Electromagnetic Transient Analysis On 500kV and 230kV Ecuador Transmission Project

Electromagnetic Transient Analysis on 500kV and 230kV
Ecuador Transmission Project
HARBIN ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.

CENTRAL SOUTHERN CHINA ELECTRIC POWER DESIGN INSTITUTE
CHINA ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
2013.09
Catalogue
1. System parameter .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Main wiring diagram................................................................................. 1
1.2 Transformer ............................................................................................... 1
1.3 Transmission line ...................................................................................... 2
1.4 MOA (Metal Oxide Arrester) parameters ................................................. 3
1.5 Shunt reactor and neutral reactor .............................................................. 3
2. Secondary arc current and recovery voltage ..................................................... 5
2.1 Selection of neutral reactor ....................................................................... 5
2.2 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line ............................................ 6
2.3 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line ............................................... 8
2.4 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line ........................................... 9
2.5 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line ......................................... 10
2.6 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line ............................................. 12
3. Power frequency temporary overvoltage ........................................................ 15
3.1 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line .......................................... 15
3.2 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line ............................................. 17
3.3 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line ......................................... 18
3.4 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line ......................................... 19
3.5 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line ............................................. 20
4. Switching overvoltage .................................................................................... 22
4.1 Conditions for calculation ....................................................................... 22
4.2 Overvoltage of energizing no-load line .................................................. 22
4.3 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB ......................................... 28
4.4 Failure rate calculation ............................................................................ 33
4.5 Tripping overvoltage during live working on transmission line ............. 34
4.6 Two phase grounding faults at 230kV double circuit line ...................... 39
4.7 Transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV substation ...................... 41
5. Parameter selection of neutral reactor of shunt reactor of 500kV transmission
line................................................................................................................................ 49
5.1 Shunt reactor neutral MOA ..................................................................... 49
5.2 Insulation level ........................................................................................ 49
5.3 Continuous Current and Rated capacity ................................................. 49
i
6. Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line ............................. 50
7. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 55
ii
1. System parameter
1.1 Main wiring diagram
The 500kV and 230kV transmission lines and substations of the project to be
designed in Ecuador are shown in Fig 1.1.
Fig 1.1 Main wiring diagram
1.2 Transformer
500kV substations:
El Inga substation: 600/600/200MVA ， 500/230 +−88 ×1.25%/34.5kV ， on-load
voltage regulation，Ud1-2≤12.5%，Ud1-3≤30%，Ud2-3≤15%，YN0yn0d1.
San Rafael substation 、 Tisaleo substation 、 Chorrillos substation:
+8
450/450/150MVA ， 500/230 −8 ×1.25%/34.5kV ， on-load voltage regulation,
Ud1-2≤12.5%, Ud1-3≤30%, Ud2-3≤15%, YN0yn0d1.
1
230kV substations:
Jivino substation: 230/69/13.8kV，167/167/55MVA, U1-2=14%，U2-3=8.5%，
U1-3=24%，230±8×1.25%/69/13.8kV, YN0yn0d1.
Shushufindi substation: 230/138/13.8kV, 300/300/100MVA, U1-2=12%,
U2-3=20%, U1-3=34%, 230±8×1.25%/138/13.8kV, YN0yn0d1.
1.3 Transmission line
Parameters of 500kV and 230kV transmission lines are shown in Tab 1.1 and Tab
1.2.
Tab 1.1 Parameter of 500kV transmission lines

avera
ge Number
Condu
height Wire of location of
earth ctor
Line conductor of spacing complete transposition
wire arrang
condu (m) transposi tower
ement
ctor tion
(m)
San 4×ACAR GJ-100+ 20km+40km
horizo
Rafael - 1100 MCM OPGW-1 20 12.5 1 +40km+20k
ntal
El Inga 18/19 00 m
3×ACAR GJ-100+ 26km+53km
Inga – horizo
1100 MCM OPGW-1 20 12.5 1 +53km+27k
Tisaleo ntal
18/19 00 m
17km+33km
3×ACAR GJ-100+
Tisaleo – horizo +33km+33k
1100 MCM OPGW-1 20 12.5 2
Chorrillos ntal m+33km+33
18/19 00
km+18km
Tab 1.2 Parameter of 230kV transmission line

average
earth height of bundle spacing
Line conductor
wire conduct (mm)
or(m)
GJ-55+
San Rafael– 2×ACAR 750
OPGW-5 15 400
Jivino MCM 18/19
5
GJ-55+
Tisaleo– 2×ACAR 750
OPGW-5 15 400
Totoras MCM 18/19
5
GJ-55+
Jivino – 2×ACAR 750
OPGW-5 15 400
Shushufindi MCM 18/19
5
2
1.4 MOA (Metal Oxide Arrester) parameters
For 500kV power system:

Rated Voltage: 420kV
SIPL: 858kV with coordinate current 2kApeak, 30/60 µs
LIWV: 1046kV with coordinate current 20kApeak, 8/20 µs
The same rated voltage 420kV MOA are installed at the line side of line circuit
breaker (CB), in bus and 500kV side of each transformer.
For 230kV power system:
Rated Voltage: 192kV
SIPL: 426kV with coordinate current 1kApeak, 30/60 µs
LIWV: 500kV with coordinate current 10kApeak, 8/20 µs
The rated voltage 192kV MOA are installed at the line side of line circuit breaker
(CB), and 230kV side of each transformer.
1.5 Shunt reactor and neutral reactor
Parameters of shunt reactors and neutral reactors for 500kV transmission lines
are shown in Tab 1.3. The neutral reactor of the shunt reactor shall be determined in
the manner that the secondary arc current and the recovery voltage shall be minimized
in case of single-phase earth fault and that the neutral overvoltage of the small reactor
shall not be excessively high.
3
Tab 1.3 Parameter of 500kV shunt reactor and neutral reactor
Three-phase
Rated Impedance
Installation rated neutral reactor
Line voltage value
position capacity （Ω）
（kV）（Ω）
（Mvar）
Line side of San 2500+2×10%
Rafael 30 500/ 3 8333.33
2500-10%
Line side of El 2500+2×10%
San Rafael-El Inga
Inga
30 500/ 3 8333.33
2500-10%
Bus bar of El neutral
Inga 30 500/ 3 8333.33
grounded
Line side of El 800+2×10%
Inga
90 500/ 3 2777.78
800-10%
El Inga – Tisaleo
Line side of 2500+2×10%
Tisaleo 30 500/ 3 8333.33
2500-10%
Tisaleo
30 500/ 3 8333.33
2500-10%
Tisaleo – Chorrillos
Chorrillos 120 500/ 3 2083.33
500-10%
4
2. Secondary arc current and recovery voltage
The value of secondary-arc currents and recovery voltages are the key factor for
the speed of self-extinguishing of the arc, and are decisive for time of single-phase
reclosing of CB, which affect the single-phase successfully reclosing probability of
CB.
From the experimental results supplied by China Electric Power Research

Institute, for the compensated lines where the recovery voltage gradient is 20kV/m
and the secondary arc current is 35A, the self-extinguishing time limit of secondary
arc is recommended as 0.2s in the wind velocity range of 1.5～2.5m/s (guaranteed
possibility: 90%). For the non-compensated lines where the recovery voltage gradient
is 10kV/m or 16.8kV/m and the secondary arc current is 18.4A, the self-extinguishing
time limit of secondary arc is recommended as 0.25-0.4s or 0.5-0.7s in the wind
velocity range of 1.5～2.5m/s (guaranteed possibility: 90%). The recovery time for
arc-medium is more than 0.04s, usually select 0.1s. So, it is suggested that the time
for single-phase reclosing of CB is 0.8s to 1s.
2.1 Selection of neutral reactor
The neutral reactor of the shunt reactor shall be determined in the manner that
the secondary arc current and the recovery voltage shall be minimized in case of
single-phase earth fault and that the neutral overvoltage of the small reactor shall not
be excessively high.
Take 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line for example, the power
frequency overvoltage, secondary arc current and recovery voltage corresponding to
different value of neutral reactor is shown in Tab 2.1.As the value of neutral reactor is
larger, secondary arc current and recovery voltage is smaller, and the power frequency
overvoltage is larger. In order to make the neutral reactor power frequency
overvoltage is less than the rated voltage of MOA (72kV), the value of neutral reactor
should be limited to no greater than 2500Ω, so the value of neutral reactor of 500kV
5
San Rafael - El Inga line is chosen 2500Ω.
Tab 2.1 Power frequency overvoltage, secondary arc current and recovery voltage
corresponding to different value of neutral reactor (1p.u. = 2 ×550/ 3 )

neutral recovery Secondary-arc
Operation reactor power frequency voltage current
Line
mode overvoltage(p.u.)
（Ω）（kVrms）（Arms）
4000 0.26 24.54 8.83
3500 0.24 26.92 9.62
3250 0.23 28.28 10.06
San
Rafael-El DIC 2016 3000 0.22 29.76 10.54
Inga
2750 0.21 31.36 11.05
2500 0.20 33.16 11.32
2250 0.19 35.17 12.26
2.2 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line
The maximum secondary-arc current of San Rafael-El Inga line is 12.70A, and
the relevant recovery voltage is 36.37kV, as it is shown in Tab 2.2. The length of 500
kV insulator string is 5m, and the gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be
7.3kV/m, so the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can be taken according to the
experimental results.
6
Tab 2.2 Secondary-arc current and recovery voltage of transmission line (RMS)
Tap
position recovery Secondary-arc
Operation neutral
Line of voltage current
mode reactor（Ω）
neutral （kVrms）（A rms）
reactor
+20% 3000 30.86 10.95
+10% 2750 32.51 11.49
JUN 2015 34.34 12.07
0 2500
(Fig 2.1) (Fig 2.2)
-10% 2250 36.37 12.70
+20% 3000 29.64 10.50
San Rafael-El +10% 2750 31.22 11.00
Inga OCT 2015
0 2500 33.02 11.58
-10% 2250 35.03 12.21
+20% 3000 29.76 10.54
+10% 2750 31.36 11.05
DIC 2016
0 2500 33.16 11.32
-10% 2250 35.17 12.26
100
[kV]
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
Fig 2.1 Max transient recovery voltage after secondary-arc extinction（first peak
value 41.7kVp）
7
20
[A]
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
Fig 2.2 Secondary-arc current relevant to max transient recovery voltage（first peak
value 17.06Ap）
2.3 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line
The maximum secondary-arc current of El Inga – Tisaleo line is 4.00A, and the
relevant recovery voltage is 16.97kV, as it is shown in Tab 2.3. The length of 500 kV
insulator string is 5m, and the gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be
experimental result.
Tap
position neutral recovery Secondary-arc
Operation reactor voltage current
Line of
mode
neutral （Ω）（kVrms）（A rms）
reactor
+20% 960/3000 2.61 0.64
+10% 880/2750 6.65 1.62
El Inga –
DIC 2016 11.46 2.75
Tisaleo 0 800/2500
(Fig 2.3) (Fig 2.4)
-10% 720/2250 16.97 4.00
8
35.00
[kV]
26.25
17.50
8.75
0.00
-8.75
-17.50
-26.25
-35.00
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
Fig 2.3 Max transient recovery voltage after secondary-arc extinction（first peak value
6.7kVp）
4
[A]
3
-1
-2
-3
-4
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
Fig 2.4 Secondary-arc current relevant to max transient recovery voltage（first peak value
3.9Ap）
2.4 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line
The maximum secondary-arc current of Tisaleo–Chorrillos line is 7.53A, and the

relevant recovery voltage is 25.86kV, as it is shown in Tab 2.4. The length of 500kV
insulator string is 5m, and the gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be
9
Tap
position neutral recovery Secondary-arc
Operation reactor voltage current
Line of
mode
neutral （Ω）（kVrms）（A rms）
reactor
+20% 3000/600 11.16 3.41
+10% 2750/550 15.51 4.66
Tisaleo –
DIC 2016 20.38 6.03
Chorrillos 0 2500/500
(Fig 2.5) (Fig 2.6)
-10% 2250/450 25.86 7.53
60
[kV]
40
20
-20
-40
-60
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
11.74kVp）
9
[A]
6
-3
-6
-9
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
8.53Ap）
2.5 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line
The maximum secondary-arc current of San Rafael – Jivino line is 9.67A, and
10
the relevant recovery voltage is 29.77kV, as it is shown in Tab 2.5. The length of
230kV insulator string is 3.3m, and the gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be
In the calculation, single-phase grounding and double-phase grounding of
double-circuit line are taken into consideration, although the low probability of this
happening. The result is shown in Tab 2.6. The maximum secondary-arc current of is
13.64A, and the relevant recovery voltage is 40.99kV, the length of 230kV insulator
string is 3.3m, and the gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be 12.42kV/m, so
the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can be taken according to the experimental
result.
recovery Secondary-arc
Operation voltage current
Line
mode
（kVrms）（A rms）
Double 29.77 9.67
DIC 2016
San Rafael – circuit (Fig 2.7) (Fig 2.8)
Jivino Single
DIC 2016 25.99 8.71
circuit
Tab 2.6 Secondary-arc current and recovery voltage of transmission line under two-phase
grounding fault of two circuits (RMS)
Operation
Line Type of fault voltage current
mode
Same
Two-phase phase DIC 2016 40.99 13.64
San
grounding fault
Rafael –
of two Variant
Jivino
circuit phase DIC 2016 36.17 11.59
fault
11
90
[kV]
75
60
45
30
15
0
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
84.36kVp）
15
[A]
10
-5
-10
-15
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
(f 2016 12 230 G 逆相序 ) 02 8C
13.68Ap）
2.6 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line
The maximum secondary-arc current of Tisaleo – Totoras line is 1.53A, and the
relevant recovery voltage is 30.26kV, as it is shown in Tab 2.7. The length of 230kV
insulator string is 3.3m, and the gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be
9.17kV/m, so the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can be applied according to the
experimental results.
In the calculation, single-phase grounding and double-phase grounding of
double-circuit line are taken into consideration, although the low probability of this
happening. The result is shown in Tab 2.8. The maximum secondary-arc current of is
2.15A, and the relevant recovery voltage is 41.41kV, the length of 230kV insulator
12
string is 3.3m, and the gradient of recovery voltage is calculated to be 12.55kV/m, so
the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can be applied according to the experimental
results.
Operation voltage current
Line
mode
Double 30.26 1.53
DIC 2016
Tisaleo – circuit (Fig 2.9) (Fig 2.10)
Totoras Single
DIC 2016 28.40 1.49
circuit
Tab 2.8 Secondary-arc current and recovery voltage of transmission line under two-phase
grounding fault of two circuits (RMS)
Operation
Line Type of fault voltage current
mode
Same
Two-phase phase DIC 2016 41.41 2.15
Tisaleo – grounding fault
Totoras of two Variant
circuit phase DIC 2016 36.76 1.84
fault
90
[kV]
75
60
45
30
15
0
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
85.60kVp）
13
2.500
[A]
1.875
1.250
0.625
0.000
-0.625
-1.250
-1.875
-2.500
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
2.17Ap）
14
3. Power frequency temporary overvoltage
Power frequency temporary overvoltage on substation side of line-breaker and

the line side of line-breaker are mainly caused by abrupt load rejection, capacity effect
of long line, unbalanced fault and so on. Three modes of tripping are taken into
consideration: fault-free tripping of 3 phases, single-phase grounding tripping of 3
phases, and two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases. And three modes mentioned
above are represented by K0, K1, and K2. The 500kV voltage class reference voltage
is 550/ 3 kV, the 230kV voltage class reference voltage is 245/ 3 kV.
The above three kinds of temporary power frequency overvoltage are assumed
the three-phase circuit breaker of the no-fault line side has not been tripping, That is
to say still connected to the substation bus bar with power supply.
The action sequence of failure process decided by relay protection is shown in
Tab 3.1.
Tab 3.1 Action sequence of failure process

type 0s 60ms
K0 tripping of 3 phases /
K1 single-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases
K2 two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases
3.1 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line
Tab 3.2 show the calculation results of power frequency overvoltage for San
Rafael-El Inga transmission line at various faults. The maximum power frequency
temporary voltage is 1.11p.u.(shown in Fig 3.1) for San Rafael and 1.09p.u.(shown in
Fig 3.2) for El Inga. Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage is 352.5kV
(i.e., 1.11p.u.), which is smaller than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (420kV),
the surge arrester is safe.
15
Tab 3.2 Power frequency overvoltage of 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line
（1.0p.u.=550/ 3 ）
Power frequency overvoltage (p.u.)
Fault and Tap position of neutral
Fault
Operation mode tripping San El reactor
type
side Rafael Inga +20 +10
0% -10%
% %
K0 0.98 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
JUN 2015 San Rafael K1 1.01 0.92 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15
K2 0.99 0.80 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15
K0 0.98 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
San Rafael K1 1.06 0.93 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18
K2 1.07 0.86 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
OCT 2015
K0 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
El Inga K1 0.92 1.05 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18
K2 0.86 1.05 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
K0 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
San Rafael K1 1.10 0.93 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 1.11 0.88 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
DIC 2016
K0 0.96 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
El Inga K1 0.93 1.08 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 0.89 1.09 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
Maximum 1.11 1.09 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
600
[kV]
340
80
-180
-440
-700
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
频波形
Fig 3.1 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases at San Rafael side (Phase B: first
peak 331kVp)
600
[kV]
340
80
-180
-440
-700
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
Fig 3.2 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases at El Inga side (Phase B: first
peak 320kVp)
16
3.2 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line
Tab 3.3 show the calculation results of power frequency overvoltage for El
Inga–Tisaleo transmission line at various faults. The maximum power frequency
temporary voltage is 1.11p.u.(shown in Fig 3.3) for El Inga and 1.11p.u.(shown in Fig
3.4) for Tisaleo. Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage is 352.5kV (i.e.,
1.11p.u.), which is smaller than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (420kV), the
surge arrester is safe.
Tab 3.3 Power frequency overvoltage of 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line
（1.0p.u.=550/ 3 ）

Fault
Operation mode tripping El reactor
type Tisaleo
side Inga +20 +10
0% -10%
% %
K0 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
El Inga K1 0.96 1.10 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 0.94 1.11 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
DIC 2016
K0 0.98 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tisaleo K1 1.10 0.93 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 1.11 0.88 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17
Maximum 1.11 1.11 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
600
[kV]
340
80
-180
-440
-700
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
Fig 3.3 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases at El Inga side (Phase B: first
peak 320kVp)
17
600
[kV]
340
80
-180
-440
-700
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
频波
Fig 3.4 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases at Tisaleo side (Phase B: first
peak 443kVp)
3.3 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line
Tab 3.4 show the calculation results of power frequency overvoltage for Tisaleo
– Chorrillos transmission line at various faults. The maximum power frequency
temporary voltage is 1.08p.u. (shown in Fig 3.5) for Tisaleo and 1.15p.u. (shown in
Fig 3.6) for Chorrillos. Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage is 365.2kV
(i.e., 1.15p.u.), which is smaller than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (420kV),
the surge arrester is safe.
Tab 3.4 Power frequency overvoltage of 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line
（1.0p.u.=550/ 3 ）

Fault
Operation mode tripping Chorr reactor
type Tisaleo
side illos +20 +10
0% -10%
% %
K0 0.96 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tisaleo K1 1.07 0.90 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 1.08 0.86 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
DIC 2016
K0 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chorrillos K1 0.98 1.14 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
K2 0.96 1.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15
Maximum 1.08 1.15 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
18
600
[kV]
400
200
-200
-400
-600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
peak 443kVp)
600
[kV]
400
200
-200
-400
-600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
Fig 3.6 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases at Chorrillos side (Phase B:
first peak 377kVp)
3.4 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line
Tab 3.5 show the calculation results of power frequency overvoltage for San
Rafael–Jivino transmission line at various faults. The maximum power frequency
temporary voltage is 1.00p.u. for San Rafael and 1.13p.u.(shown in Fig 3.7) for Jivino.
Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage is 159.84kV (i.e., 1.13p.u.), which
is smaller than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (192kV), the surge arrester is
safe.
19
Tab 3.5 Power frequency overvoltage of 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line
（1.0p.u.=245 3 ）
Power frequency
Fault and
Operatio Fault overvoltage (p.u.)
Line tripping
n mode type
side San Rafael Jivino
K0 0.94 0.93
San
K1 0.99 0.90
Rafael
Double K2 0.93 0.77
circuit K0 0.97 0.97
DIC
Jivino K1 0.94 1.08
2016
K2 0.88 1.08
K0 1.00 1.01
Single
Jivino K1 0.99 1.11
circuit
K2 0.97 1.13
Maximum 1.00 1.13
300
[kV]
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
波
Fig 3.7 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases at Jivino side (Phase B: first
peak 148kVp)
3.5 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line
Tab 3.6 show the calculation results of power frequency overvoltage for Tisaleo
– Totoras transmission line at various faults. The maximum power frequency
temporary voltage is 1.06p.u.(shown in Fig 3.8) for Tisaleo and 1.04p.u.(shown in Fig
3.9) for Totoras. Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage is 149.94kV (i.e.,
1.06p.u.), which is smaller than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (192kV), the
surge arrester is safe.
20
Tab 3.6 Power frequency overvoltage of 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line
（1.0p.u.=245/ 3 ）
Power frequency
Fault and
Operatio Fault overvoltage (p.u.)
Line tripping
n mode type
side Tisaleo Totoras
K0 0.99 0.99
Tisaleo K1 1.05 0.96
Double K2 1.06 0.90
Totoras K1 0.96 1.02
DIC K2 0.87 0.90
2016 K0 0.98 0.98
Tisaleo K1 1.03 0.98
Single K2 1.02 0.94
Totoras K1 1.00 1.03
K2 0.99 1.04
Maximum 1.06 1.04
300
[kV]
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
波
peak 223kVp)
250.0
[kV]
187.5
125.0
62.5
0.0
-62.5
-125.0
-187.5
-250.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
波
Fig 3.9 DIC 2016, two-phase grounding tripping of 3 phases at Totoras side (Phase B: first
peak 183kVp)
21
4. Switching overvoltage
4.1 Conditions for calculation
The randomness of phase-angle of closing and asynchronous of three-phase

switching are taken into consideration when calculation. (a) The closed phase angle in
one cycle is randomly uniform distributed. (b) Considering the pre breakdown and
changing of performance of CB, the maximum asynchronous time is 10ms. Time
difference of 3 phase switching is randomly uniform distributed. (c) There are 200
times of energizing in one test.
The 500kV voltage class reference voltage is 2 ×550/ 3 kV, the 230kV voltage
class reference voltage is 2 ×245/ 3 kV.
4.2 Overvoltage of energizing no-load line
The action sequence of energizing no-load line is shown in Tab 4.1.

Tab 4.1 Action sequence of energizing no-load line
time Operating state
0s circuit breaker of both sides is open(three phase)
20ms circuit breaker of one side is close(three phase)
4.2.1 Selection of circuit breaker closing resistor for 500kV transmission lines
To reduce overvoltage of energizing no-load line and overvoltage of single-phase

reclosing of CB, installing circuit breaker closing resistance is an effective measure.
Under the different closing resistor, overvoltage of energizing no-load line is shown in
Tab 4.2.
In the given range of closing resistor, the difference of overvoltage between
different closing resistances is very small. The value of closing resistance is higher,
the requirements of the heat capacity is smaller, so the cost is smaller. Comprehensive
consider about the overvoltage, the energy of the resistor and the mature operating
experience in China, closing resistor is suggested to select 400 Ω. The pre-insert time
of the closing resistor is 8ms.
22
Tab 4.2 Overvoltage of energizing no-load line of 500kV transmission lines under the
different closing resistor (pre-insert time 8ms)

closing resistor（Ω）
line overvoltage
300 400 500 600
maximum phase to
ground 2% 1.20 1.17 1.13 1.15
overvoltage(p.u.)
San Rafael-El
maximum phase to
Inga(OCT 2015) 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.88
phase overvoltage(p.u.)
Calculate closing
0.160 0.176 0.187 0.195
resistor energy (MJ)
maximum phase to
ground 2% 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.18
overvoltage(p.u.)
El Inga–Tisaleo maximum phase to
1.99 1.94 1.95 1.99
Calculate closing
0.179 0.190 0.198 0.202
maximum phase to
ground 2% 1.23 1.19 1.19 1.21
overvoltage(p.u.)
Tisaleo– Chorrillos maximum phase to
2.04 1.93 1.96 1.99
Calculate closing
0.235 0.249 0.256 0.260
Required value of closing resistor energy（MJ）
E=t×U2/R（U is 2 times of phase to ground 10.8 8.1 6.5 5.4
working voltage，t is turn-on time）
4.2.2 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line
Under the condition of installing closing resistor (8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit

breaker of transmission line, Tab 4.3 shows the calculation results of no-load line
closing overvoltage for San Rafael-El Inga line.
It is can be drawn from the results that, when switching on no-load line, the
maximum phase to ground 2% overvoltage is 1.17p.u., along with the transmission
line. The maximum phase to phase overvoltage of line is 1.99p.u.. The maximum
energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. Max energy absorbed by the closing resistor
is 181kJ. The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from San Rafael side is
shown in Fig4.1.
23
Tab 4.3 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from San Rafael to El Inga
（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA Shunt closing
overvoltage
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) Energy(MJ) Reactor resistor
Line (p.u.)
mode energizing Neutral energy
San maxim San San
Rafael
El Inga El Inga El Inga (p.u.) （kJ）
um Rafael Rafael
JUN 2015 El Inga 1.17 1.12 1.17 1.99 1.95 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 181
San San Rafael 1.08 1.17 1.17 1.87 1.92 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.23 176
Rafael-El OCT 2015 El Inga 1.16 1.06 1.16 1.96 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 180
Inga San Rafael 1.04 1.12 1.12 1.81 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.23 178
DIC 2016
El Inga 1.10 1.03 1.10 1.84 1.80 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 178
Note: the maximum 2% phase to ground overvoltage means along with the transmission line
600
[kV]
380
160
-60
-280
-500
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
Fig 4.1 OCT 2015, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from San Rafael side
（Phase A: first peak 484kVp, Phase B: first peak 445kVp, Phase C: first peak 523kVp）
4.2.3 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line

closing overvoltage for El Inga – Tisaleo line.
is 190kJ. The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from El Inga side is
shown in Fig 4.2.
24
Tab 4.4 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from El Inga to Tisaleo
（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

phase to phase
overvoltage
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) Energy(MJ) Reactor resistor
Line (p.u.)
maxim
El Inga Tisaleo El Inga Tisaleo El Inga Tisaleo (p.u.) （kJ）
um
El Inga – El Inga 1.05 1.18 1.18 1.78 1.94 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 190
Tisaleo
DIC 2016
Tisaleo 1.15 1.07 1.15 2.00 1.87 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.23 184
500
[kV]
280
60
-160
-380
-600
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
Fig 4.2 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from El Inga side
4.2.4 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line

closing overvoltage for Tisaleo – Chorrillos line.
is 249kJ. The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from Tisaleo side is
shown in Fig 4.3.
25
Tab 4.5 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from Tisaleo – Chorrillos
（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

phase to phase
overvoltage
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ) Reactor resistor
Line (p.u.)
Chorril maxim Chorrill Chorrillo
Tisaleo
los
Tisaleo
os
Tisaleo
s
(p.u.) （kJ）
um
Tisaleo – Tisaleo 1.11 1.18 1.19 1.89 1.93 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 249
DIC 2016
Chorrillos Chorrillos 1.15 1.06 1.15 1.88 1.79 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.22 226
500
[kV]
280
60
-160
-380
-600
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
Fig 4.3 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from Tisaleo side
4.2.5 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line
Without closing resistor of circuit breaker of transmission line, Tab 4.6 shows the
calculation results of no-load line closing overvoltage for 230kV San Rafael – Jivino
line.
energy of MOA is smaller than 0.04MJ. The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage
energizing from San Rafael side is shown in Fig 4.4.
26
Tab 4.6 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from San Rafael – Jivino
（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）
phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA
overvoltage
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
Line (p.u.)
mode energizing
San maxim San San
Jivino Jivino Jivino
Rafael um Rafael Rafael
Double San Rafael 1.47 1.74 1.85 2.36 3.04 ＜0.01 0.02
San DIC 2016
circuit Jivino 1.68 1.36 1.72 2.56 2.12 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Rafael
–Jivino Single
DIC 2016 San Rafael 1.66 1.79 2.03 2.72 3.40 ＜0.01 0.04
circuit
400
[kV]
250
100
-50
-200
-350
-500
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
Fig 4.4 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from San Rafael side
4.2.6 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line
Without closing resistor of circuit breaker of transmission line, Tab 4.7 shows the
calculation results of no-load line closing overvoltage for Tisaleo – Totoras line.
energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. The max 2% phase to ground overvoltage
energizing from Tisaleo side is shown in Fig 4.5.
27
Tab 4.7 Overvoltage of switching on no-load line from Tisaleo – Totoras
（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）
phase to phase
overvoltage
Line (p.u.)
mode energizing
maxim
Tisaleo TotorasTisaleo Totoras Tisaleo Totoras
um
Double Tisaleo 1.65 1.71 1.82 2.64 3.26 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
DIC 2016
Tisaleo – circuit Totoras 1.73 1.09 1.76 3.11 1.85 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Totoras Single Tisaleo 1.70 1.74 1.81 2.94 3.17 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
DIC 2016
circuit Totoras 1.74 1.13 1.76 3.28 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
400
[kV]
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
Fig 4.5 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage energizing from Tisaleo side
4.3 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB
The action sequence of single-phase reclosing of CB is shown in Tab 4.8.

Tab 4.8 Action sequence of single-phase reclosing of CB
0s Two phase are in operation, and the both sides CB of the
fault phase is open
20ms close one side CB of the fault phase(single phase)

breaker of transmission line, Tab 4.9 shows the calculation results of single-phase
reclosing of CB overvoltage for San Rafael-El Inga line.
28
It is can be drawn from the results that, when single-phase reclosing of CB, the
is 178kJ. The max 2% phase to ground single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage from
El Inga side is shown in Fig 4.6
Tab 4.9 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from San Rafael to El Inga
（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）
phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA energy Shunt closing
overvoltage
Operation Side of overvoltage (p.u.) (MJ) Reactor resistor
Line (p.u.)
San maxim San San
Rafael
El Inga El Inga El Inga (p.u.) （kJ）
um Rafael Rafael
JUN 2015 El Inga 1.22 1.13 1.22 1.98 1.92 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.18 169
San San Rafael 1.09 1.07 1.12 1.83 1.89 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.17 168
Rafael-El OCT 2015 El Inga 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.90 1.84 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.17 172
Inga San Rafael 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.78 1.81 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.17 173
DIC 2016
El Inga 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.80 1.76 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.17 178
500
[kV]
280
60
-160
-380
-600
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
Fig 4.6 JUN 2015, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage single-phase reclosing of CB
from El Inga side（Phase A: first peak 439kVp, Phase B: first peak 55kVp, Phase C: first peak
442kVp）

reclosing of CB overvoltage for El Inga – Tisaleo line.
29
El Inga side is shown in Fig 4.7.
Tab 4.10 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from El Inga to Tisaleo
（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）
phase to phase
overvoltage
Line (p.u.)
maxim
El Inga Tisaleo
El Inga Tisaleo El Inga Tisaleo (p.u.) （kJ）
um
El Inga – El Inga 1.04 1.07 1.07 1.76 1.82 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.16 159
DIC 2016
Tisaleo Tisaleo 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.90 1.82 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.16 152
500
[kV]
375
250
125
-125
-250
-375
-500
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 [s] 0.15
Fig 4.7 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage single-phase reclosing of CB
from El Inga side（Phase A: first peak 433kVp, Phase B: first peak 36kVp, Phase C: first
peak 428kVp）

reclosing of CB overvoltage for Tisaleo – Chorrillos line.
30
Tisaleo side is shown in Fig 4.8.
Tab 4.11 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from Tisaleo – Chorrillos
（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）
phase to phase
overvoltage
Line (p.u.)
Chorril maxim Chorrill Chorrillo
Tisaleo
los
Tisaleo
os
Tisaleo
s
(p.u.) （kJ）
um
Tisaleo – Tisaleo 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.81 1.86 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.16 219
DIC 2016
Chorrillos Chorrillos 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.81 1.74 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.16 203
500
[kV]
375
250
125
-125
-250
-375
-500
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
Fig 4.8 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage single-phase reclosing of CB from
Tisaleo side（Phase A: first peak 418kVp, Phase B: first peak 417kVp, Phase C: first peak
34kVp）
Without closing resistor of circuit breaker of transmission line, Tab 4.12 shows
the calculation results of single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage for San Rafael –
Jivino line.
energy of MOA is smaller than 0.03MJ. The max 2% phase to ground single-phase
reclosing of CB overvoltage from San Rafael side is shown in Fig 4.9.
31
Tab 4.12 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from San Rafael – Jivino
（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）
phase to phase
overvoltage
Line (p.u.)
mode energizing
San maxim San San
Double San Rafael 1.43 1.73 1.81 2.23 2.48 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
San DIC 2016
circuit Jivino 1.60 1.34 1.60 2.35 2.03 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Rafael
–Jivino Single
DIC 2016 San Rafael 1.64 1.78 1.95 2.33 2.50 ＜0.01 0.03
circuit
400
[kV]
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
from San Rafael side（Phase A: first peak 176kVp, Phase B: first peak 181kVp, Phase C:
first peak 33kVp）
4.3.5 230 kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line
Without closing resistor of circuit breaker of transmission line, Tab 4.13 shows
the calculation results of single-phase reclosing of CB overvoltage for Tisaleo –
Totoras line.
energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ. The max 2% phase to ground single-phase
reclosing of CB overvoltage from Tisaleo side is shown in Fig 4.10.
32
Tab 4.13 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from Tisaleo – Totoras
（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）
phase to phase
overvoltage
Line (p.u.)
mode energizing
maxim
Tisaleo Totoras Tisaleo Totoras Tisaleo Totoras
um
Double Tisaleo 1.62 1.73 1.79 2.34 2.56 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
DIC 2016
Tisaleo – circuit Totoras 1.72 1.08 1.73 2.59 1.80 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
DIC 2016
circuit Totoras 1.73 1.12 1.74 2.61 1.82 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
400
[kV]
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30
from Tisaleo side（Phase A: first peak 198kVp, Phase B: first peak 195kVp, Phase C: first
peak 39kVp）
4.4 Failure rate calculation
The range of acceptable fault rate caused by switching overvoltage is 0.01～

0.001 per operation, which is recommended by IEC60071-2. The allowable value of
switching overvoltage should be determined by failure rate.
The failure rate of each transmission line is shown in Tab 4.14, which is far less
than recommended value by IEC60071-2.
33
Tab 4.14 Failure rate of transmission line
failure rate
line
(times per energizing operation)
500kV San Rafael-El Inga 1.539385×10-10
500kV El Inga–Tisaleo 1.543006×10-8
500kV Tisaleo–Chorrillos 7.643719×10-9
230kV San Rafael – Jivino 4.485060×10-8
230kV Tisaleo – Totoras 1.386822×10-8
4.5 Tripping overvoltage during live working on transmission line
During live working on transmission line, using the single phase closing
operation of CB is stopped and the three phases CB at the both ends of the line with
live working will be tripped when single phase grounding fault occurs. The action
sequence of tripping is shown in Tab 4.15.
The three phases tripping voltage determines the risk probability of live working.
The three phases tripping voltage also occurs when single phase closing is
unsuccessful due to permanent grounding fault. The tripping voltage of the latter is
less than the former.
Tab 4.15 Action sequence of fault tripping
time Operating procedure
0s Live working on transmission line
20ms Single-phase grounding fault occurs
100ms three phases CB nearest fault are tripping at first
120ms Three phases CB at remote end are Tripping
140ms Clearing the single-phase grounding fault
Tab 4.16 shows the calculation results of fault tripping overvoltage for San
Rafael-El Inga line.
It is can be drawn from the results that the maximum phase to ground 2%
overvoltage is 1.37p.u., along with transmission line. The maximum phase to phase
overvoltage of line is 1.99p.u.. The maximum energy of MOA is smaller than 0.01MJ.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from El Inga side is shown in
Fig 4.11.
34
Tab 4.16 Fault tripping overvoltage（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）
phase to phase
2% phase to ground MOA Shunt
overvoltage
Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ) Reactor
Line fault side (p.u.)
mode Neutral
San maxim San San
Rafael
El Inga El Inga El Inga (p.u.)
um Rafael Rafael
San Rafael 1.29 1.19 1.29 1.96 1.93 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.33
JUN 2015
El Inga 1.37 1.22 1.37 1.99 1.97 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.33
San
Rafael-El OCT 2015 San Rafael 1.27 1.21 1.27 1.93 1.89 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.30
Inga El Inga 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.95 1.98 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.31
San Rafael 1.26 1.21 1.26 1.87 1.82 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.32
DIC 2016
El Inga 1.17 1.33 1.33 1.92 1.95 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.31
600
[kV]
380
160
-60
-280
-500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
Fig 4.11 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault tripping from El Inga
side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase A: first peak 507kVp, Phase B: first peak
66kVp, Phase C: first peak 446kVp）
Tab 4.17 shows the calculation results of fault tripping overvoltage for El Inga –
Tisaleo line.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from El Inga side is shown in
Fig 4.12.
35
phase to phase
overvoltage
Line fault side (p.u.) Neutral
mode
maxim (p.u.)
El Inga Tisaleo El Inga Tisaleo El Inga Tisaleo
um
El Inga – El Inga 1.37 1.16 1.37 2.08 2.05 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.32
DIC 2016
Tisaleo Tisaleo 1.24 1.29 1.29 1.98 2.02 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.32
600
[kV]
340
80
-180
-440
-700
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
Fig 4.12 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault tripping from El Inga
Tab 4.18 shows the calculation results of fault tripping overvoltage for Tisaleo –
Chorrillos line.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from Tisaleo side is shown in
Fig 4.13.
36
phase to phase
overvoltage
Line fault side (p.u.) Neutral
mode
maxim
Chorrill Chorrillo (p.u.)
Tisaleo os
Tisaleo s
Tisaleo Chorrillos
um
Tisaleo – Tisaleo 1.50 1.20 1.50 2.35 2.31 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.31
DIC 2016
Chorrillos Chorrillos 1.16 1.29 1.29 1.98 2.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.33
700
[kV]
440
180
-80
-340
-600
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
Fig 4.13 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault tripping from Tisaleo
Tab 4.19 shows the calculation results of fault tripping overvoltage for San
Rafael – Jivino line.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from Jivino side is shown in
Fig 4.14.
37
phase to phase
overvoltage
Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
mode
San maxim San San
Double San Rafael 1.22 1.17 1.22 1.79 1.77 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
San DIC 2016
circuit Jivino 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.81 1.87 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Rafael
Single San Rafael 1.09 1.03 1.11 1.72 1.67 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
–Jivino DIC 2016
circuit Jivino 1.35 1.31 1.36 1.97 2.09 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
300
[kV]
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
Fig 4.14 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault tripping from Jivino
Tab 4.20 shows the calculation results of fault tripping overvoltage for Tisaleo –
Totoras line.
Fig 4.15.
38
phase to phase
overvoltage
Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
mode
maxim
Tisaleo TotorasTisaleo Totoras Tisaleo Totoras
um
Double Tisaleo 1.43 1.19 1.43 1.80 1.80 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
circuit
DIC 2016
Tisaleo – Totoras 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.92 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
circuit DIC 2016 Totoras 1.22 1.27 1.27 2.01 2.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
300
[kV]
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
Fig 4.15 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault tripping from Tisaleo
4.6 Two phase grounding faults at 230kV double circuit line
The two phases back flashover of the double circuit line takes place simultaneity
due to strong lightning stroking a tower top. The two phases grounding fault could be
at one circuit or each one phase of two circuits.
The action sequence of fault tripping is shown in Tab 4.21.
Tab 4.21 Action sequence of two phase grounding fault
0s Transmission line is in operation
20ms Two-phase grounding at two circuit
100ms Tripping the fault side of two circuit (six phase)
Tab 4.22 shows the calculation results of two-phase grounding of two circuit
39
overvoltage for San Rafael – Jivino line.
The max 2% phase to ground fault tripping overvoltage from Jivino side is shown in
Fig 4.16.
Tab 4.22 Two-phase grounding of two circuit overvoltage（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
overvoltage
Type of Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
fault mode
San maxim San San
Same San Rafael 1.21 1.12 1.21 1.68 1.66 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
phase DIC 2016
fault Jivino 1.16 1.61 1.61 1.89 2.04 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
San Rafael
–Jivino Variant San Rafael 1.23 1.09 1.23 1.74 1.71 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
phase DIC 2016
fault Jivino 1.15 1.61 1.61 2.49 1.88 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
400
[kV]
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
Fig 4.16 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault tripping from Jivino
side（start from the ground fault moment, Phase B: first peak 242kVp, Phase C: first peak
183kVp）
Tab 4.23 shows the calculation results of two-phase grounding of two circuit
overvoltage for Tisaleo – Totoras line.
40
Fig 4.17.
Tab 4.23 Two-phase grounding of two circuit overvoltage（1.0p.u.= 2 *245/ 3 ）

phase to phase
overvoltage
Type of Operation overvoltage (p.u.) energy(MJ)
fault mode
maxim
Tisaleo Totoras Tisaleo Totoras Tisaleo Totoras
um
Same Tisaleo 1.44 1.15 1.44 1.75 1.74 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
phase DIC 2016
fault
Totoras 1.20 1.28 1.31 1.87 1.90 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
Tisaleo –
Totoras Variant Tisaleo 1.43 1.19 1.43 1.76 1.78 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
phase DIC 2016
fault
Totoras 1.26 1.33 1.33 1.87 1.75 ＜0.01 ＜0.01
300
[kV]
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
名相
Fig 4.17 DIC 2016, max 2% phase to ground overvoltage of fault tripping from Tisaleo side
（start from the ground fault moment, Phase B: first peak 225kVp, Phase C: first peak
287kVp）
4.7 Transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV substation
The action sequence of energizing no-load transformer is shown in Tab 4.24.

Tab 4.24 Action sequence of energizing no-load transformer
0s transformer with no-load
20ms close the 500kVside of the transformer
Magnetic characteristic of 500kV single phase auto transformer provide by
manufacturer is shown in Tab 4.25.
41
Tab 4.25 Magnetic characteristic of transformer
Voltage(High
No-load current No-load
Voltage（%） Voltage)
(High voltage side)A current（%）
kV
80 UN*0.8 0.5* I0 0.04
90 UN*0.9 0.75* I0 0.06
100 UN I0 0.08
110 UN*1.1 2.9* I0 0.232
115 UN*1.15 6.6* I0 0.528
125 UN*1.25 157* I0 12.56
Note：UN High Voltage side rated voltage kV
I0 High Voltage side no-load current Value A
I0 % High Voltage side no-load current per unit value %
4.7.1 Transformer energizing overvoltage from El Inga 500 kV side
Transformer without load energizing overvoltage from El Inga 500 kV side via
El Inga-San RAFAEL line is shown in Tab 4.26. The statistical maximum transformer
energizing overvoltage of 500kV side is 1.76p.u., maximum inrush current is 1.79kAp.
There is no resonance overvoltage during the transformer energizing. The maximum
overvoltage and inrush current are shown in Fig 4.18 and Fig 4.19.
Tab 4.26 Transformer energizing from El Inga 500 kV side

overvoltage
(p.u.) inrush
Substation Operation mode 500kV side 230kV side current
Phase- Phase- Phase- Phase- (kAp）
ground phase ground phase
One transformer already in
JUN operation，energizing
1.66 2.47 1.70 2.54 1.45
2015 another transformer with
no-load
Two lines of San Rafael-El
1.70 2.66 1.72 2.72 1.24
OCT Inga and 2 units of CCS
2015 One line of San Rafael-El
1.76 2.99 1.81 3.09 1.02
El Inga Inga and 1 unit of CCS
Two lines of San Rafael-El
Inga and 3 units of CCS, El 1.69 2.49 1.71 2.53 1.79
Inga-Tisaleo line in operation
DIC
One line of San Rafael-El
2016
Inga and 1 unit of CCS, El
1.75 2.97 1.80 3.05 1.03
Inga-Tisaleo line not in
operation
42
800
[kV]
500
200
-100
-400
-700
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
Fig 4.18 Maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV side（Phase A: first peak
665kVp, Phase B: first peak 238kVp, Phase C: first peak 424kVp）
1500
[A]
1000
500
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
Fig 4.19 Maximum inrush current of 500kV side（Phase A: first peak 0.62kAp, Phase B:
first peak 1.79kAp, Phase C: first peak 1.40kAp）
4.7.2 Transformer energizing overvoltage from San Rafael 500 kV side
Transformer energizing overvoltage from San Rafael 500 kV side is shown in

Tab 4.27. The maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV side is 1.77p.u.,
maximum inrush current is 1.60kAp. There is no resonance overvoltage during the
transformer energizing. The maximum overvoltage and inrush current are shown in
Fig 4.20 and Fig 4.21.
43
Tab 4.27 Transformer energizing from San Rafael 500 kV side
overvoltage
(p.u.) inrush
Two lines of CCS- San Rafael
and 2 units of CCS,
1.70 2.41 1.72 2.49 1.49
El Inga-San Rafael lines are in
OCT operation
2015 One line of CCS- San Rafael
and 1 unit of CCS,
1.77 3.35 1.79 3.45 0.90
El Inga-San Rafael lines are not
in operation
San Rafael
Two lines of CCS- San Rafael
and 3 units of CCS,
1.71 2.42 1.72 2.49 1.60
El Inga-San Rafael lines are in
DIC operation
2016 One line of CCS- San Rafael
and 1 unit of CCS,
1.77 3.39 1.79 3.50 0.96
El Inga-San Rafael lines are not
in operation
800
[kV]
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
-800
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
合空变单机
1600
[A]
1200
800
400
-400
-800
-1200
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
44
4.7.3 Transformer energizing overvoltage from Tisaleo 500kV side
Transformer energizing overvoltage from Tisaleo 500 kV side is shown in Tab

4.28. The statistical maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV side is
1.72p.u., maximum inrush current is 1.48kAp. There is no resonance overvoltage
during the transformer energizing. The maximum overvoltage and inrush current are
shown in Fig 4.22 and Fig 4.23.
Tab 4.28 Transformer energizing from Tisaleo 500 kV side

overvoltage
(p.u.) inrush
INGA-San Rafael lines and
Tisaleo-Chorrillos line are in
1.70 2.42 1.72 2.49 1.48
operation, 3 transformers in El
Inga and 3 units of CCS
one transformer in El Inga,
INGA-San Rafael lines and
1.72 2.70 1.73 2.76 1.04
Tisaleo-Chorrillos line are not
in operation
DIC
Tisaleo one transformer in El Inga,
2016
one line of INGA-San Rafael,
one line of CCS- San Rafael
1.71 2.73 1.73 2.72 1.10
and 1 unit of CCS,
Tisaleo-Chorrillos line is not in
operation
El Inga- Tisaleo line is not in
operation, Tisaleo-Chorrillos 1.70 2.68 1.71 2.77 1.16
line is in operation
800
[kV]
540
280
20
-240
-500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
合空变
45
1500
[A]
1000
500
-500
-1000
-1500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
4.7.4 Transformer energizing overvoltage from Chorrillos 500 kV side
Transformer energizing overvoltage from Chorrillos 500 kV side is shown in Tab

4.29. The statistical maximum transformer energizing overvoltage of 500kV side is
1.70p.u., maximum inrush current is 1.19kAp. There is no resonance overvoltage
during the transformer energizing. The maximum overvoltage and inrush current are
shown in Fig 4.24 and Fig 4.25.
46
Tab 4.29 Transformer energizing from Chorrillos 500 kV side
overvoltage
(p.u.) inrush
Tisaleo-Chorrillos
line ,Tisaleo-El Inga line and
two lines of El Inga-San 1.69 2.68 1.71 2.77 1.19
Rafael are all in operation, 3
units of CCS
Tisaleo-Chorrillos
line ,Tisaleo-El Inga line and
one line of El Inga-San Rafael 1.69 2.68 1.71 2.77 1.15
are all in operation, 1 unit of
CCS
Tisaleo-Chorrillos line in
operation, Tisaleo-El Inga 1.70 2.70 1.71 2.77 1.05
DIC
Chorrillos line not in operation
2016
Tisaleo-Chorrillos
line ,Tisaleo-El Inga line are
in operation, two lines of El
1.69 2.66 1.71 2.74 1.14
Inga-San Rafael are not in
operation, 3 transformers in El
Inga
Tisaleo-Chorrillos
line ,Tisaleo-El Inga line are
in operation, two lines of El
1.69 2.67 1.71 2.75 1.12
Inga-San Rafael are not in
operation, one transformer in
El Inga
500
[kV]
240
-20
-280
-540
-800
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
47
1200
[A]
800
400
-400
-800
-1200
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
合空变
48
5. Parameter selection of neutral reactor of shunt reactor of
500kV transmission line
5.1 Shunt reactor neutral MOA
The rated voltage is 72kV, and discharge current is 5kA.
5.2 Insulation level
Insulation level of the neutral reactor:

Short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage: 140kV
Lightning impulse withstand voltage (LIWV): 325kV
5.3 Continuous Current and Rated capacity
The maximum power frequency current I10 flowing through the neutral reactor
can be figured out on the basis of the maximum power frequency overvoltage of the
reactor neutral. And the continuous working current Ic=I10/10. Considering 50%
margin of I10, the max power frequency current and the capacity of neutral reactor is
shown in Tab 5.1.
Tab 5.1 Impedence, continuous working current and capacity of neutral reactor
Max power Continuous
Neutral Capacity
Line frequency working
reactor (Ω) (kVAR)
current (A) current (A)
38.1 (consider
San Rafael-El Inga 2500 4 40
50% margin)
119.1(consider
800 12 116
50% margin)
El Inga- Tisaleo
38.1 (consider
2500 4 40
50% margin)
38.1 (consider
2500 4 40
50% margin)
Tisaleo – Chorrillos
190.5 (consider
500 20 200
50% margin)
49
6. Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit line
Double-circuit transmission line is one kind of strong electromagnetism and

static electricity coupling line. When only one circuit is in operation and the other is
in outage maintenance, the induced current and voltage shall appear on the uncharged
circuit. The value of induced current and voltage decide the parameters to select
specification of earthing switch.
The maximum electrostatic induction voltage, current and electromagnetic

induction voltage, current of the uncharged circuit of 230kV San Rafael – Jivino line,
Tisaleo – Totoras line and Jivino – Shushufindi line are shown in Tab 6.1, Tab 6.2 and
Tab 6.3, while the other circuit is in operation. The delivered active power is 800MW,
and the sender voltage is 245kV of one circuit during calculation.
For San Rafael – Jivino line, it can be shown in the results that maximum
electrostatic induction voltage is 10.50kV; the maximum electromagnetic induction
voltage is 3.69kV; the maximum electrostatic induction current is 2.78A; the
maximum electromagnetic induction current is 126.48A. The parameters can be used
to select specification of earthing switch.
For Tisaleo – Totoras line, it can be shown in the results that maximum
For Jivino – Shushufindi line, it can be shown in the results that maximum
Electrostatic induction voltage after earthing switch to cut off the capacitive
50
current for San Rafael – Jivino line, Tisaleo – Totoras and Jivino – Shushufindi line
are shown in Fig 6.1, Fig 6.2 and Fig 6.3.
Tab 6.1 Induced current and voltage on ends of San Rafael – Jivino dead lines (RMS)
Voltage of
Status of Current of Voltage of Current of
electrostatic
Dead line earthing electrostatic electromagnetic electromagnetic
induction
switches induction(A) induction（kV） induction(A)
（kV）
earthing
switches of
/ / / 122.53
both ends
closed
1st circuit of earthing
San Rafael – switches of
10.50 / / /
Jivino both ends
double-circuit opened
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 2.78 3.54 /
opened,
while other
is closed
earthing
switches of
/ / / 126.48
both ends
closed
2nd circuit of earthing
San Rafael – switches of
10.04 / / /
Jivino both ends
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 2.69 3.69 /
opened,
while other
is closed
Maximum 10.50 2.78 3.69 126.48
51
30
[kV]
20
10
-10
-20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
Fig 6.1 Electrostatic induction voltage after grounding switch to cut off the capacitive
current for San Rafael – Jivino line（Phase A: first peak 26.2kVp, Phase B: first peak 9.3kVp,
Phase C: first peak 16.8kVp）
Tab 6.2 Induced current and voltage on ends of Tisaleo – Totoras dead lines (RMS)
Voltage of
electrostatic
induction
（kV）
earthing
switches of
/ / / 131.67
both ends
closed
Tisaleo – switches of
9.95 / / /
Totoras both ends
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 0.42 0.59 /
opened,
while other
is closed
earthing
switches of
/ / / 135.68
both ends
closed
Tisaleo – switches of
9.80 / / /
Totoras both ends
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 0.41 0.62 /
opened,
while other
is closed
Maximum 9.95 0.42 0.62 135.68
52
30
[kV]
20
10
-10
-20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
感应电波
current for Tisaleo – Totoras line（Phase A: first peak 25.9kVp, Phase B: first peak 9.4kVp,
Phase C: first peak 16.8kVp）
Tab 6.3 Induced current and voltage on ends of Jivino – Shushufindi dead lines (RMS)
Voltage of
electrostatic
induction
（kV）
earthing
switches of
/ / / 124.75
both ends
closed
Jivino – switches of
10.06 / / /
Shushufindi both ends
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 0.91 1.21 /
opened,
while other
is closed
earthing
switches of
/ / / 128.82
both ends
closed
Jivino – switches of
9.73 / / /
Shushufindi both ends
transmission One
line earthing
switch
/ 0.89 1.26 /
opened,
while other
is closed
Maximum 10.06 0.91 1.26 128.82
53
30
[kV]
20
10
-10
-20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [s] 0.5
current for Jivino – Shushufindi line（Phase A: first peak 26.0kVp, Phase B: first peak
9.4kVp, Phase C: first peak 16.9kVp）
54
7. Conclusion
(1) The maximum secondary-arc current of 500kV San Rafael-El Inga, El Inga –
Tisaleo, Tisaleo – Chorrillos line is 12.70A, and the relevant recovery voltage
is 36.37kV, the fast single-phase reclosing of CB can be applied according to
the experimental result.
(2) The maximum secondary-arc current of 230kV San Rafael – Jivino, Tisaleo –
Totoras line is 13.64A, and the relevant recovery voltage is 41.41kV, the fast
single-phase reclosing of CB can be applied according to the experimental
result.
(3) Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage of 500kV San Rafael-El
Inga, El Inga – Tisaleo, Tisaleo – Chorrillos line is 365.2kV (i.e., 1.15p.u.),
which is lower than the rated voltage of the surge arrester (420kV), the rated
voltage 420kV of surge arrester selected at both line side and bus side is
suitable.
(4) Since the maximum power frequency overvoltage of 230kV San Rafael –
Jivino, Tisaleo – Totoras line is 159.84kV (i.e., 1.13p.u.), which is lower than
the rated voltage of the surge arrester, the rated voltage 192kV of surge
arrester selected at the line side is suitable.
(5) The statistic maximum failure rate of the 500kV and 230kV transmission lines
caused by switching overvoltage is 4.485060×10-8 times per switching
operation, which is far less than recommended value (0.01 ～ 0.001) by
IEC60071-2.
(6) It is suggested that 500kV CB install 400Ω closing resistor with pre-insert
time 8ms.
(7) The impedance, continuous working current and the capacity of neutral reactor
is shown in Tab 5.1. Insulation level of the neutral reactor: short-duration
power-frequency withstand voltage 140kV, lightning impulse withstand
voltage (LIWV) 325kV.
55
(8) The maximum transformer without load energizing overvoltage at 500kV side
among San Rafael substation, El Inga substation, Tisaleo substation and
Chorrillos substation is 1.77p.u., maximum inrush current is 1.79kAp. There is
no resonance overvoltage during the transformer without load energizing.
(9) The induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit lines are shown in
Tab 7.1. The parameters can be used to select specification of earthing switch.
Tab 7.1 Induced current and voltage of 230kV double-circuit lines

Voltage of
Current of Voltage of Current of
electrostatic
line electrostatic electromagnetic electromagnetic
induction
induction(A) induction（kV） induction(A)
（kV）
San Rafael –
10.50 2.78 3.69 126.48
Jivino
Tisaleo –
9.95 0.42 0.62 135.68
Totoras
Jivino –
10.06 0.91 1.26 128.82
Shushufindi
56

Electromagnetic Transient Analysis On 500kV and 230kV Ecuador Transmission Project

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Electromagnetic Transient Analysis On 500kV and 230kV Ecuador Transmission Project

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Electromagnetic Transient Analysis on 500kV and 230kV

Ecuador Transmission Project

HARBIN ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.

1.1 Main wiring diagram

Fig 1.1 Main wiring diagram

El Inga substation: 600/600/200MVA ， 500/230 +−88 ×1.25%/34.5kV ， on-load

1.3 Transmission line

Tab 1.1 Parameter of 500kV transmission lines

Tab 1.2 Parameter of 230kV transmission line

For 500kV power system:

1.5 Shunt reactor and neutral reactor

From the experimental results supplied by China Electric Power Research

2.1 Selection of neutral reactor

corresponding to different value of neutral reactor (1p.u. = 2 ×550/ 3 )

2.2 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line

2.3 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line

2.4 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line

The maximum secondary-arc current of Tisaleo–Chorrillos line is 7.53A, and the

2.5 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line

2.6 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line

Power frequency temporary overvoltage on substation side of line-breaker and

Tab 3.1 Action sequence of failure process

3.1 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line

Power frequency overvoltage (p.u.)

3.3 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line

Power frequency overvoltage (p.u.)

3.4 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line

3.5 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line

4.1 Conditions for calculation

The randomness of phase-angle of closing and asynchronous of three-phase

class reference voltage is 2 ×245/ 3 kV.

4.2 Overvoltage of energizing no-load line

The action sequence of energizing no-load line is shown in Tab 4.1.

To reduce overvoltage of energizing no-load line and overvoltage of single-phase

different closing resistor (pre-insert time 8ms)

4.2.2 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line

Under the condition of installing closing resistor (8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit

（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

4.2.3 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line

Under the condition of installing closing resistor (8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit

（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

4.2.4 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line

Under the condition of installing closing resistor (8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit

（1.0p.u.= 2 *550/ 3 ）（8ms ,400Ω）

4.2.5 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line

4.2.6 230kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line

4.3 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB

The action sequence of single-phase reclosing of CB is shown in Tab 4.8.

4.3.1 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line

Under the condition of installing closing resistor (8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit

Tab 4.9 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from San Rafael to El Inga

4.3.2 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line

Under the condition of installing closing resistor (8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit

Tab 4.10 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from El Inga to Tisaleo

4.3.3 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line

Under the condition of installing closing resistor (8 ms for 400 Ω) of circuit

Tab 4.11 Overvoltage of single-phase reclosing of CB from Tisaleo – Chorrillos

4.3.4 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line

4.3.5 230 kV Tisaleo – Totoras transmission line

4.4 Failure rate calculation

The range of acceptable fault rate caused by switching overvoltage is 0.01～

4.5 Tripping overvoltage during live working on transmission line

4.5.1 500kV San Rafael-El Inga transmission line

4.5.2 500kV El Inga – Tisaleo transmission line

4.5.3 500kV Tisaleo – Chorrillos transmission line

4.5.4 230kV San Rafael – Jivino transmission line