TYPHOID FEVER

GROUP 4:

1. Cici Paramida (0432950316005)

2. Cindi Amelia (0432950316006)

3. Deni Malik Saputra (0432950316007)

4. Desanta Sibero Sari (0432950316008)

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN BANI SALEH BEKASI

PROGRAM STUDI NERS

BEKASI, 2018

1|Typhoid Fever
 TYPHOID FEVER

A. The Definition
Typhoid fever is acute systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi. These organisms
enter through foods and beverages that have been contaminated by feces and urine from people
infected with salmonella germs (Bruner and Sudart, 1994).

B. The Symptoms
The incubation period is usually 1-2 weeks, and the duration of the illness is about 3-4
weeks. Symptoms include:
 Fever as high as 104 degrees Farenheit (40 degrees celcius).
 Headaches
 Stomach pain
 Diarrhea or constipation
 Dry cough
 Rashes
 Nausea or vomiting
 Poor appetite

C. Contamination and transmission

Typhoid fever is contracted by drinking or eating the bacteria in contaminated food or
eating the bacteria in contaminated food or water. People with acute illness can contaminated
the surroundind water supply through stool, which contains a high concentration of the
bacteria. Contamination of the water supply can, in turn, taint the food supply. The bacteria
can survive for weeks in water or dried sewage.
About 3-5% of people become carriers of the bacteria after the acute illness. Other suffer
a very mild illness that goes unrecognized. These people may become long-term carriers of the
bacteria (even though they have no symptoms) and be the source of new outbreaks of typhoid
fever for many years.

2|Typhoid Fever
D. How to managed the sickness
a) Treatments
- Patients should rest for 7 days until the fever drops or 14 days to prevent complication
of intestinal bleeding.
- do a little mobilization when it is not fever, in accordance with the recovering of
transfusions if there is no complication of bleeding.
b) Diet
- Consumption of food is quite caloric and high in protein.
- For acute patients can be given “bubur saring”.
- After the fever is gone, give “bubur kasar” for 2 days and then “nasi tim”.
- Then, give rice after the patient is free from fever for 7 days.
c) Drugs
- Give an antibiotics to kill the bacteria, that is klorampenikol, tiampenikol,
kotrimoksazol, amoxilin, and ampicilin with doctor's instructions.

E. How to diagnosed
After the ingestion of contaminated food or water, the salmonella bacteria invade the small
intestine and enter the bloodstream temporarily. The bacteria are carried by white blood cells
in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, where they multiply and reenter the bloodstream. People
develop symptoms, including fever, at this point. Bacteria invade the gallblader, biliary system,
and the lymphatic tissue of the bowel. Here, they multipy in high numbers. The bacteria pass
into the intestinal tract and can be identified in stool samples. If a test result isn’t clear, blood
or urine samples will be taken to make diagnosis.

F. Avoiding Infection
The following are some general rules to follow when we are on the activity or traveling
to help minimize the chance of typhoid infection:
 Wash your hands.
Wash your hand before you eat or preparing food and after using the toilet. Carry an
alcohol-based hand sanitizer for times when water isn’t available.
 Avoid drinking untreated water.

3|Typhoid Fever
 Drink only bottled water or canned or bottled carbonated beverages, wine bear. Carbonated
bottled water is safer than uncarbonated bottled water is. Ask for drinks without ice.
 Avoid raw fruits and vegetables.
Because raw product may have been washed in unsafe water, avoid fruits and vegetables
that you can’t peel, especially lettuce. To be absolutely safe, you may want to avoid raw
foods entirely.
 Choose hot foods.
Avoid food that’s stored at room temperatured. Streaming hot foods are best, and although
there’s no guarantee that meals served at the finest restaurants are safe, it’s best to avoid
food from street vendors (it’s more likely to be contaminated).

REFERENCES
1) https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/typhoid-fever
2) https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156859.php

4|Typhoid Fever