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The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 120, Page 1 of 39)
THE ATOM
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles
called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical to one
another and different from atoms of other elements.
3. Atoms of two or more different elements combine to
form compounds. A particular compound is always
made up of the same kinds of atoms and the same
number of each kind of atom.
4. A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement,
separation, or combination of atoms. Atoms are
never created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
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Atoms
Atoms are
• the building blocks of everything around us
• too small to see with the naked eye
Image of
Platinum & Nickel atoms
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Subatomic Particles in an Atom
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Electrical Charges in an Atom
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The Structure of an Atom
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The Structure of an Atom
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford tested J. J. Thomson’s
hypothesis using his “gold foil” experiment. This
findings were not consistent with Thomson’s
model. Rutherford proposed the planetary model
of the atom. Which states there is:
• a small region in the center with positive
charge called the nucleus
• a region of space around the center of the
atoms occupied by electrons
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The Structure of an Atom
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The Structure of an Atom
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Mass of the Atom
• The mass of the atom is due to the protons and neutrons in
the nucleus. Electrons have a much smaller mass.
• Chemists use a unit called atomic mass unit (amu), defined
as one-twelfth of the mass of the carbon atom with 6
protons and 6 neutrons.
• The mass of all elements in the periodic table is compared
to the mass of this carbon atom.
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THE PERIODIC TABLE
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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ATOMIC NUMBERS AND PROTONS
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ATOMIC MODELS
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LEARNING CHECK
2. A sulfur atom
(a) 32 protons (b) 16 protons (c) 6 protons
3. A barium atom
(a) 137 protons (b) 81 protons (c) 56 protons
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SOLUTION
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Atoms Are Neutral
An atom of any element
• is electrically neutral; it has a net charge of zero
• has an equal number of protons and electrons
A neutral atom of calcium, atomic number 20,
contains 20 protons and 20 electrons. It has zero
net charge.
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Mass Numbers
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Calculate Number of Neutrons
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Composition of Elements
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Learning Check
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Solution
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Learning Check
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Solution
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ISOTOPES
Isotopes
• are atoms of the same element that have different
mass numbers
• have the same number of protons, but different
numbers of neutrons
• most elements have two or more isotopes that
contribute to the atomic mass of that element.
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Atomic Symbols
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Atomic Symbols, Subatomic Particles
16 31 65
8 O 15 P 30 Zn
8 protons 15 protons 30 protons
8 neutrons 16 neutrons 35 neutrons
8 electrons 15 electrons 30 electrons
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Atomic Mass
Atomic mass is the average of all the naturally occurring isotopes
of that element.
The atomic mass of an element is
• listed below the symbol of each element on the
periodic table
• calculated based on the weighted average of all
naturally occurring isotopes
• based on its comparison
to the mass of 12C
• not the same as
the mass number 11
Na
Atomic Mass 22.99
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
Electrons orbit the nucleus in various energy
levels or shells.
Electrons in the outermost energy shell are called
valence electrons.
• All elements in the same group have the same
number of valence electrons.
• An elements valence electrons determines the
chemical properties
• Atoms transfer or share valence electrons in order to
obtain a stable electron configuration. Typically,
eight or zero valence electrons.
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Ions
Ions, which have electrical charges, form when
atoms lose or gain electrons to form a stable
electron configuration.
• Metals lose valence electron to form ions with
positive charge.
• Non-metals gain valence electrons to form
ions with negative
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Positive Ions: Loss of Electrons
A sodium atom (Na) will lose its valence electron to
form a sodium ion (Na+).
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Positive Ions: Loss of Electrons
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Negative Ions: Gain of Electrons
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Transfer of Electrons
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Formula and Names of Some Common Ions
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Summary of Important Concepts
General Rules
For Atoms
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
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Questions
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