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Introduction
Surface-tension driven instability in fluid cylinder;
Saffman-Taylor instability;
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability;
Rayleigh-Taylor instability;
Double-diffusion instability.
Stability of Ordinary Differencial Equations
Geometric point of view;
Fixed point and stability;
Linear stability analysis;
Bifurcations.
Stability of systems of ODE’s
Linear stability analysis of hydrodynamic problems (PDE’s)
We will calculate the growth rate of a couple of the following instabilities:
Surface-tension driven instability; Saffman-Taylor instability; Kelvin-Helmholtz
instability; Rayleigh-Taylor instability; Double-diffusion instability; Rotating Hele-Shaw
cell using Darcy’s law.
DISCUSSÃO QUALITATIVA DE ALGUNS ESCOAMENTOS – ESTÁTICA DE FLUIDOS
Equação de Navier-Stokes:
O não equilíbrio estático ajuda apenas a identificar quando o escoamento vai acontecer.
Para analisar quaisquer detalhes é necessário resolver as equações de movimento para
determinar a distribuição de velocidade e a pressão.
M. Nasr-Azadani & E. Meiburg, UCSB.
QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION – SURFACE TENSION
A bubble or drop that is stationary because of the absence of any external force will
be spherical (constant curvature):
Sphere minimizes surface area;
Sphere is the shape that is consistent with a constant hydrostatic pressure
difference between the two fluids.
Curvature
Pressure inside bubble Surface tension
QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION – SURFACE TENSION
𝑅𝑚 → 𝜅𝑀 → 𝑝𝑖,𝑀
𝑟-component
Capillary instability only occurs for wavelengths 𝜆 that exceed a critical value 𝜆𝑐 .
For 𝜆 < 𝜆𝑐 , the importance of the axial curvature (𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡) on the internal
pressure is increased relative to the radial curvature.
Elongated drop breaks into smaller pieces. Is capillary instability the source
of breakup ?
MORE QUALITATIVE EXAMPLES – SURFACE TENSION
More
viscous
Less viscous
𝜌1 𝜌1
𝑇 𝜌
Silicone oil, mica powder (for visualization purposes) and hot plate.
DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION
Hot salty
𝒈
Cold fresh
stable unstable
When fluid element is perturbed upwards, its Singh, Srinivasan, Phys. Fluids (2014)
temperature equilibrates quickly, so a fresher
fluid element is surrounded by salty water.
Buoyancy than amplifies growth.
DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION
Hot salty
− Sugar − cream
𝒈 𝒈
+ Sugar + cream
Cold fresh