I

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research would not be possibly done without the guidance and blessing of

almighty God for making all things possible and also a big thanks for the following people.

To my parent, Mrs. Miguela Estrera and Mr. Danilo Estrera, to my siblings Shirlyn

Estrera and Francis John Edyesca , and to April Rose Dimple Toledo for the unending

spiritual, financial and moral support as I pursue my career as an Electrical Engineering

student at University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines.

To my relatives especially to Mr. Rodrigo Edyesca and family for the unending

support financially.

To Engr. Rojien V. Morcilla; Engr. Clark Darwin M. Gozon; Engr. Christopher Dolino

and especially to my thesis adviser for the advises and recommendation for the betterment

of the output of the research

To Mr. Judito R. Hucamis and family for the warm welcome and accommodation

during the making the manufacturing of the turbine

 II

List of Figure

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: Dr. Robinsons Cup Anenometer ......................................................................... 7
Figure 3: John Patterson Cup Anenometer ......................................................................... 7
Figure 4: Lift Up Turbine [15] ............................................................................................ 8
Figure 5: Drag Type Wind Turbine [16]............................................................................. 9
Figure 6: Savonius Type Wind Turbine (2-blade) [8] ...................................................... 10
Figure 7: A Darrieus wind turbine once used to generate electricity on the Magdalen
Islands[10]......................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 8: Geromill Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine [10]....................................................... 11
Figure 9: Wind Classification at Different Heights [47] .................................................. 12
Figure 10: Wind Power Calssification (Northern Mindanao) [48] ................................... 13
Figure 11: Characteristic of typical induction machine [45] ............................................ 17
Figure 12: Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator [45].......................................................... 17
Figure 13:Characteristic of a DFIG (torque-speed) [44] .................................................. 19
Figure 14: Doubly-Fed Induction Generator [44] ............................................................. 19
Figure 15: Permanent Magnet Generator [44] .................................................................. 20
Figure 16: Turbine Wired to a Bus Wire[45].................................................................... 22
Figure 17: General Flow Chart ......................................................................................... 36
Figure 18: Turbine Set up Connection .............................................................................. 42
Figure 19: Solidwoks 2016 ............................................................................................... 43
Figure 20: Site Location (credits to Google Map) ............................................................ 44
Figure 21: Site Selected .................................................................................................... 45
Figure 22: Summary of Data gathered of Surface Wind speed at Gusa Coastal Road,
CDO City .......................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 23: Summary of Data gathered of Wind speed of moving vehicle at Gusa Coastal
Road, CDO City ................................................................................................................ 47
Figure 24: Designed Turbine (Savonius Type) ................................................................. 53
Figure 25: Plan View of the Turbine ................................................................................ 53
Figure 26: Electrical Layout for Wind Turbines ............................................................... 54
Figure 27: Actual length of 160 m in Coatal Road (credits to Google Map) ................... 55
Figure 28: Flow Simulation of the Design Turbine w/o Deflector ................................... 56
Figure 29: Flow Simulation of the Design Turbine w/ Deflector ..................................... 57
Figure 30: Assembly of the Prototype without deflector .................................................. 59
 III

Figure 31: Site Implmentation with deflector ................................................................... 60

Figure 32: Wind Speed vs Power (w/o deflector) ............................................................. 61
Figure 33: Wind Speed vs Power (w/ deflector) ............................................................... 62
Figure 34: Data Gathered for (Voltage and Current) ........................................................ 63
 IV

List of Table

Table 1: Summary of Results ............................................................................................ 48

Table 2: Evaluation of Existing Turbine ........................................................................... 49
Table 3: Summary of Design Turbine Parameters ............................................................ 51
Table 4: Deflector Parameters .......................................................................................... 52
Table 5: Generator Criteria ............................................................................................... 58
Table 6: Aleternating Current Resistance and Reactance for 600-V Cables Phase,60Hz
75’C- Three Single Conductors in Conduit ...................................................................... 64
Table 7: Power Loss from turbine 1 to Turbine 45 ........................................................... 65
Table 8: Theoretical RPM, Actual RPM and Power data gathered with deflector and
without deflector ............................................................................................................... 85
Table 9: Data Gathered from August 22 - October 10, 2018............................................ 87
 V

Table of Contents
AKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................I
List of Figure...................................................................................................................... II
List of Table ...................................................................................................................... IV
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... VIII
CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of the Study ............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER II ....................................................................................................................... 5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .......................................................................... 5
2.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Wind Power ............................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Apparatus to Measure Wind Speed ........................................................................... 6
2.4 Wind Turbines ........................................................................................................... 7
2.4.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ............................................................................... 7
2.5 Turbine Deflector .................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Northern Mindanao Available Wind Power............................................................ 12
2.7 Available Wind Power ............................................................................................ 14
2.8 Wind Assessment MethodA .................................................................................... 15
2.8.1 Average Wind Speed ............................................................................................ 16
2.9 Generators ............................................................................................................... 16
2.9.1 Types of Generators.......................................................................................... 16
2.9.1.1 Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) ................................................... 16
2.10 Synchronous Speed ............................................................................................... 21
2.11 Wiring Method for Multiple Wind Turbine Installation ....................................... 21
2.11.1 Each Turbine Directly Wired to the Battery ................................................... 21
 VI

2.11.2 Each Turbine Wired to a Bus Wire ................................................................ 21

2.12 Related Studies ...................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 35
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 35
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 35
3.2 Research Design ...................................................................................................... 35
3.3 Research Flowchart ................................................................................................. 35
3.4 Data Gathering ........................................................................................................ 36
3.4.1 Site Location ..................................................................................................... 37
3.5 Wind Assessment .................................................................................................... 37
3.6 Design and Calculation of the Turbine ................................................................... 38
3.7 Electrical Layout of Wind Farm.............................................................................. 40
3.8 Wind Turbine Simulation ........................................................................................ 40
3.9 Generator Selection ................................................................................................. 41
3.10 Wind Turbine Implementation .............................................................................. 41
CHAPTER IV ................................................................................................................... 44
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................................... 44
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 44
4.2 Site Location ........................................................................................................... 44
4.3 Wind Assessment .................................................................................................... 45
4.4 Turbine Design ........................................................................................................ 48
4.4.1 Chosen turbine type .......................................................................................... 49
4.4.2 Design Consideration ....................................................................................... 49
4.6 Number of Turbines and Electrical Layout ............................................................. 54
4.8 Generator Selection ................................................................................................. 58
4.9 Assembly of Prototype ............................................................................................ 59
4.10 Site Implementation .............................................................................................. 60
4.11 Testing and Result ................................................................................................. 61
4.11.1 Turbine without Deflector .............................................................................. 61
4.11.2 Turbine with Deflector ....................................................................................... 62
4.12 Energy Produce by Wind Generator ......................................................................... 63
........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER V .................................................................................................................... 68
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 68
 VII

5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 68

5.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................... 68
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 69
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................... 77
APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................... 80
APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................... 85
APPENDIX D ................................................................................................................... 87
 VIII

ABSTRACT

Energy is an essential ingredient of socioeconomic development and economic

growth. Renewable energy sources like wind energy is indigenous and can help in

reducing the dependency on fossil fuels. Wind is caused by differential heating of the

earth's surface by the sun or breeze. It has been estimated that roughly 10 million MW of

energy are continuously available in the earth's wind.

Gusa Coastal Road has no street lights thus it creates danger to the society. Wind

energy has been identified as a promising renewable option at Gusa Coastal Road. The

objective of this study is to Design and Implement a Vertical Wind Turbine that can

harness the surface wind and from moving vehicle. The researcher will gather the

following surface winds and wind from moving vehicle to classify its wind speed.

In this paper , the Design and Implementation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is

explained. Different types of turbine has been determined. Vertical axis wind turbines

like the Savonius appear to be suited for the conditions of low wind speed. The relevant

design parameters and theories were studied in this paper and used to determine related

design geometry and requirements of the Savonius rotor blade.

 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Streetlights, more than tens of thousands of them spread throughout the entire

city, represent an impressively large drain on city budgets. [1] Streetlights are long-

term investments which it is needed to last more than 10 year or more. They are often

cities' primarily or secondary energy demand, and can amount to somewhere between

one-quarter and one-half of a city's entire energy bill, sometimes even more.

One of the ingredient for socioeconomic development and economic growth is

energy.[2] Lessening the use of fossil fuel and relying on the renewable energy can help

to listen global warming, renewable energy like wind, solar and wave. Another energy

created by solar energy which is indirect form of solar energy is wind which is always

being replenished by the sun. Due to differential heating of the earth’s surface sea

breeze and land breeze is created. It has been estimated that roughly 10 million MW of

energy are continuously available in the earth's wind. Wind energy like solar energy is

an environmental friendly option for source of energy.

VAWT was observed that it plays a vital role in the present energy crisis Due

to energy crisis humans are now dwelling in a world with solar panels and wind

turbines.[3] Wind energy has been identified as a promising renewable option although

the full life cycle accounting shows VAWTs are advantageous on a cost basis or

materials basis over horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs).

 2

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Streetlights has the city’s biggest energy demand that causes power shortage.

Gusa diversion road, Cagayan de Oro City don’t have any street lights along the way.

Thus this place can be dangerous for the people who will pass by. Gusa diversion road

has higher potential of surface wind energy because it is in between with sea and land

which causes sea breeze and land breeze and with additional factor of wind from the

moving vehicles since it has no traffic. The researcher conduct this study to design and

implement a vertical wind turbine for a multi power generation streetlight that harness

the surface wind and wind from moving vehicles at Gusa coastal road and can improve

the safety of the area.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The main objective of this study is to design and implement a vertical wind

turbine that is connected to a multi power generation street lights at Gusa coastal road.

In designing a turbine, the researcher must aim to do the following in order to achieve

the main objective.

1. To assess the wind potential at Gusa Coastal Road

2. To design and simulate a vertical wind turbine that can power a stand-alone

street light that is connected to a multi power generation at Gusa coastal road.

3. To design and fabricate the wind turbine by any casting material that can be

manufactured locally.

4. To harness the surface wind and wind from moving vehicles

 3

1.4 Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to design and implement a vertical wind turbine that

uses the wind surface and wind from moving vehicle as a source for renewable energy.

The study is significant in the following ways

1. The study aims to give an idea on the future researchers on a design of a

vertical wind turbine as using the surface wind and wind from moving vehicle

as their source to power a vertical wind turbine

2. To provide another option of renewable energy especially in coastal road

areas.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This study mainly focuses on the design and implementation of a vertical wind

turbine. The researcher limits the study on designing of a vertical wind turbine located

at Gusa diversion road. The study is limit only to light up two street light Gusa diversion

coastal road. It will not compare efficiency to horizontal axis wind turbine.
 4

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

The Figure 1 refers to the flow of energy of the wind energy converter. From

wind kinetic energy it will pass through the wind turbine which allows generator to

spin and generate Power (watts) and store it to the battery.

 5

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Background

Wind energy is originally generated from the sun. The sun heats the earth’s

surface and the Earth heats the air above, causing wind. Wind is abundantly free and

most importantly free from pollution.

The first invention who uses the wind power starts with the sails boats and the

earliest known wind powered grain mills and water pumps were used by the Persians

in A.D. 500-900 and by the Chinese in A.D. 1200. [4]

As used in generating electricity Charles F. Brush invented the first wind turbine

that generated about 12kilowatts (kW) of power. The turbine was 17 meters in

diameter, it had 144 rotor blades which is made from cedar wood. [4] E. Wendell

Hewson made investigation into the amount of available power in the wind energy.

According to his paper, there is vast energy available in the earth’s winds for man’s

use. It is conservatively estimated that the wind power available to man is the

equivalent of the output of 1000 typical fossil fueled or nuclear power plants of 1000

megawatts (MW) capacity each. [5]

 6

2.2 Wind Power

Wind power is obtained by harnessing the energy of the wind. By using the air flow

to provide mechanical power to turn electric generators. Wind power is good substitute

to burning fossil fuels as it is clean and free from pollution. In generating power Wind

power has three types; utility scale wind, distributed wind and offshore wind. Utility-

scale wind use to create more than 100 kilowatts and is used by power system operators.

Distributed wind use to create less than 100 kilowatts and is used for small business or

to directly power a house. Offshore wind turbines are larger than land base and can

generate more power. [6]

2.3 Apparatus to Measure Wind Speed

Anemometer is used in measuring wind speed. The airflow past the cups in any

horizontal direction turned the shaft at the rate proportional to wind speed. The first

anemometer was invented by Dr. John Thomas Romney Robinson in 1845 it consist of

four hemispherical cups mounted on horizontal arms, which were mounted on a vertical

shaft. The next anemometer was developed by John Patterson in 1926 and subsequent

cup improvements by Brevoort & Joiner of the United States in 1935 led to a cup wheel

design with a nearly linear response and had an error of less than 3% up to 60 mph

(97 km/h).
 7

Figure 3: John Patterson Cup

Figure 2: Dr. Robinsons Cup
Anenometer
Anenometer

2.4 Wind Turbines

Wind turbine or also called as wind energy converter is a device that converts

wind’s kinetic energy intro electrical energy. Wind Turbine has two types: Vertical

wind turbine (VAWT) and Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). Horizontal axis

wind turbine has the combine effects of inertial force and gravity while Vertical wind

turbine has a better condition on receiving effect is better than that of the Horizontal

axis wind turbine, because the direction of the inertial force and gravity keep stable

ever. [7]

2.4.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Vertical axis wind turbine have the main rotor shaft set up vertically. Thus this kind

of turbine does not need to be pointed out to the wind to perform effectively. Most of
 8

the generator of these turbine have been directly connected to the shaft. Most of the

components are located at the base of the turbine for easy maintenance.

2.4.1.1 Kinds of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

Lift turbines will not self-start at low winds speed as it requires a motor to start as

wind speed drops and the turbine stop rotating. As a result to electrical input

significantly decrease the net output of the turbine in the variable wind conditions

experienced in urban locations. Lift type turbine are far more expensive than drag type

turbine as airfoils is used in lift type turbine. There are also some mechanical downfalls

of lift type turbines. The standard Darrieus type has high stress at its outer extents,

which can lead to premature mechanical failures. Also, each blade stalls at one point in

the turbine’s rotation, which could lead to vibrations which cause mechanical problems

and nuisance noise. [15] Thus lift up turbine needs stronger winds than drag type

turbine. Figure 4 is an example of lift up turbine.

Figure 4: Lift Up Turbine [15]

Unlike lift up turbine drag type turbine can be self-started and does not need any

electrical input to start it rotating. The VAWT are wind machines, which harness
 9

energy from the drag forces of the moving wind, especially in low altitude [16]. Figure

5 show a drag type turbine

Figure 5: Drag Type Wind Turbine [16]

2.4.1.2 Types of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Darrieus Wind Turbine and Savonius Wind Turbine are the most

application of Vertical axis wind turbine.

2.4.1.2.1 Savonius Wind Turbine

Savonius wind turbine consists of a number of airfoils. Simple construction, high

start-up and full operation moment, wind acceptance from any direction, low noise and

angular velocity in operation, reducing wear on moving parts, are some advantages of

using this type of machine. [8]

 10

Figure 6: Savonius Type Wind Turbine (2-blade) [8]

2.4.1.2.2 Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine

Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine or also known as “Eggbeater” Georges

Darrieus was the French inventor of the Eggbeater turbine in 1931. This turbine is a

high speed, low torque machine preferably to generate alternating current (AC)

electricity. Thus these device is unable to self-start. [9] One of disadvantage of Darrieus

Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine is the angle of attack as the turbine spins, so each blade

generates its maximum torque at two points on its cycle (front and back of the turbine).

This leads to a sinusoidal (pulsing) power cycle that complicates design [10]. The first

Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine suffered from negative features and have low

efficiency.
 11

Figure 7: A Darrieus wind turbine

once used to generate electricity on

the Magdalen Islands[10]

2.4.1.2.3 Geromill Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine

Geromill is also known as “eggbeater windmill” but it uses straight blades to

capture wind energy it is a Darrieus type vertical axis wind turbine. This type of turbine

is not a self-starting turbine thus it requires strong winds.

Figure 8: Geromill Vertical-Axis Wind

Turbine [10]
 12

2.5 Turbine Deflector

Turbine deflector deflect wind to increase output power while still vertical wind

turbine maintaining multi-directional operation. It will deflect the wind that opposes

the wind direction. The deflector are attached in to the central axis. [45]

2.6 Northern Mindanao Available Wind Power

Latitude, elevation and proximity to the coastline are the criteria that molds the

Philippine wind resource. In Philippines, the best wind resource of wind energy is in

the north and northeast and the worst is in the south and southeast of the archipelago

[47]. More than 10,000 km2 of windy land area is estimated to exist with a good-to-

excellent wind resource potential. These area represent only around 4 percent of the

total land area of the Philippines (299,000𝑘𝑚2 ). Mathematically these area can

produce around 70,000 MW of wind potential. [48]

Classification of wind speed can be classified at different height: 10m, 30m and

50m.

Figure 9: Wind Classification at Different Heights [47]

 13

Figure 10: Wind Power Calssification (Northern Mindanao) [48]

Due to the latitude and the resultant to lower wind speeds over the ocean, Northern

Mindanao has lacks of wind resource. But, because of the accelerating effects of the

terrain, there are a limited number of areas with a usable wind resource. A good-to-

excellent wind resource occurs at the crest of a long, narrow mountain range that

extends from Macopa in Surigao del Norte to the west of Lake Mainit in Agusan del

Norte. The high terrain of Mt. Legaspi to Mt. Divata and east-northeast to Canin point
 14

have good wind resource. For other areas in northern Mindanao, the wind resource is

classified as poor.

2.7 Available Wind Power

Wind turbine produces electrical current is quantified in terms of power which

is in units of watts or kilowatts. To extract available power from the wind parameters

like wind speed, turbine radius, and the rotor rotational speed are needed.

Equation (2.1) is formulated to get the approximate amount of power produced;

where P = Power [W], p = Air density [kg/m^3], A = Swept area [m^2], V = Wind

speed [m/s], and Cp = Power coefficient.

P = 0.5 (p) (A) (𝑉 3 ) (Cp) (2.1)

Power coefficient (Cp) of a wind is the ratio of maximum power obtained from the

wind to the total available in the wind.

Equation (2.2) shows that Pw = the power that the rotor extracts from the wind

(Watt). The power coefficient (Cp) is given by:

PW
CP  (2.2)
Pa

The theoretical maximum power coefficient, or Betz limit, is 0.59. However,

most wind turbines operate at a power coefficient of less than 0.45. Beyond that loss in

efficiency, there are also small losses resulting from the gearbox, bearings, and

generator.
 15

As shown in (2.3), the power can also be estimated using the estimated torque

(τ, [N*m]) and experimental data for the rotational speed of the rotor, ω, in rad/s.

P = τ∗ω (2.3)

The torque produces by a lift forces turbines can be calculated using

Equation(2.4) , where R is the radius of turbine in meters Where the Ft=LcosA, A is

the arctangent between the ratio of frame velocity and absolute velocity.

τ = Ft∗R (2.4)

The power coefficient is strongly dependent on tip speed ratio, defined as the ratio

between the tangential speed at blade tip and the actual wind speed (2.5).

R
 (2.5)
V0

where ω is the angular speed [rad/s], R the rotor radius [m] and Vo the ambient wind

speed [m/s]. Each rotor design has an optimal tip speed ratio at which the maximum

power extraction is achieved.

2.8 Wind Assessment Method

Wind Speed for a particular locale is typically measured using an anemometer. To

assess wind speeds at higher altitudes, meteorologist deploy weather balloons. Average

wind speed can be daily or monthly depending on the intended audience.

 16

2.8.1 Average Wind Speed

Average wind speed is simplest method on assessing wind speed. This method is

by collecting data at time interval and adding all those data and making weighted

average wind speed [45].

2.9 Generators

A generator is a device that converts mechanical or chemical energy into electrical

energy. Thus application of mechanical energy varies: motors, turbines, engines,

cranks, pistons, or other sources of mechanical energy. Generator is one of the most

important components of a wind energy conversion system (second important

component), generator of a wind turbine has to work under fluctuating power levels.

Different types of generators are being used with wind turbines. These generators can

either be induction (asynchronous) generators or synchronous generators and recently

appeared innovative machine [44]

2.9.1 Types of Generators

2.9.1.1 Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator (SCIG)

The first production of electrical energy with wind power was 1887 by Charles

Brush in Cleveland, Ohio. The rated Power of the used dc-generator was 12kW and

was designed to charge batteries. The induction machine was used at the first time in

1951[45]. But, in wind power using squirrel-cage induction generators, must be

operated at a constant speed, which is not favored at the varied wind speed application.
 17

However, SCIG drives have bulky construction, low efficiency, low reliability and need

of maintenance, also the existing of slip ring, brush and three-stage gearbox increases

the system mass and cost, also electrical and mechanical loss. Recently, squirrel-cage

induction generators are dropping in this application. Figure 2.6 shows that rotation of

the motor picks up and causes the system to exceed the synchronous limit N S
thus the

rotor moves faster than the rotating magnetic field. When the speed is higher than N S

, the torque became negative thus it became a generator.

Figure 11: Characteristic of typical induction

machine [45]

Figure 12: Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator [45]

 18

2.9.1.2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

Today over 70% of the wind turbines are build up with Doubly-Fed Induction

Generator (DFIG) [44]. Moreover new concept eliminates most of the mechanical parts,

such as brush, slip ring and gearbox that are considered

drawbacks to this concept, as a result, reducing the mass and cost of the system and

achieving high reliability and availability. Finally, it should be noticed that most

research works tend to use the DFIGs in wind energy, as they have excellent

performance [44]. Figure 10 shows characteristic of DFIG in terms of torque-speed.

 19

Figure 13:Characteristic of a DFIG (torque-speed) [44]

Figure 14: Doubly-Fed Induction Generator [44]

2.9.1.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)

Permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) consists of a rotor and a three

phase stator similar to an induction generator, are most capable of competing with

induction generators for the wind power applications. In fact, they are adopted by well-

known small wind turbine. These generators have a number of advantages, which are:

(a) Simple and more effective configuration in the rotor with permanent magnet.

(b) Overall weight and volume significantly reduced for a given output power

(high power density).

 20

(c) Higher efficiency and self-excited.

(d) Heat efficiently dissipated to surroundings.

Although the PM machine can achieve a larger air-gap flux density and the stator bore

diameter is smaller. Moreover, the advantage of the PM machine design is that it has a

much higher efficiency (97 %) than the induction machine (85 %).Due to their

excellent performance especially, efficiency and reliability, the general trend in wind

industry is to go for higher powers, which is especially relevant with harsh

environment. It has become more and more popular during this year's. From analysis

of the commercially available wind turbine generators, the elimination of the

gearboxes and the power electronic converters will significantly increase the system

reliability [44].

Figure 15: Permanent Magnet Generator [44]

 21

2.10 Synchronous Speed

Synchronous generator speed refer to speed of the generator when it is running

synchronously with the grid frequency. Thus synchronous speed can be calculated

using the formula below in equation 2.6.

120 𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = (2.6)
𝑝

Where Ns is the synchronous speed, f is the frequency and p is the power. The

equation is based on [44].

2.11 Wiring Method for Multiple Wind Turbine Installation

2.11.1 Each Turbine Directly Wired to the Battery

Each turbine operates as an independent system separate from other solar panels,

wave generator or any other battery charging sources. If the turbine has its own fuse

and wires, the turbine is able to individually communicate and charge the battery or

battery bank. [45]

2.11.2 Each Turbine Wired to a Bus Wire

Wiring two more turbines to a bus wire and then run one set of wires from the bus

bar to the battery. Each turbine can use internal regulator. Wiring bus wire can reduce

the wiring cost by using a bus bar. [45] Wind turbines need to be positioned so that the

distances between them are between 3-10 rotor diameters. [46]

 22

Figure 16: Turbine Wired to a Bus Wire[45]

2.12 Related Studies

R. Gupta ET. al. [15] made experimental investigations to study the

performance of a Savonius rotor as well as a Savonius- Darrieus machine. For this

purpose, two types of models, one Savonius rotor and the other Savonius- Darrieus

machine were designed and fabricated. The Savonius rotor was a two- bladed system

having 8 cm bucket diameter and 20 cm in height with provision for overlap variation.

For the Savonius- Darrieus machine, in the upper part, there was a two-bladed Savonius

rotor having bucket diameter of 8 cm and height of 10 cm and in the lower side, there

was Darrieus machine having three curved blades of dimension of 10 cm in height and

4 cm in radius. The overlap variation was made in the upper part. These were tested in

a subsonic wind tunnel and it was observed that there was an improvement in the power
 23

coefficient for Savonius- Darrieus machine compared to only Savonius rotor under the

same test conditions.

E. Wendell Hewson [16] made investigation into the amount of available power

in the wind energy. According to his paper, there is vast energy available in the earth’s

winds for man’s use. It is conservatively estimated that the wind power available to

man is the equivalent of the output of 1000 typical fossil fueled or nuclear power plants

of 1000 megawatts (MW) capacity each. By contrast, the water power potential of the

earth is only one-tenth as large. Large wind generators have been built and used during

the past 50 years. Research on wind power sites in the mountainous coastal and valley

areas of the Pacific Northwest is being conducted. Terrain modification, aero-generator

“farms”, special duty installations, environmental impacts, land use, and net energy

costs are all taken into consideration. It is concluded that wind power shows promise

of supplying substantial amounts of supplementary electrical energy and that the

development of this wind power potential should proceed with the federal government

taking a lead role.

Jean-Luc Menet and Nachida Bourabaa [17] made parametric studies on the

aerodynamic behavior of slow running wind turbines of Savonius type to compare the

results. Through a detailed study, it is possible to identify the influent parameters, and

to show that the aerodynamic efficiency of the Savonius rotor can be notably improved

via a judicious choice of its geometrical parameters. This study suggests to use a

double-stepped Savonius rotor with two paddles and two end-plates. The height of the

rotor should be twice its diameter. The primary overlap ratio must be between 0.15 and
 24

0.3 times the diameter of the paddle, whereas the secondary overlap ratio should be

equal to 0.

M. C. Percival ET. al. [18] explored the adoption of Savonius rotor (S-rotor)

wind turbine for household/domestic electricity generation. The design process and

justification of the new machine will be described. A prototype has been built and

installed at a selected site. The operational experience of this site testing will also be

summarized. The result so far is feasible. This project produces an investigational

exploration of a Savonius rotor wind turbine adapted for household electricity

generation. The innovative technology turbine collects wind energy and converts it into

electricity, which in turn produces a 12 volt output which is used to charge one heavy

duty battery.

Tsutomu Hayashi ET. al. [19] studied the torque characteristics of an ordinary

Savonius rotor. Any Savonius rotor has two problems: the first one is the fairly large

torque variation and the second one is that there are some angular positions where the

static torque is negative or very small. To improve such undesirable torque

characteristics of Savonius rotor, a three-stage out-phase type Savonius rotor, which

has three stages and buckets of which have 120-degree phase shift between the adjacent

stages, was designed 40 and made. Wind tunnel tests were carried out on this new type

Savonius rotor and an ordinary one-stage rotor. The tests included the fluctuation

measurements of the static and dynamic torques in one revolution, and the average

torque measurements at different rotational speeds.

Brad C. Cochran ET. al. [20] developed a three tired approach for designing and

evaluating performance characteristics of wind energy conversion system design. It

 25

is important that new entrants realize the full potential of the wind energy conversion

system early in their product development cycle.

Hamid R. Rahai [21] studied the optimum design configuration and

performance for vertical axis wind turbine, in his feasibility report. To improve the

efficiency of vertical axis wind turbines with the expectation that the inherently simple

vertical axis turbines could be manufactured at low cost, leading to their widespread

use. The analysis noted that small units could be manufactured for distributed

generation of electricity in residential and commercial locations. The units would be

grid connected to take advantage of net metering and would provide pollution free

generation of electricity using a renewable resource at a cost competitive with power

supplied by the grid.

K.Suresh Babu [22] studied the material selection technique for typical wind

turbine blades using a Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) approach and

analysis of blades. The efficiency of the wind turbine depends on the material of the

blade, shape of the blade and angle of the blade. So, the material of the turbine blade

plays a vital role in the wind turbines. The material of the blade should possess the high

stiffness, low density and long fatigue life. The main objective of our topic is to discuss

the different materials as candidates for turbine blades and to select the best material

for turbine blades by using one of the MADM (Multiple Attribute Decision Making)

approach with fuzzy logic variables. After the material selection, the turbine blades are

generated by using modeling packages (CATIA V5R9) and Analysis can be done by

using FEM for different configurations, different operating conditions, in different

 26

cases were taken up to estimate the values of deformations, stress values and different

frequency sets by altering the thickness of blade and angle of twist.

B.G: Newman [23] has applied the actuator disc theory to a vertical axis wind

turbine to determine optimum performance in the absence of blade drag: An analysis

with uniform inflow factor through tandem actuator discs indicates that these earlier

predictions may be slightly pessimistic. Also studied the multiple actuator-disc theory

for wind turbines. If the effects of fluid rotation are neglected, one dimensional theory

for a single actuator disc gives a maximum power coefficient of 16/27. This is the usual

Betz limit for the power of horizontal-axis wind turbines. Tandem discs are a more

appropriate representation for a vertical-axis, Darrieus, wind turbine and give more

accurate predictions of turbine performance when used in conjunction with blade

element theory. The maximum power coefficient for two discs in tandem is 16/25.

The case of an actuator discs is considered. It is shown that the maximum power

coefficient is [8n (n+l)]/ [3(2n+l) 2]. The corresponding axial inflow factor for the rth

disc is (2r-1)/ (2r+1), and the outflow factor for the outer annulus of that disc is 2r/

(2r+l). For a very large number of discs the maximum power coefficient is thus 2/3,

which is 13% larger than the maximum for a single disc. Some flow visualization

experiments on flow through tandem screens are presented which indicate that the

minimum spacing below which the theory begins to become inaccurate is about one

half of a disc diameter.

Mazharul Islam [24] studied the aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-

bladed vertical axis wind turbines. This model is crucial for deducing optimum design

parameters and also for predicting the performance before fabricating the VAWT. The
 27

authors have attempted to compile the main aerodynamic models that have been used

for performance prediction and design of straight-bladed Darrieus-type VAWT. It has

been found out that at present the most widely used models are the double-multiple

stream-tube model, Vortex model and the Cascade model. Each of these three models

has its strengths and weaknesses which are discussed.

Brett Horner, Roy D. Jeffrey, Carmen M. E. Krogh,[25]16 that industrial wind

turbine are new source of community noise to which relative people have yet been

exposed that some there are some people living in the environs of IWTs are

experiencing adverse health effects as a result.

Touryan [26]18 conducted few investigations on the vertical axis wind turbine

to enhance the power coefficient using a nozzle system. In investigations, the efficiency

of the turbine is increased approximately to 33%. But, according to Modi [27]19 the

power coefficient of a fairly streamlined vertical axis wind turbine is only 22%.Sharpe

[28] developed a theoretical model using the computer program for aerodynamic

analysis of various stream tube for a vertical axis wind turbine. Sabzevan [29]21

proposed the idea of placing a flat plate to collect a large amount of air on to the drum

of VAWT. The power coefficient is thus, increased by 15%.

A. S. Grinspan[30] described the development of a Savonius rotor configuration

which is simple in design, fabrication and maintenance, and is suitable for small-scale

rural application. Initially, the performance studies of Savonius wind turbine rotors

have been carried out with conventional three bladed straight and curved rotors. From

the experiences of these experiments, two distinct blade shapes i.e., an aero foil type

and a twisted type rotors have been developed and tested in three bladed rotor system.
 28

Performance characteristics of the developed rotor blades have been evaluated and the

results obtained are compared and discussed.

Joris Soens [31] developed a control scheme based on ‘direct power control’ for

a variable-speed wind turbine. One of the controller parameters is a time constant that

can be chosen by the user and that is strongly linked to the extent to which the electrical

output power is smoothed, compared to the fast varying wind speed. This control

methodology allows a more direct control of the electrical output power than for

classical control schemes. Also the impact on voltage flicker can be evaluated more

easily during the controller design stage, and the correspondence between turbine

inertia and maximum output power smoothing can be examined.

K.V.O. Rabah [32] presented improvements in the wind-scoop geometry and

efficiency of a double stark Savonius rotor, developed through a series of wind tunnel

and field testing in East Africa. On a 33 aerodynamic performance basis, the Savonius

rotor cannot generally compete with other types of wind turbines. This is entirely due

to its mode of operation. Unlike its counter-parts that operate by rotating around a

horizontal axis, it rotates around a vertical axis. This has the unfortunate effect of

lowering its efficiency, but it has several compensating factors. Its main advantages are

that it has better starting torque performance with operating characteristics independent

of the wind direction. In addition, it is simple in structure and the fabrication technology

required is less sophisticated when compared to similar types of windmills. This makes

it a suitable system for small scale applications in wind energy conversion, especially

in remote rural regions in developing countries.

 29

Anthony Joseph and Ehrlich Desa [33], designed for an in-house use, speed and

direction performances of flowmeters, employing an Aanderaa type curved-bladed

Savonius rotor and a free vane and an Aanderaa type flat-bladed Savonius rotor. It has

been observed that accuracy, linearity, and tilt response of a meter using the Aanderaa

curved-bladed rotor is superior to those of a meter using the Aanderaa flat-bladed rotor.

Analysis showed that the azimuth response arises from flow pattern modifications in

the vicinity of the rotor, imposed by the changes in the horizontal angle of the support

rods of the rotor relative to the flow streamlines. While the use of two support rods may

be suitable for a fixed-vane system, it is undesirable for a free-vane system where the

meter’s orientation with respect to the flow direction is not defined. Flow direction 34

calibration results indicated that a fixed-vane system exhibits superior direction

performance compared to a free-vane system. The comparatively poor direction

performance of the free-vane system stems from the poor coupling to the “vane-

follower” magnet from the external vane

U. K. Saha [34] investigated the use of twisted bamboo bladed rotor for

Savonius wind turbines. Due to low rotational speed and low power production,

Savonius rotors are lagging in terms of technology from horizontal axis wind turbines.

It is, however, believed that with some design modification of the blades, the Savonius

types of machines may be quite useful for small-scale power requirement. Preliminary

investigation in this direction led to the development of a new blade shape with a twist

for the Savonius rotor. The twisted blade fabricated from sheet metals has shown its

potential as compared to the other conventional blades. In this investigation, twisted

blades fabricated from bamboo strips have been tested to find its operational feasibility.

Experiments with bamboo bladed rotor show a slightly lower rotational speed as
 30

compared to the earlier 44 tested twisted metallic blades. However, the low cost and

the ease of fabrication could make this type of design useful for small-scale power

generation in rural areas

L.B. Wang [35] studied the potential flow 2-D vortex panel model (VPM2D)

for unsteady hydrodynamics calculation of the vertical axis straight blade variable pitch

turbine was given for tidal streams energy conversion. Numerical results of predicted

instantaneous blade forces and wake flow of the rotor showed good agreement with the

test data. The model was also compared with the previous classic free vortex model

(VDART) and vortex method combined with finite element analysis (FEVDTM). It

showed that the present model was much better than the former, less complex than the

latter and suitable for designing and optimization of the vertical axis straight blade

turbine.

K. Abe, M. Nishida [36] carried out experimental and numerical investigations

for flow fields of a small wind turbine with a flanged diffuser. The present wind-turbine

system gave a power coefficient higher than the Betz limit owing to the effect of the

flanged diffuser. To elucidate the flow mechanism, mean velocity profiles behind a

wind turbine were measured using a hot-wire technique. By processing the obtained

data, characteristic values of the flow fields were estimated and compared with those

for a bare wind turbine. In addition, computations corresponding to the experimental

conditions were made to assess the predictive performance of the simulation model

presently used and also to investigate the flow field in more detail. The present

experimental and numerical results gave useful information about the flow mechanism

behind a wind turbine with a flanged diffuser. In particular, a considerable difference

 31

was seen in the destruction process of the tip vortex between the bare wind turbine and

the wind turbine with a flanged diffuser.

A.B. Turner [37] studied the fluid flow and heat transfer over straight and

curved rough surfaces. Measurements of Fluid pressure, velocity, including turbulent

fluctuations and heat transfer were made over the straight and curved lower surface of

a wind tunnel with an upper surface which could be flexed to control the stream wise

pressure gradients. Laser Doppler techniques were employed for flow visualization and

detailed investigation of the flow structure. These were roughened in a structured

manner with machined excrescences of pyramidal and trapezoidal shape. Fluid

dynamic data are presented for smooth and rough surfaces and heat transfer results from

roughnesses of three different heights. Velocity gradients and curvature, less than often

found in turbo-machinery, in the ranges examined, had relatively little effect compared

to the roughness. The present observations are compared with relevant data in the

literature.

B.Rachid Younsi [38] studied dynamic behavior of a wind turbine with

horizontal axis can be undertaken by various methods of analysis. The effects of the

change of the aerodynamic flow (in the steady and unsteady cases), the variation of

parameters of the cinematic movement (angle of attack, pitch angle and yaw angle) and

the definition of subsystems characteristics that makes the wind turbine (blade, nacelle

and pylon) allow one to characterize the structural dynamic behavior of the wind

turbine.

Jenkins [39] have designed a naturally ventilated atrium which was assessed

using both wind tunnel and CFD methods to appraise and modify the response of the
 32

system to wind forces. The initial design was expected to be susceptible to flow reversal

due to wind forces opposing and ultimately defeating buoyancy forces. 51 Several

design options were assessed by both methods. Both the methods were able to provide

good information to guide the design development. Crucially, the information and

guidance from both methods was consistent; that is either method could have led the

design development to a similar final result. Each method has, of course, advantages

and limitations, and to some extent these are complementary, appraise and modify the

response of the system to wind forces.

Jeppe Johansen and Niels N. Sorensen [40] have described the numerical

investigation of the aerodynamics around a wind turbine blade with a winglet using

Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD. Five winglets were investigated with different

twist distribution and camber. Four of them were pointing towards the pressure side

(upstream) and one was pointing towards the suction side (downstream). Additionally,

a rectangular modification of the original blade tip was designed with the same plan

form area as the 52 blades with winglets. Results show that adding a winglet to the

existing blade increase the force distribution on the outer approximately. 14 % of the

blade leading to increased produced power of around 0.6% to 1.4% for wind speeds

larger than 6 m/s. This has to be compared to the increase in thrust of around 1.0% to

1.6%. Pointing the winglet downstream increases the power production even further.

The effect of sweep and cant angles is not accounted for in the present investigation

and could improve the winglets even more.

M. H. Hansen. [41] Considered the following parameters for passive instability

suppression, by eight relevant topics within aero elastic stability of turbines:

 33

1. Effect of airfoil aerodynamics: The airfoil aerodynamics given by the

profile coefficients for aerodynamic lift, drag, and moment are shown to have

a direct effect on aerodynamic damping of blade vibrations. A redesign of the

airfoils can improve the power performance of the rotor without loss of

aerodynamic damping:

2. Effect of flap/edgewise frequency coincidence: The natural

frequencies of the first flap wise and first edgewise blade bending modes

become closer as the blades become more slender. This 1-1 resonance may lead

to a coupling flap- and edgewise blade vibrations which increases the edgewise

blade mode damping:

3. Effect of flap/edgewise whirling coupling: The aerodynamic 55

damping of blade vibrations close to the rotor plane is generally lower than the

aerodynamic damping of vibrations out of the rotor plane. A structural coupling

between the flap wise and edgewise whirling modes can increase the overall

aerodynamic damping by adding more out of plane blade motion to the

edgewise whirling modes.

4. Effect of torsional blade stiffness: Low torsional blade stiffness may

lead to flutter where the first torsional blade mode couples to a flap wise bending

mode in flutter instability through the aerodynamic forces.

5. Effect of whirl flutter on a wind turbine: Whirl flutter is an aero elastic

instability similar to blade flutter. Whirl flutter can occur on turbines with very

low natural frequencies of the tilt and yaw modes (about 5 % of their original

values).
 34

6. Edgewise/torsion coupling for large flap wise deflections: The large

flap wise deflection of modern slender blades lead to a geometric coupling of

edgewise bending and torsion. The aero elastic damping of the blade modes are

affected by a flap wise pre bend of the blade.

7. Effect of yaw error on damping from wake: The wake behind the

rotor has an influence on the aerodynamic damping of the turbine mode due to

the dynamic behavior of the induced velocities from the wake. When the turbine

is operating with a yaw error, a small change in the aerodynamic damping of

lower damped turbine modes is observed that may be caused by change of wake

56 geometry.

8. Effect of generator dynamics: The total damping of turbine modes

involving drive train rotation, as the drive train torsion and lateral tower modes,

are highly affected by the dynamic behavior of the generator torque. The aero

elastic damping of these modes changes if the generator is operated at constant

speed (e.g: asynchronous generators), constant torque, or constant power (e.g:

double-fed induction machines).

 35

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discuss on the topic that the researcher will undergo to achieve the

objectives mentioned earlier. The researcher must do the assessment, design and

implementation of a vertical wind turbine in Gusa diversion coastal road.

3.2 Research Design

The researcher will design a vertical wind turbine with Savonius rotor. This type

of turbine is unusual and its application for obtaining useful energy from air stream is

an alternative to the use of conventional wind turbines. Simple construction, high start-

up and full operation moment, wind acceptance from any direction, low noise and

angular velocity in operation, reducing wear on moving parts, are some advantages of

using this type of machine.

3.3 Research Flowchart

In research flow chart shows all the step that the researcher will undergo thru out

the duration of the study. To start the research, the researcher will undergo the data

gathering then assess the data that are gathered. Then the parameters of the turbine

proceeds and after determining the design parameters for the turbine the researcher will

identify the number of the turbine needed to achieve the power output and create an

electrical layout for the turbines. Then the researcher will simulate the turbine using
 36

solidworks. After implementing the design the researcher will gather the possible

results and make a conclusion on the study if objective were achieve.

Figure 17: General Flow Chart

3.4 Data Gathering

The researcher will gather data especially the wind data at Gusa diversion

coastal road for the potential of the vertical wind turbine in the area with the use of
 37

anemometer and other tools and techniques that is used for wind assessment. The

researcher also need to gather article’s that will help to provide theories, processes and

concepts on developing the objective of the study. Any other material will be used in

understanding the concept and theories about a vertical wind turbine.

The researcher will create wind pattern of surface wind and wind from moving

vehicle at Gusa diversion coastal road. The data gathered will be average adding both

minimum and maximum. Then data gathered will be plotted using Microsoft Office.

The researcher needs internet for other means of understanding the theories and concept

and getting relevant studies about the vertical wind turbine.

3.4.1 Site Location

The researcher decided to implement the design in Gusa Coastal Road, Cagayan

de Oro City. The area must not be too far from the other renewable energy (wave and

solar), and must be elevated above the ground thus it will not cause any disturbance in

the area especially it is a sidewalk.

3.5 Wind Assessment

Wind assessment is important in designing a wind turbine, hence the wind velocity

is the most important factor. The researcher will use the method of Average wind speed

since the area of the study is plain unlike a rural area that is wind distribution is needed.

To assess the data that will be gathered, first the researcher will get the daily average

wind speed adding both minimum and maximum, second the researcher will get the

whole average of the daily average wind speed which will be based on the number of

days of the data gathered. By referring to figure 9, thus the researcher will identify the
 38

wind speed type. Also in assessment of the wind coming from moving vehicle the

researcher will also base the result on figure 9.

3.6 Design and Calculation of the Turbine

The available power (Pa), which is also the kinetic energy (KE) of the wind, can

be defined as:

1
  . As .V
3
P a
2
(3.1)

Where V is the velocity of the wind [m/s] and ρ is the air density kg/m^3 the reference

density used its standard sea level value (1.225 kg/m^3) and  AVs
= wind mass

flow rate striking the swept area of the wind turbine (kg/sec). But the swept area is the

product of rotor height, H and rotor diameter, D ( As = H*D) thus the larger the swept

area the larger the power will be generated, therefore the actual power becomes:

1
 .H .D.V
3
P a
2
(3.2)

The power that the rotor extracts from the wind is:

P W
 T*  (3.3)

And to get the torque in SI units is:

T=P (9.549)/n (3.4)

Where n is the revolution per minute.

According to Betz limit, there is at most only 59.3 % of the wind power can be

converted into useful power. Some of the energy may lose in gearbox, bearings,
 39

generator, transmission and others. Thus power coefficient consider in this study is

equal to 0.30.

Thus having the cube of wind velocity in Equation (3.1) shows how wind speed

affects the power output. Three wind speed parameters where consider in this project:

cut-in speed, rated wind speed and cut-out speed.

VCut-in = 0.5 Vavg. (3.5)

Vrated= 1.5 Vavg. (3.6)

VCut-out = 3.0 Vavg. (3.7)

Shikha [17] reported a new vertical axis wind rotor for low wind speed areas with a

convergent nozzle for the amplification of wind speed. Such novel rotors can be built

in small units instead of large central power plants suitable for different load

requirements. The importance of the work is especially due to the current trend of high

power generation. Another success has been made to analyze the optimal nozzle

dimensions for a better performance of the system.

Aspect ratio is for Savonious wind turbine is presented below

AR = H/D (3.8)

Tip speed ratio, λ is defined as the ratio of the linear speed of rotor blade ω.Rto the

undisturbed wind speed, V [30]. ω is the angular velocity and R represent the radius

revolving part of the turbine. The maximum tip speed ratio that Savonius rotor can

reach is 1. High tip speed ratio improves the performance of wind turbine and this could
 40

be obtained by increasing the rotational rate of the rotor [28]. Hence in this study the

value for the tip speed ratio is 1.

λ = ω.R / V (3.9)

To calculate the speed of the turbine, Equation (3.10) shows the relativity of the

wind velocity.

v
Rpm= 60( ) (3.10)
2 r

3.7 Electrical Layout of Wind Farm

In this phase after getting the turbine output obtained from the design parameters.

The researcher need to calculate the number of turbines in order to achieve the desired

output. Then the researcher will create electrical layout of the wind turbines prior to the

battery of the system.

3.8 Wind Turbine Simulation

After the researcher finished the design. The design will undergo series of testing

in the simulation using Solidworks application checking if the design was appropriate

to achieve its proposed objective. The design will be test on the possible wind data, on

its minimum and maximum. The researcher might change the design of the turbine to

achieve its main objective depending on the result of the simulation to have a greater

output.
 41

3.9 Generator Selection

The generator that will be used shall be based on its power output. To determine

the size of generator, availability of the generator and rpm of the turbine is required

and the number poles.

120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = (2.6)
𝑃

Where 𝑁𝑠 is the synchronous speed, f is the frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) [44], and p

is the number of poles.

Table 3.1 Generator Criteria

Rated Power - Depend of the required power

output of the turbine
Rated Speed - Turbine-Generator Gearing Ratio
Voltage Rating - Depend on the Battery that will
be used
Frequency - 50Hz – 60Hz
Cost - Affordable
Number of Poles - Depend on the calculated number
of poles
Material Used - Must Corrosion Resistance
Market Availability - Available at local Market

3.10 Wind Turbine Implementation

When the researcher finished the design with the most efficient design of the

vertical wind turbine. The researcher will now assemble the wind turbine using the
 42

optimized design. The materials that will be used will be low cost and that are can be

found in the Philippines to meet the objective stated by the researcher. Aluminum plate

will be used since the turbine will be implemented in seashore line.

3. 11 Wind Turbine Testing

After the fabrication of the turbine, the researcher may now test the turbine at the

site chosen. Wind turbine testing is important where the researcher will be able to

analyze and graph the result. To test the turbine the researcher will undergo these steps.

Figure 18: Turbine Set up Connection

3.12 Solidworks

In order to achieve the following objective of the study, solid works will be used

in designing the turbine. SolidWorks (stylized as SOLIDWORKS) is a solid modeling

computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) computer

program that runs on Microsoft Windows. SolidWorks is published by

DassaultSystèmes
 43

Figure 19: Solidwoks 2016

 44

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter discuss about the results gathered by the researcher in the study of

vertical-axis wind turbine. The following results that are discuss Wind speed of the site,

Voltage and Power output of the turbine comparing the two results with deflector and

without deflector.

4.2 Site Location

The red dot in figure 20 will be the site where the turbine will be implemented.

Figure 20: Site Location (credits to Google Map)

 45

Figure 21: Site Selected

The figure above shows the specific area where the prototype will be implemented.

4.3 Wind Assessment

Wind assessment is the most important part in designing a wind turbine. Thus it

allows the researcher to verify if turbine are possible to be implemented in the site.

Through data gathering using the data logger which compose of three cup anemometer,

Arduino and SD card module to get the wind speed. Figure 22 shows the data gathered

by the researcher in Gusa Coastal Road, Cagayan de Oro City.

 46

WIND SPEED m/s

3.5

2.5
Wind Speed m/s

1.5

0.5

Date Taken

Figure 22: Summary of Data gathered of Surface Wind speed at Gusa Coastal Road,

CDO City

The researcher then get the average daily which was shown in the graph after that the

researcher again get the average of the daily average wind speed by adding it all divided

by the number of days which the data has taken. The figure above shows that at the

month of August have higher average velocity than of that September and October. The

result having average of 2.0854 m/s of the total average would be used to get other wind

parameters and below are the calculations.

 47

1.4

1.2

1
Wind Speed m/s

0.8

0.6
Moving Vehicle

0.4

0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Nuber Of Trials

Figure 23: Summary of Data gathered of Wind speed of moving vehicle at Gusa

Coastal Road, CDO City

By using a digital anemometer the researcher gather the data of wind speed from

moving vehicles taking 15 trials which was done along the side lanes of the road. In

this study any type of vehicle has been considered. Due to the reason that the road has

4 lanes wind speed coming from the vehicle is not that high that vehicles are going

along in the center of the road. The data gathered from moving vehicles has been

average and resulted to the average of 1.067m/s. Referring also to figure 9, wind

velocity from the moving vehicles are classified as low.

Calculations:

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2.0854m/s
 48

Cut-in speed, 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 Rated wind speed, 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 Cut-in speed,

𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 = 0.5 V avg

𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 1.5𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔

𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 = 0.5 (2.0854) 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 1.5(2.0854) 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3(2.0854)

𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 = 1.042 m/s 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 3.128 m/s 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 6.2562 m/s

Table 1: Summary of Results

Wind speed parameters Result

Cut-in speed, 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 1.042 m/s

Rated wind speed, 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 3.128 m/s

Cut-out speed, 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡 6.2562 m/s

4.4 Turbine Design

In the turbine designing, Vertical-axis wind turbine types Savonius, Darrieus and

hybrid are considered. The two main types of VAWT are examined: lift turbines and

drag turbines.

After examining drag turbines shows more interest in developing a wind turbine

based on gathered data by the researcher such that drag type wind turbine are self-

excited and does not any electrical input for rotating the turbine
 49

Table 2: Evaluation of Existing Turbine

TYPES OF POWER YIELD Wind Cost to Area

VAWT Speed build

Drag type: Low Low Low Open area,

Savomius cost Urban
Wind area or
Turbine lower
installatio
n
Lift type: Medium Moderate Expens Open area
Darrieus (due to a ive or urban
Wind heavy area
Turbine rotor)

4.4.1 Chosen turbine type

The researcher decided to choose the drag type turbine for it is self-staring a since

it will be installed in a lower area .The researcher also consider in putting deflector for

harnessing the wind from moving vehicle.

4.4.2 Design Consideration

In designing there are lot of consideration have been accumulated by the researcher

in the chosen design especially on the turbine blades. According to Shikha, T.S. Bhatti

and D.P. Kothari stated in their study entitle “On Some Aspects of a Newly Designed

Rotor using Convergent Nozzles” that by using a convergent nozzle is a new concept

of amplifying the wind speed before it comes in contact with the blades of a newly
 50

designed rotor Instead of using large central station power plants, these new rotors can

be most conveniently built in smaller units appropriate for individual load requirements.

The importance of the work is high especially due to the current trend towards

distributed or dispersed generation and also according to Kumara E.A.D. , Kumara

D.M.R. and Aravinda L.H.A.S that VAWT can be increase its maximum efficiency by

using a deflector.

Design Parameters of turbine

Power can be determined by having a swept area of 0.81𝑚2 , below is the formula

used by the researcher.

P = 0.5 (p) (A) (𝑉 3 ) (Cp) (2.1)

Thus substituting swept area which is 0.81𝑚2 and the average velocity of the gathered

data which is 2.0854m/s, Output power of the turbine can now be determined which is

equal to 1.34983W .

For the aspect ratio, most common design features of turbine as they are square box

shape hence in this study the researcher used the 1:1 ratio.

Aspect ratio = H / D (3.8)

Aspect ratio = 0.9 / 0.9

Aspect ratio = 1

Number of blades was taken into the study of Shikha, T.S. Bhatti and D.P. Kothari

stated in their study entitle “On Some Aspects of a Newly Designed Rotor using

Convergent Nozzles” that 4 bladed turbine shows more effective than the two blade
 51

turbine. Which 4 number of blades was assume in this study. Nozzle consideration is

not available for odd numbers of turbine blades.

Tip speed is the ratio between the tangential speed of the tip of a blade and the

actual speed of the wind. Higher tip speeds results in higher noise levels and require

stronger blades due to large centrifugal forces. Thus the maximum tip speed ratio of

Savonius wind turbine can reach is 1 and is assume in this study.

The turbine speed can be calculated using the formula in Equation 3.10.

v
Rpm= 60( ) (3.10)
2 r

Where v is equal to the rated wind velocity which is 3.128m/s and r is the radius of

the turbine which is 0.45m. Thus substituting them in the formula the turbine RPM is

equal to 66 rpm. Hence, a speed increaser with a ratio of 5:1 has been used from turbine

to the generator. Thus the resulting rpm for the generator is 330 rpm.

Table 3: Summary of Design Turbine Parameters

Parameters Values

Power Generated 1.349W

Rated Wind Speed 3.128

 52

Diameter 0.90m

Height 0.90m

Swept Area 0.81

Aspect Ratio 1

Tip Speed Ratio 1

Number of Blades 4

For the deflector, shall not be a disturbance does it will be assembled in a sidewalk.

Thus the size of the deflector is same as the height of the turbine or greater while the

width of deflector is limited hence it will cause to disturbance in sidewalks.

Deflector Height 1m

Deflector Width .20m

Table 4: Deflector Parameters

 53

Figure 24: Designed Turbine (Savonius Type)

TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW

Figure 25: Plan View of the Turbine

 54

4.6 Number of Turbines and Electrical Layout

Having the electrical output of 1.349W using the design parameters of the vertical

wind turbine we can obtained the numbers of wind turbines needed to achieve 60W

power output. Thus, 60W divided by the electrical output of each turbine is equal to

44.47 or 45 wind turbines needed to achieve the 60W power output. Thus according

Oasis, it is better to connect the wind turbines using a bus bar.

Figure 26: Electrical Layout for Wind Turbines

The spacing of each turbine should be consider, in order for the turbine to be

efficient it should be place 3-10 times of rotor diameter or 2.7m-9m specifically.

To get the total length of the turbine that will be cascaded in parallel, Number of

turbines is considered. The sum of turbine diameter and turbine spacing multiply by the

number of turbines. Thus the equation becomes

Total length of 45 Turbines = 45(rotor diameter + turbine spacing) (3.11)

 55

= (45) (.9m+2.7m)

= 162m

Figure 27: Actual length of 160 m in Coatal Road (credits to Google Map)

To verify if 45 turbines with the total length of 160 m is fitted to the area, the researcher

have used the google map. Figure 27 above shows the actual length of 160m at Gusa

Coastal Road.
 56

4.7 Turbine Simulation

The following result are the turbine simulation without the deflector and with the

deflector. Thus the turbine with deflector shows its maximum velocity.

Figure 28: Flow Simulation of the Design Turbine w/o Deflector

Thus the result of simulation above in figure 27 shows the movement of the wind

to the turbine striking the blades. The flow of the wind shows the difference between

two opposite’s blades. The wind velocity of the blade at the right side has line color

orange that has an equivalent of 1.5m/s means that wind passing through the right side

is stronger than of the left side which has colored blue lines that has an equivalent of -

1.740m/s.
 57

Figure 29: Flow Simulation of the Design Turbine w/ Deflector

The result of simulation above with the deflector shown in figure 28 shows an

improvement of the turbine performance. As wind flows through the deflector, a large

volume of line which was colored orange and red striking the blades means that wind

velocity is much higher than of the figure 27; red lines has an equivalent wind velocity

of 1.9m/s.

Comparing the result of the two simulation, the turbine with deflector shows more

wind velocity than of that turbine without the deflector as presented in figure 27 and

figure 28.
 58

4.8 Generator Selection

In turbine selection, torque density and energy efficiency are the two basic

characteristics that are influenced by the wind turbine dynamics. According to A Lebsir,

A bentounsi, Mohamed Benbouzid, and H Mangel in “Electric Generators fitted to

Wind Turbine System” that in their comparative study has revealed that the permanent

magnet generator is the solution that makes the consensus. Thus the researcher selected

the used of Permanent magnet generator.

The number of poles can be calculated using the equation (2.6).

120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = (2.6)
𝑃

Thus number of poles is equal to 22 poles.

The rating of the Permanent magnet DC generator has a voltage of 12V-24V, and

current rating of 16.4A and rpm of 2700.

Permanent Magnet generator is simple and more effective configuration in the rotor

with permanent magnet and with high power density. PMDC are also high in efficiency

and they are self-excited. Thus PMDC are cheaper in price. Corrosion Resistance:

sealed exterior, ball bearing, coated rotor.

Table 5: Generator Criteria

Generator Criteria Theoretical Calculation Generator Used

Rated Power 60 W 350W

Rated Speed 330 RPM 27000 RPM

 59

Voltage Rating 12V or Higher 24V

Frequency 50Hz or 60Hz 60Hz

Cost _____ Affordable

Number of Poles 22 Poles 4 Poles

Market Availability _____ Available at local Market

Material Used _____ Corrosion Resistance

4.9 Assembly of Prototype

Figure 30: Assembly of the Prototype without deflector

Due to the size of the Turbine the researcher made the design that can be disassemble
 60

4.10 Site Implementation

Figure 31: Site Implmentation with deflector

The designed turbine was place over side walk as wind is more available in a higher

place.
 61

4.11 Testing and Result

There are two result that the researcher obtain to show if wind from moving vehicle has

been harness to produce greater electrical output.

4.11.1 Turbine without Deflector

The turbine has been tested and gathered data without using the deflector as it only

using the wind of sea breeze and land breeze. Table show the electrical output of turbine

without the deflector.

30

25

20
Power (w)

15
W/o Deflector
10

0
1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 4 4.3 4.6 4.9
Wind Speed (m/s)

Figure 32: Wind Speed vs Power (w/o deflector)

The figure 32 shown above is the relationship between the wind speeds vs. output power

from the generator without the use of the deflector. At around the average wind speed

which is 2.0854 shows that the electrical output of the generator of the turbine which is

around 3W.
 62

4.11.2 Turbine with Deflector

After tested without the deflector the researcher install the deflector for harnessing the

wind from moving vehicle. Table 9 shows the electrical output of the turbine over

different wind speed.

30

25

20
Power output (W)

15
Before Vehicle Crossing
After Vehicle Crossing
10

0
4.4
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

4.2

4.6
4.8
1

Wind Speed (m/s)

Figure 33: Wind Speed vs Power (w/ deflector)

The above table 9 shows the output power of the generator of the turbine with the

used of the deflector. The graph shows the power output from the surface wind and

wind from moving vehicle.

The power output of the turbine increases after vehicles passes at wind speed 1 to

2 m/s, the graph shows a large margin of the resulted power output At some point
 63

around 2.8 m/s and above due to the wind produced by the vehicles as classified as low

it does not affect the rotation of the turbine resulting to the same power output.

The figure 33 shows the increased power output of the Savonius wind turbine with the

wind from moving vehicles. The result shows almost identical, at around 2.8m/s shows

a clearer margin of the power output generated by the wind turbine between the with

deflector and without deflector. As the wind speed rises the margin between the two

output powers from the turbine is more obvious that there is a difference between output

powers.

4.12 Energy Produce by Wind Generator

VOLTAGE VS POWER VS CURRENT

16 Voltage Power Current
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
13:00
13:30
14:00
14:30
15:00
15:30
16:00
16:30
17:00
17:30
18:00
18:30
19:00
19:30
20:00
20:30
21:00

Figure 34: Data Gathered for (Voltage and Current)

Figure 34 shows the Current and Voltage gathered in the site using the data logger

that is connect to the multi-power system. The orange line shows the power output of
 64

the turbine, at 11 am to 4pm shows the maximum power output of the turbine at 5W.

And rapidly going down to zero at 6’ clock. The total energy for the turbine that has

taken is 31.39388889 Wh.

Current is needed in order to find the size of wire that will be used as bus wire. To get

the current, power divided by the battery rating thus we get,

(31.39Wh/10h)/12V = 0.26 A (4.12)

The smallest wire size available from the table 7 is 2.0mm2, thus it will be used as the

bus wire.

Table 6: Aleternating Current Resistance and Reactance for 600-V Cables

Phase,60Hz 75’C- Three Single Conductors in Conduit

 65

To calculate the Ploss, we can get in the equation below.

Ploss = (I^2) (R) (4.13)

Ploss = (I^2) (Length of wire) (Resistance of Wire per meter)
Thus referring to table 7,
(2)(√(3.12 )+(0.0732 )
For turbine 1, Ploss1=𝐼 2 ( ) = 0.001374545 W
305

(5.6)(√(3.12 )+(0.0732 )
For turbine 2, Ploss2 =𝐼 2 ( )= 0.003848726 W
305

(9.2)(√(3.12 )+(0.0732 )
For Turbine 3, Ploss3 = 𝐼 2 ( )= 0.006322906 W
305

And so on, below are the continuation for the Ploss to turbine number 45.

Table 7: Power Loss from turbine 1 to Turbine 45

Number of Number of
Turbine Distance Power Loss Turbine Distance Power Loss
1 2 0.001374545 24 84.8 0.058280703
2 5.6 0.003848726 25 88.4 0.060754884
3 9.2 0.006322906 26 92 0.063229065
4 12.8 0.008797087 27 95.6 0.065703246
5 16.4 0.011271268 28 99.2 0.068177426
6 20 0.013745449 29 102.8 0.070651607
7 23.6 0.01621963 30 106.4 0.073125788
8 27.2 0.01869381 31 110 0.075599969
9 30.8 0.021167991 32 113.6 0.07807415
10 34.4 0.023642172 33 117.2 0.08054833
11 38 0.026116353 34 120.8 0.083022511
12 41.6 0.028590534 35 124.4 0.085496692
 66

13 45.2 0.031064714 36 128 0.087970873

14 48.8 0.033538895 37 131.6 0.090445054
15 52.4 0.036013076 38 135.2 0.092919234
16 56 0.038487257 39 138.8 0.095393415
17 59.6 0.040961438 40 142.4 0.097867596
18 63.2 0.043435618 41 146 0.100341777
19 66.8 0.045909799 42 149.6 0.102815958
20 70.4 0.04838398 43 153.2 0.105290138
21 74 0.050858161 44 156.8 0.107764319
22 77.6 0.053332342 45 160.4 0.1102385
23 81.2 0.055806522

The total Ploss of the Cascaded Turbine is equal to 2.511293508 Wh.

Getting the efficiency of the Cascaded turbine can be calculated as it

follows:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
Ղ= (4.14)
𝑃𝑖𝑛

Ղ = (31.39Wh*45-2.511293508Wh)/(31.39Wh*45) * 100

Ղ = 99.82 %

To check if the cascaded 45 turbine can self-sustain the street lights alone,

Total energy is needed.

𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑡𝑤𝑜 30𝑊 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝

Time of Usage =12 hours
 67

System loss = 1.3

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2(30)(12) ∗ 1.3
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 936 Wh
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

Thus the total Energy can be generated from the turbines is:

Total Energy = 31.39Wh*45-2.511293508Wh

Total Energy= 1410Wh

The total energy needed for two street lights for 12h is only 936Wh which can be

supplied alone by the Wind Turbines for more than 1.5 times.
 68

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

As result are presented in chapter 4, the research has achieve its goal in order to

harness the wind from moving vehicle but as the electrical output is not enough to stand

alone supply the two streetlight which has 60W rating does the researcher makes an

alternative to solution increase the number of turbine that can be used to achieve the

desired output. After cascading the 45 Turbines the power output was enough to supply

the streetlights more than 1 and half of the energy. The researcher was able to find

alternative solution to power the two street lights. There are two kinds of data that is

gathered using anemometer: Surface wind and Wind from moving vehicles, both were

analyze and used to conclude that the available surface wind speed of Gusa coastal road

can be classified as low same as the wind speed of the moving vehicle. The researcher

has successfully simulated the design using solidworks and the turbine parameters. The

wind turbine was successfully made using the materials that can be found locally.

5.2 Recommendations

In order to improve the researcher in future purposes and to increase the electrical

output the researcher have the following recommendation.

 The turbine should have an additional deflector which harness the wind breezes

 To design a generator that is specifically made for the turbine like axial flux

 To design the turbine base that is capable of another deflector

 69

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 77

APPENDIX A

Photo Documentation during data Gathering

 78

Turbine Assembly
79
 80

APPENDIX B

Code

#include <math.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 7);

#include <SD.h>

#include <SPI.h>

File myFile;

int pinCS = 10;

#define WindSensorPin (2) //The pin location of the anemometer sensor

volatile unsigned long Rotations; // cup rotation counter used in interrupt routine

volatile unsigned long ContactBounceTime; // Timer to avoid contact bounce in

interrupt routine

float WindSpeed;
 81

float WindSpeedms;// speed miles per hour

void setup() {

lcd.begin(16, 2);

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(WindSensorPin, INPUT);

attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(WindSensorPin), isr_rotation, FALLING);

Serial.println("Davis Wind Speed Test");

Serial.println("Rotations\tMPH");

// SD Card Initialization

if (!SD.begin(pinCS)) {

Serial.println("Card failed, or not present");

// don't do anything more:

return;

Serial.println("card initialized.");

// Create/Open file

myFile = SD.open("test.txt", FILE_WRITE);

// if the file opened okay, write to it:

 82

if (myFile) {

Serial.println("Writing to file...");

// Write to file

myFile.println("Testing text 1, 2 ,3...");

myFile.close(); // close the file

Serial.println("Done.");

// if the file didn't open, print an error:

else {

Serial.println("error opening test.txt");

// Reading the file

myFile = SD.open("test.txt");

if (myFile) {

Serial.println("Read:");

// Reading the whole file

while (myFile.available()) {

Serial.write(myFile.read());

}
 83

myFile.close();

else {

Serial.println("error opening test.txt");

void loop() {

Rotations = 0; //Set NbTops to 0 ready for calculations

sei(); //Enables interrupts

delay (3000); //Wait 3 seconds to average

cli(); //Disable interrupts

// convert to mp/h using the formula V=P(2.25/T)

// V = P(2.25/3) = P * 0.75

WindSpeed = Rotations * 0.75;

WindSpeedms = WindSpeed * 0.44704;

Serial.print(Rotations); Serial.print("\t\t");

Serial.println(WindSpeedms);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Windspeed: "); // Prints string "Distance" on the LCD

 84

lcd.print(WindSpeedms); // Prints the distance value from the sensor

lcd.print(" m/s ");

delay(10);

File dataFile = SD.open("test.txt", FILE_WRITE);

// if the file is available, write to it:

if (dataFile) {

dataFile.println(WindSpeedms);

dataFile.close();

// print to the serial port too:

Serial.println(WindSpeedms);

// if the file isn't open, pop up an error:

else {

Serial.println("error opening datalog.txt");}}

void isr_rotation () {

if ((millis() - ContactBounceTime) > 15 ) { // debounce the switch contact.

Rotations++;

ContactBounceTime = millis();}}
 85

APPENDIX C

Table 8: Theoretical RPM, Actual RPM and Power data gathered with deflector and

without deflector

Power
RPM Power W/o W/
Wind Speed RPM Actual(w/o RPM Actual(w/ Deflector Deflector
(m/s) Theoretical Deflector Deflector (w) (w)
1 21.23142251 35.38570418 44.23213022 0.212 0.212
1.1 23.35456476 38.92427459 48.65534324 0.301 0.301
1.2 25.47770701 42.46284501 53.07855626 0.415 0.415
1.3 27.60084926 46.00141543 57.50176929 0.526 0.526
1.4 29.72399151 49.53998585 61.92498231 0.63 0.69
1.5 31.84713376 53.07855626 66.34819533 0.725 0.795
1.6 33.97027601 56.61712668 70.77140835 0.865 0.94
1.7 36.09341826 60.1556971 75.19462137 0.98 1.36
1.8 38.21656051 63.69426752 79.61783439 1.32 1.58
1.9 40.33970276 67.23283793 84.04104742 1.569 1.65
2 42.46284501 70.77140835 88.46426044 1.64 1.9
2.1 44.58598726 74.30997877 92.88747346 1.78962 2.012
2.2 46.70912951 77.84854919 97.31068648 1.983 2.2032
2.3 48.83227176 81.3871196 101.7338995 2.1263 2.406
2.4 50.95541401 84.92569002 106.1571125 2.3806 2.56
2.5 53.07855626 88.46426044 110.5803255 2.603 2.7852
2.6 55.20169851 92.00283086 115.0035386 2.89 3.1455
2.7 57.32484076 95.54140127 119.4267516 3.014 3.405
2.8 59.44798301 99.07997169 123.8499646 3.29 3.9202
2.9 61.57112527 102.6185421 128.2731776 3.605 4.72
3 63.69426752 106.1571125 132.6963907 4.051 5.0168
3.1 65.81740977 109.6956829 137.1196037 4.892 5.8578
3.2 67.94055202 113.2342534 141.5428167 6.0254 6.9912
3.3 70.06369427 116.7728238 145.9660297 6.9022 7.868
3.4 72.18683652 120.3113942 150.3892427 7.861 8.8268
3.5 74.30997877 123.8499646 154.8124558 8.4611 9.4269
3.6 76.43312102 127.388535 159.2356688 9.61 10.5758
3.7 78.55626327 130.9271054 163.6588818 10.988 11.9538
3.8 80.67940552 134.4656759 168.0820948 11.55 12.5158
3.9 82.80254777 138.0042463 172.5053079 12.678 13.6438
 86

4 84.92569002 141.5428167 176.9285209 13.962 14.9278

Power
RPM Power W/o W/
Wind Speed RPM Actual(w/o RPM Actual(w/ Deflector Deflector
(m/s) Theoretical Deflector Deflector (w) (w)
4.1 87.04883227 145.0813871 181.3517339 15.024 17.224
4.2 89.17197452 148.6199575 185.7749469 16.689 18.889
4.3 91.29511677 152.158528 190.1981599 17.56 19.76
4.4 93.41825902 155.6970984 194.621373 18.892 21.092
4.5 95.54140127 159.2356688 199.044586 19.933 22.133
4.6 97.66454352 162.7742392 203.467799 20.941 23.141
4.7 99.78768577 166.3128096 207.891012 21.5558 23.7558
4.8 101.910828 169.85138 212.3142251 22.364 24.564
4.9 104.0339703 173.3899505 216.7374381 23.215 25.415
5 106.1571125 176.9285209 221.1606511 24.586 26.786
 87

APPENDIX D

Table 9: Data Gathered from August 22 - October 10, 2018

WIND WIND
DATE SPEED DATE SPEED
(2019) m/s (2019) m/s
22/08/2018 2.3 13/09/2018 1.73
23/08/2018 2.1 14/09/2018 1.9
24/08/2018 3 15/09/2018 2.01
25/08/2018 3.1 16/09/2018 2
26/08/2018 2.4 17/09/2018 2.03
27/08/2018 2 18/09/2018 1.9
28/08/2018 1.8 19/09/2018 2.5
29/08/2018 1.9 20/09/2018 1.7
30/08/2018 2.04 21/09/2018 1.8
31/08/2018 2.02 22/09/2018 2.01
01/09/2018 2.4 23/09/2018 1.65
02/09/2018 2.6 24/09/2018 2.03
03/09/2018 2.3 25/09/2018 2
04/09/2018 1.8 26/09/2018 1.89
05/09/2018 2.1 27/09/2018 1.86
06/09/2018 2.2 28/09/2018 1.75
07/09/2018 2.12 29/09/2018 2.04
08/09/2018 2.13 30/09/2018 1.58
09/09/2018 2.15 01/10/2018 1.64
10/09/2018 2.31 02/10/2018 1.86
11/09/2018 1.9 03/10/2018 1.965
12/09/2018 2.2 04/10/2018 1.89
05/10/2018 2.03
06/10/2018 1.89
07/10/2018 2.02
08/10/2018 1.79
09/10/2018 1.65
10/10/2018 1.82