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Aortic Stenosis is the narrowing of the left ventricle of the heart (where the aorta
begins), such that problems result. It may occur at the aortic valve as well as above and
below this level. It typically gets worse over time. Symptoms often come on gradually
with decreased ability to exercise often occurring first. If heart failure, loss of
consciousness, or heart related chest pain occurs due to AS the outcomes are worse.
Signs of heart failure include shortness of breath especially when lying down, at night,
or with exercise, and swelling of the legs.
Adaptation by hypertrophy
Atrial
Fibrillation
Decreased compliance Myocardial ischemia
Increased left
Ventricular diastolic Myocardial Fibrosis
Mitral
pressure Abnormal wall motion
Regurgitation
Heart Failure
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks part
of the peripheral nervous system. The first symptoms of this disorder include varying
degrees of weakness or tingling sensations in the legs.
Campylobacter jejuni
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Weakening of the
diaphragm and the
respiratory muscles.
Good Prognosis
Respiratory Distress
Syndrome
Bad Prognosis
Respiratory Arrest
Shock
Death
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal
cord (CNS). In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that
covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the
rest of your body.
Interferon gamma
T-cells attach to T-cells release cytokines
Activates
macrophages macrophage
Myelin is attacked
Manifestation depending on
involved neurons
Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes
weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are responsible for breathing and moving parts
of the body, including the arms and legs. The name Myasthenia Gravis, which is Latin
and Greek in origin, means “grave, or serious, muscle weakness.”
3 mechanisms:
Rise in Excess
cytoplasmic Ca2 stimulation of
triggers cascade NMDA/AMPA/Kai Further
Neurophatic
of lytic enzymes nite receptor inflammatory
pain
(calpains,phosph leads to Na influx damage
olipase A, and and
lipoxygenase) repolarisation
failure
Nogo-A, MAG, OMG
prevents axonal
Disruption of growth and
mitochondrial regeneration
function
Further
production of
free radicals Excitotoxicity Glial scar
and neuronal
malfunction
Neuronal death
Ventricular Septal Defects
A ventricular septal defect, a hole in the heart, it is a common heart defect that’s present
at birth (congenital). The hole occurs in the wall that separates the heart’s lower
chambers and allows blood to pass from the left to right side of the heart.
Left-Right shunt
Increase in PVR
Initial Insult
Decreased Myocardial
Contractility
Compensation