings. The ABC’s of Attitude
politics and class standing to the standard factors of discusses its emotional component which is the
tolerance being religion, gender, and race. Results of affect, responses influenced by the attitude which is
her research showed that women, people who the behavior and the thoughts of the object which is
identify as lgbt, “liberal Christians” and other the cognition. However, LaPiere argued that it is
religions have higher levels of LGBT tolerance. Her impossible to make direct comparison between the
research also found that College of Arts and reactions secured through questionnaires and from
Sciences and students are also more tolerant. actual experience from a person being introduced to
a certain situation, in which he explained that an
Feng, Y. (2012), studied the perception of answer from a questionnaire can measure the verbal
adolescents towards the LGBT community in Taipei, expression of a certain symbol but it cannot reveal
Hanoi and Shanghai. Results turned out that there what one would actually do when he or she is
was a low positive attitude by the adolescents presented in an actual situation face to face.
towards the LGBT in Hanoi and Shanghai, with
factors including characteristics of demographics, Functional Attitude Theory. Although not every
media, sexual orientation, knowledge on sexual and behavior can be measured by a person’s attitude,
reproductive health, values of gender role, family this can provide functions for the individual as Katz,
and views toward premarital sex. D. (1960) in his study The Functional Approach to
the Study of Attitudes, discussed that attitude has
Majority of the adolescents and young adults in four functional areas in which the attitudes
the three cities hold a perception that is not in favor contribute to the personality, grouped according to
of the LGBT community. Predictors for a the basis of their motivation namely: Instrumental,
participant's’ perception of homosexuality that were Adjustive, or Utilitarian Function which according to
highlighted were their comprehension of sexual and Katz is where Jeremy Bentham and the utilitarians
reproductive health and the their traditions and based the model of a man in this construct,
values (Feng, Y. 2012). Their study heeded sexual Ego-defensive Function that states a person protects
and reproductive health education including himself from acknowledging the truth or the harsh
homosexuality and movements to urge more liberal realities in his or her external world,
attitudes to improve perception of homosexuality of Value-expressive Function where a person gets his
adolescents’ and young adults to reduce or her satisfactions by expressing certain attitudes in
stigmatization and marginalization. line with his or her personal values and to the
concept of oneself, Knowledge Function which is
The researchers found the aforementioned based upon one’s need to give suitable structure to
studies as related to the current study in terms of his or her universe.
topic which is measuring attitudes.
Gender Concepts. Encapsulated within these
concepts are the terms and definition of the words
pertaining to gender discussion, particularly in this under the minority such as women and members of
study, in LGBTQIAAP+ community. NGO’s and LQBTQIAAP+, Homophobia which means
nonprofit organizations for gender education and discrimination against people who fall under
gender equality have been formulating gender terms LGBTQIAAP+ , Heteronormativity discusses the
and definitions, in which from a US based belief that people only belong to two genders.
international nonprofit health organization Jhpiego,
affiliated with Johns Hopkins University, provides This second group of boxes is derived from
guide data collection for research questions in terms the Functional Attitude Theory in which the concepts
of a project-level gender analysis, according to their represent the relationship among the individuals
website description. These concepts includes, but internalization, and their expected attitudes namely:
not exclusive of: Gender Equality which is a state Utilitarian attitude refers to the right action to take in
that provides men and women equal satisfaction of order to minimize the pain and maximize pleasure
human rights, socially valued goods, opportunities for benefit of the many, Value-expressive attitudes
and resources, Gender-Based Violence which talks about particular beliefs to a person that is
pertains to violence against a person because of his intrinsic to one’s identity that is ingrained to the
or her gender that includes but not limited to concept of one’s self, Ego-defensive attitudes when
physical, sexual, and psychological harm, a person protects oneself from something
Homophobia that is the discrimination against objectionable or something that could harm one’s
homosexuals, their behavior or cultures, and own self-esteem, and Knowledge attitudes which
Heteronormativity, according to Jackson, S. (2006) means acquiring attitude that can gather knowledge
article, Gender, Sexuality and Heterosexuality: The in order to better understand the structure and
Complexity (and limits) of Heteronormativity, is an operation of the world.
assumption that women and men are made only for
each other. The third set are the concepts under the
ABC Model of Attitudes namely the Affective
Component which talks about the emotional
reaction towards a particular attitude object or
situation, Behavioral Component which examines
how a person behave when presented to an attitude
Conceptual Framework object or situation, and Cognitive Component that
will explain the person’s belief and knowledge about
an attitude object or situation. These concepts of
ABC Model of Attitude will describe how the
internalizations of the study’s respondents are
expressed toward a certain attitude object or
situation particularly in LGBTQIAAP+ members
related situation.
1.1. Are they Dominant, Negotiated, or 5 people who work with members of LGBTQIAAP+
Oppositional? community.
Just discuss the results. Do not try to explain Limitations
using the literature. The Results section is supposed
to the shortest section of the paper. This pertains to some methodological flaws
of your study such as in the case of sampling or
better instrument. This should be coupled with
recommendations in response to mentioned
limitations.
Conclusion
Recommendations
Theoretical Implications. Discuss how the results
add up to literature or certain theories. Is there
something new that it adds up to existing literature
or theory? What new theory did it create? What
inconsistencies in the literature did it answer?
Practical Implications. Recommendations are
pertaining to the effects of the results of the study to
the society in the aspect of creating programs,
policies, etc. or challenging the status quo for the
improvement the quality of life or human condition.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A.
Respondents' Demographics
APPENDIX B.
APPENDIX C.
Complete Responses
APPENDIX D.
RAW DATA