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Superficial back
Pectoral region/axilla
Anterior forearm
Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Actions
Pronator Teres Humeral head – medial epicondyle and lower part of the Roughening on the lateral surface, Median nerve (C6 & C7) Pronation of the forearm and weak flexor of the elbow
medial supracondylar ridge midshaft of radius (most prominent part
Ulnar head – medial side of the coronoid process of its outward convexity)
Flexor Carpi Medial epicondyle of the humerus Base of the metacarpals 2 and 3 Median nerve (C6 & C7) Flexes and abducts the wrist joint
Radialis
Palmaris Longus Medial epicondyle of the humerus Distal half of flexor retinaculum and Median nerve (C7, C8) Flexes the wrist joint and tenses the palmar aponeurosis
palmar aponeurosis of the hand
Flexor Carpi Humeral head – medial epicondyle of the humerus Pisiform bone, hook of the hamate (via Ulnar nerve (C7, C8, & T1) Flexes and adducts the wrist joint
Ulnaris Ulnar head – Olecranon and posterior border of ulna the pisohamate and pisometacarpal
ligaments), and base of metacarpal 5
Flexor Digitorum Humeroulnar head – medial epicondyle of humerus and Bodies of the middle phalanges of the Median nerve (C8 & T1) Flexes the proximal interphalangeal joints,
Superficialis medial margin of coronoid process of ulna index, middle, ring, and little fingers (4 metacarpophalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring,
Radial head – anterior proximal half (oblique line) of tendons) and little fingers, and the wrist joint
radius
Flexor Pollicis Anterior surface of the radius (below the anterior oblique Palmar surface of base of the distal Median nerve (anterior Flexes the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal
Longus line and above the insertion of pronator quadratus) and phalanx of the thumb interosseous nerve; C7 & C8) joints of the thumb
anterior lateral half of the interosseous membrane
Flexor Digitorum Anterior and medial surfaces of the proximal 3/4 of the Palmar base of distal phalanges of the Median (anterior interosseous Flexes the distal interphalangeal joints,
Profundus ulna and anterior medial half of interosseous membrane index, middle, ring, and little fingers (4 nerve – lateral half) and Ulnar metacarpophalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring,
tendons) nerves (medial half (C8 & T1) and little fingers, and the wrist joint
Pronator Linear ridge on distal 1/4 of the anterior surface of ulna Distal 1/4 of the anterior surface of the Median nerve (anterior Pronation of the forearm
Quadratus radius interosseous nerve; C7 & C8)
Posterior forearm
Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Actions
Brachoradialis Proximal 2/3 of the lateral Base of the radial styloid process Radial nerve (branch arising from above Flex the elbow joint
supracondylar ridge of humerus the elbow joint prior to deep and
superficial cutaneous branching; C5 &
C6)
Anconeus Posterior surface of lateral epicondyle Lateral surface of olecranon and proximal posterior Radial nerve (C5-T1) via a branch to Abduction of ulna in pronation and assists triceps in
of humerus surface of ulna medial head of triceps brachii extension of elbow
Extensor Carpi Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and Base of metacarpal 5 Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Extends and adducts the wrist
Ulnaris the posterior border of the ulna nerve; C7 & C8)
Extensor Digiti Lateral epicondyle of the humerus Extensor hood (tendon turned into aponeurosis) of Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Extends the little finger
Minimi the little finger nerve; C7 & C8)
Extensor Lateral epicondyle of humerus Inserts into the dorsal aspects (via extensor hoods – Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Extensor of the interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal,
Digitorum tendons that convert into aponeurosis) of the bases of nerve; C7 & C8) and the wrist joints
the middle and distal phalanges of the index, middle,
ring and little fingers (4 tendons)
Extensor Carpi Lateral epicondyle of the humerus Dorsal surface of the base of metacarpals 2 and 3 Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Extends and abducts the wrist joint
Radialis Brevis nerve; C7 & C8)
Extensor Carpi Distal 1/3 of the lateral supracondylar Dorsal surface of the base of metacarpal 2 Radial nerve (branch arising from above Extends and abducts the wrist joint
Radialis Longus ridge the elbow joint prior to deep and
superficial cutaneous branching; C6 &
C7)
Supinator Superficial part – lateral epicondyle of Lateral surface of the radius in between the anterior Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Fixes the forearm in supination; prime supinator only
the humerus, lateral collateral ligament and posterior oblique lines nerve; C6 & C7) when the elbow joint is fully extended
of the elbow, and the annular ligament
of the radius
Deep part – Supinator crest of the ulna
and the fossa in front of it
Extensor Indicis Posterior surface of ulna (distal to Extensor hood of the index finger Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Extends the index finger and helps extend the wrist
extensor pollicis longus) and adjacent nerve; C7 & C8) joint
interosseous membrane
Extensor Policis Posterior surface of the middle 1/3 of Dorsal base of the distal phalanx of the thumb Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Extends the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal
Longus ulna and adjacent interosseous nerve; C7 & C8) joints of the thumb, draws the thumb back from
membrane opposed position, and assists in extension and
abduction of the wrist
Extensor Policis Posterior surface of the radius and Dorsal base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Extends the metacarpophalangeal and
Brevis adjacent interosseous membrane nerve; C7 & C8) carpometacarpal joints of the thumb
Abductor Policis Posterior surfaces of ulna, radius, and Lateral surface of metacarpal 1 Radial nerve (posterior interosseous Extends and abducts the carpometacarpal joints of the
Longus adjacent interosseous membrane nerve; C7 & C8) thumb
Joints
Sternoclavicular joint
1. Atypical (articular bony surface covered by fibrocartilage) double plane synovial; 3 degrees of freedom
2. Medial clavicle, manubrium and 1st costal cartilage
3. Capsular ligaments: Anterior and Posterior sternoclavicular ligaments surrounds the joints
4. Intracapsular structures: articular disc – fibrocartilage disc from clavicle to costal cartilage of 1st rib
5. Ligaments: extrinsic costaclavicular ligament from 1st rib and costal cartilage to inferior margin at the medial end of the clavicle
6. Movements - Horizontal flexion/extension between disc/manubrium; elevation/depression between clavicle and disc; medial clavicle pivots
on costoclavicular ligament in rotation of limb
7. Stability – inherently unstable due to lack on bony congruence however extrinsic ligaments provides stability to the joint
8. Relations: posteriorly – jugular vein, braciocephalic vein, subclavian vein and artery, carotid artery, and trachea
9. Blood supply: Internal thoracic artery and suprascapular artery; nerve supply: nerve to subclavius and medial supraclavicular nerve
10. Clinical: rarely dislocated; clavicular fractures are more commonly result from excessive force transmitted through it
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint
Elbow joint