3G Network Planning: 2 Day Customer Training Course Nokia Networks Professional Services

3G Network Planning
Overview
2 day Customer Training Course
Nokia Networks
Professional Services
1 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

Contents
• 3G Network Planning
• 3G Network Planning Areas
• 3G Network Evolution towards All-IP
• Radio Network Planning
• WCDMA Air-interface
• Radio Resource Management Overview
• Radio Network Planning Process
• Radio Network Optimisation Process & Tools
• Transmission Network Planning
• Packet technologies and protocols
• Transmission Planning Process
• Transmission Equipment, Synchronisation & O&M Issues
• Core Network Planning
• Circuit Core Network Planning process
• Detailed Circuit Core Network Planning
• Packet Core Network Dimensioning
• Detailed Packet Core Network Planning

3G Network Planning Areas
• 3G Network Planning could be divided to
• Radio Network Planning
• Access Transmission Planning
• CS core Network Planning
• PS Core Network Planning
MGW 3GMSC
RNC
Iu-cs
Node B 3G-SGSN
Radio Planning Iu-ps

Iub,Iur
Transmission Planning PS Domain

Gn
Inter-PLMN 3G-GGSN
Backbone
Core Planning Network
Gn
Data Network
(Internet) IP
Firewall
3G Radio Network Planning
• Dimensioning
• Coverage & Capacity Planning
• Coverage & Capacity Improvement
• Optimisation
service quality
Optimization
and Tailoring
cell coverage cell capacity

Access Transmission Network Planning
RNC ATM MSC
Module
BTS Iu- PSTN
Iub CS A Network
Uu
HLR/AuC
Iu-PS EIR
Iur
RNC
Iu- SS7
Iub Network
CS
BTS
Iu-PS
Billing System
SGSN
CG
Corporate
GPRS/3G
backbone Router
network
Server
GGSN Internet
Other BG
PLMN LIG
Firewall

3G Core Network Planning
Circuit Switched Core
TRS Access
Iu-CS
Gd
Iu-PS
Ga
Packet Switched Core

3G Packet Core Network Planning
• Equipment Dimensioning & Pre-

planning
Nokia 3G-SGSN
• Detailed Core Network

Architecture Planning
• MPC External Network Border
Gateway
Connectivity Planning Cisco 7600 OSR

Switch
3G-SGSN
SGSN
BG
• Network Security Planning

FW
Operator
3G
backbone
• Optimisation DNS
Router/
GGSN Nokia IP650 Firewall Router
Switch
Cisco 12000
Cisco MGX 8850
Nokia DNS Nokia GGSN

3G Circuit Core Network Planning
3GPP rel.99
• Circuit Core network planning for 3GPP rel.99 compliant Nokia network
consists of:
• Traditional NSS network planning (MSC/HLR) RNC300 RNC301
• MGW rel.99 planning RNC RNC
BSC MGW
BSC300 MGW300
BSC
BSC101 A-if MSC
MSC3
BSC BSC
BSC100 BSC200
RNC MGW MSC MSC MGW RNC

RNC100 MGW10 MSC1 MSC2 MGW20 RNC200
RNC MGW
RNC101 MGW11
A'-if
RNC
RNC102
Iu-cs if

3G Circuit Core Network Planning
3GPP rel.4
• 3GPP rel.4 Circuit Core network planning consists of:
• Planning MGW rel.4 network HLR
Services
• Planning MSC Server network
CAP BICC
BICCor orSIP
SIP
MAP
for
forsignalling
signalling
H.248
H.248for
for BICC, SIP
MGW MSC ATM/IP MSC
MGW Server Server
control
control Nc
RANAP
RANAPoror H.248 Mc
BSSAP IP H.248
BSSAP IP
towards
towardsradio
radio
Mc
network
network RANAP AAL2/AAL5
AAL5/ATM ATM Nb SS7
PSTN
Iu-CS TDM
RTP
MGW IP MGW
BSSAP
User
Userdata
data
RNC AAL2 over
ATM
A
over ATMor
ATM or
TDM IP
IP
BSC

3G Network Evolution Towards All-IP

RAN architecture today
Standard Standard
RAN interfaces
air interface
to core NW
GSM/EDGE
BTS Base A / Iu-cs
GSM/EDG Station
E Controller Gb
Core
WCDMA Iu-ps network
BTS Radio
WCDMA Network
Controller
• Strict one-to-one hierarchy between base stations and controllers

• Separated subsystems for all radio access technologies
• Architecture supports equally all packet traffic types

All-IP RAN architecture
Distributed
architecture Standard
Standard RAN
air interface interfaces
Control to core NW
plane
elements A / Iu-cs
GSM/EDG Multimode
All-IP BTS data
E nt rol
Gb
Co Gateway
elements Core
User data Iu-ps network
WCDMA Most of controller
functionality
shifted to BTS
Pooled
Multiradio
Multiradio controller and
architecture
architecture gateway resources

Nokia distributed All-IP RAN architecture
• Multiradio architecture,
with multimode All-IP Common
Radio Radio
base station Network Resource
• User plane and control Upgrades to Access O&M Management
Nokia UltraSite Server Server Server
plane separated to allow and MetroSite
optimised handling A & Iu-cs
EDGE /
• Dynamic association WCDMA base
stations Nokia FlexiServer Nokia circuit-
between base station and switched gateway
Radio Access Servers
• Radio interface Gb
performance critical IP / ATM / MPLS transport
functions located in the
base station Iu-ps
Nokia radio
• Transport optimised by Multimode
network gateway
relocating functionality All-IP base station

All-IP RAN is a parallel evolution
to Nokia BSS/RAN
Development of existing RAN and BSS architecture will continue
Together with All-IP RAN, several evolution options will be available

for any business case
• Best BSS and RAN solutions for markets with high share of circuit-switched traffic
• Flexible evolution to All-IP for markets with high packet-switched data growth
GSM/EDGE
GSM/EDGE BSS
BSS releases
releases
Single network
All-IP RAN Multiradio
releases RAN
WCDMA
WCDMA RAN
RAN releases
releases

Network evolution Roadmap towards All-IP
All-IP RAN architecture
Integrated IP
with Multimode IP BTS (WCDMA)
transport
and Nokia UltraSite
from BSC to
WCDMA BTS
SGSN
Rollout of
packet backbone Integrated IP
network transport from
Rollout of RNC to 3G All-IP RAN architecture
Nokia UltraSite packet core with support for EDGE
WCDMA BTS
Radio access
evolution Mass market
2001 2002 2003 2004 IP multimedia
Core network services
evolution Rollout of Optional
3G MSC upgrade to First
packet core All-IP Core 3GPP R5
MSC Servers compliant
release
Integrated All-IP Core
IP transport
between MSCs

3G Radio Network Planning
PART of 3GNPLOVE
Nokia Networks
Professional Services

Contents
• What is new in WCDMA
•System Dimensioning
•Coverage & Capacity Planning
•Coverage & Capacity Improvement
• Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools

What’s New in WCDMA?
Characteristic to WCDMA
• RAKE receiver takes advantage of multipath propagation
• Fast power control keeps system stable by using minimum power necessary for links
• Soft handover ensures smooth handovers, reduced probability of dropped calls
Multiservice Environment Air Interface

• Data speed • Capacity and coverage
• In RAN1 bit rate varies from 8 kbps up to 384 kbps coupled - “cell
• Variable bit rate also available breathing”
• Bit rate gradually grows up to 2 Mbps • Neighbor cells coupled
• Service delivery type via interference
• Real-time (RT) & non real-time (NRT) • Soft handover
• Quality classes for user to choose • Fast power control
• Different error rates and delays • Interference limited
• Traffic asymmetric in uplink & downlink system (e.g. GSM
• Common channel data traffic frequency limited)
• Inter-system handovers
Contents
Process & Tools

Differences Between WCDMA and GSM
High bit rates
W CDM A G SM
C arrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kH z
Spectral Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
efficiency
Pow er control 1500 H z 2 H z or low er
frequency
Different quality Q uality control Radio resource N etw ork planning
m anagem ent algorithm s (frequency planning)
requirements
Frequency diversity 5 M H z bandw idth gives Frequency hopping
m ultipath diversity w ith
Efficient Rake receiver
packet data Packet data Load-based packet Tim e slot based
scheduling scheduling w ith G PRS
D ow nlink transm it Supported for N ot supported by the
diversity im proving dow nlink standard, but can be
Downlink capacity applied
capacity

GSM system is TDMA based
BTS BTS
f1
f2
Typical GSM
Frequency
f2
Usage
f1
Pattern f1
f3 f3
f2 f2
f1
M M M M
f1 f1 200 kHz Users divide the common
S S S S
f3
frequency by time slots
f3 1 2 3 4
f2 f2
f1 f1
Time
MS = Mobile Station

UMTS system is CDMA based
BS BS
MS1
MS2
f1 MS3 f1
MS4
FDD = Frequency-division duplex

• Uplink and Downlink operate in
separated frequency bands
TDD = Time-division duplex

• Uplink (UL) and downlink (DL)
CDMA use the same frequency band,
Frequency
f1 which is time-shared by the UL
Usage
Pattern f1 and DL
f1
f1 f1
f1 f1
MS1
MS2 All users share the same
f1 f1 f1 5 MHz frequency/time domain
f1
MS3
f1
f1 MS4
f1
f1 f1
Time

WCDMA Key Benefits
• Soft Handover
• Call is connected before handoff is completed, reducing the probability of a
dropped call
• Processing Gain
• basic CDMA benefit => the wider is the transmitted bandwidth compared to the
user datarate the less power is needed for the transmission
• Advanced Radio Resource Management (RRM)
• RRM will control call admission and packet scheduling and all RRM building
blocks are closely related to each other
• Multipath Signal Processing
• Combines power for increased signal integrity => RAKE receiver

RAKE Receiver
• Multipath signals reflected from obstacles and signals from different
basestations can be combined using RAKE receiver
• RAKE receiver takes different factors (attenuation, timing) into account
and receiver fingers combine multipath signals to one signal
RAKE receiver
delay1 X a1 shadowing
delay2 X a2 X
distance
delay3 X a3 attenuation
Phase adjusting
multipath

Coverage & Capacity coupling
• Load factor directly corresponds to the
supported traffic per cell
• More traffic means more interference -> cell CELL BREATHING
breathing
• Max. recommended load : 70 %, typically 30- BS
50 % higher load
• 50 % load means 3 dB loss in link budget
service quality
25
20
Optimization
and Tailoring
Loss (dB)
15
10
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
cell coverage cell capacity Load factor

Cell Breathing in WCDMA
Relative cell size
100%
80% 128 kbps
60% • Traffic load has direct

effect on the cell size 144 kbps
8 kbps
• Radio Resource 144 kbps
40% 64 kbps Management provides 64 kbps

means to control cell
breathing in network 64 kbps
optimisation 144 kbps 64 kbps
Low load 200 kbps
20% ⇒ Large coverage
64 kbps
Increased load 800 kbps

⇒ Decreased coverage
0%
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Traffic load factor
Handovers in WCDMA
Hard handover: MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
Soft handover: MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover: MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
• Soft handover keeps simultaneous connection to different base stations thus providing a way
to improve call quality during handover.
• Soft handover feature has a direct impact on network capacity and therefore is a trade-off
between quality and capacity. It has also an effect to coverage due cell breathing.
Received signal strength

BS1 Base station
diversity
BS1
Threshold
BS2
BS2
BS3
BS3
Distance from BS1
Power Control in WCDMA
• Fast power control is vital for WCDMA performance. It aims to control
the transmitted power on the same level with received power. This
leads to minimised interference and small power consumption
• Power is controlled by parameters and needs to be defined during
network optimisation
Without With Optimum

Power Control Power Control
MS4
Received power at BS
Received power at BS
MS3
MS1 MS2
MS1
MS2 MS3
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4
MS4

Effect of Tx & Rx Powers on Interference Levels
Downlink transmission power =

Interference to the network
Uplink transmission power = Uplink received power =

Interference to other cells Interference to own cell users
Since every Tx and Rx power is causing interference to others, PC is necessary to

limit the interference
CDMA radio access technology:
spreading/despreading
• A narrowband signal is spread to a wideband signal
Unspread narrowband signal

Power density (Watts/Hz)
Processing
Processinggain
gain==
W/R,
W/R,
typically
typicallyatatleast
least100
100
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
R
WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers

Spreading/Despreading
• The user signal spreading (modulation) is done with spreading
sequences (codes) having much higher bandwidth than the user signal
(processing gain = W/R, where R = data rate, W = spread bandwidth)
• Codes are unique for each channel
• Transmitting and receiving sides have the same code with the same
phase. The code to be used is determined by the transmitting side and
the receiving side acquires the code from the transmitted signal (code
acquisition)
Spread signal
input narrowband Spreading Despreading

signal Transmitter Receiver output
(unspread) radio path signal
(detected)
TX RX
spreading spreading
code code
generator generator
synchronism required

Processing Gain
Voice user (12,2 kbit/s) (User data rate) x
R (spreading ratio)=
const.=W=3,84 Mcps
Unspread narrowband
Power density (W/Hz)
signal
Processing Gain
G=W/R=25 dB
W
Spread wideband
signal
Frequency (Hz)
•Spreading sequences of
different length
Packet data user (384 kbit/s) •Processing gain dependent on
R user data rate
Power density (W/Hz)
Processing Gain
Unspread G=W/R=10 dB
"narrowband"
W signal
Spread wideband
signal
Frequency (Hz)
Code Channels
• Users are separated by codes (code channels), not by frequency or time
(in some capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also different
carrier frequencies may be used).
• Signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference
• CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages the
interference (ref. to GSM which is a frequency limited system)
Code A BS2
BS1
B
Freq. 1 de
eC
Co
Cod
Code D
Co
de
E
Freq. 1

WCDMA Codes
• The spreading operation in WCDMA is done in two phases, both in uplink and
downlink.
1 The first phase is done by using short codes.
• The length of the short code is one symbol in chip units and the length is thus varying
according to the symbol rate.
• The short codes are called spreading codes.
• in downlink they orthogonalize the transmitted physical channels of one cell.
2 The second phase is done by using long codes.
• The length of the long code is 36864 radio frames in uplink and one radio frame in
downlink.
• The long codes are called scrambling codes.
• The scrambling code of the downlink identifies the cell (sector), while in the uplink it
identifies the call.
• The spreading codes and in uplink also the scrambling codes are allocated by the system and
require no actions in radio network planning. Allocating the downlink scrambling codes of the
cells, or actually the scrambling code groups of the cells, can be part of the planning process.
Long and Short Codes
Short code = Channelisation code Long code = Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data Uplink: Separation of mobile
(DPDCH) and control channels Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within
one cell
Length 4–256 chips (1.0–66.7 µs) Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
Downlink also 512 chips 66.7 µs = 256 chips
Different bit rates by changing the Option (2) can be used with advanced
length of the code base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling Uplink: 16.8 million
code = spreading factor Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth

Tree of Orthogonal Short Codes in Downlink
• Hierarchical selection of short codes from a "code tree" to maintain
orthogonality
• Several long scrambling codes can be used within one sector to avoid
shortage of short codes
C8(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] ...
C4(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 ]
C8(1) = [ 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ]
...
C8(2) = [ 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ] ...
C2(0) = [ 1 1 ]
C4(1) = [ 1 1 0 0 ] Example of
code allocation
C8(3) = [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
C1(0) = [ 1 ] ...
C8(4) = [ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ] ...
C4(2) = [ 1 0 1 0 ]
C2(1) = [ 1 0 ] C8(5) = [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ]
...
C8(6) = [ 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ] ...
C4(3) = [ 1 0 0 1 ]
C8(7) = [ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 ]
Spreading factor: ...
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
Physical Layer Bit Rates (Downlink)
Spreading Channel Channel DPDCH Maximum user
factor symbol bit rate channel bit data rate with ½-
rate (kbps) rate range rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps
256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps Half rate speech
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps 128 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3 2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
parallel
codes
• The number of orthogonal channelization codes = Spreading factor
• The maximum throughput with 1 scrambling code ~2.5 Mbps or ~100 full rate
speech users

Contents
Process & Tools

Radio Resource Management
• Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilization of the air
interface resources
• RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance
• Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)
• Maintain the planned coverage for each service
• Ensure planned capacity with low blocking
• Optimize the use of capacity
MS BS RNC
• RRM can be divided into
• Power control
• Handovers
• Admission control
• Load control (Congestion control) Power Control
• Packet scheduling Power Control

Load Control
Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Locations of RRM algorithms Packet Scheduler

WCDMA Radio Resource Management:
Logical Model
LC PS
• AC Admission Control
RM
AC • LC Load Control
Network based functions
• PS Packet Scheduler
• RM Resource Manager
PC • PC Power Control
HC • HC HO Control
Connection based functions

Overview of RRM algorithms
• Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality by adjusting the
uplink and downlink powers.
• The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission powers to achieve low
interference in radio access network. The basic functions of WCDMA power control are:
• Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)
• Fast closed loop power control (DCH)
• Outer loop power control
• Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility of UE in
RAN.
• HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio network interference by optimum cell
selection in handovers. The Handover Control (HC) of the Radio Access Network (RAN) supports the
following handover procedures:
• Intra-frequency soft/softer handover
• Intra-frequency hard handover
• Inter-frequency handover
• Inter-system (GSM) handover

• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a
Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the Radio Access Network
(RAN) or not.
• Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC
algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures
take place as well with all kind of handovers.
• Load Control (LC) continuously updates the load information of cells
controlled by RNC
• Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radio resource controlling
purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs the recovering actions by using the functionalities
of AC, PS and HC.

• Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for NRT radio access
bearers both in uplink and downlink direction.
• The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity. The information of load
caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS.
• It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not in overload.
• PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls both dedicated and shared
channels.

Contents
Process & Tools

Radio Network Planning Process
DEFINITION PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION O&M
System Coverage Capacity Network

Dimensioning Planning and Optimisation Optimisation
Site Selection
Traffic distribution Survey
Requirements Path loss measurements
and strategy prediction Pilot Power
for coverage, Soft handover
quality and Coverage Statistical
capacity, optimisation performance
Blocking objectives
per service analysis
Cell isolation
optimisation

Contents
Process & Tools

System Dimensioning
• Dimensioning is a very rough
first estimate for Network
Elements :
• number of required RAN
(BS+RNC)
• number of required IP core Nokia Nokia NokiaMSC PSTN
Network elements: SGSN, GGSN, 3G RNC Iu
BTS
MSC etc.
Ï Evolution steps for future Iub Iur
expansion. Iu Gn GI
Iu Nokia Nokia
• Input Info Nokia Nokia 3G 3G Internet
3G RNC
• Operator specific input info BTS
SGSN GGSN
• Regulator specific input info

• Manufacturer specific input info RAN part Core part

Operator Specified Input Information
• Information possibly specified by the operator:
•Traffic forecast
• may be total network traffic or traffic per
subscriber Consideration must be given
• may specify service type to each area type
• may specify user characteristics e.g. speed
• Population coverage requirement
• may specify areas of population to be Data Sample
• covered in each phase of roll-out
• Location probability requirement Population coverage:
Voice: from 15% in 2002 to 98% in 2007
• may specify system area
LCD64: from 10% in 2002 to 98% in 2007
• availability indoor/outdoor
LCD144: from 10% in 2002 to 98% in 2007
• Reuse of existing sites Environments:
• difficult to identify new sites Pedestrian, Indoor, In car
Loading: 60% Urban, 30% sub-urban/rural

Traffic Forecast
• Until the first WCDMA networks generate actual traffic distributions
forecasts are based on existing mobile traffic distribution and
estimations.
• Actual data traffic depends on
• End user needs and behaviour
• Service availability
• Availability and features of terminals
• Network functionality
• Service pricing
• Good traffic forecast is of importance throughout network planning
and optimisation.
• Dimensioning calls for accurate traffic forecast
• Deviations in forecast inaccuracy must be taken into account in capacity planning (planning margins)
• Optimisation improves the network performance and evens out the traffic between base stations.
However, if traffic is clearly higher than estimated it cannot be corrected through optimisation

Contents
Process & Tools

Link Budget Comparison 2G - 3G
GSM900 / GSM1800 / WCDMA / WCDMA / WCDMA / WCDMA /
speech speech speech 64 kbps 128 kbps 384 kbps
Mobile transmission power 33 dBm 30 dBm 21 dBm 21 dBm 21 dBm 21 dBm
Receiver sensitivity (incl Rx diversity)-110 dBm -110 dBm -126 dBm -121 dBm -118 dBm -115 dBm
Interference Margin 2G/ load 3G 1.0 dB 0.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB
Fast fading margin (incl. SHO gain 3G) 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB
b
Base station antenna gain 16.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi
Body loss for speech terminal 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB - - -
Mobile antenna gain 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi
Relative gain from lower frequency 10.0 dB 1.0 dB - - - -

compared to UMTS frequency
Maximum path loss 163.0 dB 154.0 dB 158.0 dB 156.0 dB 153.0 dB 150.0 dB

Uplink Coverage of Different Bit Rates
3.5
Continuous high bit rate
3 coverage in uplink is challenging
➪ Coverage solutions are important
2.5
Range [km]
1.5
0.5
0
32 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps 1024 kbps 2048 kbps
Suburban area with 95% outdoor location probability

Relation of Uplink and Downlink Load
• Downlink load is always

100
90
80
higher than uplink load
70 due to:
• asymmetry in user traffic
DL Load [%]
60
50 Increasing • different Eb/No values in

40 asymmetry uplink and downlink
30 • orthogonality in downlink
20 • overhead due to soft-
10 handover
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
UL Load [%]

Typical Pathlosses for different Bearer Services
Low Asymmetry Scenario
Low Data Scenario
165,00
160,00
Speech 12,2k UL Pathloss

155,00
Pathloss [dB]
RT Data 14k UL Pathloss

RT Data 64k UL Pathloss
better coverage
NRT Data 144k UL Pathloss

NRT Data 384k UL Pathloss
150,00
DL Pathloss
145,00
Coverage is
uplink limited Capacity is
downlink limited
140,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
UL Load

64 kbit/s Coverage / Capacity in Macrocells
Max. path loss [dB]
180
WCDMA downlink 20W
175
DL load
curve
170
165
WCDMA uplink (with Rx div)
160 UL load
curve
155
150
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Load [kbps]

64 kbit/s Coverage / Capacity in Macrocells
Max. path loss [dB]
180
175
170
WCDMA downlink 20W
165
160
WCDMA uplink
155
150
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Load [kbps]
Limit is DL
Limit is UL capacity
coverage
Typical Capacity of WCDMA
- 1x3 configuration, 50% uplink load
Soft Capacity
50 Erlang 800kbps Air Interface (L1) rate

Capacity per cell per carrier
Voice traffic Data Traffic

Real Time (RT) circuit switched Not Real Time (NRT) Packet switched
• low predictable delay • greater efficiency
• lower total capacity • greater total capacity
More Voice More Data

Capacity in Macro vs. Micro Environments
• Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity formulas
Assumptions Micro cell:
Macro cell Micro cell higher orthogonality
Downlink 0.6 0.95
orthogonality
Other-to-own cell 0.65 0.2
interference ratio i
Uplink E b/N 0 1.5 dB 1.5 dB
Micro: higher
Uplink loading 60% 60%
isolation between cells
Downlink E b/N 0 5.5 dB 8.0 dB
Downlink loading 80% 80%
Results
These figures without
Macro cell Micro cell
transmit diversity
Uplink 1040 kbps 1430 kbps
Downlink 660 kbps 1440 kbps
• Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of

orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects more downlink)
• Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath
Contents
Process & Tools

Coverage Improvement Alternatives
• Mast head amplifier
• basic solution for optimized uplink performance
• compensates feeder cable loss
• supported by Nokia's base stations
• can be used together with Smart Radio Concept
• 6 sectored site
• utilizing narrowbeam antennas
• ~ 2 dB better antenna gain than in 3 sectored
site
• Nokia Smart Radio Concept, SRC

• 4-branch uplink diversity

Capacity Improvement Alternatives
• 6 sectored site
• ~ 80% capacity gain compared to 3 sectors (not 100%
due to inter-sector interference)
• More carriers (frequencies) per sector

• doubling the amount of carriers with power splitting
gives roughly 60% more capacity
• Smart Radio Concept

• transmit diversity

Smart Radio Concept
Uplink coverage
dB Received signal power
• 4-branch diversity reception per sector 10
• Maximal ratio baseband combining of 4 uplink 5
signals forms a beam
0
Downlink capacity upgrade -5
-10 SRC
• Upgrade transmit diversity when needed Rx diversity
-15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
+ TX
RX Seconds, 3km/h
RX
RX
RX + TX
WCDMA Combined
Transceiver received
signal

144 kbps Coverage / Capacity in Macro Cells
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
Downlink
load curve
165
Better 160
coverage Coverage is
uplink limited
155 Capacity is
downlink limited
150 Uplink load
curve with
RX diversity
145 for 144 kbps
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Load per sector [kbps]
Nokia Smart Radio Concept
Phase 1: Increase Uplink Coverage
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
165
Uplink 2.5-3.0 dB
load curve coverage
160 with SRC improvement
with SRC
155
150 Uplink load

curve
without SRC
145
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Nokia Smart Radio Concept
Phase 2: Increase Downlink Capacity
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
Downlink with TX
diversity, 20W per branch
165
160 Downlink 20W

no diversity
155
150 70% increase

in capacity
145
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Coverage : 30 % less sites with SRC
Sites / km2
0.3
0.25
2.5 - 3.0 dB gain
0.2 corresponds to 30%
less sites with SRC
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
3-sector (rx div) 3-sector (SRC)

Capacity Upgrade with Smart Radio Concept
• No changes to antennas or antenna cables
• All these capacity upgrades within one Ultrasite cabinet
Speech Erlang per site
350
300 Cost / Erlang is
decreasing with
250
capacity upgrades
200
Add tx diversity +
150
take 2nd frequency
100 into use
50
0
20W 2x10W + 2x10W
Downlink power per sector
Contents
Process & Tools

Network Optimisation criteria
• Coverage criteria
• Coverage for different data rate services
• Pilot channel coverage
• Soft handover areas and probabilities
• Maximum loading based on traffic forecasts and defined margins
• Quality of Service criteria (Key Performance Indicators)
• Cell total data throughput
• End user data throughput (application throughput)
• Delays
• Call setup success rates for different services
How to
• Call drop rates Measure?
• Handover performance What
Tools?

Key Performance Indicators, KPI
• KPIs are a set of selected indicators which are used for measuring the
current network performance and trends.
• KPIs highlight the key factors of network monitoring and warn in time
of potential problems. KPIs are also used to prioritise the corrective
actions.
• KPIs can be defined for circuit switched and packet switched traffic
separately and be measured by field measurement systems and Nokia
NetActTM network management system.
• An example set of KPIs
• RRC Setup Complete Ratio
• RAB Setup Complete Ratio
• RAB Active Complete Ratio
• Call Setup Success Ratio
• Call Drop Rate
• Softer/Soft Handover Fail Ratio

Optimisation - required performance
• Examples of performance metrics
• Area of service availability or coverage performance
• Average FER
• Access failures including paging and SMS
• MOC/MOT Failures
• Dropped call performance
• Handover percentage
• Ec/Io performance
• UMTS Bearer Service Attributes
• Maximum bitrate (kbps)
• Residual bit error ratio
• Transfer Delay
• Guaranteed bitrate (kbps)

Cluster Optimisation and Acceptance
• Cluster optimisation is typical for networks with CDMA technology. As the frequency
is the same optimisation should be conducted simultaneously for the whole cluster.
Optimisation site by site will not produce the best results.
• Cluster should be selected by geographical terms. Geographically isolated clusters
(e.g. separated by a hill) will not cause excessive interference between each other.
• In practice the roll-out plan will affect how the clusters are initially selected
• Cluster acceptance process is started after
all sites of the cluster have achieved site
acceptance
• Missing a site means
• non-performance in the area
• exclusion zones in acceptance
• Adding a site later means
• Neighbouring sites affected
• Next neighbouring sites also affected
• Re-optimisation in the area necessary • Missing site
• Neighbouring sites
• Next neighbouring sites
Nokia NetAct™ Framework and Optimisation
Important in
network
optimisation

Nokia NetAct Planner and Optimisation
Radio WCDMA
2G Radio Network & Totem
Planning Vantage
3G Radio Network
Planning
Integrated Impact on planning
Data &
Quality Environment
Link
Field Measurement
Analysis Microwave Link
Planning
Important in
Optimisation Rollout Transmission
Site Acquisition & Transmission Network
Project Tracking Planning

WCDMA RAN Optimisation
Network Management WCDMA RAN
• Nokia NetActTM for 3G
• Field Tool Server configuration
KPIs, counters
me
as ur e
Configuration KPIs, me air-interface
measurements
nt s
RAN Optimisation
• pre-defined procedures
• semi / full automated Start
WindowAdd WindrowDrop CompThreshold DropTimer

Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize
NMS: Collect
network
performance data
No
Evaluate KPI
'HO Overhead'.
OK ?
Field Tool
Yes
Evaluate all Go to relevant

network KPIs. No optimisation
OK ? flow-chart
Yes
End

WCDMA Field Tool
• Measurement data with • Measurement data with
location and timestamp
location and timestamp
Phase 1 • File & remote IP based
interface
Phase 2
Post Processing Tool

• connection to NMS
Data Logging Tool Field Tool Server
• Map
map data
• Network
network configuration
configuration
information
Data Logging Tool
• location & time real-time
information map
display
GPS
I/F Terminal
I/F
Remote
I/F
• measurement data:
File setup info, L1 meas.,
• measurement data with I/F
L2/L3 signaling msg.,
timestamp & location • map data, network etc.
• test call generation configuration • “terminal setup”
• “terminal setup” • measurement data
• network conf. info with location and time

Optimisation based on statistics
• Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports
• Field measurements are used to get additional information from the pinpointed problem spots
• Useful for optimisation
• To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements
• To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs
• To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information on various statistical indicators and
network history
• Basis for area-wide performance improvement

• Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends
• Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas
• Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for network expansions

NetAct Statistics
• Online Monitoring with NetAct
Monitor
• For instance network alarms
• Collecting, displaying and storing
service quality information with
NetAct Service Quality Manager
• Key Performance Indicators etc.
• Customised reporting with NetAct
Reporter
• Regular performance reviews

3G Network Planning: 2 Day Customer Training Course Nokia Networks Professional Services

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3G Network Planning

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Radio Planning Iu-ps

Transmission Planning PS Domain

cell coverage cell capacity

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Packet Switched Core

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• Equipment Dimensioning & Pre-

• Detailed Core Network

Connectivity Planning Cisco 7600 OSR

• Network Security Planning

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RNC MGW MSC MSC MGW RNC

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• Strict one-to-one hierarchy between base stations and controllers

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Together with All-IP RAN, several evolution options will be available

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Multiservice Environment Air Interface

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FDD = Frequency-division duplex

TDD = Time-division duplex

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80% 128 kbps

60% • Traffic load has direct

40% 64 kbps Management provides 64 kbps

Increased load 800 kbps

Received signal strength

Without With Optimum

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Downlink transmission power =

Uplink transmission power = Uplink received power =

Since every Tx and Rx power is causing interference to others, PC is necessary to

Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

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input narrowband Spreading Despreading

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• Packet scheduling Power Control

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